Initial Environmental Examination

Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Section of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa- Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-project

July 2017

NEP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project

Prepared by District Coordination Committee (Dolakha)- Central Level Project Implementation Unit – Ministry of Federals Affairs and Local Development for the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Environmental Assessment Document

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Section of Bhirkot- Sahare-Hawa-Jiri Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-project

July 2017

NEP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project Loan: 3260 Project Number: 49215-001

Prepared by the Government of for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

This Report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarilyThe views expressed represent herein those are those of ADB'sof the consultant Board ofand Directors, do not necessarily Management, represent orthose staff, of ADB’s and maymembers, be preliminary Board of Directors, in nature. Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Section of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa- Jiri Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-project,

Dolakha District

Submitted to Government of Nepal National Reconstruction Authority Singhadurbar,

Submitted through Government of Nepal Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project Central Level Project Implementation Unit, Lalitpur

Submitted by District Coordination Committee, Dolakha

July, 2017

IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Executive Summary (In Nepali)

!= k[i7e"ld @)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ug] uPsf] ljWj+;sf/L e"sDk / ;f]xL jif{ a}zfv @( uPsf] d'Vo k/fsDksf sf/0f Ifltu|:t :yfgLo ;+/rgfx?sf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k'gp{Tyfg ug{ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;xof]udf tyf :jL; ljsf; lgof]usf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf k|efljt !@ lhNnfdf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] dfWodåf/f Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+sn] dxTjk"0f{ ;8s ;+hfnsf] k'glg{df{0f ug{, xhf/f}+ afnaflnsfnfO{ k'gM ljBfno k'¥ofpg, k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ cTofjZos ;sf/L ;]jf pknAw u/fpg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{5 . o; cfof]hgfn] e"sDk tyf klx/f]åf/f Ifltu|:t sl/a !#% ls=ld= /0fg}lts ;8s tyf $%) ls=ld= u|fld0f ;8ssf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] sfo{sf/L lgsfo /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f /x]sf] 5 . u|fld0f ;8ssf] xsdf o; cfof]hgfsf] cfwf/e"t ;fem]bf/sf ?kdf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt, lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{no, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno /x]sf 5g\ . le/sf]6—;xf/]—xfjf—lh/L ;8ssf] le/sf]6—;xf/]—xfjf v08 -@%=%^% ls=ld=_ k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgfsf] e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf cGtu{ts} Pp6f sfo{qmd xf] . o; pkcfof]hgfsf] lhNnf:t/Lo sfo{sfl/0fL lgsfosf] ?kdf tTsflng bf]nvf lh=lj=;= -xfn bf]nvf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt_ /x]sf] 5 . pkcfof]hgf ;~rfngsf qmddf kg{;Sg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds jftfj/0fLo Pj+ ;fdflhs k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf] nflu of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f (IEE) k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . k|:tfljt le/sf]6—;xf/]—xfjf ;8s v08 k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgf sfof{Gjogn] @)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljWj+;sf/L e"sDk / ;f]xL jif{ a}zfv @( df uPsf] d'Vo k/fsDksf sf/0f pNn]Vo ?kdf Ifltu|:t o; ;8s v08nfO{ k'gM ;+rfngdf NofO{ bf]nvf lhNnfsf blIf0fk"jL{ If]qsf u|fld0f e]usf tTsflng % uf=lj=;= -hkm], dfn', ;xf/], Rofdf / xfjf_ tyf ToxfFsf @) eGbf j9L jl:tx?nfO{ lhNnf ;b/d'sfd rl/sf]6 tyf b]zsf cGo If]q;Fu ;8s ;+hfn dfkm{t hf]8\g]5 .

@= k|:tfjs e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) cGtu{t le/sf]6—;xf/]—xfjf—lh/L ;8ssf] le/sf]6— ;xf/]—xfjf v08 -@%=%^% ls=ld=_ k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgfsf] lhNnf:t/Lo sfo{sf/L lgsfo Pj+ k|f/lDes jftfj/0f kl/If0fsf] nflu k|:tfjssf] ?kdf tTsflng lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt -xfn lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt_sf] sfof{no bf]nvf /x]sf] 5 . k|:tfjssf] 7]ufgf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5M lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no bf]nvf rl/sf]6, bf]nvf ;Dks{ kmf]g M )$(—$@!$(# km\ofS; M )$(—$@!!$! j]a;fO6 M www.ddcdolkaha.gov.np

#= k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] cf}lrTo tyf p2]Zo e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f{ ;DaGwL] P]g, @)&@, e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&@ tyf e"sDk k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fsf] nflu jftfj/0fLo k|efj d'Nof+sg

i IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @)&@, klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)&# -cg';'rL !_ Pj+ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;'/If0f gLlt syg -;]kmuf8{ kf]nL;L :6]6d]G6_, @))( cg';f/ jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] Jojxf/Ls tyf 7fFp laif]z Go"lgs/0f tyf nfea[[¢Lsf pkfox? ;'emfj ug{ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoog sfo{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo pkcfof]hgf If]qsf] ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjx? kQf nufpg'sf ;fy} jftfj/0fdf kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjsf] Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox? / ;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfox? af/] ;'emfj lbg' / jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 .

$= k|:tfjsf] ljj/0f tyf cWoog ljlw k|:tfljt pkcfof]hgf dWodf~rn ljsf; If]qsf] bf]nvf lhNnf cGtu{tsf tTsflng hkm], dfn', ;xf/], Rofdf / xfjf uf=lj=;=af6 k|j]z ub{5 . tTsflng lh=lj=;= bf]nvfn] o; ;8ssf] hkm] b]vL xfjf ;Dd @%=%^% ls=ld=v08nfO{ k'glg{ld{0fsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . o; ;8snfO{ k|yd :t/sf] lhNnf ;8ssf] dfkb08df u|fe]n :t/df k'glg{df{0f ul/g] 5 . 5]psf] 9n / ;f]Nh/ ;lxt o;sf] s'n rf}8fO{ ^=@% ld= x'g]5 . o; pkcfof]hgfsf] OlGhlgol/ª nfut d'=c=s= ;lxt g]=?=%#^,!*!,#@@=@! nfUg] b]lvG5 . of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg"gL cfj:ostf k'/f ug{ cfjZos ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k"j{cWoog tyf :ynut cWoog / ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] ;lrj:t/Lo lg0f{oåf/f @)&@.!@.!) ut] :jLs[t sfo{;'rLsf] clwgdf /lx tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

%= pkcfof]hgfsf] ljBdfg jftfj/0fLo cj:yf pkcfof]hgf If]q dWodf~rnsf] dWo kfxf8L ef}uf]lns If]qdf /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf] e'uf]ndf 7f8f eL/ tyf pkTosf /x]sf 5g\ . ef}ule{s b[li6sf]0fn] of] If]qdf dWo kfxf8L If]qsf] dWo / pRr sf]6Lsf] kl/jlt{t -d]6fdlkm{s r§fg_, d'Vo?kdf lkmnfO6 / l;:6, sfjf]{g]6 / Sjfh{O6 Aof08 ;lxtsf] cu]g gfO; kfOG5 . ef}uf]lns prfO{sf] leGgtfsf sf/0f o; pkcfof]hgf If]qdf pi0f tyf pkf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . o; If]qsf] tfkqmd udL{df @* l8=;]=;Dd k'Ug] / lxpFbdf –& l8=;]= ;Dd emg]{ u/]sf] 5 . lhNnf kfZj{lrq cg';f/ oxfF jflif{s ;/b/ @)$#=% ld=ld= jiff{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k|:tfljt ;8sdf !( j6f ;fgf tyf 7"nf vf]nf tyf vflN;x? /x]sf 5g\ . k|:tfljt ;8s 5]psf] e"pkof]udf jgIf]q, s[lif, cfjf; tyf ahf/ If]q /x]sf 5g\ . of] pkcfof]hgf v]taf/L, cfjf; If]q, jg tyf v'Nnf If]qaf6 k|j]z ub{5 h;dWo] )±))) b]lv !±!!), ^±@@) b]lv ^±(%), &±&)) b]lv *±#&), &±&@% b]lv *±$@), (±$(% b]lv !)±)#), !#±!$) b]lv !$±(*), !#±&() b]lv !#±**), !%±#)) b]lv !^±)*), !^±!#) b]lv !^±#)) / @!±&)) b]lv @#±!)) ;Ddsf v08x? ljleGg b; -!)_ j6f ;fd'bflos jg cGtu{t /x]sf 5g\ . o; ;8ssf] ;'?jflt v08df ;fn / af]6 wo/f] h:tf ?vx? kfOG5g\ eg] cGo If]qdf lrnfpg], ;NNff, plQ; cflb kfOG5 . ;8s lsgf/df e]l6Psf jg:kltx?df eg] ;fn, c:gf, af]6 wo/f], hfd'gf, lug]/L, ufof] cflb /x]sf 5g\ . o; If]qsf h+un tyf h+un 5]psf v]tdf nf]k'Gd'v hgfj/x?n] ljr/0f ug]{ u/]sf] :yfgLo 5nkmnaf6 a'lemPsf] 5 . k|:tfljt ;8s bf]nvf lhNnfsf] blIf0f e]udf cjl:yt tfdfsf]zL ufpFkflnsfsf j8fx? #, $, %, ^ / & - ;fljs hkm], dfn', ;xf/], Rofdf / xfjf uf=lj=;=sf_ sf ljleGg jl:tx?af6 af6 k|j]z ub{5 . o; ;8s cGtu{t cr{n], rgf}t], afx|la;], 8f8fufpF, kfl66f]n, ;xf/], gflubx, eu]/L, Rofdf, e:d], sfu'g], u}/LufpF,

ii IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha b]p/fnL nfufotsf !@ eGbf a9L jl:tx? kb{5g\ . k|efljt If]qdf $,#$% 3/w'/Lddf *,&&^ k'?if / !),)&# dlxnf u/L hDdf !*,*$( hg;+Vofsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf If]qL hftLsf dflg;sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|d'v hfltdf kfxf8L a|Dx0f, ;fsL{, sfdL, ;'g'jf/ cfbL /x]sf 5g\ . cfof]hgf If]qsf] ;fIf/tf b/ ^&=(% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf w]/}h;f] AolQmx? s[lif / kz'kfng k]zfdf ;+nUg 5g\ . cGo d'Vo k]zfdf Aofkf/ / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . % j6f :jf:Yo rf}sLn] o; If]qdf :jf:Yo ;]jf k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . vfg]kfgLsf] nflu %^ k|ltzt 3/w'/Ln] kfOkåf/f ljtl/t kfgLsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . k|efljt If]qsf (& k|ltzt 3/w'/Ldf ljB't ;]jf k'lu;s]sf] 5 . psfnL, ahufO{6f]n, sf]6ufpF, u}/f6f]n / sfu'g] cfbL oxfFsf :yfgLo jhf/ x'g\ eg] d'Vo ahf/ eg] rl/sf]6 tyf lh/L g=kf=df /x]sf] 5 .

^= jftfj/0fLo k|efjx? ^=! ;sf/fTds k|efjx? pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf tTsfn b]lvPsf ;sf/fTds k|efjx?df o;n] @&*,$%) JoQmLlbg a/fj/sf] c:yfoL /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{ 5 . o;}u/L cfof]hgf ;~rfng kl5 x'g] ;sf/fTds k|efjx?df bf]nvf lhNnfsf u|fld0f blIf0fL e]usf hgtfnfO{ aif}e/L oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf tyf kx'Fr, s[lif pBf]usf] k|j4{g, cfly{s ljsf;, cfbL /x]sf 5g\ . ;8s ;+rfngdf cfPkl5 pkcfof]hgf k|efljt If]qsf hgtfx?nfO{ ;fdflhs ;]jf h:t}M :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;fd'bflos ;]jf, ahf/ tyf cGo ;'lawfdf ;xh / b|"t kxF'r k|fKt x'g]5 . o; ;8ssf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f kl5 o; If]qdf b}lgs pkEff]Uo a:t'x?, vfB tyf cGo a:t'x?sf] cfk'lt{ ;xh x'g]5 eg] o; If]qsf] s[lif pkh h:t} h'gf/, ;'Gtnf, cb'jf, v';f{gL cflbn] klg ;xh ahf/ k|fKt ug]{5 h;n] ubf{ hLjg:t/ a[l4 x'g]5 / e"sDk k|efljt hgtfsnfO{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k'g:yf{kgfdf d2t k'Ug]5 .

^=@ gsf/fTds k|efjx? pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf jftfj/0fsf] ;fdflhs cjojdf b]lvg;Sg] k|d'v gsf/fTds k|efjx?df pknAw ;]jf ;'ljwfdf bjfj, :yfgLo / cfuGt's sfdbf/x? lar åGb l;h{gf, k]zfut :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iffdf k|efj, cflb d'Vo ;/f]sf/sf /x]sf 5g . ;8s lj:tf/ tyf gfln lgdf{0f ubf{ ljleGg lsQf tyf hUufwlgdf ljeflht !=@&$ x] lghL hUuf k|fKt ug'{kg]{ / ^±!%), !%±&)), !^±!%), !^±%)) / !^±^)) df % jf6f lghL ;+/rgfdf Iflt k'Ug] b]lvG5 . To:t} ^±#%) df /x]sf] Pp6f dlGb/, hd'g]df Ps ;fj{hlgs wf/f, (±*%) df /]8qm;sf] ejg / !)±$%) df /x]sf] Pp6f rf}tf/fnfO{ :yfgfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . cGo c;/x?df sfo{ / Hofnf ljt/0fdf n}+lus lje]b, hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{df gfjfnsfx?sf] k|of]u, c:j:y cfjf;sf sf/0f km}lng] /f]u, zf/Ll/s ;Dks{sf sf/0f ;g]{ of}g /f]u tyf cGo ;?jf /f]ux? x'g;Sg] b]lvG5g\ . ;fy} cfof]hgf ;+rfng kZrft pknAw ;'ljwfsf sf/0f ;8s lsgf/df cJojl:yt j;f]jf; a9\g uO{ ;8s If]q cltqmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf klg /xG5 .

;8s lgdf{0f k|s[ofdf k|of]u x'g] pks/0f, ;jf/L;fwg Pj+ /;folgs tTjx?sf] sf/0f Wjlg, xfjf / kfgL k|b'lift x'g ;S5 . kmf]xf]/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg gePdf hn tyf hldgsf] k|b'if0fn] cGo gsf/fTds k|efj lgDTofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . lgdf{0f ;fdlu|x?sf] ;d'lrt e08f/0f tyf ;+rfng gubf{ r'xfj6sf sf/0f ;txL tyf e'ldut hn k|b'lift x'g;Sb5 . h}ljs jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjsf] ;Gbe{df rf]/Llzsf/Lsf sf/0f jGohGt'df kg]{ k|efjnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5 . lgdf{0fsf nflu If]q ;kmfO{sf qmddf ;8ssf] b'j} tkm{ s]xL jg:kltx? x6fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;8s lj:tf/sf qmddf b; -!)_ dWo] gf} -(_ j6f ;fd'bflos jgsf u/L hDdf (( j6f ;fn, af]6 wo/f], lrnfpg], plQ;, ;Nnf, df}jf cflbsf ?vx? sf6\g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . To:t} lghL hUuf af6 #) j6f s]/fsf] af]6 ;lxt ^( j6f ljleGg k|hfltsf ?vx? sf6\g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

iii IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

&= Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox? cfof]hgfsf] gsf/fTds c;/x? Go"lgs/0f ug{sf nflu ljleGg Jojxfl/s tyf ldtJooL pkfox? ;'emfj ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]hgfsf k|:tfjsn] cfof]hgf lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngsf] cjlwdf o:tf pkfox? cjnDag ug]{ 5g\ . cfof]hgf lgdf{0f cjlwsf] qmddf k|:tfjsn] lgdf{0f Joj;foL dfkm{t Go'gLs/0fsf pkfox? nfu" ug]{]5 . cjnDag ul/g] s]xL k|d'v pkfox? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .

 cled'lvs/0f tyf Ifdtf ljsf; tflnd dfkm{t dxLnf tyf ljkGg au{sf] ;;lQms/0f ul/g]5 .  lghL hUuf, lghL ;+/rgf / lghL ?vla?jf nufotsf lghL ;DklQsf] clwu|x0f ubf{ Ifltk'lt{ lbOg]5 .  :yfgLo ;]jf ;'ljwfdf bjfj sd ug{ 7]s]bf/n] b}lgs pkef]Uo cfjZostf h:t} vfg] kfgL, ;+rf/, tyf vfgf ksfpg] OGwg, cflbsf] Joj:yf SofDkleq} ug]{ 5 . lgdf{0f ultljlwsf sf/0f s'g} ef}lts ;+/rgfdf Iflt x'g uPdf To;sf] k'glg{df{0f jf k'g:yf{kgf ul/g] 5 .  k]zfut :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffsf] ;/f]sf/sf nflu cfjZos tof/L ul/g] 5 . sfdbf/x?nfO{ x]Nd]6, kGhf, a'6, ;'/IffTds k]6L, r:df, df:s cflb k|bfg ul/g] 5 . lgdf{0f / e08f/0f:yndf cgflws[t k|j]z / ultljlw /f]Sg vt/fsf ;+s]tx?, 5]saf/ Pj+ kfn]sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .  SofDk tyf lgdf{0f If]qaf6 %) ld k/ c:yfO{ rkL{sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 / ltgnfO{ kfgLsf] ;|f]taf6 %) ld k/ /flvg] 5 .  pTvgg\af6 lg:s]sf] df6f]nfO{ lgwf{l/t :yfgdf 6f] jfn, l/6]lgË jfn, j[Iff/f]k0f / cfjZostf cg';f/ gfnLx? lgdf{0f u/L ;xL tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .  ljBdfg / ;Defljt klx/f]nfO{ pko'Qm h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd ul/g]5 .  cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] qmddf lg:sg] 3/]n' tyf lgdf{0fhGo kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ gbLIf]q af6 k/ pko'Qm :yfgdf / efF8f]df ;+sng ul/g] 5 / ltgsf] k|sf/ cg'?k Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .  lgdf{0f ultljlwdf k|of]u x'g] t]n tyf cGo /;folgs kbfy{x?nfO{ pko'Qm :yfgdf Wofgk'j{s e08f/0f tyf pkof]u ul/g] 5 .  cfof]hgfn] sf6\g] ( ;fd'bflos jgsf (( ?vx?sf] Ifltk'lt{sf nflu @$&% -!M@% sf] cg'kftdf_ j6f ?vx? /f]kL ;fd'bfls jg dfkm{t ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 eg] lghL hUufaf6 sfl6g] ^( ?vsf nflu ^( j6} ?vx? /f]lkg]5 .  jGohGt'sf] rf]/Ll;sf/L lgoGq0f tyf ltgsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ;r]tgf hufpg] ;Gb]z af]s]sf] xf]l8{Ë af]8{x? /flvg]5 .

*= ;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ tyf ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug]{ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf] nflu !% lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;'rgf g]kfn ;dfrf/kq /fli6«o b}lgsdf lj=;+= @@÷!@÷@)&@ df k|sflzt u/L ;DalGwt k"j{ uf=lj=;=, lh=j=sf=, k"j{ lh=lj=;=, ljBfno, :jf:y rf}sL, ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf AolQm jf ;+:yfx?af6 /fo ;'´fa ;+sngsf] nfuL k|sfzLt u/l/Psf] lyof] . k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f ug]{ qmddf k|:tfljt ;8s glhssf j:tLx?df ufpmF:t/Lo ;+3;+:yfsf k|ltlgwL tyf cGo :yfgLo AolStx?;Fu k|:tfjLt pkcfof]hgfaf6 kg{ hfg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds c;/ jf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn u/LPsf] lyof] .

iv IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

:yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] /fo;'emfj ;lxt ;dfj]z u/L tof/ ul/Psf] k|ltj]bg :jLs[tLsf] nflu /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f ;dIf k]z ul/g]5 . l:js[t k|ltj]bg ;/f]sf/jfnf / cGo AolQm jf ;+:yfx?sf] kx'rsf] nfuL bf]nvf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldtLsf] ;'rgf s]Gb|, PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yflgo ljsf; dGqfno, /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f, e"sDkLo cfktsflng ;xof]u kl/of]hgfsf] j]e;fO6df /flvg]5 .

(= u'gf;f] lgbfg ;+oGq pkcfof]hgfsf] jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo hgtfsf] hgu'gf;f] ;'Gg / tLgsf] plrt tyf ;dofg's'n ;Daf]wg ug{ o; k|f=j=k= k|ltj]bgdf $ txsf] u'gf;f] lgbfg ;+oGqsf] af/]df cf}+NofOPsf] 5 .

!)= jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkg of]hgf pkcfof]hgfsf] c;/, l:ylt, ltgsf Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox?, cg'udgsf] tl/sf / ;do tlnsf ;d]6]/ cWofo ( df jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ kf/LPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} Go"lgs/0fsf pkfo sfof{Gjog / cg'udgsf] lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] klxrfg o; jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkg of]hgfdf ul/Psf] 5 . k|:tfljt cfof]hgfsf ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0f cGtu{tsf ljleGg cg'udgsf ;"rsx? klg kQf nufOPsf 5g\ . pkcfof]hgf k'glg{df{0fsf] cg'udg /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f tyf lhNnfsf cGo lgsfox?n] ug]{5g\ . jftfj/0fLo cg'udgsf] nflu ? @)),))) ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . o; pkcfof]hgfsf] jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgsf] nfuL ? @),@%^,%^#=*% 5'6ofOPsf] 5 . h;dWo] ? !*,%@&,^)*=%$ o;sf] l;len nfutdf ;dfj]z ul/;lsPsf] 5 .

!!= lgisif{ o;:t/sf] pkcfof]hgfsf nflu pkcfof]hgfaf6 x'g] gsf/fTds c;/x? guGo 5g\ . w]/}h;f] c;/x? :yfgLo :t/d} lgdf{0f r/0fdf dfq l;ldt 5g\ . cfof]hgfaf6 x'g] clwsf+z gsf/fTds c;/x?nfO{ lbOPsf Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox?af6} sd jf Ifltk"tL{ ug{ ;lsG5 / :yfgLo:t/df / lgdf{0f r/0fd} l;ldt ug{ ;lsG5 . jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkg of]hgfsf] leq ;d]6LPsf pkfox? cjnDag u/LP kl/of]hgf If]qdf ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs tyf ;f:s[lts jftfj/0fdf 7"nf] c;/kg]{ b]lvb}g . To;}n] cfof]hgfsf] k|s[lt, o;sf] cjl:ylt, :yfgLo hg;d'bfox?sf] cfof]of]hgf k|ltsf] ?lr tyf klxrfg ul/Psf ;Defljt gsf/fTds c;/x?nfO{ dWogh/ ub{} k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoogn] lgb]{zg u/] cg'?ksf] Go"lgs/0f tyf clej[l4s/0fsf pkfox? cjnDag u/L pkcfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoog g} oy]i7 /x]sf] 5 .

v IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Executive Summary

1. Background In order to accelerate economic and social recovery of the communities through rehabilitation and reconstruction of local infrastructures damaged due to devastating earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015, Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) has been impelemented under financial support of Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical support of Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) in 12 affcted district. Through this project, the ADB will support the Government of Nepal (GoN) in its efforts to put thousands of children back into schools, return vital government services to desperate communities, and create jobs and income for families by repairing critical road networks. The project will also repair and improve about 135 km of strategic roads and about 450 km of rural roads damaged by the earthquake and landslides. The National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) is the coordinating government agency. The Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD) and the District Coordination Committees (DCCs)/ District Technical Office (DTO) are the implementing agencies at central and district levels respectively.

Bhirkot – Sahare – Hawa Section (25.565 km) of Bhirkot – Sahare – Hawa – Jiri Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-Project is one of the project under EEAP. As the district level implementing agency of the subproject, this IEE study report has been prepared by DCC (then District Development Committee, DDC) Dolakha to address the likely environmental and social impact, both beneficial and adverse, due to the proposed upgrading of the road.

The proposed rehabilitation and reconstruction of Bhirkot – Sahare – Hawa Road Section will render the existing infrastructure devastated by devastating earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015 fully operative and reinstate access to the rural southern part of and more than 20 settlements of then 5 VDCs (, Malu, Sahare, and Hawa) to the district headquarter in Charikot and other parts of the country.

2. The Proponent District Coordinatoin Committee (then District Development Committee ), Dolakha is the executing agency at the district level under Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) project and the proponent of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Bhirkot – Sahare – Hawa Section (25.565 km/ DTMP No 22DR011) Bhirkot – Sahare – Hawa – Jiri Road.

Full Address of the Proponent: Office of the District Coordination Committee, Dolakha Charikot, Dolakha Telephone No. 049-421493 Fax No. 049-421141 Website: www.ddcdolakha.gov.np

vi IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

3. Rationale and Objectives of the IEE study Preparation of IEE for district road is mandatory according to Act relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake affected structures 2015, Rule relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake affected structures 2016, Work Procedure For EIA of Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2016 (Schedule 1), First Amendment (2016) and ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 to suggest the appropriate practical & site specific mitigation and enhancement measures to address the environmental impact of the proposal.

The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the impacts of physical, biological, socio- economic and cultural environment of the sub-project area and recommend practical and site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, prepare and implement environmental management plan for the sub-project.

4. Project Description and Study Methodology The proposed subproject passes through then five (5) VDCs: Japhe, Malu, Sahare, Chyama and Hawa VDCs of Dolakha District of Central Development Region of Nepal. Then DDC has proposed to reconstruct the 25.565 km (CH 0+000 to 25+565) km section of the road under EEAP. It will be rehabilitated and reconstructed into District Road Core Network (DRCN) standard with gravel pavement. The road will have 6.25 meter formation width including shoulder and drainage. The estimated total engineering cost including VAT is NRs. 536,181,322.21.

This IEE report has been prepared following necessary desk and field study and defined procedure and also on the basis of the ToR approved by the secretary level decision of the MoFALD on 2016-03-23 A.D. to fulfill the statutory requirement of GoN.

5. Existing Environmental Condition The project area lies in the Mid-hills (Lesser Himalayan) physiographic zones of Central Nepal. The area has a rugged topography consisting steep hills and river valleys. Geologically, the study area comprises medium to high grade metamorphic rocks of Lesser Himalayan Sequence of Central Nepal mainly phyllites and augen gneisses with bands of schists, carbonates and quartzites.

Considering the elevation, the area has tropical to sub-tropical climatic conditions. The temperature reaches as high as 280C in the summer and falls as low as -70C in the winter. According to DDC profile, it receives annual rainfall is 2043.5 mm. The road alignment passes through 19 small to large streams. The landuse in the ZoI includes cultivated/agricultural land, settlement and market area and forest.

The sub-project segment lies amongt cultivation area, settlement, forest patches and barren land at various segments among which those at Chainages 0+000 to 1+110, 6+220 to 6+950, 7+700 to 8+370, 7+725 to 8+420, 9+495 to 10+030, 13+140 to 14+980, 13+790 to 13+880, 15+300 to 16+080, 16+130 to 16+300 and 21+700 to 23+100 lie within ten (10) community

vii IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha forests. The beginning section of the road alignment has trees like Sal(Shorea robusta), and Bot Dhayaro(Lagerstroemia parviflora), and the other areas have Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Khote Salla (Pinus roxburghii) and Uttis (Alnus nepalensis) etc. The trees reported alongside of the road alignment include Sal (Shorea robusta), Asna (Terminalia alata), Bot dhayero (Lagerstroemia parviflora), Gayo (Bredelia retusa) Gineri (Premna integrifolia), Jamun (Syzygium cumini) etc.As known from local consultation, rare wildlife visit the edges of the forest area.

The proposed road alignment passes through wards 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Tamakoshi Rural Municipality (former Japhe, Malu, Sahare, Chyama and Hawa VDCs) lying in southern part of Dolakha District and settlements thereof. There are more than 12 major settlements along the alignment that include Archale, Chanaute, Barahbise, Dadagau, Patitole, Sahare, Nagidaha, Bhageri, Chyama, Bhasme, Kagune, Gairigau, Deurali, etc. Around 18,849 persons with 8,776 male and 10,073 female live in 4,345 households in the ZoI of the sub- project. The population of the project area is dominated by Chhetri followed by Hill Brahmin, Sharki, Kami, Sunuwar, etc. Total literacy of the project area is 67.95%. Agriculture and livestock rearing is the major occupation of the project area. Other occupations include small business and aboard jobs. Health care service is being delivered by five Health Posts along the road alignment. Almost 56 % of the household are benefitted by piped drinking water. Only 97% of the households in the project area have been supplied with electricity. Ukali, Bajgaitole, Kotgau, Gairatole, Kagune etc are the local market center and the major market is in Charikot and Jiri Municipality

6. Environmental Impacts 6.1 Beneficial Impacts The immediate beneficial impact from the project during construction phase is generation of temporary employment opportunity of 278,450 persondays. The major beneficial impacts after project completion includes enhanced accessibility and transportation facility throughout the year to the people of southern part of the Dolakha District, promotion of agro- enterprises based on local agricultural products and economic development. Once in operation the road will offer easy, comfortable and quick access to people of the area to social service facilities like health, education, market and other facilities. Likewise, this will ease the supply of daily consumables, food and others and provide market to local agricultural products like Junar, Orange, Zinger, Chilli etc. that will improve the quality of their living and help the earthquake-affected people in social and economic recovery.

6.2 Adverse Impacts Among the adverse impact on the social domain of the environment, pressure on existing service facilities, possible conflict and clash between local and outside workers, occupational health and safety are of chief concern. For widening of road and construction of side drains, 1.274 ha of additional private land distributed in different plots belonging to different owners will be acquired and five (5) private structures at Ch 6+150, 15+700, 16+150, 16+550 and 19+350 will be damaged. Similarly, a temple at Ch 6+350, a public tap at Jamune, the Red

viii IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Cross building at Ch 9+850 and one Chautari at Ch 10+450 need to be relocated to attain the required width of the road. Other impacts are gender discrimination in task and wage distribution, involvement of children in risky works, diseases due to unhygienic living condition, communicable diseases and STDs, etc. During operation phase, ribbon settlement along the project alignment could develop haphazardly and encroachment might occur along approach road.

Operation of construction equipment and vehicles and use of chemical substances during construction activites may produce noise, water and air pollution. Improper management of waste may cause water and soil pollution leading to other deleterious consequences. Improper storage and handling of construction materials and equipments may cause water and soil pollution through leakage and seepage. Regarding the impact on biological environment, hunting and poaching of wild animal is also possible during construction and operation but the chances are very low. Site clearance for construction works will affect some trees and the ground vegetation on both sides of the road. Altogether 99 trees of Sal, Bot dhairo, Gineri, Chilaune, Salla, Uttis, etc belonging to the 9 of the 10 CFUGs need to be felled down for road widening to the designed standard. Likewise, 69 trees of different species including 30 banana plants need to be felled down from the private land.

7. Mitigation Measures A number of practical and cost effective mitigation measures have been suggested to prevent, correct and compensate the adverse effects of the project implementation. The project proponent is bound to implement these measures during the construction and operation of the project. For construction phase, the proponent will implement the mitigation measures through contractor. Some of the major measures to be adopted are as follows:

 Women and disadvantaged people will be empowered through awareness and capacity development training.  Private properties including private land, private structures and private trees will be acquired after compensation.  To reduce the pressure on service facilities, contractor will manage utilities like communication, lighting and cooking energy, drinking water supply, etc within the camp. Any damages to physical infrastructures will be reconstructed or rehabilitated.  To address the issue of occupational health and safety, proper safety arrangements will be made. Safety equipment such as helmets, boots, gloves, safety belts, safety glasses and masks will be provided to the workers working in the construction sites. Warning signs, posts, barriers and guards will be installed to restrict access of unauthorized persons to storage areas.  Arrangements of temporary latrines will be made for workers and they will be placed 50 m away from water bodies.  Spoil generated from earthwork will be disposed in designated location and managed properly with toe wall and retaining wall, vegetation cover and necessary drainage structures.

ix IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

 Existing and possible landslides will be controlled or prevented by appropriate bio- engineering technique.  All the camp wastes and construction wastes will be placed in the designated waste collection pits away from the water path.  Oils and other chemicals used in construction activities will be handled carefully and stored in fallow land away from the river beds by using impervious layers.  Arrangement will be made to plant 2475 trees (@1:25) and protect them through the respective CFUGs to compensate the 99 trees felled from the Community Forests and 69 trees will be planted to compensate for the trees felled from private land.  Hoarding boards carrying messages to aware people on control of hunting and poaching of wildlife and their conservation will be placed.

8. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure In order to prepare the IEE report, 15 days public notice was published on 04/04/2016 AD in Nepal Samacharpatra, a national Nepali daily newspaper seeking written opinions from concerned former DDC,VDC, DFO, CFUGs, schools, health posts and related local organizations. Public consultation was done with the local people living near the proposed road, members of local organizations and local leaders during the preparation of IEE report in order to aware them of incoming road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project and to identify the possible beneficial and adverse impacts due to this sub-project.

IEE report prepared by incorporating the suggestions of local stakeholders will be presented to NRA for review and approval. The approved report will be made accessible to interested parties and the general public through the information center of Dolakha DCC, MoFALD, NRA and websites of ADB and EEAP.

9. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) The IEE report has suggested four (4) levels of GRMs to receive and facilitate resolution of affected people’s concerns and grievances regarding project’s environmental and social performances and impacts in a timely and satisfactory manner.

10. Environmental Management Plan Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) has been proposed with present report including issues identified, possible effects and impacts, measures for their mitigation, monitoring methods and schedule in Chapter 9. In addition, agencies responsible for executing environmental mitigation measures and monitoring have been identified in the EMP. Different monitoring indicators on the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment have also been identified. The NRA with district bodies will monitor during reconstruction and operation phase. For the environmental monitoring, NR 200,000 has been allocated. The total cost allocated for environment management of the sub-project is NRs. 20,256,563.85 of which NRs 18,527,608.54 has been included in civil work cost already.

x IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

11. Conclusion Most of the identified and perceived impacts of the project are of low significance compared to the project of this scale. With the set of mitigation measures, most of the adverse impacts can be minimised and/or compensated and limited to locality and construction period. Once the measures outlined in the EMP are implemented, there is no risk for residual impacts that may affect the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area. Hence, it is suitable to implement the project addressing the impacts through the mitigation and enhancement measures suggested by this IEE, considering the nature of the project, its location, and people’s positive perceptions and identified environmental impacts. This IEE study is considered sufficient for this project.

xi IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1. Background ...... 1 1.2. Project Implementation Unit ...... 3 1.3. Consultant ...... 3 1.4. Objectives of ToR...... 3 1.5. Objectives of IEE Study ...... 4 1.6. Rationale for Conducting IEE ...... 4 1.7. Limitations of the IEE Study ...... 5 2. DETAIL ON RECONSTRUCTION & REHABILITATION WORK ...... 6 2.1. Project Location ...... 6 2.2. Salient Features of the Project...... 10 2.3. Components and Activities of the Sub-Project ...... 12 2.4. Construction Materials Requirement ...... 12 2.5. Source of Construction Materials and Quarry Sites ...... 12 2.6. Land Requirement ...... 13 2.7. Human Resource Requirement...... 13 2.8. Campsite ...... 14 2.9. Spoil Disposal Area ...... 14 2.10. Project Implementation Schedule ...... 14 2.11. Construction Approach ...... 15 2.12. Cost ...... 15 2.13. Impact Zone ...... 15 2.14. Environment Protection Policy ...... 16 3. STUDY APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...... 17 3.1. General ...... 17 3.2. Study Team ...... 17 3.3. Project Area Delineation ...... 17 3.4. Desk Study and Literature review ...... 18 3.4.1. Review of Existing Information ...... 18 3.4.2. Map Reading ...... 18 3.4.3. Checklists ...... 18 3.5. Field Study ...... 18 3.5.1. Initial Interaction and Consultation with Stakeholders ...... 19 3.5.2. Public Notice ...... 19 3.5.3. Public Consultations ...... 19 3.5.4. Physical Environment ...... 21 3.5.5. Biological Environment ...... 21 3.5.6. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment ...... 21 3.6. Impact Identification, Prediction and Evaluation ...... 22 3.7. Group Judgement ...... 23 3.8. Designation of Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Plans ...... 23 3.9. Report Preparation ...... 23

xii IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

3.10. Information Disclosure ...... 23 4. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION ...... 24 4.1. Physical Environment ...... 24 4.1.1. Topography ...... 24 4.1.2. Geology and Soil Type ...... 24 4.1.3. Slope Stability and Erosion ...... 26 4.1.4. Seismicity of the Project area ...... 26 4.1.5. Climate ...... 27 4.1.6. Drainage and Hydrology ...... 27 4.1.7. Land Use ...... 28 4.1.8. Air Quality, Water Quality and Noise Levels ...... 28 4.2. Biological Environment ...... 29 4.2.1. Vegetation and Forest Types ...... 29 4.2.2. Forest Management Regimes ...... 30 4.2.3. Domesticated Plants ...... 33 4.2.4. Ethno-botany and NTFPs ...... 33 4.2.5. Rare, Threatened and Protected Plants ...... 34 4.2.6. Wildlife ...... 34 4.2.7. Rare, Threatened and Protected Wildlife ...... 35 4.3. Socio Economic and Cultural Environment ...... 35 4.3.1. Population, Household and Settlement ...... 35 4.3.2. Caste and Ethnicity ...... 37 4.3.3. Language ...... 37 4.3.4. Literacy and Education ...... 37 4.3.5. Occupation ...... 37 4.3.6. Agriculture and Cropping Pattern ...... 38 4.3.7. Livestock ...... 38 4.3.8. Migration Pattern ...... 38 4.3.9. Public Health and Sanitation ...... 39 4.3.10. Public Service Infrastructures and Facilities ...... 39 4.3.11. Food Sufficiency ...... 42 4.3.12. Potential Development Areas ...... 42 5. IMPACTS OF RECONSTRUCTION PLAN IMPLEMENTATION ON ENVIRONMENT ...... 43 5.1. Beneficial Impacts and Augmentation Measures ...... 43 5.1.1. Beneficial Impacts during Construction Phase ...... 43 5.1.2. Beneficial Impacts during Operation Phase ...... 44 5.2. Adverse Impacts ...... 45 5.2.1. Impacts during Pre-construction Phase ...... 45 5.2.2. Adverse Impacts during Construction Phase ...... 46 5.2.3. Adverse Impacts during Operation Phase ...... 51 5.3. Climate Change Impacts ...... 52 5.4. Cumulative Impact ...... 53 5.4.1. Beneficial Impacts ...... 53

xiii IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

5.4.2. Adverse Impacts ...... 53 6. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 55 6.1. No Action Option ...... 55 6.2. Project Alternative ...... 55 6.3. Alternative Alignment ...... 55 6.4. Alternative Design and Construction Approach ...... 56 6.5. Alternative Schedule and Process ...... 56 6.6. Alternative Resources ...... 56 6.7. No Forest Option ...... 56 7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MITIGATION AND MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUE ...... 57 7.1. Augmentation Measures ...... 57 7.1.1. Construction Phase ...... 57 7.1.2. Operation Phase ...... 57 7.2. Mitigation Measures ...... 58 7.2.1. Pre-construction Phase...... 58 7.2.2. Construction Phase ...... 59 7.2.3. Operation Phase ...... 65 7.3. Climate Change Impacts ...... 67 8. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROJECT ...... 68 9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 74 9.1. Institutions and their Roles ...... 74 9.2. Reporting and Documentation ...... 76 9.3. Implementation of the Mitigation Measures ...... 76 9.4. Matter to be monitored while implementing the Proposal ...... 88 9.4.1. Baseline Monitoring ...... 88 9.4.2. Compliance Monitoring ...... 88 9.4.3. Impact Monitoring ...... 88 9.5. Monitoring Indicator...... 89 9.5.1. Pre-Construction Phase ...... 89 9.5.2. Construction Phase ...... 89 9.5.3. Operation Phase ...... 89 9.6. Monitoring Indicators ...... 90 9.7. Cost of Mitigation and Enhancement ...... 98 9.8. Costs of Environmental Monitoring ...... 99 9.9. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 100 9.9.1. First level of GRM...... 100 9.9.2. Second level of GRM ...... 100 9.9.3. Third level of GRM ...... 100 9.9.4. Fourth level of GRM ...... 101 9.9.5. Procedure for Grievances Handling as Per National Law ...... 101 10. CONCLUSION ...... 103 References: ...... 104

xiv IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

List of Tables

Table 1: Restructuring of Affected VDCs of Dolakha District ...... 2 Table 2: Salient Features of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road ...... 10 Table 3: Quantity of Construction Materials ...... 12 Table 4: Possible Quarry Sites ...... 13 Table 5: Permanent Land Requirement by Land Use Type ...... 13 Table 6: Manpower Requirement ...... 13 Table 7: Recommended Spoil Disposal Sites ...... 14 Table 8: Sub-Project Implementation Schedule ...... 15 Table 9: Study Team ...... 17 Table 10: Impact Area Delineation ...... 18 Table 11: Summary of the Meeting Minutes during Public Consultations ...... 20 Table 12: Numerical scales as proposed in the National EIA Guidelines ...... 22 Table 13: Cumulative scores of level of significance ...... 23 Table 14: Geology and Soil Type along Road Alignment ...... 25 Table 15: Landslides and Erosion Prone Areas along Road Alignment ...... 26 Table 16: Major Streams along the Road Alignment ...... 27 Table 17: Landuse along the Road Alignment ...... 28 Table 18: Chainage wise Dominancy of Tree Species...... 29 Table 19: Community Forest along the Road Alignment ...... 31 Table 20: Medicinal Plants and Local Use ...... 33 Table 21: Rare, Threatened and Protected Animals Found in Project Area ...... 35 Table 22: Population Distribution in District, Municipality and Project Area ...... 36 Table 23: Settlements and Population of the along the Road Corridor ...... 36 Table 24: Migration Status in the ZoI ...... 39 Table 25: List of Religious and Cultural Sites along the Road Alignment ...... 41 Table 26: Trees to be felled at different chainages ...... 50 Table 27: Trees to be felled and compensatory plantation requirement ...... 64 Table 28: Review of Relevant Acts, Rules, Regulations and Guidelines ...... 68 Table 29: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities...... 74 Table 30: Summary of the Beneficial Impacts and Enhancement Measures ...... 77 Table 31: Summary of Adverse Impact Prediction and Mitigation Measures ...... 79 Table 32: Monitoring Indicators Selected for this IEE ...... 90 Table 33: Compliance Monitoring of Bhirkot – Sahare – Hawa Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project ...... 92 Table 34: Impact Monitoring of Bhirkot – Sahare – Hawa Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project ...... 95 Table 35: Estimate of Environmental Cost of the Sub-Project ...... 98 Table 36: Estimated Cost for Environmental Monitoring ...... 99

xv IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

List of Figures Figure 1: Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road in DTMP Map of Dolakha District ...... 7 Figure 2: Road Alignment in Topographical Map ...... 8 Figure 3: Road Alignment in Ecological Map ...... 9 Figure 4: Road Alignment in Google Earth Map ...... 24 Figure 5: Location of Sub-project in Geological Map ...... 25 Figure 6: Seismic risk map of Nepal) ...... 27 Figure 7: Environment Management Organization Structure ...... 75 Figure 8: Grievance Redress Mechanism as Per EARF of EEAP ...... 101 Figure 9: Grievance Redress Mechanism in National Law ...... 102

Appendices Appendix 1: Terms of Reference approval letter & Approved ToR Appendix 2: Environmental Assessment and Climate Risk Screening Checklist Appendix 3: Environmental Checklists Appendix 4: Public Notice Appendix 5: Deeds of Inquiries Appendix 6: Recommendation Letters Appendix 7: Minutes of Public Consultations Appendix 8: Trees Loss and Compensatory Plantation Appendix 9: Abstract of Costs Appendix 10: Grievance Redress Mechanism Appendix 11: Affected Private Structure Appendix 12: Environmental and Social Monitoring Report Outline Appendix 13: Pictorial Highlights

xvi IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ADB: Asian Development Bank amsl: above mean sea level BS: Bikram Sambat CBO: Community Based Organization CFUGs: Community Forest User Group CISC: Central Implementation and Support Consultant CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CL-PIU: Central Level Project Implementation Unit dBA: Decibel (A) DCC: District Coordination Committee DRCN: District Road Core Network DDC: District Development Committee DDR: Detail Design Report DISC: District Implementation and Support Consultant DIA : Direct Impact Area DL-PIU: District Level Project Implementation Unit DMG: Department of Mines and Geology DNPWC: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation DoLIDAR: Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads DoR: Department of Roads DTMP: District Transport Master Plan DTO: District Technical Office DWSC: Department of Watershed and Soil Conservation EA: Environmental Assessment/Executing Agency EARF: Environment Assessment and Review Framework EEAP: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment EMP: Environment Management Plan IIA : Indirect Impact Area GESI AP: Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Action Plan GIS: Geographical Information System GoN: Government of Nepal HH: Household HIV: Human Immune Deficiency Virus IEE: Initial Environmental Examination IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature LEP: Labor based Environmentally Friendly and Participatory Approach LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas MoFALD: Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development MoPE: Ministry of Population and Environment NGO: Non-Governmental Organization NTFPs: Non Timber Forest Products

xvii IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

NRA: National Reconstruction Authority ODF: Open Defecation Free PAFs: Project Affected Families PAM: Project Administration Manual PIU: Project Implementation Unit RCC: Reinforced Cement Concrete RP: Resettlement Plan RoW: Right of Way SDC: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation STDs: Sexually Transmitted Diseases SWCA: Soil and Water Conservation Act ToR: Terms of Reference VDC: Village Development Committee www: World Wide Web ZoI: Zone of Influence

xviii IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background

1. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) is a project being implemented with the loan financing of ADB, Swiss technical support and counterpart funding from the Government of Nepal (GoN). It aimed at accelerating economic and social recovery of the communities through rehabilitation and reconstruction of local infrastructures damaged due to devastating earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015. The project will support the Government of Nepal (GoN) in its efforts to put thousands of children back into schools, return vital government services to desperate communities, and create jobs and income for families by repairing critical road networks. The Project covers 12 affected districts in eastern, middle and western development region of Nepal namely: Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kavrepalanchowk, Dolakha, Okhaldhunga, Sindhuli, Solukhumbu, Ramechhap, Gorkha, Lamjung and Chitwan. The project will repair, retrofit or rebuild at least 700 schools and 300 district-level government buildings damaged by the earthquake to disaster-resilient standards. The project will also repair and improve about 135 km of strategic roads and about 450 km of rural roads damaged by the earthquake and landslides. The road will berebuilt with improved road safety features and will be designed to withstand future disasters and the impact of climate change.

2. National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) is the legally mandated agency for leading and managing the earthquake recovery and reconstruction in Nepal and is the executing agency (EA) of EEAP. The Central Level Project Implementation Unit (CL-PIU) for rural road component of EEAP is under the Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD).

3. The proposed rehabilitation and reconstruction of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa section of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa-Jiri Road will provide easy access to the rural soutern part of Dolakha District to the district headquarter in Charikot and other parts of the country. The road serves wards 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Tamakoshi Rural Municipality (former Japhe, Malu, Sahare, Chyama and Hawa VDCs respectively) of Dolakha District and more than 20 settlements along the road corridor to the rest of the world through road network. These VDCs have high potential in vegetable, fruits, livestock, dairy and broom grass production.

4. While already, very low number of vehicles is plying on the road because of the bad road condition, the road had been further damaged due to devastating earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015. Transportation of goods and services from the market centers to the rural areas and vice-versa has been difficult, insufficient and costly due to poor geometry, standards and earthen nature of the road. The proposed rehabilitation and upgrading will facilitate the easy access to the rural people of Dolakha District. The enhanced road network will provide access to the rural people to the basic service facilities like health, education and daily economic activities hence improving their living standard. Hence, there is an urgent need of rehabilitating and upgrading this road to facilitate easy accessibility for isolated villages and the road has attracted DTMP priority No-22DR011.

1 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

5. Government of Nepal has declared the name, number, boundary, ward’s boundary of 744 rural municipality and municipality with 481 rural municipalities, 246 municipalities, 13 sub-metropolitan cities, 4 metropolitan cities. The restructured bodies have come into force with the publication of notice by MoFALD in Nepal Gazette on 10th March, 2017. The village assembly and municipal assembly will make decision on this after the election in rural municipality and municipality. With the publication of this notice by GoN, old local bodies like VDCs/DDCs are dissolved. A previous VDC has virtually turned into ward(s) of the municipality or ward(s) of Rural Municipality (RM). The restructured bodies have come into force with the publication of notice by MoFALD in Nepal Gazette on 10th March, 2017. MoFALD has circulated local level administrative operation order, 2073 for continuing and managing services at local level until the elected members take over the rural municipality, municipality and district assembly. DDC will be operated in name of District coordination committee (DCC). The duties and responsibilities of DDC will be carried by DCC. Project run by DDC will be run by DCC for this fiscal year. Multi-year project run by DDC, funded by GON and donor agencies, will be operated as per decision of ministry. This report presents the role and responsibility of institution for implementing environment management plan in a model, before the publication of restructuring notice. The role and responsibility has and further will be automatically transferred to concerned agencies as GoN decision related to restructuring of local level.

6. The former project affected VDCs, Japhe, Malu, Sahare, Chyama and Hawa VDCs now restructured as wards of Tamakoshi Rural Municipality (please refer Table 1). Then office of Japhe VDC will be the center of Tamakoshi Rural Municipality from now onwards. Office of then DDC, Dolakha has been acting as office of District Coordination Committee. The name of affected then VDCs mentioned in this reports are now ward 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Tamakoshi Rural Municipality.

Table 1: Restructuring of Affected VDCs of Dolakha District VDCs mentioned in report Wards of the VDC Current reformation Japhe VDC 1-9 Tamakoshi RM 3 Malu VDC 1-9 Tamakoshi RM 4 Sahare VDC 1-9 Tamakoshi RM 5 Chyama VDC 1-9 Tamakoshi RM 6 Hawa VDC 1-9 Tamakoshi RM 7

7. The Terms of Reference (ToR) was prepared and approved before the formulation of Work Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2072 (2016) based on Environment Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Rule 1997. It was approved by the secretary level decision of the MoFALD on 2072-12-10 (March 23, 2016) right before the mobilization of the design team. The road design parameters were revised in the course and the length and formation width fixed at 25.565 km and 6.25 m respectively. So, there is a discrepancy in the design information in the IEE Report, ToR and the public notice. The IEE Report, ToR and the

2 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha public notice deals with the same road, DRCN No. 22DR011 and the name of the obligatory points are the same. This IEE Report has been prepared based on the final DPR.

1.2. Project Implementation Unit

8. The DCC, Dolakha is the implementing agency at the district level and the proponent of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Section of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa-Jiri Road. The National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) is the concerned authority for the approval of IEE study report.

Address Office of the District Coordination Committee, Dolakha Charikot, Dolakha Telephone No. 049-421493, Fax No. 049-421141 Email: [email protected]

1.3. Consultant Central Implementation Support Consultant (CISC) Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) Ekantakuna, Lalitpur P.O. Box 113 Telephone No: 977-1-5543142/43 Fax No: 977-1-5543144 E-mail: [email protected] website: www.drilpnepal.org

9. Af-Iteco Ltd., Switzerland acting as Central Implementation Support Consultant of EEAP has awareded consultancy services to the JV of Gaurav Integrated Development Associates Nepal P. Ltd (GIDA Nepal P. Ltd), NEST P. Ltd. and JAARSA Engineering Consultancy (P) Ltd., Sankhamul, Kathmandu who was responsible for conducting the necessary desk and field study and preparing IEE report on behalf of the proponent adhering with the approved ToR and all the prevalent policies, acts, rules and guidelines.

NEST P. Ltd. Sankhamul-34, Kathmandu Telephone No. 01-4784515 Email: [email protected]

1.4. Objectives of ToR 10. The main objective of the TOR was to guide the preparation of the comprehensive and coherent Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study report as per the Environment

3 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Protection Act 1997 (EPA ’97) and Environment Protection Rules 1997 (EPR ’97) and amendments. The specific objectives of the study were to:

 Identify the data requirement of IEE study and general methods for acquisition of such information.  Identify major issues that may arise as a result of proposed works on bio-physical, socio- economic and cultural environment of the project area,  Identify relevant legal documents that need to be reviewed during the IEE study and subsequent project implementation.  Provide an outline on structure of IEE study report

1.5. Objectives of IEE Study 11. The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the environmental impact due to implementation of the sub-project in the area and to suggest a sustainable way out, help decision makers to balance development and protection of human wellbeing and the environment. The specific objectives of the study are to:

 Provide information on the general environmental setting of the project area as baseline data,  Identify, predict and evaluate the major issues that may arise as a result of proposed works on bio-physical, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area,  Recommend practical and site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement measures,  Prepare and implement environmental management and monitoring plan for the project  Ensure that IEE is sufficient for the proposed road project

1.6. Rationale for Conducting IEE 12. As prescribed in the Work Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures (First Amendment), 2073 (2016) promulgated under the Act relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures, 2072 (2015), Schedule 1 (2) (Projects Requiring IEE) under Rule 3, rehabilitation and reconstruction of district, urban and rural roads need to undergo IEE study and the report requires approval from the NRA. This IEE has been conducted following the ToR for IEE approved by MoFALD prior to enactment of aforementioned laws according to Environment Protection Act 1997 and Environment Protection Rules 1997.

13. Preparation of IEE report by concerned DCC and approval of the IEE report by the NRA according to Nepali legal provision is considered sufficient and Nepali legal provisions in essence satisfy ADB's requirements. EEAP subprojects fall under category "B" (categorization is as "A", "B" and ''C'' based on the significance of sub-projects impact and risks on the environment and environmental safeguard considerations) where IEE is mandatory for all sub projects according to Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 of ADB. The road section does not fall within the boundary of protected area of any category.

4 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

1.7. Limitations of the IEE Study 14. The study has following limitations:

 Site specific environmental management plan is not prepared

5 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

2. DETAIL ON RECONSTRUCTION & REHABILITATION WORK 2.1. Project Location 15. The proposed Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Section (DTMP No-22DR011) of Bhirkot-Sahare- Hawa-Jiri Road passes through wards 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Tamakoshi Rural Municipality (former Japhe, Malu, Sahare, Chyama and Hawa VDCs) of Dolakha District of Central Development Region of Nepal. Then DDC (current DCC) has proposed to upgrade the 25.565 km section of the road. The road section starts from Archale of Tamakoshi Rural Municiplaity-3 (former Japhe VDC-9) along Nayapul – Manthali Road (27o33’56” N Latitude and 86o05’19”E Longitude) and ends at Deurali of Tamakoshi Rural Municipality-7 (former Hawa VDC-1) (27o33’04” N Latitude and 86o09’01”E Longitude), passing via 12 settlements along the alignment. The major settlements along the road alignment are Archale, Chanaute, Ramche, Barhabise, Ahale, Malu, Kotgau, Dadagau, Patitol, Sahare, Nagidaha, Bhageri, Chimthali, Chyama, Dadakharka, Pathichaur, Wollo Chyama, Bhasme, Kagune, Kalapahara and Deurali. The current alignment does not pass through former Bhirkot VDC as the alignment has been changed for 2+600 m at the beginning of the first selected alignment. The current alignment is new track up to 2+600 km (opened by DoR) and then the alignment joins the old route. Throughout the length the existing road, surface is earthen and condition is moderate and undulated. The road connects southern part of Dolakha district with the district headquarter in Charikot and rest of the country through Puspalal and Araniko Highway through all-weather connectivity.

16. The road alignment is depicted in DTMP Map, Topographical Map and Ecological Map in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3 respectively.

6 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

22DR011

Figure 1: Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road in DTMP Map of Dolakha District

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Figure 2: Road Alignment in Topographical Map 8 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Figure 3: Road Alignment in Ecological Map

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2.2. Salient Features of the Project 17. The features of the proposed project are summarized in the table below (Table 2).

Table 2: Salient Features of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Features Description Name of the Road Bhirkot – Sahare – Hawa Section of Bhirkot – Sahare – Hawa Road Type of Work Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Road Classification DRCN; 22DR011 Project starting date April, 2016 Project ending date June, 2019 Location Region: Central Development Zone: Janakpur District: Dolakha Former VDC/Municipality Japhe, Malu, Sahare, Chyama, Hawa VDCs Current Administrative Unit Wards 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Tamakoshi Rural Municipality Major Settlements Archale, Chanaute, Dadagau, Sahare, Nagidada, Chimthali, Bhasme, Deurali Length 25.565 km Starting Point Archale , Tamakoshi Rural Municipality-3 (former Japhe VDC-9) End Point: Deurali, Tamakhoshi Rural Municipality-7 (former Hawa VDC-1) Geographical feature Terrain Mid-Hills Altitudinal Range 832 m to 1782 m Climate: Tropical to Sub-tropical Geology: Lesser Himalayan Rocks (Phyllite and Gneiss), Colluvium and Residual Soil Meteorology: Unevenly Distributed Precipitation Controlled by Monsoon Design Standard Standard NRRS 2055, 2nd Revision December 2014 Existing Surface: Earthen Proposed Pavement: Gravel, Cobble for grade >8% Geometrics Right Of Way: 10 m on either sides (Center line) Formation Width: 6.25 m (includes 1m drainage & 0.75 m Shoulder) Carriage Way Width: 3.75 m Shoulder Width: 0.75 m on either side Maximum Gradient 12%

10 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Features Description Minimum Gradient 0.5% Lane Single Road Packages Package 1 (Ch 0+000 – Package 2 (Ch 14+700 – 14+700) 25+565) Pavement Standard Gravel / Cobble for grade >8% Gravel Length 7.35 km 5.432 km Cobble Length 7.35 km 5.433 km Structures (Qty/No.) Drainage Structures a) Side Drain Throughout the alignment at hill side, Cascade drain for grade greater than 7% b) Causeway 5 (Proposed), 1 4 (Proposed), 5 (Existing) (Existing) c) Slab Culvert - 1 (Existing) d) Pipe Culvert 28 (Proposed), 28(Proposed), 4 (Existing) 5(Existing) e) Irrigation Crossing 18 15 Retaining Structures a) Stone Masonry Wall 945.12 cu.m. 1,258.95 cu.m. b) Gabion Retaining and 8,600.00 cu.m. 7,865.00 cu.m. Breast Walls c) Stone Masonry Revetment 1,046.73 cu.m. 54.50 cu.m. Wall Earth Work Road works a) Excavation/Cutting 196,815.58 cu.m. 103,466.28 cu.m. b) Embankment/Filling 16,416.14 cu.m. 11,529.67 cu.m. Pavement a) Gravel 12,974.92 cu.m. 9,650.25 cu.m. b) Cobble 2,487.71 cu.m. 1,850.84 cu.m. Civil work cost (NRs) a) Civil Works (Base cost) 229,577,491.37 195,963,241.34 b) 13% VAT (of a) 29,845,073.87 25,475,221.37 c) Sub Total c=a+b 259,422,565.24 221,438,462.71 d) Per Km Cost (including 17,647,793.55 20,379,510.53 VAT) e) Work Charge Staff and 6,887,324.00 5,878,897.00 Small Miscellaneous Expenses @ 3.0% of a f) Physical Contingengy 22,957,749.13 19,596,324.13 @10% of a g) Grand Total, 289,267,638.37 246,913,683.84 Total project cost (NRs) 558,878,812.08

11 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Features Description Monitoring Cost 200,000.00 EMP Cost excluding 1,528,955.31 monitoring EMP Cost included in 18,527,608.54 Civil Cost Source: DPR Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Section of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa-Jiri Road Rehabilitation and Reconstructino Sub-project

2.3. Components and Activities of the Sub-Project

18. Total length of the road is 25.565 km with 6.25 m formation width. Project components are: construction of structures like roadway, toe wall, retaining wall, breast wall, side drain, pipe culvert, slab culvert, irrigation crossings, etc. Site clearance, earthwork (excavation and filling), bioengineering, spoil disposal management, paving, compensatory plantation, roadside plantation are the activities during the construction of this road sub-project.

2.4. Construction Materials Requirement 19. Suitable materials including fill materials, base material and sub-base and pavement material will be required for road construction. Besides these materials, boulders and river-based aggregates and sand will be required for gravelling road, building retaining walls, RCC culverts, side drains and drain covers and other road features. The quantity of construction materials required for rehabilitation and reconstruction works as derived from the design report is summarized in the Table 3.

Table 3: Quantity of Construction Materials SN Materials Unit Quantity 1 Embankment and Filling Materials Cu.m 31,402.42 2 Gravel and Subbase Material Cu.m 77,618.91 3 Cobble Cu.m 4,338.55 4 Stone Cu.m 2,480.86 5 Geotextile Sq.m 14,028.40 6 Cement Mt. 2,000.00 7 Steel Mt. 21.15 Source: DPR Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Section of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa-Jiri Road Rehabilitation and Reconstructio Sub-project

2.5. Source of Construction Materials and Quarry Sites 20. Construction materials like cement and geotextiles will be bought from the nearest market within the country. The major construction materials that include suitable materials (fill, base and sub-base materials, gravel, cobble, etc.) have to be sourced from local sources or quarries. The sources of these materials have been presented in the Table 4.

12 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Table 4: Possible Quarry Sites Material Site Distance Gravel Dholi Khola, Japhe 1 km from starting point Tamakoshi River at Chaiteghat 3 km blacktopped Sand Dholi Khola, Japhe 1 km from starting point At site of roadway cutting Boulder Tamakoshi River at Chaiteghat 3 km blacktopped Dholi Khola and Malu Khola 1 km from starting point Aggregate At site of roadway cutting Dholi Khola and Malu Khola 1 km from starting point Source: Field Survey, 2016

2.6. Land Requirement 21. It is an existing road with average width of 5.25 m. To upgrade it to the prescribed standard, 2.558 ha of additional land will be permanently required for the sub-project. Private agricultural land constitute major portion of this land. The permanent land requirement of the sub-project is described in the Table 5.

Table 5: Permanent Land Requirement by Land Use Type SN Land use Area (ha) 1 Agriculture (Including settlement) 1.274 2 Forest Land 0.704 3 Open/Barren Land 0.580 Total 2.558 Source: Field Survey, 2016

22. Additionally, land will be required for sitting ancillary facilities like construction camp, storage yard and spoil disposal. These are located in private land or open/barren land. Private land necessary for sitting temporary structures will be hired from interested owner at prevailing market rate. After completion of the work, the camps and facilities will be dismantled and rehabilitated and returned to the owner. Permanent land will be acquired from the respective owner following due compensation and deed transfer in the name of proponent.

2.7. Human Resource Requirement 23. People will be required for excavation, spreading, concrete works, gabion weaving, transportation, supervision and management during construction of this project. The work force requirement for the reconstruction works has been describe in Table 6.

Table 6: Manpower Requirement SN Type of Workforce Input Unit 1 Unskilled 260,550 Person/days 2 Skilled 17,780 Person/days 3 Operator 50 Person/days Total 278,450 Person/days Source: DDR, 2016

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2.8. Campsite 24. As stated in the preceeding section, the project will require large number of workforce that cannot be provided by the project area alone. Workers have be be procured from outside to complete the work in stiputated time. Hence, camp facilities will be required to house the outside worker. Appropriate campsites have been identified at Ch 2+200 (Archale) on barren land and Ch 7+600 (Malu), 12+900 (Sahare), 15+000 (Chyama), 18+000 (Chyama), 20+000 (Kamidada) and 24+000 (Gairagau) on public land. These ares have availability of water for drinking and sanitary use. Toilets will be arranged with respect to the number of workers stationed in the camp.

2.9. Spoil Disposal Area 25. As per the design report of the sub-project, about 315,189.55 cu.m of spoil is expected to be generated from cutting and excavation of road and drains and some of the spoil, 27,945.81 cu.m, will be used in filling road. Surplus volume needs to be managed properly. Appropriate spoil disposal sites have been presented in the Table 7:

Table 7: Recommended Spoil Disposal Sites Chainages Recommended Spoil Disposal Sites 1+500 Cliff Area in valley side of the road 2+000 Dhaad khola bank on the right side, Public Land, Tamakoshi RM-2 6+000 Barrenland at Japhe, below road alignment 13+000 Private land in Pokhari khet 13+000 Public Land 1.5 km from Peepaldanda, Sahare in Bhotechhap, Tamakoshi RM-5 14+000 Public Land 2 km from road, Bhyanjyang, Kalidaha, Tamakoshi RM-5 22+000 Chhahare Kola (Community Forest alongside of the road) 25+000 Public land at Kami Dhar and alongside of road Source: DDR, 2016

2.10. Project Implementation Schedule 26. Table 8 shows the implementation schedule of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-Project.

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Table 8: Sub-Project Implementation Schedule SN Activity 2016 2017 2018 2019 I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV 1 Detailed survey, design and estimate 2 Preparation of resettlement plan 3 Environmental Assessment and Implementation 3.1 IEE report preparation and approval from NRA and ADB 3.2 Implementation of EMP 3.3 Environmental Monitoring 4 Work Implementation 4.1 Civil construction work Note: I = (January, February, March), II = (April, May, June), III = (July, August, September), IV = (October, November, December) 2.11. Construction Approach 27. Implementation of road sub-project works will be carried out by employing a Construction Contractor through National Competitive Bidding. However, the contract package will include the following features:

 Use of equipments and manpower to execute the contract within the stipulated deadline.  Balancing cut and fills and reuse of excavated materials as construction materials, and thus not generating excess spoils as far as possible.  Use of bio-engineering techniques with integrated use of vegetation, small civil engineering structures and proper water management systems to ward of erosion.

2.12. Cost 28. Length of this road is 25.565 km and formation width is 6.25 m. Total project cost of the road is estimated NRs. 558,878,812.08 and civil work cost is NRs. 536,181,322.21 (Refer Appendix 9).

2.13. Impact Zone 29. The project will have direct impact on Wards 3 to 7 of Tamakoshi Rural Municipality (former Japhe, Malu, Sahare, Chyama and Hawa VDCs) and indirect impact on Areas within the geographical boundary of Tamakoshi Rural Municipality excluding wards 3-7. Please refer Table 10 for detail.

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2.14. Environment Protection Policy 30. The project has aimed to carry out rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in build back better features for road safety and climate resilience. The project activities are primarily guided as per National Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy, 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D.), Act relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake affected structures 2072 B.S (2015 A.D.), Rule relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake affected structures 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D). The project has been screened as per Work Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures (First Amendment, 2016 A.D.). Project has carried out IEE study and prepared the report as per the work procedure of NRA and Environment Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) of ADB. For implementation of EMP as prescribed by IEE, project has provision of human resource and budget.

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3. STUDY APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 3.1. General 31. The approach, methodology and procedure followed were according to the objectives of IEE, and the legal requirements guided by Work Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2072 (2016) of GoN and the ToR approved by the secretary level decision of the MoFALD on 2072-12-10 (March 23, 2016). Adhering with the ToR, the study included desk study, literature review, field survey/inspections/observations with measurements, discussions with local communities, stakeholders, concerned agencies, and IEE team judgment. The copy of approved ToR is given in Appendix 1. Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist and Checklist for preliminary climate risk screening were also considered during IEE report preparation as given in Appendix 2.

3.2. Study Team 32. The study was carried out by a team of qualified professionals which consisted of the followings (Table 9):

Table 9: Study Team SN Position Name of Member Qualification 1 Team Leader (IEE Expert) Shyam Prasad Adhikari MSc in Env Sc. 2 Biologist Jaya Raj Mishra MSc in Forestry 3 Geologist Basanta Raj Adhikari PhD in Geology 4 Socio-economist Angishwor Shrestha MA Sociology 5 Civil Engineer Sabin Bajracharya BE Civil

3.3. Project Area Delineation 33. For the purpose of the IEE study, Manthali Municipality along which the sub-project passes through was taken as the project area or the zone of influence (ZoI). ZoI has been categorized into Direct Impact Area (DIA) and Indirect Impact Area (IIA). Although the area within 10 m on either side of the road from the centerline has been considered as the RoW, DoR and DoLIDAR have been following 100 m on either side form the centerline within the DIA. However, the width of the corridor to be studied depended on the legal requirement plus the predicted extent of impacts. As the established practice, the wards of Tamakoshi Municipality along which the road passes have been considered under DIA in this report and the geographical boundary of the rural municipality excluding the DIA is considered for IIA and has been taken into account for the socio-economic information including impacts/issues assessment for the study purpose. This area has been further distinguished into core project area and surrounding area as given in Table 10.

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Table 10: Impact Area Delineation Zone Locations Direct Impact Area/ Wards 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Tamakoshi Rural Municipality (former DIA Japhe, Malu, Sahare, Chyama and Hawa VDCs) Indirect Impact Area/ Areas within the geographical boundary of Tamakoshi Rural IIA Municipality excluding wards 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.

3.4. Desk Study and Literature review 34. The study commenced with desk study and review of relevant literatures. The following activities were performed through desk study:

3.4.1. Review of Existing Information 35. Various existing sources of information were collected and reviewed to determine a frame of reference for the assignment. Such sources of information included existing laws, rules, guidelines and manuals, IEE reports of similar projects, Reference Manual for Environmental and Social Aspects of Integrated Road Development, Environmental Management Guidelines of DoR, APPROACH for the Development of Agricultural and Rural Roads, 1999 of DoLIDAR, etc. Detailed Engineering Survey and design of the Bhirkot – Sahare – Hawa Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project were also reviewed to determine the nature and scope of activities of the project. Similarly, pertinent sources of secondary information were identified, collected and reviewed to build acquaintance with the environmental settings of the project area under physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural domains of the environment. These sources included publications of then DDC, then VDC, District Forest Office (DFO), Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), NGOs, INGOs and other governmental and non-governmental bodies. Data on rainfall and other meteorological conditions were also acquired from secondary sources and authenticated with that obtained from Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM).

3.4.2. Map Reading 36. Reading maps of different types like topographical maps, geological maps and ecological maps built preliminary acquaintance with the general environmental setting of the project area. Similarly, geographical boundary of the Zone of Influence (ZoI) was defined and delineated on the topographical map.

3.4.3. Checklists 37. Based on the desk study, project specific checklists were prepared for focus group discussion and data collection on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural baseline data of the project area. This is based on APPROACH manual produced by MoFALD.

3.5. Field Study 38. A multi-disciplinary team comprising of environmental expert, biologist, sociologist and geologist visited the project site from 2073-01-01 B.S. (2016-04-13 A.D.) to 2073-01-11 B.S. (2016-04-23 A.D.) and carried out thorough field investigation through survey, inspection, observation and measurement to collect baseline information on physical, biological and socio-

18 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha economic and cultural environments and identify possible issues and impacts on these three environmental domains. Various participatory tools like focus group discussion, key informant interview, consultations and interactions were employed to aid collection of relevant information. The collected baseline data were verified by citing standard references and evaluated before accessing impacts on them.

3.5.1. Initial Interaction and Consultation with Stakeholders 39. Prior to conducting the field study, interaction was carried out with the design team and the proponent. Proponent was contacted on the first working day of field visit, i.e., 2073-01-02 B.S. (2016-04-14 A.D.). The existing information about socio-economic condition of the people in and around the proposed project site was also collected by interacting with local communities, environment related organization, concerned government and non-government agencies and other local and district level stakeholders.

3.5.2. Public Notice 40. The local people and stakeholders were involved in the study process through various activities like public consultation, meetings, interactions and discussions. These activities were employed to collect relevant information on various environmental domains and peoples’ issues and concerns on the project. Public participation is essential to ensure the quality, comprehensiveness, effectiveness of IEE as well as to ensure that the public view's are adequately taken into consideration in the decision making process.

41. According to working procedure relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake affected structures 2016, 7 days notice had to be published in national daily newspaper. However, 15 days public notice was published on 2072-12-22 B.S (2016-04-04 A.D.) in “Nepal Samacharpatra”, a national level daily newspaper (Appendix 4) seeking written opinion from then VDC, DFO, then DDC, schools, health posts and related local organizations; immediately after approval of ToR as per EPA 1997 and EPR 1997. Copies of the public notice were affixed in the notice board of the affected then DDC, DTO, then VDC, Schools, Health posts, Post Office, Public Places etc. of the then VDC and deeds of recognition (Muchulkas) were drawn to confirm the affixation of the notice in the aforementioned locations (Appendix 5). Recommendation letters were obtained from the affected municipality and attached in the IEE report (Appendix 6).

3.5.3. Public Consultations 42. The IEE team carried out a series of public consultation meetings with local communities and related stakeholders. The consultation and interactions were focused on the environmental sensitivity and concerns in the area, importance of environmental features located in the area, present status, present problems or difficulties, potential solutions, and consequences that are related in minimizing the possible impacts. A summary of meeting minutes with local people is given in Table 11 and the meeting minutes are in Appendix 7.

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Table 11: Summary of the Meeting Minutes during Public Consultations Date Venue and Location Participant Issues and suggestion of meetings Male Female 2073-01-03 Kalika Higher Secondary 8 1  Appropriate structure to retain cut B.S. (2016- School, Tamakoshi RM7 slopes; 04-15 A.D.) (former Hawa VDC-9)  Utilization of available local labour and other resources;  Construction in environment friendly manner 2073-01-03 Mahendra Higher 7 0  Timely implementation of the B.S. (2016- Secondary School, subproject; 04-15 A.D.) Tamakoshi RM-6 (former  Conservation of local forest and Chyama VDC-4) environment; Management of drainage for sustainability;  Blacktopping of the road rather than gravelling only;  River crossing over Dholi Khola 2073-01-03 Tamakoshi RM-5 (former 10 2  Timely implementation of the B.S. (2016- Sahare VDC) subproject; 04-15 A.D.) 2073-01-04 Dadagau, Tamakoshi RM- 12 3  Protection of Peepal Chautara of B.S. (2016- 4 (former Malu-5, which is 200 yrs old with 04-16 A.D.) Malu VDC-5) religious significance;  Discrepancy in design and work in sitting drainage in previous construction should not continue;  Protection of existing Golmeshwar temple along the road alignment;  Rehabilitation of Dadure Khola irrigation scheme;  Protection of Swami tree of Malu-5 2073-01-04 Lapse, Tamakoshi RM-3 5 5  River crossing structure in Dholi B.S. (2016- (former Japhe VDC-3) Khola; 04-16 A.D.)  Appropriate conservation of social infrastructures;  Management of drainage 2073-01-04 Peepalbot, Tamakoshi 7 0  Continuation of existing alignment; B.S. (2016- RM-1 (former Bhirkot  Bridge in Dholi Khola 04-16 A.D.) VDC-2) 2073-01-08 DCC Dolakha (former 10 0  Sharing of the information and B.S. (2016- DDC Dolakha), issues related with the Bhirkot- 04-20 A.D.) Charikot Sahare-Hawa Road Reconstruction Sub-project. (Source: Field survey, 2016)

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3.5.4. Physical Environment 43. Walkthrough survey and field observation were carried out to collect site-specific information about physical environment of the project area.

44. Geological investigation was made to explore the general geology, geomorphology, geological features like discontinuities and possible geologic hazard within the road corridor.

3.5.5. Biological Environment 45. Vegetation and Forest Type: Information on existing flora was documented by reconnaissance survey of the project site and its vicinity and listing of the plants encountered. Most of the plants were identified in the field with the help of standard reference (Polunin and Stainton 1984). Botanical nomenclature followed Press et al. (2000). Total enumeration was conducted for trees that need to be felled. Plants with diameter at breast height greater than 10 cm were considered as trees.

46. Forest Management Regime: Forest management regimes were identified by discussion with the local people and consulting the publication of District Forest Office.

47. Mammals: Information on mammalian species was and their movement was obtained from discussions with the Herders, Rangers, Security personnel, FUGs etc. Identification of mammalian species followed Baral et.al. (2008) and Shrestha T.K. (1997).

48. Avifauna and Herpetofauna: An inventory of avifauna and herpetofauna was performed by direct observation method using standard checklists and keys. Birds were observed with the help of binocular and identified using standard key developed by Fleming (1976) and Inskipp (1985).

49. NTFP: Ethno-biological survey comprised collection of representative species during vegetation survey with analysis and recording of local information on their utilities by administering interview/discussion session with relevant local informants, thereby showing them the species in question and illustrated manuals (Martin, 1995; Shrestha, 1985).

50. Rare and Threatened Plants and Animals: Documented plants and animals were tallied with relevant references (IUCN Red Data Book, CITES Appendices, Government of Nepal’s list of protected plant and animal) and assigned respective threat and protection statuses.

3.5.6. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment 51. Socio-economic study was based on primary information collected from the field through methods like focus group discussion (FGD), key informant interview (KII), observation and household survey using socio-economic survey tools like checklists and questionnaire. The study also used information available in the general documents on district and then VDC and National Population Census, 2011 to compare with the primary findings.

52. FGD: Five (5) FDGs were conducted at the five major settlements along the road alignment (Archale, Malu, Sahare, Chyama and Hawa). On an average, 5 people were present in the discussion whereby discussion was held on socio-economic condition of the area and availability of resources and service facilities.

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53. KII: KIIs were conducted with then VDC secretary and the representatives of CFUGs. The interviews were focused on availability of natural resources and public service facilities.

54. Household Survey: Household survey was carried out in the study area to assess the socio-economic condition and loss to be incurred by the project affected families as well as to gather general socio-economic and cultural condition of the study area. The survey covered 261 households of wards 3-7 of Tamakoshi Rural Municipality (former Japhe, Malu, Sahare, Chyama and Hawa VDCs) of Dolakha District.

55. Regarding the analysis technique, mainly descriptive analysis technique was used. Nonetheless, simple quantitative analysis techniques (eg percentage and average) were used for some environmental components.

3.6. Impact Identification, Prediction and Evaluation 56. Based on the project details and field investigation, potential issues related to physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment due to the implementation of the project were identified, predicted and evaluated. Issues and concerns were also solicited from concerned agencies and local stakeholders through public notification and public consultation meetings. While identifying and predicting the impacts, due consideration was given to the proposed actions/activities during project construction and post construction (Operation and Management) phase on the existing physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural resources. Both beneficial and potential adverse impacts have been analyzed.

57. The Environmental impacts were evaluated on the basis of guidelines given in the National EIA guidelines 1993, based on the Magnitude, Extent & Duration of the impact and the respective numerical ranking. The criteria for the rating of the impacts in terms of their magnitude, extent, and duration are elaborated below:

Magnitude: This can be low-Lo (minor), medium-M (moderate), and high-H (major), depending on the scale or severity of change. Geographical extent: If the action is confined to the project area, it is referred as site-specific (Ss), if it occurs outside area but close to project area, the extent of impact is local (L), if it occurs far away from the project, it is referred as regional (R). Duration: It can be short term (ST - i.e. less than 3 years), medium term (MT - i.e. 3-20 years), and long term (LT - i.e. more than 20 years). Table 12: Numerical scales as proposed in the National EIA Guidelines Magnitude Score Extent Score Duration Score High/Major 60 Regional 60 Long Term 20 Moderate/Medium 20 Local 20 Medium Term 10 Minor/Low 10 Site-specific 10 Short-Term 05 (Source: National EIA Guidelines, 1993)

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58. The cumulative scores on this analysis have been used to decide the significance of the impacts. Following Table 13 depicts the cumulative score of level of significance:

Table 13: Cumulative scores of level of significance Total scores Significance of Impacts Up to 44 Insignificant 45-74 Significant Beyond 74 Very significant

3.7. Group Judgement 59. The IEE team worked as a group. Multi-sectoral analysis was done through discussion in the group to identify inter linkages among various environmental issues. The IEE team used group judgment as the basic tool to establish the significance of environmental impact, identification and design of potential mitigation and enhancement measures, and preparing EMP of the project.

3.8. Designation of Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Plans 60. Based on the identified impacts, their nature, extent and magnitude, the mitigation and monitoring prescriptions were designed. A realistic approach was applied for the application of the mitigation measures in the local context. Environmental monitoring plan was developed to assess the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and implementation status.

3.9. Report Preparation 61. Based on the processed information, a draft IEE report has been prepared with detailed site specific baseline information and alternative analysis. All identified and predicted likely environmental impacts have been included in the draft report, which also contain environmental management plan (EMP). EMP has focused on realistic mitigation measures, environmental monitoring including implementation responsibilities, staffing, and budget and co-ordination aspects. The report has followed Schedule-4 under Subsection 1 of Section 12 of the Work Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures (Fundamental Procedure), 2072 (2016). Final report will incorporate the comments of the review committee from NRA.

3.10. Information Disclosure 62. IEE report containing the executive summary in Nepali language, identified impacts, recommended mitigation measures and the EMP will be sent to the Tamakoshi Rural Municipality. Approved IEE report will be made accessible to interested parties and general public through DTO. Moreover, NRA and CLPIU-EEAP will get the copy of final approved IEE report. The e-copy will be available in ADB website also.

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4. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION 63. This section deals in brief with the existing environmental setting of the project area with regard to physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment and interpretation of the baseline information with view of impact assessment and environmental management.

4.1. Physical Environment

4.1.1. Topography 64. The project area lies in the Mid-hills (Lesser Himalayan) physiographic zones of Central Nepal. The area has a rugged topography consisting steep hills and river valleys (Figure 4). The elevation of the road ranges from 832 m to 1782 m asl.

Figure 4: Road Alignment in Google Earth Map

4.1.2. Geology and Soil Type 65. Geologically, the study area lies in Ulleri formation. The area comprises rocks of Lesser Himalayan Sequence of Central Nepal mainly Lesser Himalayan augen gneisses which is 2 to 5 km thick with phyllonitic margin and prominent bands of quartzites (Dhital, 2015). There are no major thrusts along the road alignment. The dominant rock types along the road alignment are also phyllites, shists, quartzites and gneisses (Figure 5). The entire area is composed of colluvial soil and residual soils. Massive rock outcrops are found at some locations. Distribution and thickness of these soil types depend on the topography.

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Project Area

(Map Source: Dhital, 2015) Figure 5: Location of Sub-project in Geological Map

66. The detail topography, geology and overlying soil type along the road alignment is presented in the Table 14.

Table 14: Geology and Soil Type along Road Alignment Section Chainage Elevation Aspect Geology Soil Type (m asl) Archale- 0+000- 832-1120 West Gheiss, Schist, Colluvial and Residual Chanaute 2+600 Quartzite, Phyllite (Coarse Sandy Soil) Chanaute- 2+600- 1020-1250 West Gneiss, Schist, Colluvial and Residual Barahbise 5+600 Phyllite (Coarse Sandy Soil) Barahbise- 5+600- 1250-1381 West Gneiss, Schist, Colluvial and Residual Dadagau 9+800 Phyllite (Coarse Sandy Soil) Dadagau- 9+800- 1381-1701 South- Gheiss, Schist, Colluvial and Residual Nagidaha 15+500 west Quartzite, Phyllite (Coarse Sandy Soil) Nagidaha- 15+500- 1701-1782 East Gheiss, Schist, Colluvial and Residual Chyama- 25+341 Quartzite, Phyllite (Coarse Sandy Soil) Gairigau Source: Field Survey, 2016

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4.1.3. Slope Stability and Erosion 67. The road alignment passes along a hilly terrain of the mid-hills. The stability of slopes along the road corridor depends upon slope angle, the material constituting the slope, rock discontinuities and hydrological conditions. There are no major landslide and erosion prone areas, major discontinuities and hydrological conditions to trigger landslide and erosion. Various relic sites have been found to be stabilized with the use of gabions and stone masonry walls. However, areas sensitive to slides (slumps) were reported at different chainages, specially 17+500 to 17+640 and 19+300 to 19+410. An inventory of landslide and erosion prone areas along the road alignment is presented in the Table 15:

Table 15: Landslides and Erosion Prone Areas along Road Alignment SN Chainages Locations or Length Cause of Failure Protection From To (Left/Right) of Structure Failure 1 5+530 5+550 Tamakoshi RM-3 20 m Water Seepage Stone masonry (former Japhe) 2 10+620 10+650 Tamakoshi RM-4 30 m Toe cutting absent (former Malu) 3 10+700 10+710 Tamakoshi RM-4 10 m Toe cutting absent (former Malu) 4 17+500 17+640 Tamakoshi RM-6 140 m Toe cutting absent (former Chyama) 5 17+660 17+690 Tamakoshi RM-6 30 m Toe cutting absent (former Chyama) 6 19+300 19+410 Tamakoshi RM-6 110 m Rock failure (Slip) absent (former Chyama) 7 19+980 20+070 Tamakoshi RM-7 90 m Rock failure (Slip) absent (former Hawa) Source: Field Survey, 2016

4.1.4. Seismicity of the Project area 68. As we know, the evolution of the great Himalayan arc is the result of collision between the Indian and the Eurasian tectonic plates and as the Himalaya lies in the plate boundary, the region is considered as one of the active seismic zone of the World. Being a part of the Himalaya, Nepal is considered to be an active seismic zone. The existence of tectonic features such as MCT, MBT, HFT and other active regional faults further accelerates the rate of seismic risk. However, the project area is fairly far from such features. In order to determine seismic coefficient, a seismic design code for Nepal has been prepared. Bajrachrya (1994) divided the whole country into five seismic risk zones (Figure 6). According to the map of Bajracharya (1994), the road sub-project lies in the medium seismic risk zone of Nepal (Figure 6). However, Dolakha District was one of the severely affected districts due to the major Earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015.

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(Source: Bajracharya, 1994) Figure 6: Seismic risk map of Nepal)

4.1.5. Climate 69. Climate of the sub-project area is controlled by topographical variation. Considering the elevation, the area has tropical to sub-tropical climatic conditions. As reported in the DDC profile based on the DHM data of Dolakha recorded in the nearest meteorological station located in Jiri Municipality (index no. 1103), annual rainfall is 2043.5 mm. The temperature reaches as high as 280C in the summer and falls as low as -70C in the winter. The air remains mostly humid with maximum and minimum humidity of 92% and 51% respectively.

4.1.6. Drainage and Hydrology 70. The road alignment passes through around 19 small to large streams crossing the road alignment. Most of them are seasonal streams and are nonexistent during dry seasons. Cross drainage arrangements are existent at some major streams while others still require such structures. All of these streams drain directly or through their tributaries into the Tamakoshi River towards the west or the Khimti River towards the east and south. The major streams are listed in the Table 16.

Table 16: Major Streams along the Road Alignment SN Chainage Name Existing Structure New Structure Required 1 5+070 Biase Khola RCC Causeway Not required 2 5+320 Thulo Khola Causeway Not required 3 7+930 Malu Khola Causeway Not required 4 8+280 Bhede Khola Causeway Not required 5 8+500 Kholsi Causeway Not required 6 9+650 Kholsi Causeway Not required 7 9+960 Terse Kholsi Causeway Not required 8 10+100 Khahare Kholsi Causeway Not required

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SN Chainage Name Existing Structure New Structure Required 9 10+330 Kholsi Causeway Not required 10 10+400 Kholsi Causeway Not required 11 10+620 Shahare Khola Causeway Not required 12 15+350 Sarki Kholsi Causeway Not required 13 16+480 Thulo Kholsi Causeway Not required 14 16+800 Duredada Khola Causeway Not required 15 18+200 Jarepani Khola Causeway Not required 16 19+092 Chadare Khola Slab culvert Not required 17 21+500 Kaule Khola Causeway Not required 18 22+200 Chhahare Khola Causeway Not required 19 24+800 Hawa Khola Causeway Not required Source: Field Survey, 2016

4.1.7. Land Use 71. The road alignment passes through various settlements, forest, open barren land and agricultural land. The land use of the road alignment is summarized in Table 17.

Table 17: Landuse along the Road Alignment Type of Chainage Length Existing Additional Existing Additional Total Land From To (m) Width Width area Area Area (m) (m) (ha) (ha) (ha) Agriculture 1+560 24+190 12,735 5.25 1 6.686 1.274 7.960 land (Including settlement) Forest 0+000 23+100 7,035 5.25 1 3.693 0.704 4.397 Open/Barren 1+110 25+565 5,795 5.25 1 3.042 0.580 3.622 Total 25,565 13.421 2.558 15.979 Source: Field Survey, 2016

4.1.8. Air Quality, Water Quality and Noise Levels 72. There are no permanent environmental monitoring stations in the project area. However, site- specific expert assessment indicated that the air quality in the project area was extremely good during the evaluation period. Fewer than 15 run along the road every day. These are the mere sources of air and noise pollution onwing to the condition of road. During the vehicular movement in the semi-earthen road, fugitive emissions and dust could be high at the local level. There are no other sources of air and noise pollution like major or minor industry. As the road alignment doesnot cross or pass by major stream, the issue of water pollution is irrelevant for this sub-project. And any point source of water pollution is not visible along the river alignment in the project area.

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4.2. Biological Environment 73. The sub-project alignment passes through public land distributed among ten (10) Community Forest User Groups (CFUG/7.035 km at different chaingages). Some other sections among the public land (5.795 km) are open or barren lands. The road section does not fall under any protected area or bufferzone area.

4.2.1. Vegetation and Forest Types 74. The road alignment passes through two distinct bioclimatic zones have: Tropical and Sub-Tropical and these bioclimatic zones are reflected in the forest types found along the road alignment.

75. The project area in the beginning section of the road has Tropical Sal Forest. The major section of the road has Sub-tropical Broadleaved Forest interrupted by Sub-tropical Pine Forest and Alder Forest at places.

76. The beginning section has trees like Sal (Shorea robusta), Asna (Terminalia alata), Bot dhayero (Lagerstroemia parviflora), Jamun (Syzygium cumini) and Khote Sallo (Pinus roxburghii). Road section at higher elevation has dominancy of trees like Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Khote Salla (Pinus roxburghii), Katush (Castanopsis indica) and Mauwa (Madhuca longifolia) and Uttis (Alnus nepalensis). At the higher elevations, the Sup-tropical Forest is penetrated by Lower Temperate species like Bajh (Quercus lanata) and Guras (Rhododendron arboreum). Forest patches are available at Chainages 0+000-1+110, 6+220-6+950, 7+700- 8+370, 7+725-8+420, 9+495-10+030, 13+790-13+880, 13+140-14+980, 15+300-16+080, 16+130-16+300 and 21+700-23+100. Remaining sections pass through private/agricultural land and open/barren land. Nonetheless, private lands also have stands of trees characteristic of the region. The chainagewise distribution of plant species is presented in the Table 18.

Table 18: Chainage wise Dominancy of Tree Species Chainages Dominant Tree Species From To 0+000 3+000 Sal (Shorea robusta) 3+500 10+000 Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Khote salla (Pinus roxburghii) 10+000 15+000 Uttis (Alnus nepalensis), Chilaune (Schima wallichii) 15+000 20+000 Khote salla (Pinus roxburghii), Uttis (Alnus nepalensis), Chilaune (Schima wallichii) 20+000 25+565 Khote salla (Pinus roxburghii), Uttis (Alnus nepalensis), Chilaune (Schima wallichii) Source: Field Survey, 2016

77. Besides these dominant species, other trees reported in the surrounding are Asna (Terminalia alata), Bot dhayero (Lagerstroemia parviflora), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Lampate (Duabanga grandifolia), Gineri (Premna integrifolia), Gayo (Bredelia retusa), Phaledo (Erythrina sps.), Chyuri (Aesandra butyraceae), Khirro (Sapium insigae), Mauwa (Engelhardtia spicata), Tooni (Cedrela toona), Kutmero (Litsea monopetala), Chuletro (Brassaiopsis hainla), Dudhilo (Ficus nerifolia), Katush (Castanopsis indica), Khanyo (Ficus semicordata), Taki

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(Bauhiniapurpurea), Lakuri (Fraxinus floribunda), Gogan (Sauraria nepalensis), Bhalayo (Ricinus cummunis), Kaulo (Persea odoratissima), Jhigane (Eurya acuminata), Nemaro (Ficus auriculata), Paheli (Litsea salicifolia), Maledo (Macaranga denticulata), Angeri (Lyonia ovalifolia), etc. .

78. Shrub species include Dhayaro (Woodfordia fruticosa), Aasuro (Adhatoda vasica), Bilaune (Maesa chisia), Jhadi banmara (Lantana camara), Jhingani (Eurya acuminata), Bansuli (Dichroa febrifuga), Aiselu (Rubus ellipticus, Rubus paniculatus), Clematis sps, etc. Ground vegetations include Dhursul (Colebrookia oppositifolia), Rudhilo (Pogostemon benghalensis), Banmara (Eupatorium adenophorum), Kukure (Blumea sps), Bukiphool (Osbeckia sps.), Impatiens sps, Datiwan (Achyranthes aspera), Gandhe (Ageratum conyzoides), Kuro (Bidens pilosa), Titepati (Artemisia sps.), Sisno (Utricia diocia), Amriso (Thysanolena maxima), Urena lobata, Eubhorbia sps and various other grasses like Imperata cylindrica, Brachiaria sps, Echinochloa sps, Pennisetum sps, Cynodon dactylon, etc.

4.2.2. Forest Management Regimes 79. Two types of forest are existent in the project area based on the management practices: Community Managed Forest and Private Forest.

Community Forest: According to DFO Dolakha, 2015, of the total forest area of Dolakha District (101,500 ha i.e. 47% of the area of the district), 61%, i.e, 61,925 ha has been identified with potential to be handed over to the community as per Forest Development Masterplan, 2046 and as of fiscal year 2071/72, 419 CFUGs (including 44 lying within the Gaurishankar Conservation Area) have been handed over a total of 44,942 ha of forest that has benefitted 44,428 households of the district which represent almost 99% of the households in the district. The road alignment passes through ten CFs as described in the Table 19:

30 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Table 19: Community Forest along the Road Alignment

Chainage Name of CF Major Species Existing Additional Total Wildlife Birds area (ha) Area (ha) Area (ha) 0+000- Chanaute Sal (Shorea robusta), 0.583 0.111 0.694 Kalij (Lophura leucomelanos), Malsapro (Martef flabiguli), Rato badar 1+110 Salghari CF, Chilaune (Schima Lampuchhre (Urocissa (Macaca mulatta), Mriga(Muntiacus Japhe wallichii) erythrorhyncha) , Ranichari muntjak), (Pericrocotus sps), Jureli (Hypsiperes sps) 6+220- Pashupati Chilaune (Schima 0.383 0.073 0.456 Kalij (Lophura leucomelanos), Malsapro (Martef flabiguli), Rato badar 6+950 CF, Japhe wallichii), Salla (Pinus Lampuchhre (Urocissa (Macaca mulatta), Mriga(Muntiacus roxburghii), Uttis (Alnus erythrorhyncha) , Ranichari muntjak), nepalensis). (Pericrocotus sps), Jureli (Hypsiperes sps) 7+700- Setidevi Chilaune (Schima 0.188 0.036 0.223 Rato badar (Macaca mulatta), Kalij (Lophura leucomelanos), 8+370 Muladyang wallichii), Salla (Pinus Mriga(Muntiacus muntjak), Langur Lampuchhre (Urocissa CF, Japhe roxburghii), Uttis (Alnus (Semnopithecus entellus), Dumsi erythrorhyncha) , Ranichari nepalensis). (Hystrix indica) (Pericrocotus sps) 7+725- Khahare Chilaune (Schima 0.190 0.036 0.227 Rato badar (Macaca mulatta), Kalij (Lophura leucomelanos), 8+420 Bhirpakha wallichii), Salla (Pinus Mriga(Muntiacus muntjak), Langur Lampuchhre (Urocissa CF, Japhe roxburghii), Uttis (Alnus (Semnopithecus entellus), Dumsi erythrorhyncha) , Ranichari nepalensis). (Hystrix indica) (Pericrocotus sps), Jureli (Hypsiperes sps) 9+494- Dandapari 0.281 0.054 0.334 Rato badar (Macaca mulatta), Kalij (Lophura leucomelanos), Chilaune (Schima 10+030 Pokharipakha Mriga(Muntiacus muntjak), Langur Lampuchhre (Urocissa wallichii), Salla (Pinus CF, Malu (Semnopithecus entellus), Dumsi erythrorhyncha) , Ranichari roxburghii), Uttis (Alnus (Hystrix indica) (Pericrocotus sps), Jureli (Hypsiperes nepalensis). sps) 13+790- Kalikagidde 0.286 0.055 0.341 Rato badar (Macaca mulatta), Kalij (Lophura leucomelanos), Chilaune (Schima 13+880 CF, Sahare Mriga(Muntiacus muntjak), Langur Ranichari (Pericrocotus sps), Jureli wallichii), Salla (Pinus (Semnopithecus entellus), Dumsi (Hypsiperes sps) roxburghii), Uttis (Alnus (Hystrix indica) nepalensis). 13+140- Salleshwari Chilaune (Schima 0.680 0.130 0.809 Rato badar (Macaca mulatta), Kalij (Lophura leucomelanos), 14+980 CF, Sahare wallichii), Salla (Pinus Mriga(Muntiacus muntjak), Langur Lampuchhre (Urocissa

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Chainage Name of CF Major Species Existing Additional Total Wildlife Birds area (ha) Area (ha) Area (ha) roxburghii) (Semnopithecus entellus), Dumsi erythrorhyncha) , Ranichari (Hystrix indica) (Pericrocotus sps) 15+300- Lamachaur Chilaune (Schima 0.410 0.078 0.488 Rato badar (Macaca mulatta), Kalij (Lophura leucomelanos), 16+080 CF, Sahare wallichii), Salla (Pinus Mriga(Muntiacus muntjak) Lampuchhre (Urocissa roxburghii), Uttis (Alnus erythrorhyncha) , Ranichari nepalensis). (Pericrocotus sps), Jureli (Hypsiperes sps) 16+130- Jukepani CF, Chilaune (Schima 0.089 0.017 0.106 Rato badar (Macaca mulatta), Lampuchhre (Urocissa 16+300 Chyama wallichii), Salla (Pinus Mriga(Muntiacus muntjak), Langur erythrorhyncha) , Ranichari roxburghii), Bajh (Semnopithecus entellus), Dumsi (Pericrocotus sps), Jureli (Hypsiperes (Quercus lanata) (Hystrix indica) sps) 21+700- Jhyamte Chilaune (Schima 0.604 0.115 0.719 Rato badar (Macaca mulatta), Ranichari (Pericrocotus sps), Jureli 23+100 Dovan CF, wallichii), Salla (Pinus Mriga(Muntiacus muntjak), Langur (Hypsiperes sps) Hawa roxburghii), Bajh (Semnopithecus entellus), Dumsi (Quercus lanata), Uttis (Hystrix indica (Alnus nepalensis). Total area of Forest including CF 3.693 0.704 4.397 There are two different CFs on the two sides of the road at two different locations. Source: DFO, 2015/Field Survey, 2016

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80. Local people have planted trees in some patches of their private land or at the edge of the terrace of their agricultural land. They generally plant fruit and fodder trees in their private land. These are not registered as private forest in District Forest Office (DFO). Additionally, people also own forest land as Kharbari which supply them with fodder and fuelwood.

4.2.3. Domesticated Plants 81. The area has been identified as pocket area for Citrus fruits specially Junar (Citrus sinensis). Besides Junar, local people have planted other fruit trees like Naspati (Pyrus communis), Suntala (Citrus reticulata), Nibuwa (Citrus limonum), Aaru (Prunus persica), Kagati (Citrus aurantifolia), Amala (Emblica officinalis), Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris), Kera (Musa paradisia) and Amba (Psidium guajaya), etc and fodder trees like Paiyu (Prunus cerasoides), Gogan (Sauraria nepalensis), Nemaro (Ficus auriculata), Bhimal (Grewia optiva), Kimu (Morus alba), Kutmero (Litsea monopetala), Ipil Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), Dabdabe (Garuga piñata), etc. Amriso (Thysanolena maxima), garlic, ginger, chilli and cardamom are the major cash crops grown in the area. Besides, people grow various other crops, vegetables, pulses and fruits for household utilization or selling in the market.

4.2.4. Ethno-botany and NTFPs 82. The biological resources play influential role in the socio-economic condition and life style of local people. Diverse ethnic groups inhabit the project area. They use different biological resources in various ways, like food, medicine and others. People around the project location reported different utilities of the plant resources found in the area, though currently, there is no record of commercial utilization of such resources in the project area.The detail is given in the Table 20 below.

Table 20: Medicinal Plants and Local Use SN Scientific Name Common Name Part Used Purpose 1 Achyranthes aspera Datiwan Stem/Root Jaundice 2 Artemisia dubia Titepati Leaf Cut and Rashes 3 Centella asiatica Ghodtapre Leaf Urinary Disorder 4 Cinnamomum tamala Tejpat/Dalchini Leaf/Bark Spices 5 Cuscuta reflexa Akas Beli Shoot Jaundice 6 Gaultheria fragrantissima Dhasingare Leaf juice Muscle Pain 7 Jatropha curcas Sajiwan Stem Toothache 8 Myrica esculenta Kafal Bark Fracture 9 Ocimum sanctum Tulsi Leaves Cold, Cough and Fever 10 Rhododendron arboreum Gurans Flower Diarrhea 11 Schima wallichii Chaliune Bark Juice Cut and Wound 12 Smilax ovalifolia Kukur Daino Shoot Stomach Disorder 13 Swertia chirayita Chiraito Shoot Fever 14 Syzygium cumini Jamun Fruit Diarrhea 15 Utrica diocia Sisno Leaf Vegetable 16 Zanthoxylum armatum Timur Fruit Stomach Pain and Cold Source: Field Survey, 2016

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4.2.5. Rare, Threatened and Protected Plants 83. Among the plant species recorded in the project area Shorea robusta and Juglans regia are banned for commercial felling by government of Nepal under the Forest Act, 2049. Juglans regia is also protected by CITES (Appendix II). Few stands of Sal among the protected species need to be felled for project implementation. Sal trees need to be felled for attaining the road width as per prescribed standard.

4.2.6. Wildlife 84. A major portion of road alignment lies in agricultural land and settlement area, hence does not hold permanent habitat of wildlife. The edges of forest designated as various Community Forests with small segment of the alignment does not hold major habitat of wildlife. However, the forests continue to a large tract of forest which harbours common wildlife which sometimes find their way around the road corridor. Since the patches of forest lie close to one another, moreover, they are virtually connected to one another, the wildlife composition of the area is in general similar. There are no such unique habitat condition in the area contributing to unique wildlife composition.

85. Mammal: Common prey species of the area is Muntiacus muntjak (Barking Deer), Naemorhedus goral (Ghoral) and Sus scrofa (Wild Boar). Common carnivores of the project area are Canis aureus (Golden Jackal), Vulpes bengalensis (Brown Fox), Felis chaus (Wild Cat), Martes flavigula (Yellow-throated Marten) and Panthera pardus (Common Leopard). While animals like Barking Deer and Golden Jackal are commonly seen in the project area, Common Leopard is an infrequent visitor. Other mammals encountered in the area include primates like Macaca mulatta (Rhesus Macaque) and Semnopithecus entellus (Common Langur) and rodents like Funambulus pennanti (Northern Palm Squirrel), Hystrix indica (Porcupine), Herpestes edwardsii (Grey Mongoose) and various species of bats (Pteropus sps) etc.

86. Avifauna: Lophura leucomelanos (Kaliz Pheasant), Megalaima virens (Great Barbet), Magalaima asiatica (Blue-thorated Barbet), Corvus splendens (House Crow), Corvus macrorhyncos (Jungle Crow), Columba livia (Rock Pigeon), Passer domesticus (House Sparrow), Milvus migrans (Black Kite), Acridotheres tristis (Common Mayna), Streptopelia orientalis (Oriental Turtle Dove), Seicercus xanthoschistos (Grey-hooded Warbler), Phycnonotus cafer (Red-vented Bulbul), P. leucogenys (Himalayan Bulbul), Urocissa erythrorhyncha (Red-billed Blue Magpie), Halcyon smyrnensis (White-breasted Kingfisher), Copsychus saularis (Oriental Magpie Robin), Lanius schach (Long-tailed Shrike), Rhyacornis fuliginosus (Plumbeous Water Redstart), Dicrurus macrocercus (Black Drongo), Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret), Bubo nepalensis (Spot-bellied Eagle Owl), Glaucidium radiatum (Jungle Owlet) and Orthrotomus sp (Wabler) were recorded by direct sighting during the field visit in the area.

87. Herpetofauna: The common herpeto-fauna reported in the project area were Ptyas mucosus (Common Rat Snake), Amphiesma stolatum (Buff-striped Keel back), Trimeresurus albolabris (White Lipped Pit Viper), Laudakia tuberculata (Himalayan Rock Lizard), Calotes versicolor (Common Garden Lizard), Hemidactylus spp (House Gecko), Scincella sikkimensis (Sikkim skink), Bufo melanonostictus (Asian Toad), Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (Pani Bhyaguta) and Paha (Bufo spp.).

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4.2.7. Rare, Threatened and Protected Wildlife 88. Among the faunal species recorded in the project location, twelve (12) species including six mammals, three birds and one reptile were specified different protection statuses. Though none of the animals recorded were nationally protected by GoN under National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973, all of these species were listed in different appendices of CITES. Additionally, one species were listed as Near Threatened (NT) in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Others were of Low Risk (LR) or Least Concern (LC) or had not been assessed for their threat status (Refer Table 21).

Table 21: Rare, Threatened and Protected Animals Found in Project Area SN Scientific Name Local Name Legal Status Local Local GoN IUCN CITES Status Use 1 Macaca mullata Rato Bandar II Common Pest 2 Nemorheus goral Ghoral NT I Infrequent Meat 3 Panthera pardus Chituwa NT I Rare Pest 4 Semnopithecus Langur LC I Common entellus 5 Canis aureus Syal LC III Common Pest 6 Felis chaus Ban Biralo LC II Rare Pest 7 Herpestes edwardsi Nyauri Musa III Common 8 Vulpes bengalensis Fyauro LC III Rare 9 Milvus migrans Kalo Chil LC II Common 10 Bubo nipalensis Mahakaushik LC II Rare 11 Glaucidium radiatum Dundul LC II Rare 12 Ptyas mucosus Dhaman II Common CITIES Appendices Appendix I: Species threatened with extinction Appendix II: Species not yet threatened, but could become endangered if trade is not controlled Appendix III: Species identified by any party as being subject to regulation in that country and which require international co-operation to control trade IUCN Red List (1995) LR: Low Risk, NT: Near Threatened, LC: Least Concern, VU: Vulnerable, EN: Endangered, CR: Critically Endangered, K: Insufficiently Known

4.3. Socio Economic and Cultural Environment

4.3.1. Population, Household and Settlement 89. District Context: Dolakha is a mountainous district, situated in of Central Development Region (CDR). Geographically, the district is located in the latitude of 27º 28’ to 28º 0’N and the longitude of 85º 50’ to 86º 32’ E. The population of the district is 1,86,557 with 87,003 male and 99,554 female populations with 45,688 households as of 2011 census. The share of population is found only 0.70 percent of the total population with a density of 87.05 persons/km2 compared to the national density of 180 persons/ km2 with the average household size 4.08, which is lower than the national average household size of 4.70. There are now 9 new local administration namely; Jiri Municipality, Municipality, Kalinchok Rural Municipality, Gaurishankar Rural Municipality, Tamakoshi Rural Municipality, Melung Rural Municipality, , Baiteshwar Rural Municipality and Sailung Rural

35 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Municipality. The population of the district is dominated by Brahmin/Chhetri followed by Tamang and Magar, hence the major language spoken in the district are Nepali and Tamang.

90. Rural Municipality Context: Tamakoshi Rural Municipality has been reformed by incorporating former Bhirkot, , Japhe, Malu, Sahare, Chyama and Hawa VDCs. There are now 7 wards in this Rural Municipality. According to National Population Census, 2011, the total population of this Rural Municipality is 18849. With an area of 153.06 sq.km., the population density of this 123.15 per sq.km. Detail is given in the Table 22 below

Table 22: Population Distribution in District, Municipality and Project Area District/municipality Total HH Total Population Male Female HH Size Dolakha District 45,688 186,557 87,003 99,554 4.08 Tamakoshi Rural 4,345 18,849 8,776 10,073 4.34 Municipality Project Wards 3,196 14,046 6,596 7,450 4.39 (Tamakoshi Rural Municipality 3-7) Source: CBS, 2011 91. Project Area Context: The road alignment traverses through wards 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Tamakoshi Rural Municipality (former Japhe, Malu, Sahare, Chyama and Hawa VDCs) of Dolakha District via more than 12 major settlements. According to National Population Census, 2011, 14,046 persons with 6,596 male and 7,450 female live in 3,196 households in the wards 3- 7 of Tamakoshi Rural Municipality. The average household size is 4.39. The major settlements along the alignment include Archale, Chanaute, Barhabise, Gairahgau, Dadagau, Patitole, Sahare, Nagidaha, Chyama, Bhasme, Gairigau and Deurali. Around 3588 persons with 1685 male and 1903 female live in 810 households in the ZoI of the sub-project. The total household size is 4.43. The detail demographic information of the ZoI is provided in the Table 23. Although, the alignment passes through these settlements, all the areas on the southern part of Dolakha will be benefitted by the sub-project.

Table 23: Settlements and Population of the along the Road Corridor SN Settlement Then VDC HH Population Caste/Ethnicity (RM) Male Female Total 1 Archale Japhe 95 225 235 460 Majhi, Chhetri, Brahmin 2 Chanaute (Tamakoshi 59 152 148 300 Chhetri & Brahmin 3 Barahbise RM 3) 64 122 133 255 Chhetri & Brahmin

4 Gairaghau Malu 42 82 80 162 Chhetri & Brahmin 5 Malu/ (Tamakoshi 62 127 116 243 Chhetri & Brahmin Dadagau RM 4) 6 Sahare Sahare 74 108 162 270 Chhetri, Brahmin & (Tamakoshi Newar 7 Patitole RM 5) 49 122 135 257 Chhetri, Brahmin & Kami 8 Nagidaha 97 164 213 377 Chhetri, Brahmin & Kami

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SN Settlement Then VDC HH Population Caste/Ethnicity (RM) Male Female Total 9 Chyama Chyama 86 196 221 417 Brahmin & Chhetri 10 Bhasme (Tamakoshi 86 196 221 417 Brahmin & Chhetri RM 6) 11 Gairigau Hawa 46 85 110 195 Chhetri, Brahmin & (Tamakoshi Sunuwar 12 Deurali RM 7) 50 106 129 235 Chhetri, Brahmin & Sunuwar Total 810 1685 1903 3588 Source: Field Discussion, 2016

4.3.2. Caste and Ethnicity 92. The population of the project area is dominated by Chhetri (39%) followed Hill-Brahmin (23%), Sarki (7.3%), Sunuwar (7%), Sarki (7%) and Kami (6%). Other castes include Newar, Tamang, Damai/Dholi, Sherpa, Sanyasi/Dashnami, Gharti/Bhujel, Magar, etc. The household survey of 261 households in the sub-project area shows that 44% of the households belong to Janajati group. Similarly, Brahmin/Chhetri comprised about 31% of the households and 25 % were Dalit.

93. The area is a home to diverse ethnic or indigenous communities like Sunuwar, Newar, Tamang, Majhi, Sherpa, Gharti/Bhujel and Magar and occupational castes like Sarki, Kami, Damai/Dholi. Occupational caste households are distributed in almost all the settlements. They have the lowest status in all sectors, i.e. they lack land resources, livestock, education, sufficient income, access to all services and facilities.

4.3.3. Language 94. Majority of the people of the project area speak Nepali language (88%). Remaining people speak other languages like Tamang, Newari, Sherpa, Majhi, Sunuwar and others depending on their caste and ethnicity. However, almost all can also speak Nepali language.

4.3.4. Literacy and Education 95. Considering the population above 5 years of age, the total literacy of the project area is 67.95% with male literacy rate 78.62% and female literacy rate 58.66%. The literacy of project area is comparable with that of the whole district. Among the five project wards, ward 6 of Tamakoshi RM (former Chyama VDC) has the highest literacy rate for both male and female. Project area has people with all levels of academic achievements. Recently, the district has been declared completely literate district and District Education Office (DEO) has been implementing informal education programmes to achieve cent percent literacy rate. Local people have realized the importance of education in their life and most of them send their children to school. However, dropout rate of female students is still higher than male students.

4.3.5. Occupation 96. Almost all of the households are involved in agriculture and livestock along with other occupations as means to supplement their income from the agriculture. However, because of the size of the landholding and hardship related with the geo-topographic setting, the agricultural output is insufficient to last whole year; hence, they resort to other occupations to fill the deficit.

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A larger number of people are additionally engaged in wage labour (57%) in agriculture and construction works or as employee in government/non-government organization (22%), business and commerce (8%) and cottage industries (2%). A significant number of the economically active male population has temporarily been to other places in Nepal and abroad in search of employment and better earning. The social field survey data of the project area shows that 87% of the male population was engaged in paid work including farming, livestock farming, business and other types of employment; 77% of female are involved in these works. 23% of female are not involved in any income generating activities.

97. People grow cereal crops like wheat, maize, millet, rice and buckwheat along with pulses like lentils, soya beans, beans and vegetables like potato, chilly, pumpkin, sweet potato, cabbage, cauliflower, garlic and onion. Additionally, the area is suitable for citrus fruits like orange and junar (Citrus sinensis) and cash crops like Amriso (Broom grass). With the upgrading of the road, transportation of these products will become easy. Regarding livestock, people raise cow, buffalo, pig, goat and poultry.

4.3.6. Agriculture and Cropping Pattern 98. As known from field discussion with the local people, they grow cereal crops like rice, wheat, maize, millet and buckwheat along with pulses like lentils, soybeans, beans and vegetables like potato, cabbage, cauliflower, garlic and onion. Rice-Wheat-Fallow and Rice- Wheat-Maize were major cropping pattern of Khet land and Maize/finger millet-fallow and Maize/finger millet-Wheat was major cropping pattern in Bari land in the project area. People have recently started to grow seasonal vegetables. Project area has been identified as the pocket area for Junar (Citrus sinensis) farming and cash crops like Amriso (Broom grass). With the upgrading of the road, transportation of these products will become easy.

4.3.7. Livestock 99. Livestock is closely associated with agricultural occupation of the population, hence is an integral part of agriculture for their livelihood. Those who have adopted agriculture as their main occupation, used to hold the livestock as well, as such 91.5 % of the households have held livestock. Majority of the HH have raised local breeds of livestock such as cattle, buffaloes, goat. Improved breeds of cows and buffaloes were raised by a negligible number of HH.

4.3.8. Migration Pattern 100. Table 24 shows the status of migration among the surveyed households. About 70.5% respondents were found living in the own village for many years. Likewise, among the respondents, only 14.2% of the respondent had stayed outside their homes of over 6 months and only 15.3% had stayed out of the country for more than 6 months.

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Table 24: Migration Status in the ZoI Migration Status No. of Respondents Total Percentage Male Female Not been away (lived continuously) 128 56 184 70.5 Been away for above 6 months in Nepal 34 3 37 14.2 Been away for above 6 months outside Nepal 39 1 40 15.3 Total 201 60 261 100.0 Source: HH Survey Data, 2016 101. Both in-migration and out-migration were reported in the project area. According to latest census (CBS, 2011), 548 male and 77 female are absent in the five project wards. The reasons of absenteeism have been found to be private jobs (65.36%), government jobs (12.93%), education (3.62%) and others. Permanent migration takes place generally to the district headquarter in Charikot and the capital city, Kathmandu. Likewise, from all settlements, people migrate seasonally during slack farming season from Shrawan to Poush mainly in various parts of Nepal like Kathmandu, Dhulikhel, Banepa as well as various parts of India to work as wage labours and guards. People going abroad for employment are more common these days among the youths. On an average, at least one individual from each household had gone for foreign employment by the year 2015. The major destinations in order of preference are Middle-East, India and Malaysia.

4.3.9. Public Health and Sanitation 102. Health care service is being delivered by five (5) Health Posts along the road alignment. A district level government facility, Jiri Hospital is located at Jiri of Jiri Municipality. Similarly, there are four other private hospitals in Charikot of Bhimeshwor Municipality providing general and specialized services. According to the District Health Office (2072), the major health problems of the area are pulmonary obstructions/respiratory tract infection, skin diseases, diarrhea, gastritis, ear infection, helmenthiasis, typhoid and others. The health status of people has improved because of increased awareness towards health and sanitation.

103. Dolakha District has been enforcing prohibition on open defecation by providing technical and financial support for household to build their own toilet. As of 2011, more than 70% of the households in the project area had built permanent toilet (CBS, 2011). However, the report of District Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Division (2012) shows some 35.5% are yet to build their own toilet. As understood from conversation with the ward secretaries and Focus Group Discussion held in the project area, the some rural households are yet to build permanent toilet.

4.3.10. Public Service Infrastructures and Facilities 104. Drinking Water Supply: Piped drinking water facilities are available to almost all the settlements in the ZoI. The water supply generally use spring sources located at higher elevations. The water is conveyed by pipes from the sources to the public taps through gravity flow. These taps are located in common places so that each serves a particular number of households. Some houses have managed private connection. CBS, 2011 shows that 56% of the families in the project area have been relying on tap/piped supply while some 39 % have been relying on directly drawn spout or stream water.

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105. Education: The project area has various levels of educational institutions, including both government/community managed and institutional/private. There are altogether 35 formal educational institutions including 1 campus, 5 higher secondary schools, 5 secondary schools, 8 lower secondary schools and 16 primary schools. Additionally, there are 24 child development centers (CDCs), and 2 community learning centers (CLCs). As the road is aligned through the major settlements, most of these institutions are located within its ZoI. Seventeen (17) educational institutions from primary schools to campus lie along the road alignment. The campus is located in Dadagau, Malu. Each of the settlement has at least a primary level educational institution and a CDC. However, they are fairly far to be affected by the construction activities.

106. Communication: Communication facility has infiltrated to almost all the areas in the project area through mobile services of various types. The cable phones used in the past are losing popularity due to easily accessible mobile network. Radio, FM and Television networks have come within the access of local people. Internet service and printed media is yet to gain popularity in the area. There is one additional post office at each of the project area.

107. Electricity and Lighting: Entire household along the road alignment were found to be using electricity for lighting purpose. All the settlements along the road alignment are supplied with electricity from national grid or local connections from mini-hydropower plants. The powerhouse of Khimti Hydropower Plant is situated in Tamakoshi RM-5 (former Sahare VDC). According to CBS (2011), 97% of the households in the project area have been using electricity for lighting the house. Remaining households have been relying on conventional fuel (kerosene) and solar energy.

108. Fuel Wood: Fuel wood is still the common source of cooking energy with more than 99% dependent on it. While some people have managed to grow trees in the backyard but still large number of these fuelwood dependent people rely on surrounding forests managed as community forests. However with the growing access, the conventional fuel is losing popularity and people have started catering towards modern fuel like Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) for cooking purpose.

109. Road and Transportation: All the VDCs of Dolakha District except Khare and Gaurishankar are connected with fair weather road connectivity. The proposed road starts at Archale along the Tamakoshi-Manthali blacktopped road. Project area is well connected with the district headquarter and other parts of Nepal by road network.

110. Irrigation: As per the last Agricultural Census, 2011, only 24.88% of the total agricultural land of Dolakha district has been benefitted by irrigation facility operating on gravity flow. In the project area, irrigation facility is available in most of the settlements through gravity fed canals except in some settlements where irrigation is possible only during rainy season. The reconstruction works need to consider the irrigation crossings at various places.

111. Health Care System: Health care service is being delivered by six Health Posts in the settlements, Baghkhor (1 no.), Kalleri (2 no.), Dandagau (1 no.), Jamune (1 no.), Bhujeltole (1 no.) and Tudikhel (1 no.). A district level government facility, Jiri Hospital is located at Jiri of Jiri Municipality. Similarly, there are four other private hospitals in Charikot of Bhimeshwor

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Municipality providing general and specialized services. People also go to cities, especially Dhulikhel and Kathmandu with more equipped and advanced services in case of complex health problems. People also believe in local faith healers, Dhamis and Jhakris.

112. Market Centers: The road passes through local market centers like Baghkhor, Pokhare, Ukali, Bajgaitole, Kotgau, Gairatole and Kagune. These centers have shops of daily commodities, garments and restaurants. Similarly, there are six haat bazaars (weekly market centers), one each in Baghkhor, Dandagau, Archale, Mathillo Majhigau, Bhujeltole and Gairatole. The major market centers are Jiri, Dolakha and Charikot, which are fairly far but connected with road network.

113. Business and Industries: Different types of business enterprises and industries are involved in production and distribution of various types of goods and services in the project area. They include furniture, electrical/electronics, mills, construction services, guesthouses and other cottage industries. There are 23 cottage industries, 25 weaving industries and seventeen rice and flourmills at different locations along the road corridor. There are 5 hotels in Dandagau and 22 tea stalls, at least one in each of the major settlement. There are various other types of businesses, especially shop stalls of various types like garments, construction materials, groceries, restaurants, liquors, cosmetics, tailor etc.

114. The area has the potentiality of agro-based industries such as dairy products, juice production, food processing, broom as well as furniture and bamboo crafts. Daily use commodities like salt, sugar, packaged food items, spices, garments are major imports in the project area. The major items produced and exported from the project area include milk, broom, vegetables, fruits, timber (especially Uttis, Alnus nepalensis), bamboo products, etc. Cereals like rice and maize and pulses are both imported and exported.

115. Financial Institutions: There are 19 saving and credit cooperatives located in different major settlements within the ZoI, three each in Baghkhor and Bhujeltole, two in Dhadbari, and one each in Pokhare, Thuloswara, Ukali, Bahuntole, Bajgaitole, Dandagau, Kotgautole, Mathillo Majhigau, Gahateri, Gairatole. Major Banks are available in the district headquarter only.

116. Other Infrastructures: There are six (6) water mills used for grinding purpose, two each in Pokhare, Jugepani and Dhadbari. Community use structures like ghat (Cremation sites) (6 nos), playgrounds (9 nos) and community centers are found in most of the settlements of the project area.

117. Religious and Cultural Sites: Most of the settlements have a religious and cultural site depending on the dominant religion and ethnicity. The religious and cultural sites alongside of the road alignment are listed in the Table 25.

Table 25: List of Religious and Cultural Sites along the Road Alignment Wards Settlement Type of Name/Specification Location from Name Resource Road Tamakoshi RM-6 Pokhare Temple Kalidevi 200m (former Chyama Thuloswara Temple Saraswoti 500m VDC)

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Wards Settlement Type of Name/Specification Location from Name Resource Road Tamakoshi RM-5 Kalleri Temple Jalpadevi 1km (former Sahare VDC) Ukali Temple Kalidevi 100m Ukali Temple Punyashwor Mahadev 100m Tamakoshi RM-4 Dandagau Temple Golmeshwor 100m (former Malu VDC) Kotgau Tole Temple Shiva Mandir Within the (Pashupati) formation width Tamakoshi RM-3 Manedada Temple Setidevi 30m (former Japhe VDC) Manedada Temple Mahadev 60m Jugepani Temple Radhakrishna 100m Jamune Temple Kaleshwor Dham 100m Dhadbari Temple Shiva Mandir 500m Source: Field Survey, 2016

118. These religious sites are visited by the local people to worship the God and Goddesses established in there. Several fairs are observed on occasions of religious festivals within the project area and around these shrines. However, these temples and religious sites do not fall within the road formation width and are fairly far from the alignment except the Pashupati (Shiva) Mandir at Ch 9+425 which have to be relocated to a distant place for widening the road or the road alignment has to be shifted to avoid this site.

119. Non-Governmental Organization and Activities: A number of NGOs, clubs, mother groups, cooperatives, forest user groups, credit and saving groups, etc are working in the field of emergency management, water supply, sanitation, disaster, sports, women awareness, capital mobilization, rural livelihood and income generating activities in the project area.

4.3.11. Food Sufficiency 120. According to the household survey performed in 261 households, only around 4 % of the families in the ZoI are able to save part of their production while majority have to rely on other resorts to fill up the deficiency. Such resorts include small businesses, wage labour, services and remittance. The data on food suffiency in the settlements along the road alignment shows that 12 % HHs have food sufficient for less than three months, 44 % HHs for 3-6 months, 31 % HHs for 6-9 months and 6 % HHs for 9-12 months (HH Survey, 2016).

4.3.12. Potential Development Areas 121. All the settlements along the proposed road alignment and its neighborhood have immense potential of vegetable, fruit and other cash crops (like amriso) production. Tamakoshi RM-6 (former Chyama-7), Tamakoshi RM-4 (former Malu-5), Tamakoshi RM-3 (former Japhe-2, 3 and 6) are the pocket areas for vegetables and fruits. As such, these areas have potential for agro-based and food processing industries.

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5. IMPACTS OF RECONSTRUCTION PLAN IMPLEMENTATION ON ENVIRONMENT 122. The impacts are examined on the basis of baseline condition of project area and likely impacts during construction and operation phases. Such impacts have been identified based on site observation, field survey & information obtained from the stakeholders and few were identified from value judgment. The impacts are evaluated in terms of their magnitude, extent and duration.

123. Adverse and beneficial impacts that are not identified or anticipated at this stage, if latter discovered during the construction and operation stage of the project shall be duly taken care of by the proponent.

5.1. Beneficial Impacts and Augmentation Measures

5.1.1. Beneficial Impacts during Construction Phase Employment Opportunities 124. During construction, the project will generate 278,450 persondays of temporary employment opportunities that constitutes 260,550 persondays of unskilled and 17,850 persondays of skilled workers including engineers and technicians, 50 persondays of an operator. People will be required for excavation, spreading, concrete works, gabion weaving, transportation, supervision and management during construction of this project and local people based on their qualification and skill will have additional income opportunities. The district rate for skilled labour, unskilled labour, foreman/operator and heavy driver is NRs 640, 455, 650 and 575 per day respectively. The envisaged impact will be direct, local, short term in nature, having high magnitude and hence will be very significant.

Enhancement of Technical Skills 125. Through regular orientation during the course of involvement in the subproject, the workers will be able to develop additional knowledge and skill on building roads and associated structures at climate/disaster resilient standard. These standards are sure to be the part of minimum standard in every development activities to take place in the future. These skills will encourage the locals in getting long-term employment opportunities. The envisaged impact will be indirect, local, long term in nature, having medium magnitude and will be significant.

Increased Trade and Business Opportunities 126. During construction period, different types of commercial activities will come into operation in order to meet the demand of construction crew. In general, the enterprises will include food and tea shops, groceries, lodges and restaurants for serving construction crews. The demand for local products such as pulses, milk, meat, vegetables, fruits etc. will rise during the construction period which may provide added impetus for local production and marketing. This will contribute to the local rural economy and may help reduce rural poverty. Such benefits may contribute to enterprise development, which often continues to entrench beyond construction period. The envisaged impact will be indirect, local, short term in nature, having medium magnitude and will be significant.

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5.1.2. Beneficial Impacts during Operation Phase Improved Accessibility and Reduced Travelling/Transportation Time and Cost 127. Reconstruction will improve the road condition and facilitate smooth operation of vehicles all year round reducing the travel time and cost significantly. Good quality of road and structures will give rise to number of public vehicles and competition thereby resulting low transportation cost. Once the road is in smooth operation, people will have cheap and easy access for various goods such as seeds, chemical fertilizer and technology leading to increase in agricultural production and diversification as well as their market. The envisaged impact will be direct, local and the long terms having high magnitude hence will be very significant.

Promotion of Agro-enterprise 128. Road access is crucial for economic development. With the smooth operation of the road, a reliable access will be established with the rural villages and people will have cheap and easy access for various goods such as seeds, chemical fertilizer and technology leading to increase in agricultural production and diversification as well as their market. This will promote agro-based (crops and horticulture) and livestock based (dairy and meat) enterprises which have higher prospects in the area. Sale of farm and livestock products will be increased in the wards along the road corridor. Pipaldanda, Dandagau, Dhikichaur and Chyama settlements have hight potential for vegetable and fruits. Similarly, Jamune of Tamakoshi RM-3 (former Japhe VDC) has potential for rice production, Gairigau of Tamakoshi RM-7 (former Hawa VDC) for potato, Dhikichaur of Tamakoshi RM-6 (former Chyama VDC) for broom grass, Kotgautole and Bajgaitole for tea, cardamom and broom grass, Kalleri and Jugepani for chilli, ginger, garlic and onion. The envisaged impact will be indirect, regional and long term having high magnitude, hence will be very significant.

Increase in Trade, Commerce and Development of Market centers 129. There is a possibility of increased economic opportunities and significant growth and extension of the minor local markets along the road like in Baghkhor, Dandagau, Archale, Mathillo Majhigau, Bhujeltole, Gairatole and other places. Number of shops, their business volume and diversity in business type will be accelerated with improved access. The farmers will be more interested to increase agricultural production due to market accessibility. Similarly, there will be diversification in occupational pattern of local people, who are until now mainly dependent on subsistence farming. This will lessen pressure on local natural resources. There will be many non-farm employment opportunities for the growing rural population especially for IPs and occupational caste groups due to extension of market center and development of small towns. The project will have indirect, long term, local and high benefits.

Access to Public Services and Basic Utilities 130. The upgrading of road will provide unobstructed and reliable access to different basic facilities like education, health, market, etc to the people of southeastern part of Dolakha District through sufficient means of transportation for daily conveyance. People of remote villages of the southeastern part of the district will have easy access to Charikot and Jiri Municipalities and other places for bigger health care facility, so is the case for markets centers. Smooth road will ease the vehicular movement and immediate service of ambulance. The envisaged impact upon

44 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha education, health and others will be direct, long term, regional, of medium magnitude, hence will be very significant.

Benefits from Increased Land Value 131. As per the discussion with local people, real estate business is rare and existing land value is variable depending on proximity to existing and planned road. However, upgrading of the road will lead to appreciation of land values particularly along road alignment due to the reliable transportation facilities. The price is expected to be increased by two to three folds depending on proximity to the road. This might be enhanced by increased crop production, business and enterprise development in study area and increased land value also enhances farmer's capability for banking transaction. This in turn will uplift the economic condition of the local people. The envisaged impact will be indirect, local and long term having medium magnitude, hence will be very significant.

Promotion of Tourism 132. The southern part of Dolakha District are famous for places of religious and cultural significance like Kalidevi, Saraswoti, Jalpadevi, Punyeshwor Mahadev, Golmeshwor Mahadev, Pashupati, Radhakrishna, Setidevi and Mahakali Temples where pilgrims visit from various parts of eastern Nepal. Similarly, Gaurishankar Himal is located near project area. Easy accessibility will increase the flow of local, national and international tourists contributing to the enhancement of additional economic opportunities related with services required by national and foreign tourists. The envisaged impact will be indirect, local and the long terms having medium magnitude hence will be very significant.

Women Empowerment 133. All the people will be benefited from the reconstruction of the road. However, women may be benefited more from improved access to the market centers and various service providing agencies like health centers, banks, training institutions, women development office etc. Frequency of visit to such agencies will increase awareness level and empower them. The project will have indirect, significant, high, local and long-term impact.

Conservation and Environmental Awareness 134. The major objective of the project is to build back safer infrastructures that are able to withstand future disasters and impacts of climate change. This requires general awareness among the local people about conservation of the local environment. So, imparting conservation awareness to the local people for safeguarding the reconstructed infrastructure will enable them to conserve overall environment. The envisaged impact will be indirect, local and the long terms having high magnitude hence will be very significant.

5.2. Adverse Impacts

5.2.1. Impacts during Pre-construction Phase 135. The mitigation measures adopted during design or pre-construction phases are preventive in nature with two basic objectives.

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 Avoid costly corrective and/or compensatory measures.  Increase awareness among the stakeholders for the environmental management. Route Selection 136. Since, this is an existing road and proposed for rehabilitation, there is no new route selection rather than designing geometrical improvements (as required) and widening of the road formation to the specified width. Local conditions (structures, switchback, lay-byes, mass balancing and safe disposal site for the excess excavated material, community utilities, slopes, sensitive spots etc) were taken into consideration as to which side widening should take place in order to minimize land acquisition from forest, cultivable lands, settlements and cultural properties.

Detail Survey and Design 137. The road design has followed the national rural road standards developed by DoLIDAR. The works will be executed through Contractor selected through National Competitive Bidding. Bio-engineering techniques will be applied for stabilization of slopes, which is sustainable, environmental friendly and can be done by using local resources and manpower. The survey team has selected the least valuable, least agriculturally productive land for the lay-bys and improvement and took care to avoid the demolition of houses. These changes have been designed and incorporated into the subproject detail design. Additionally, all provision proposed in the EMP of IEE document will be properly reflected in the design.

Land and Property Acquisition, Compensation and Resettlement 138. Some private land and property will be acquired for widening of the road to meet the prescribed standard. Of the total land required by the road (15.978 ha), 7.959 ha is under private ownership. However, 6.686 ha of private land are already acquired by the existing road and deed transfer has been somewhat complete and another 1.274 ha of additional private land is required for upgrading this road alignment. Altogether five (5) private structures (houses/cottages at Ch 6+150, 15+700, 16+150, 16+550 and 19+350 belonging to Namraj Pokharel, Nakkal Bd Bajgai, Dhanapati Sharma, Kedar Pd. Phuyal and Nar Bd. Nepali respectively) along the road corridor need to be acquired for widening the road. The impact is expected to be direct, moderate in magnitude, site specific in extent and of long term in duration and has significant impact

139. Land will also be required for temporary facilities like construction/labour camps, stockpiling area, warehouse, etc.

5.2.2. Adverse Impacts during Construction Phase Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Loss or Degradation of Farm Land and Productivity 140. The sup-project will permanently acquire 1.274 ha of additional agricultural land and convert it into built-up area. Moreover, spoil on farmland will also affect the production of agricultural crops. It is clear that the loss of crops from the land acquired by the project will have adverse impact on the financial stability of the affected households who are dependent on the agricultural productivity of their land. The impact is expected to be direct, moderate in magnitude, sit specific in extent and of long term in duration and possess significant impact.

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Impact on Social Services and Community Infrastructures 141. The construction crew will need services like water supply, electricity, telephone, provision shop, health facilities, fuel, etc. which they will have to utilize from the existing facilities in the area. This may create pressure on the existing common resources; especially water supply, electricity and health service are already limited. The Pashupati (Shiv) Temple at Ch 6+350, a public tap (Jamune, Tamakoshi RM-4/former Malu-6), the Red Cross building at Ch 9+850 (Tamakoshi RM-5/former Sahare 6) and one Chautari (Tilak Smriti/resting place) at Ch 10+450 (Tamakoshi RM-5/Sahare 6) will be affected during road construction. These envisaged impacts of the project will be direct, site specific, short term and of high magnitude hence will be very significant.

Occupational Health and Safety measures 142. During the construction phase, the construction workforces will be exposed to a number of constructions related health risks and hazards. Fugitive emissions (harmful smoke and gases from vehicles and equipments), noise and physical injury during construction works may cause serious health impact. Unsafe drinking water, unhygienic sanitary condition (i.e. lack of the latrine and sanitary facilities) in the construction camp can increase the risk of additional and endemic diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery and cholera. The envisaged impact will be direct, local and short term having high magnitude hence will be very significant.

Prevalence of Communicable Diseases 143. Certain communicable diseases like flue, influenza, diarrhea, dysentery, etc. might be transmitted by the outside workers. Workers sharing the same camp facility are at higher risk of such diseases. Intimacy between workers and local people may spread diseases like HIV/AIDS and STDs. The envisaged impact will be indirect, regional and long term having medium magnitude, hence will be very significant.

Conflict between Locals and Outside Workers 144. Conflict may arise between the local people and outside labours during the project construction. Presence of nonnative people may not be welcomed by the local residents. Additionally, the construction workers may involve in gambling, alcoholism etc and eventually may get into conflict among themselves or with the surrounding people. Similarly, workforce from outside may not be familiar with the local culture of the project area and the disagreement may take the form of argument ultimately creating conflict with local people. The envisaged impact will be direct, local, short term, of low magnitude, hence will be insignificant.

Gender Discrimination 145. As known from local consultation, discrepancy is already prevalent in the project area in wage distribution among male and female labour forces. It is very likely that similar treatment is continued while reimbursing the construction workforce involving the local. The envisaged impact will be direct, local, short term, of medium magnitude, hence will be significant.

Physical Environment Change in Land Use Pattern

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146. The existing present land use pattern of the project area will be changed due to the implementation of the sub-project. 1.274 ha of additional private/agricultural land, 0.704 ha of additional forest land and 0.580 ha of additional barren land will be permanently changed to concrete and paved structure. The envisaged impact will be direct, site specific, long term, of high magnitude, hence will be very significant.

Stockpiling, Spoil Disposal and Transportation of Material 147. The major construction materials are suitable materials, cement, sand and aggregate. Stockpiling of the materials will create a major issue in the area as barren public land are already lacking in the area. Hence, some environmental implications are envisaged on air, water and land due to stockpiling and storage of the construction materials.

148. As per the design report of the sub-project, about 315,189.55 cu.m of spoil is expected to be generated from cutting and excavation of road and drains. Some of the spoil 27,945.81 cu.m will be used in filling road. Surplus volume needs to be managed properly.

149. Although, limited quantity of material will be used for construction, and some of the spoil will be used up, there may be some environmental implication of temporary storage of these materials as well as their permanent disposal. The impact is expected to be direct, moderate in magnitude, site specific in extent and of short term in duration and has insignificant impact

Quarrying and Extraction of the River Bed Material 150. Suitable materials including fill materials, base material and sub-base and pavement material will be required for road construction and most of them can be derived from the excavated materials by crushing and refining. Besides these materials, boulders and river-based aggregates and sand will be required for gravelling road, building retaining walls, RCC culverts, side drains and drain covers and other road features. These materials have to be sourced by quarrying from rocky areas along the road alignment and nearby rivers as listed in the Table 4 in Chapter 2. The potential adverse impacts of quarrying are accelerated erosion, landslides, disturbance in natural drainage patterns, water logging and water pollution. Inappropriate operation of quarry sites and overexploitation can adversely impact to adjoining area as well as the river. The envisaged impact will be direct, short term, site specific, of high magnitude, hence will be very significant.

Impact on Air Quality (Air Pollution) 151. Diesel generator, machinery equipment, excavators, dozers and transportation vehicles may introduce the fugitive & combustion emissions into atmosphere. As the project site lies in dry location, dust emission can be expected to be high. Smoke & Dust will also affect the road site, vegetation, local people residing along alignment and workers. The envisaged direct impact due to air pollution will be, site specific and short terms and of medium significance hence will be insignificant.

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Impact on Water Quality (Water Pollution) 152. During construction, water bodies may be polluted by spoil and construction wastes, open defecation in natural streams by construction workers. Furthermore, inappropriate use, storage & application of chemicals (i.e. fuel, lubricants, oils and other materials) for the construction and construction equipments may cause soil, surface and ground water pollution. These envisaged impacts due to the water pollution will be direct, local and short term in nature and having moderate magnitude, hence will be significant.

Noise Pollution 153. During the construction period, operation of machines, excavators, rock breakers, power tiller, roller, transporting vehicles, trucks and other construction equipments will increase the existing noise level causing noise pollution. The envisaged direct impact will be, site specific, short term, local and of medium magnitude hence will be significant.

Impact due to Solid Waste Generation 154. Construction activities will produce solid wastes such as synthetic materials and some forms of inorganic wastes, whereas, domestic activities will produce mainly food wastes and excretory wastes. Improper dumping and management of these wastes can result in unpleasant odors, deterioration of water quality in the river water and groundwater, visual impacts that can cause health related hazards to the local inhabitants. The envisaged impact will be direct, site specific, short term, of high magnitude, hence will be very significant.

Campsite Management 155. As the sub-project is being executed through construction contractor, camps will be required to house construction labour. Sitting of camps may cause encroachment of forest, agriculture land, and alteration of drainage, solid and liquid waste and waste water problems. The construction crew will need services like water supply, electricity, telephone, provision shop, health facilities, fuel, etc. which they will have to utilize from the existing facilities in the area. This may create pressure on the existing common resources; especially water supply, electricity and health service are already limited. Impact will be direct, of high, site specific and for short-term.

Biological Environment Loss of Forest and Vegetation 156. Site clearance for construction works will affect some trees and the ground vegetation including regeneration on both sides of the road. Altogether 0.704 ha of additional forest land will be acquired for the sub-project and these forests have been handed over to the 10 different Community Forest User Groups. Altogether 99 trees (dbh>10cm) of species like Sal (Shorea robusta), Bot dhayaro (Lagerstroemia parviflora), Gineri (Premna integrifolia), Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Khote Salla (Pinus roxburghii), Uttis (Alnus nepalensis) and Mauwa (Engelhardtia spicata) need to be felled from 9 of these 10 Community Forests. Among these trees, commercial felling of Sal has been banned by National Legislation.

157. Additionally, the construction crews may get to the community and religious forest along the road alignment for firewood collection and they can filch valuable floras. The envisaged

49 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha impact of the proposed construction works on vegetation will be direct or indirect, local, short term, of medium significance, hence will be significant.

Table 26: Trees to be felled at different chainages Chainages Name of Forest Name of Major Species to be Number of Trees Species Felled to be Felled 0+000- Chanaute Salghari Sal Shorea robusta 11 1+125 CF, Tamakoshi RM-3 Bot Dhayaro Lagerstroemia parviflora 3 (Former Japhe) Gineri Premna integrifolia 1 Chilaune Schimawallichii 4 Salla Pinus roxburghii 1 Total no of trees for Chanaute Salghari CF 20 5+750- Pashupati CF, Chilaune Schima wallichii 13 7+010 Tamakoshi RM-3 Bot Dhayaro Lagerstroemia parviflora 2 (Former Japhe) Mauwa Engelhardtia spicata 1 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 2 Total no of trees for Pashupati CF 18 7+700- Setidevi Muladyang Chilaune Schima wallichii 2 8+590 CF, Tamakoshi RM-3 Salla Pinus roxburghii 2 (Former Japhe) Total no of trees for Setidevi Muladyang CF 4 7+725- Khahare Bhirpakha Chilaune Schima wallichii 3 8+420 CF, Tamakoshi RM-3 Salla Pinus roxburghii 1 (Former Japhe) Total no of trees for Khahare Bhirpakha CF 4 9+495- Dandapari Chilaune Schima wallichii 4 10+030 Pokharipakha CF, Salla Pinus roxburghii 1 Tamakoshi RM-4 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 1 (Former Malu) Total no of trees for Dadapari Pokharipakha 6 CF 13+790- Kalikagidde CF, Chilaune Schima wallichii 4 13+880 Tamakoshi RM-5 Salla Pinus roxburghii 4 (Former Sahare) Uttis Alnus nepalensis 1 Total no of trees for Kalikagidde CF 9 13+140- Salleshwari CF, Chilaune Schima wallichii 2 14+980 Tamakoshi RM-5 Salla Pinus roxburghii 6 (Former Sahare) Total no of trees for Salleshwari CF 8 15+300- Lamachaur CF, Chilaune Schima wallichii 1 16+080 Tamakoshi RM-5 Salla Pinus roxburghii 4 (Former Sahare) Total no of trees for Lamachaur CF 5 21+660- Jhyamte Dobhan CF, Chilaune Schima wallichii 3 23+310 Tamakoshi RM-7 Salla Pinus roxburghii 16 (Former Hawa) Uttis Alnus nepalensis 3 Jhingani Eurya acuminate 1 Katush Castanopsis indica 1 Mauwa Engelhardtia spicata 1 Total no of trees for Jhyamte Dobhan CF 25 Total no of trees from all CFs 99 Source: Field Survey, 2016

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Felling, Hunting and Poaching of Common, Rare, Endangered and Threatened Species of Fauna and Flora 158. Although infrequently, common, rare, endangered and threatened animal and birds visit the area. Of the wildlife species reported, 10 are rare and protected (by CITES and IUCN Red List). Visiting birds and animals could be disturbed due to construction activities. Also, 2 plant species are protected by GoN for commercial felling. Workforce may involve in felling of trees, hunting and poaching activities at nearby community forest during construction. This anticipated impact will be indirect, local, short term, having medium magnitude, hence will be significant.

Construction related disturbance to local wildlife 159. Construction related activities like slope excavation in forest area, presence of large number of human at once and increased frequency of vehicles and equipmets along the road will disturb the wildlife visiting the area specifically along the sections where the road passes along the forest. This anticipated impact will be direct, local, short term, having medium magnitude, hence will be significant.

5.2.3. Adverse Impacts during Operation Phase Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Ribbon Settlement along the Project Alignment 160. There is a possibility of gathering of commercial activities and settlements from hinterland to road alignment. There are chances of erecting new and haphazard settlements along the improved road infrastructure to open marketing options and reap the increased trade and business opportunities. This practice could disturb the traffic, promote encroachment of the RoW (Right of Way), increase possibility of accidents, decline the aesthetic value and reduce the overall capacity of road. If such practices are not controlled by enforcing specific legal actions, the envisaged impact will be indirect, site specific, long term, of high magnitude, hence will be very significant.

Road Safety Measures 161. Frequent movement of vehicles along the road increases the chance of accidents. Inadequate provision of the road safety measures like lack of signals and lack of enforcement of traffic rules during operation period may invite accidents. Road sections near local market and schools are often crowded inviting chances of accidents. The envisaged impact will be direct, site specific, long term, of high magnitude, hence will be very significant.

Biological Aspects Encroachment and Depletion of Forest 162. The forest resources depletion may occur due to ineffective drainage works, inappropriate spoil disposal and construction practices. The development of market centers may lead to encroachment of forest eventually exerting pressure on forest resources. To meet the increasing needs of the forest products, illegal felling/cutting of poles and trees may occur.

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Operation of road may increase in timber smuggling due to easy access and easy transportation facilities. The impact will be indirect, moderate, local and long term in nature.

Physical Environment Slope Stability and Drainage Management 163. The road alignment passes along a hilly terrain of the mid-hills. The existing slides and slumps may be triggered during heavy rainfall situations. Sensitive areas for possible road slope failure are at Ch 5+530 to 5+550, 10+620 to 10+650, Ch 10+700 to 10+710, Ch 17+500 to 17+640, Ch 17+660 to 17+690, Ch 19+300 to 19+410 and Ch 19+980 to 20+070). Additionally, there is possibility of slope instability caused by the opening of branch roads connecting village settlement with RM/DCC funding. Likewise, inadequate maintenance of the road, blockage of drains and human activities such as grazing and irrigation water may cause slides and slope failure. The impact will be direct, high, site specific and long term in nature.

Impact due to Air, Water and Noise Pollution 164. Increased number of additional vehicles due to availability of easy road access can cause air and noise pollution. The noise of horns from vehicles can cause problem to nearby community. Washing of vehicles in natural streams may cause contamination in drinking water sources. As this road falls under DRCN, the vehicular movement is not expected to be very high, the overall impact of will be direct, low, site specific and long term in nature.

5.3. Climate Change Impacts 165. Climate change is an inevitable fact which needs to be considered for future planning, construction and maintenance of roads especially in hilly and mountainous areas which are more vulnerable to climate change than the plain areas. According to MoE/NAPA (2010) vulnerability assessment, Dolakha District is ranked very highly vulnerable based on overall vulnerability index. As evident from the preliminary climate screening (Appendix 2b), Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa road is highly vulnerable to environmental and climate change attributes, such as change in precipitation, higher rainfall intensity causing flood accelerated soil erosion and landslides.

166. Impacts of climate change on road infrastructure as screeded through Checklist for Preliminary Climate Risk Screening will be as follows:

 Due to the slope stability conditions on roadside at different chainages (chainages stated above), the routing of the project is likely to be affected by extreme weather events like heavy rainfall.  Road drainage could be of inadequate size or very frequently blocked causing damage to the road calling for regular maintenance and cleaning of the drains.  Due to regular humid codition, the movement of heavy vehicles is likely to create potholes on the road calling for regular maintenance and maintenance costs could be considerably higher for the gravel roads.  Climate change could cause an increase in hydro-meteorological extreme events such as storms, landslides, debris flows, that could greatly affect roads in mountain region causing blockages.

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5.4. Cumulative Impact 167. Cumulative impact is the sum of project impacts and interaction impacts of a single large scale project or multiple projects of similar or different nature. No other major projects have been reported within the ZoI of the Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa road section. So the assessment of cumulative impacts considers the impacts due to interaction of impacts of this very project only. The following cumulative impacts may arise due to the reconstruction activities in the surrounding of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa road sub-project in Dolakha district.

5.4.1. Beneficial Impacts 168. The availablitiy of the employment in the neighbourhood will reduce the migration of local people to other parts of the country, as well as to foreign countries for wagebased labour. The amount of money that is earned in wages will directly enhance the operation of various economic activities and enterprise development in a chained manner creating other income generating activities. Similarly, the skill and knowledge acquired during road construction will enhance employment opportunities. Such trained manpower can earn livelihoods from similar project in future.

169. Reconstruction of road will enhance the access of people by reducing travel time and costs as well as quick transportation of goods. Various farm-based enterprises, including a wide range of agricultural and livestock products will also gain momentum as a result of transportation facilities. Vegetables, fruits, cash crops, sale of farm, fruit and livestock products will be increased in almost all the settlements along the road corridor. Similarly, there will be diversification in occupational pattern of local people, who are till now mainly dependent on subsistence farming. This will lessen pressure on local natural resources.

170. Due to an increase in employment opportunities, trade, business and agricultural income, money will be channeled into the local economy. This will increase income level of the individual household and the local community. It is possible that some money may be spent by the individual for community development activities such as education, school, health and sanitation services.

5.4.2. Adverse Impacts 171. Fresh cuts also invite landslides and erosion, particularly during monsoon. The common likely problems from inappropriate disposal of spoils are gullying and erosion of spoil tips especially when combined with unmanaged surface water runoff, damage to farm lands and crops as well as property at downhill. The concentrated water from the road outlet causes erosion and landslide eventually affecting the stability of the road.

172. This sub-project passes through community forest. There will be vegetation loss from the forests during construction of the road. Increase in vehicular movement will further affect the movements of wildlife. Total 99 trees need to be cut down from the nine community forests and 69 (including 30 banana plants) from private land. Felling of trees, further change in land use due to potential trading opportunity and increased number of vehicles will lead to high GHGs emission as well as low carbon sequestration. Similarly change in land use might accelerate soil erosion.

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173. Loss of private properties, crops and trees from the land acquired by the project will have adverse impact on the financial stability of the affected households. Increased opportunities for trade and commerce along the roadside will attract people to build shops, restaurants, stalls and hotels and may encroach RoW. Movement of vehicles in the road may invite accidents.

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6. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES 174. The aim of the project is to reconstruct and rehabilitate existing road and revive the transportation network for the promotion of fast and safe connectivity. The following alternatives were considered to achieve the project’s objectives in environment friendly manner:

6.1. No Action Option 175. Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road already exists and is serving southern part of Dolakha District including wards 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of Tamakoshi Rural Municipality (former Japhe, Malu, Sahare, Chyama and Hawa VDCs) of Dolakha District across which it traverses. For the existing pavement condition and geometry of the road, travelling and transportation has been difficult and time-consuming. Around 20-30 vehicles pass through the road daily loading the local air with dusts in dry season and muddening the road during the rainy season. If the sub-project is not implemented, the existing condition of the road will persist and so is the hardship of the local people traveling through the road and living by the side of the road, local people will be deprived from mainstream of development through improved access and the direct and indirect benefit that implementation of this proposal would bring. No action option will avoid the possible environmental implications but the hardship people are currently facing outweighs the environmental cost of implementing the sub-project. So, no project option is avoided.

6.2. Project Alternative 176. Road has no other alternatives for local access. The primary objective of the project is to rehabilitate existing rural road and provide easy and all weather connectivity by reconstructing and upgrading the existing infrastructure. As the road already exists but is unable to provide full- fledged service for its poor surface condition and geometry, it is indispensable to maintain and upgrade it to render it serviceable all weather. So the reconstruction and upgrading has no other alternatives.

6.3. Alternative Alignment 177. By nature, it is a rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project. The road already exists, although in partly damaged condition due to land failure triggered by earthquake, and vehicles plying in most sections limited during fair weather. It aims at improving the condition of existing road by rehabilitating damaged sections, widening and gravelling it. However, two alternatives have been assessed for starting 2.6 km of the road. Alternative 1 starts from Peepalbot of Tamakoshi RM-1 (former Bhirkot VDC), 5 km from Nayapul along the Nayapul- Manthali blacktopped road and the Alternative 2 starts just after the Dholi Khola Bridge along the same road at the distance of 9 km from Nayapul. Tracks have been opened along both the alternatives. However, Alternative 1 requires a major bridge across the Dholi Khola and river training as the road/causeway was frequently swept away by the steep flowing river during every monsoon. So, for the sustainability of the road with no additional cost, alternative 2 had been chosen.

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6.4. Alternative Design and Construction Approach 178. Alternative design based on lane/formation width was considered. Based on the significance of the road as being an important road connecting major settlements of Phulasi VDC and few VDC towards the west and the projected traffic volume according to existing traffic volume and also considering the Nepal Rural Road Standard (NRRS, 2012), the formation width of 6.25 m was considered.

179. For the exigency of the infrastructure, it will be reconstructed by employing a construction contractor with deployment of necessary equipments for timely delivery of the work. Nonetheless, the contractor will be made to utilize local people as construction workforce and respect the environmental sensitivity of such hilly terrain.

6.5. Alternative Schedule and Process 180. A construction schedule (i.e. 15 months) has been proposed taking the climatic and drainage condition of the area into consideration. During the rainy season, construction work is stopped to allow the natural compaction of the road. Collection of sand and aggregates from the river bed during dry period will minimize the impacts on river water quality & downstream aquatic ecology and hence the schedule of construction is proposed accordingly.

6.6. Alternative Resources

181. The physical resource requirements include stone for gabions, dry masonry walls and stone pitching. Stones are available in nearby areas of various sections of the road and especially Dholi Khola, Baise Kholsi, Jhyamte (former Hawa-7), Kalleri and others whereas fine aggregates and sand will be sourced from Tamakhoshi River. The pavement construction, earthwork, construction of simple structures such as side drains, gabion walls, bioengineering works, etc will be carried out manually. The contractor in his discretion will use necessary equipments and human resources for timely delivery of the work.

6.7. No Forest Option 182. While selecting the alignment, no forest option was also considered, under which the project would have no impact on the community and religious guthi forest. However, as it is simple reconstruction of the existing road alignment, the widening of the road to prescribed standard is expected to affect a very narrow strip of forest at few shorter sections. Realignment of the road to avoid forest area is expected to affect larger parcel of private land that increase compensation and resettlement cost. Moreover, even if the road is realigned, it is sure to encounter some forest along the way. Additional forest to be affected by the project is only about 0.70 ha.

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7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MITIGATION AND MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUE 183. For the impacts, practical mitigation measures (or actions) have been proposed to mitigate the possible environmental and social impacts that may result due to project implementation (construction and operation). The proponent of the project has prime responsibility in carrying out the indicated mitigation measures. Keeping in mind the current political and social situation, several of these require sharing of responsibilities with public authorities and local stakeholders.

184. Adverse and beneficial impacts that are not identified or anticipated at this stage, if latter discovered during the construction and operation stage of the project shall be duly taken care of by the proponent.

7.1. Augmentation Measures

7.1.1. Construction Phase Employment Opportunities 185. No augmentation measure has been suggested for this benefit. However, the contractor will be encouraged to give priority to local and marginalized people including women in construction works as per their skills. Women will be employed in compensatory tree plantation for afforestation and slope protection works through bio-engineering.

Enhancement of Technical Skills 186. Workers will acquire additional knowledge through training in material handling, occupational safety, general environment, health and social precautionary measures. The workers will be formally and informally oriented about the specific requirements for climate and disaster resilience.

Increased Trade and Business Opportunities 187. The project will give due priority to the local markets and local products.

7.1.2. Operation Phase Improved Accessibility and Reduced Travelling/Transportation Time and Cost 188. Necessary arrangement will be made for regular inspection and maintenance of the road and its accessorial features with the help of other stakeholders. Bioengineering operation will be continued for the sustainability of the road.

Promotion of Agro-enterprise 189. No augmentation measure has been suggested for this benefit.

Increase in Trade, Commerce and Development of Market centers 190. Tamakoshi Rural Municipality will manage planned growth with required infrastructure facilities for healthy and hygienic environment in the market areas.

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Access to Public Services and Basic Utilities 191. Timely implementation of the sub-project and regular maintenance of the infrastructure will generate the service in time and sustain the service.

Benefits from Increased Land Value 192. The local people will be made aware of the fact that high value land is easily acceptable to the banks and microfinance institutions as a guarantee to provide loans. Local people can start their own business by mortgaging their land.

Promotion of Tourism 193. Awareness raising programs will be conducted in collaboration with concerned stakeholders to support the promotion of tourism activities and infrastructures development of lodges, hotels, restaurants and preferably home stays. People will be oriented about village tourism with home stay provisions for the tourists especially in the homes of highly marginalized Tamang community. A three days homestay management training will be provided to 15 interested people from the project area with a cost of 150,000.00.

Women Empowerment 194. Women will be further empowered through awareness and training programs. The awareness programs will be related to health and sanitation and training program will be related to agriculture and livestock raising. A cost of NRs 100,000.00 has been allocated for empowering women.

Conservation and Environmental Awareness 195. Environmental awareness programmes will be conducted in the project area to aware the local people on value of local natural resources and necessity of conservation of environment. These programs will consist of general training conducted at field level by local conservationists and subject experts through lecture, documentary showcasing and interaction. Total cost of NRs 250,000.00 has been estimated for conducting environmental awareness programs.

7.2. Mitigation Measures

7.2.1. Pre-construction Phase Route Selection 196. Since, this is an existing road and proposed for rehabilitation, there is no new route selection rather than designing geometrical improvements (as required) and widening of the road formation to the specified width. Local conditions (structures, switchback, lay-byes, mass balancing and safe disposal site for the excess excavated material, community utilities, slopes, sensitive spots etc) were taken into consideration as to which side widening should take place in order to minimize land acquisition from forest, cultivable lands, settlements and cultural properties.

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Detail Survey and Design 197. The road design has followed the national rural road standards developed by DoLIDAR. The works will be executed through Contractor selected through National Competitive Bidding. Bio-engineering techniques will be applied for stabilization of slopes, which is sustainable, environmental friendly and can be done by using local resources and manpower. The survey team has selected the least valuable, least agriculturally productive land for the lay-bys and improvement and took care to avoid the demolition of houses. These changes have been designed and incorporated into the subproject detail design. Additionally, all provision proposed in the EMP of IEE document will be properly reflected in the design.

Land and Property Acquisition, Compensation and Resettlement 198. Mitigation for land and property acquisition includes compensation at prevailing market rate. The following measures will be followed:

 Compensation will be provided to the land owners on prevailing market rate. The total compensation cost for the land to be acquired will be based on the rate of Land Revenue Office (LRO) Dolakha is NRs. 12,740,000.00. The time given by the affected household during deed transfer and other purpose has been estimated to be NRs. 250,000.00  The structures that will be affected during reconstruction of the road will be compensated at replacement cost. The individual owners will be provided the cost of NRs. 2,065,000.00 and NRs. 1,200,000.00 for public structure  Compensation will be provided for the standing crop in the affected private plots. The cost to be provided is based on the rate of paddy (since it is the highest value crop) in the local market considering the average productivity as 1.713 kg of rice per square meter and has been estimated to be NRs. 441,058.80  Compensation for the 69 private trees including 30 banana clumps will be provided to the respective owner. The compensation will include harvesting cost, transportation cost and reforestation cost.  Project affected families will be imparted income generation and livelihood improvement generation training by residential training. In total, 10% of the affected people are interested to join the program. The estimated cost for conducting the training program is Nrs 800,000.00.  Private land necessary for sitting temporary structures will be hired from interested owner at prevailing market rate.  After completion of the work, the camps and facilities will be dismantled and rehabilitated and returned to the owner.

7.2.2. Construction Phase Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Loss or Degradation of Farm Land and Productivity 199. Mitigation measures will be as follows:

 Compensation will be provided for loss of property as mentioned in section 7.2.1,

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 Compensation will also be provided for loss of standing crops and temporary use of agriculture land,  Plantation of trees of local variety like Harro, Barro, Siris, Mauwa, Chilaune and other ornamental trees along the both sides of road to act as dust and noise barrier. A cost of NRs 200,000.00 has been allocated for roadside plantation.  Income restoration and rehabilitation program will be carried out whereby the members of affected household will undergo residential training on income generating activities. The tentative cost of the training program is NRs 800,000.00. Impact on Social Services and Community Infrastructures 200. The following mitigation measures will be adopted:

 The contractor will be responsible for reconstruction and rehabilitation of damages due to their activities; any damage to existing road in project location, like formation of ditches, will be controlled and rehabilitated.  The 200 year old Peepal tree (Tilak Smriti Chautari) will be preserved; while other structures will be relocated to a safer distance at location finalized by local community.  Altogether 33 irrigation crossings have been proposed along the road. Occupational Health and Safety measures 201. The contractor will maintain occupational health and safety arrangement and strictly enforce the safety measures.

 Construction workers will be prior informed about job hazards, emergency procedures and any other relevant safety measures.  Personal Protective Equipments (PPE) such as helmets, boots, gloves, safety belts, safety glasses and masks will be provided to the workers working in the construction sites.  Contractor will arrange the First Aid Kit Box and standby medicine for workforce during working period and emergency situations.  In case of serious injury and accidents, the injured will be run to the nearest hospital with the necessary diagnosis and treatment facilities.  Warning signs, posts, barriers and guards will be installed to restrict access of unauthorized persons to construction sites.  Only authorized person will be allowed to operate heavy machinery and equipments.  Temporary drinking water supply and latrine pit will be established at site.  Dust control will be done in the construction areas by sprinkling water.  Vehicles and equipments will be maintained in proper condition so that they produce less noise.  Group accidental insurance will be done for the workers. The cost of occupational health and safety measures has been incorporated in the civil cost of the subproject.

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Prevalence of Communicable Diseases 202. Sanitary condition will be maintained in the construction camp by arranging toilets and water supply. Workers will be encouraged to keep their camps clean and tidy. Workers will be informed about STDs and the preventive measures.

Conflict between Locals and Outside Workers 203. Construction workers from outside the project area will be well-informed about the general norms and values of society. The construction workforce will be instructed to respect local people, especially the female members and observe/follow the local culture and tradition. Workforce will be discouraged to involve in activities like gambling and alcoholism. Local people will be informed about project activities, requirements and time schedules. Local people will be given maximum priority in employment.

Gender Discrimination 204. Project will establish agreement with contractors to consider male and female equally for wage distribution for works of similar nature. Male workers will be instructed to respect their female counterparts.

Physical Environment Change in Land Use Pattern 205. Land use change due to permanent project features is unavoidable and irreversible. There will be no mitigation measures for the permanent loss of agricultural, forest land. However, following mitigation measures will be adopted to compensate the loss of land into built up area:

 Roadside plantation of trees will be done to increase greenery in the area. Local plants like Harro, Barro, Simal, Siris, Chilaune, Bains, Katush, Lakuri, Paiyu, etc will be planted along the roadside. A cost of NRs 200,000.00 has been allocated for roadside plantation.  During re-vegetation, local species identified during the survey will be used.  Agricultural extension services will be improved to compensate loss of production. Stockpiling, Spoil Disposal and Transportation of Material 206. Although, limited quantity of material will be used for construction, and some of the spoil will be used up, there may be some environmental implication of temporary storage of these materials and can be minimized by adopting following measures:

 Wherever possible, surplus spoil will be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries and depressed areas etc. Suitable sites have been listed in Table 7 of Chapter 2. Sites at chainage 2+000 to 2+100 and its continuation at Ch 3+640 to 3+700 are areas with sheet erosion. These areas can be filled and stabilized by constructing gabion and toe walls along with plantation of grass species like Babiyo (Eulaliopsis binata), Kans (Saccharum spontaneum), Khar (Cybopogon microtheca) and Phurke (Arunduella nepalensis) and shrubs like Asuro (Adhatoda vasica), Simali (Vitex negundo), Bhujetro (Butea minor), Dhanyero (Woodwortia fruticosa) and Kettuke (Agave americana).  Top soil will be stored and utilized in farm land

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 Remaining excess spoils will be disposed in specified tipping sites in a controlled manner and the tipping sites will be covered by vegetation through bio-engineering techniques after surplus material is tipped.  Spoils will not be disposed on fragile slopes, farmland, marshy land, dense forest areas, natural drainage path, canals and other infrastructures. (Although spoil disposal and tipping areas have been proposed within the boundary of community forests, these areas have very sparse stands of trees.)  After the disposal, the site will be provided with proper drainage, vegetation and adequate protection against erosion.  Necessary toe walls and retaining walls will be provided to protect the disposal of soil.  Material will be stockpiled at fallow land and covered,  Proper drainage will be arranged around the stockpile area,  Stockpiling of the cement and other materials in shaded structures within the construction camp will be made. Quarrying and Extraction of the River Bed Material 207. The following mitigation measures will be adopted to address the issues related to quarrying:

 Sediments derived from the excavation will be used for backfilling.  Coarse aggregates and sand will be obtained from designated and approved quarries and borrow areas that have already taken environmental clearances (if such sites are available). No such sites having environmental clearances were available. Possible quarry sites have been identified in Table 3 of Chapter 2. These sites will be used with due consideration to local environmental condition.  Unstable sites, erosion prone areas, dense forest areas, settlements and fertile farm land will be avoided for quarry operation.  Stones and boulders will be collected from the environmentally suitable and legally recognized quarry sites.  After the extraction is completed, the quarry site will be rehabilitated to suit the local landscape by filling with spoil.  The materials to be transported will be covered by plastic sheets. Arrangements will be made in trippers to arrest water dripping from the materials. Impact on Air Quality (Air Pollution) 208. To mitigate the air pollution and its effect the following measures will be carried out:

 Construction equipment and vehicles will be regularly examined and maintained in proper condition.  Water will be sprinkled at major settlements along the road at least two times a day during peak construction.  Construction materials will be properly covered during conveyance. Impact on Water Quality (Water Pollution) 209. The impacts can be mitigated by:

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 Ensuring safe storage and wise use of chemicals to prevent spillage;  Avoiding the disposal of excavated materials in or near water bodies;  Discouraging open urination and defecation and construction of toilets in campsites. Noise Pollution 210. The following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize the noise pollution:

 Construction equipment will be maintained in proper condition by applying grease and lubricants.  Sound producing equipment will be preferred to use only in day time.  Earplug will be provided to the worker involved in equipment operations. Impact due to Solid Waste Generation 211. The solid waste generated from the construction/labor camp will be segregated at source and degradable waste will be buried at suitable sites. All the camp wastes and construction wastes will be placed in the designated waste collection pits away from the water path. The separate storage areas will be established for all punctured containers (drums, carboys, flasks etc) and will be processed for selling to scavengers. Similarly, the offsite activities of the workforce that are potential to cause pollution of surface and subsurface waters will be prohibited. Garbage burning will be strictly prohibited.

Campsite Management 212. Use of local labours will avoid the chance of campsite management. In case labours have to be brought from outside, they will be housed in local houses brought in rent instead of camp. If it is indispensable to establish a camp, they will be sited away from productive lands and forest areas. The following mitigation measures will be adopted to mitigate the impact of camp establishment:

 Respectable compensation will be paid for using private farm or lands for storage or camp. The camp and storage sites will be properly cleaned, reinstated and handed over to the respective owner followed by receiving necessary clearance from the owner.  Toilet, water and other basic facilities will be provided to workers. The contractor will manage the utilities like communication, lighting and cooking energy, drinking water supply etc within the camp so as to avoid the pressure on local services. The responsibility of looking after the amenities of the workers is the responsibility of the contractor.  Labor camp will have room with proper ventilation and natural light, safe drinkable water, mosquito net, sanitary facility, and solid waste collection bins.  Construction material will be properly stored.  Appropriate camp sites have been identified at Ch 2+200 (Archale) on barren land and Ch 7+600 (Malu), 12+900 (Sahare), 15+000 (Chyama), 18+000 (Chyama), 20+000 (Kamidada) and 24+000 (Gairagau) on public land. Biological Environment Loss of Forest and Vegetation 213. The following measures will be adopted to address this impact:

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 For construction crews at camp, contractor will provide kerosene or LPG cylinder for cooking and heating for avoiding firewood collection. The respective provisions will be set in contract document.  Similarly, restriction will be put on construction workers to enter into the local forest areas for firewood and NTFP collection and the provision will be enforced as punishable offence. They will be made aware about importance of conservation and restricted activities.

214. The following activities will be strictly followed to cut trees from the forest area during road reconstruction:

 Forest clearance approval will be obtained from the MoFSC.  Forest site clearance for construction will be limited to minimum width of road.  Project will hand over felled trees to CFUGs

215. According to the Working Procedure to Use National Forest area for National Priority Projects, 2074 B.S. of GoN, the sub-project has to carry out plantation (with protection for five years) or pay for the plantation and protection cost to the District Forest Office. The trees to be felled from different forests and compensatory plan have been summarized in Table 27 and further described in Appendix 8. In total, 99 trees need to be cut down from the nine (9) of the ten (10) community forests along the road. So, in total 2475 seedlings have to be planted for compensatory plantation with estimated cost of NRs 354,816.00 considering the plantation of each plant as calculated in the table given in Appendix 8a and Appendix 8b. This cost will be provided to CFUGs through DFO in two installments. Location and type of species for the plantation will be selected by the CFUGs/DFO. However, emphasis will be given to local, multiple use, rare, endangered and protected species. The forest products from the forest will be used by CFUGs. Likewise, for the 69 trees including 30 banana stands need to be cut down from the private land, plantation at the ratio of 1:1 trees will be done by the sub-project or the seedling and plantation cost will be provided by the sub-project. For the plantation, total estimated cost is NRs. 4,139.31 as given in Appendix 8c and 8d. The samples of agreement between the proponent, DFO and concerned CFUGs for compensatory plantation with disbursement schedule are presented for individual CF in Appendix 8e and the plantation plan is presented in Appendix 8f.

Table 27: Trees to be felled and compensatory plantation requirement Name of Forest Number of Compensatory Cost of Trees Plantation Plantation Chanaute Salghari CF 20 500 71,680.00 Pashupati CF 18 450 64,512.00 Setidevi Muladyang CF 4 100 14,336.00 Khahare Bhirpakha CF 4 100 14,336.00 Dandapari Pokharipakha CF 6 150 21,504.00 Kalikagidde CF 9 225 32,256.00 Salleshwari CF 8 200 28,672.00 Lamachaur CF 5 125 17,920.00 Jhyamte Dobhan CF 25 625 89,600.00

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Total of CF 99 2475 354,816.00 Private forest 69 69 4,139.31 Source: Field Survey, 2016

Hunting and Poaching of Common, Rare, Endangered and Threatened Species of Fauna 216. Hunting and poaching by the construction crew will be strictly prohibited. The construction activity will be managed so as to minimize disturbance to wildlife; speed limit will be enforced for transporting vehicles. The impact can be minimized by employing the local labours. Similarly, restriction will be put on construction workers from entering into the local forest areas and the provision will be enforced as punishable offense. In addition, restriction will be put on the use of wildlife meat in the construction camps. Hoarding boards will be placed at sensitive sites (Ch 0+000, 5+750, 7+700, 8+590, 9+500, 13+140, 15+300, 16+100 and 21+660 where the road passes along the forest areas) at a cost of NR 360,000 to aware workers and locals alike on importance of wildlife and conservation.

Construction related disturbance to local wildlife 217. Construction workforce will be discouraged to wander in the forest. The disturbance is unavoidable for the period of construction.

7.2.3. Operation Phase Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Ribbon Settlement along the Project Alignment 218. Tamakoshi Rural Municipality will regulate the possible development along the road access so as to minimize the likely road accident. Road safety signals or signposts will be installed at places. Roadside plantations of trees will be done in the RoW to prevent possible encroachment.

Road Safety Measures 219. Appropriate design will be adopted focusing required road safety measures. Required delegators, safety signs will be used as appropriate along road. Permanent traffic signposts will be installed along the road corridor. Signposts will be installed at major markets, schools and settlements to inform about drivers to control the speed of the vehicles to ward off associated accidents at temple and school areas. Road safety measures will also be adopted following 3-Es (i.e. Engineering, Enforcement and Education). The road will be repaired and maintained regularly. The DCC will allocate budget for the regular inspection and the maintenance of road.

Biological Aspects Encroachment and Depletion of Forest 220. These impacts will be mitigated through awareness raising programmes to educate local people and providing support to locals for the conservation of forests.

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Physical Environment Slope Stability and Drainage Management 221. The following mitigation measures will be adopted:

 Bio-engineering works will be carried out to control the slides and retain the slopes. For the slides at 17+500 to 17+640, 19+300 to 19+410 and 19+980 to 20+070 the function of bioengineering measure required are armoring, reinforcing and support the slope. The effective measure is combination of horizontal grass lines plantation with revetment wall. The proper construction of masonry wall with a line of large trees and large bamboo clump planting can stop road failure towards downslope. Palisades are recommended for protection of rill and gullies. It stabilzes the gully floor by forming a strong barrier and trapping materials moving downwards. Eulaliopsis binata (Babiyo), Neyraudia reynaudiana (Dhonde), Arunduell nepalensis (Phurke), Cymbopogon microtheca (Khar) and Thysanolaena maxiama (Amriso) are the most suitable grass species and Alnus nepalensis (Utis) and Salix sps (Bains) are some of suitable tree species proposed for plantation. Colquhounia coccinea (Namdiphul), Vitex negundo (Simali), Jatropha curcas (Sajiwan) and Indigofera autrotupurea (Keraukose) are suitable plant species for construction of palisades. Those at Ch 5+530 to 5+550, Ch 10+620 to 10+650, Ch 10+700 to 10+710 can be prevented or stabilized by gabion and masonry toe wall and random grass line plantation. For others, along with gabion and toe walls, plantation of random grass line and trees like Salix sps (Bains), Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Castanopsis indica (Katus), Prunus cerasoides (Paiyu) are suitable.  Rill and gully formations will be regularly monitored and immediately fixed at critical areas.  Repair and maintenance of the slope protection measures and drainage works.  Minor landslide and mass wasting will be immediately cleared and slope restored with appropriate technology (bioengineering).  Soil conservation will be promoted in the RoW and vulnerable areas beyond the road alignment.  CFUGs will be promoted to conserve and manage their CFs property.  Causeways (9) and Pipe Culverts (56) will be placed to maintain cross drainage at places and allow passage of runoff. All these activities have already been considered in BoQ so no extra cost is allocated. Impact due to Air, Water and Noise Pollution 222. Following mitigation measures will be adopted:

 Signboards restricting the use of horns will be erected near health posts, schools and settlements.  Plantation will be done near the settlement around school and health post to act as dust and noise barrier.  Vehicle washing in natural streams will be discouraged.

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7.3. Climate Change Impacts 223. Following climate change adaptation measures will be considered during the reconstruction and operation of the road:

 Likely local effects of climate change will be assessed through observation and regular monitoring of drainage system, erosion etc.  Adequate and timely maintenance and retention of the slides as soon as they appear.  Awareness raising activities will be conducted about climate change issues and adaptation and mitigation measures.  No tree or vegetation will be removed unless absolutely necessary to reduce deforestation and compensatory plantation will be done to cut carbon per capita emissions.

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8. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROJECT 224. GoN has adopted various policies, acts, rules, regulations and guidelines to ensure the integration of the development and conservation of environment. The policies and legislative provisions of Nepal that have a direct relevance to proposed project are given in Table 28. These laws and policies provisions have been duly followed in the IEE process and proposed mitigation measures.

Table 28: Review of Relevant Acts, Rules, Regulations and Guidelines A Constitution The Constitution of Nepal: It has guaranteed every person the right to live in a clean environment as a fundamental right. As per the constitution, it is also a matter of State policy to adopt appropriate measures to abolish or mitigate existing or possible adverse environmental impacts on the nature, environment or biological diversity. B Plans and Policies National Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy, 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D.): It has identified restoration and improvement of access to service and improve environmental resilience as one of its strategic recovery objectives. Forest Policy, 2071 B.S. (2015 A.D.): Plantation is mandatory for environmental friendly physical infrastructure development along settlement area, road and irrigation canal. Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2071 B.S (2014 A.D.): This policy has been formulated to strengthen socioeconomic conidition of project affected families with the provision of necessary land acquisition, justifiable compensation, appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation for the public welfare and implementation of infrastructure development projects. Three Years Interim Plan, 2070/71-2072/73 B.S. (2013/14-2015/16 A.D.): Identified the importance of road sector in promoting national unification, socio- economic development and regional balance contributing to overall development of the country and also in promoting the access to service and facilities. It aims to achieve sustainable, broad-based, inclusive economic growth. The plan also addresses climate change adaptation and mitigation and overall environmental protection. ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 A.D.: ADB’s Safeguard Policy Framework consists of three operational policies on the Environment, Indigenous people and Involuntary resettlement. It requires that (i) impacts are identified and assessed early in the project cycle, (ii) plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for the potential adverse impacts are developed and implemented and (iii) affected people are informed and consulted during project preparation and implementation. 20 Year Road Plan, 2059 –2079 B.S. (2002-2022 A.D.): With main objectives of development of Strategic Road Networks (SRN), the implementation strategies include all weather road connection to the District Headquarters (DHQ) and provision of road linkages from the DHQ to the adjacent road network of the neighboring districts and countries

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Policy Document, Environmental Assessment in the Road Sector of Nepal, 2056 B.S. (2000 A.D.): It proposes to adopt measures to improve the way of life of the affected people and safeguard natural surroundings. In case damage is inevitable environmental assessment should find ways of reducing or compensating for such damage. It suggested five types of environmental assessment activities like Screening, IEE,EIA and Monitoring. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2014-2020 FY: It is prepared to provide guiding framework for the management of Nepal’s biodiversity. It has focused on national needs of biodiversity management and conservation, fulfillment of the international obligations, sustainable use of its components and equitable sharing of benefits accrued from conservation and utilization of genetic resources. It has a long term (i.e. 35 years) vision, and includes specific short term (up to 2020) strategies and priorities for action. C Act Act Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S (2015 A.D.): This act provides for the creation of the NRA for a period of five years (which may be extended) and defines its functions, duties and powers. It has mandated NRA for leading and managing the earthquake recovery and reconstruction in Nepal. It has delegated the NRA the authority to frame rules (Section 30), may make and enforce necessary guidelines or procedures in order to conduct its business (Section 31). Solid Waste Management Act, 2068 B.S. (2011 A.D.): It outlines the duties of local government to take action to control haphazard waste generation, disposal or collection and has provisions for various punitive measures against those engaged in activities detrimental to the intentions of the Act. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2057 B.S. (2000 A.D.): Engaging children including those who has not attained the age of 14 in risky activities against his/her will by any means is prohibited. In case any enterprise has to engage a child in works, an approval has to be obtained from concerned body. Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S. (1999 A.D.): Empowers the local bodies for the conservation of soil, forest and other natural resources and implements environmental conservation activities Forest Act, 2049 B.S. (1993 A.D.): Requires decision makers to take account of all forest values, including environmental services and biodiversity, not just the production of timber and other commodities. Water Resources Act, 2049 B.S. (1992 A.D.): It has legal arrangements for determining beneficial uses of water resources, preventing environment and other hazardous effects thereof and also keeping water resources free from pollution. It has clearly mentioned that no one shall pollute water resource by way of using or putting any litter, industrial wastes, poison, chemical or toxicant to the effect that the pollution tolerance limit of the water resource as prescribed. The Labor Act, 2048 B.S. (1992 A.D.): Regulates the working environment, deals with occupational health and safety.

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Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (SWCA), 2039 B.S. (1982 A.D.); It empowers GoN to declare any area of Nepal as a conserved watershed area, specifying the borders thereof. The Watershed Conservation Officer (WCO) has the authority to implement protective infrastructure, vegetation program and regulate agricultural practices pertinent to soil and watershed conservation. It empowers WCO to prohibit the commission of any acts that may cause soil-erosion or soil cutting in a land where any of the acts has been done Public Roads Act, 2031 B.S. (1974 A.D.): Act mandates requirement of permission from the DoR to carry out activities within the limits of the road boundaries and also provision of notifying the DoR by local governmental offices prior to the start of activities in the limits of the public roads. National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 B.S. (1972 A.D.): This act provides protection to 27 species of mammals, 9 species of birds and three species of reptiles. D Rules and Regulations Rule Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D): It provides the basis for prioritization of reconstruction. More importantly, it defines functions, duties and rights of the Chief Executive Officer and Secretary of NRA and District Coordination Committee. Local Self Governance Rules 2056 B.S. (2000 A.D.): It provides procedural guidelines for implementation of the Local Self Governance Act. Forest Rules, 2051 B.S. (1995 A.D.): It elaborates legal measures for the conservation of forests and wildlife and provides procedural guidelines for implementation of the Forest Act. It stipulates that in case the execution of any project having national priority in any forest area causes any loss or harm to any local individual or community, the proponent of the project itself shall bear the amount of compensation to be paid. E Work Procedures, Guidelines, Standards and others Local Body Restructuring Notice, MoFALD, GON, 2017 A.D: Declaration of the name, number, boundary, ward’s boundary of 744 rural municipality and municipality with 481 rural municipalities, 246 municipalities, 13 sub-metropolitan cities, 4 metropolitan cities and dissolve of VDC/DDC. Work Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D.) and First Amendment, 2073 B.S. (2016 A.D.): These provide procedural guidelines for undertaking reconstruction and rehabilitation projects. These include a comprehensive suite of procedures for different activities like environmental impact assessment, land acquisition, and public procurement for reconstruction projects (2072 B.S.) and grievance management (2073 B.S.). It determines the format of IEE and EIA. The first amendment has revised the threshold for projects to undergo IEE or EIA. It prescribes (under Clause 2 of Schedule 1) that upgrading, rehabilitation and reconstruction and new construction of district, urban and rural road should follow IEE study and approval. Working Procedure to Use National Forest area for National Priority Projects,

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2074 B.S. (2017 A.D.): Following are the main features:  EMP/IEE/EIA study is mandatory for obtaining forestry clearance.  Alternative analysis has to be done during feasibility study for avoiding forest area or if not having minimal loss of vegetation.  Concerned Ministry has to obtain concurrence from Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation before approving IEE/EIA  Provision of compensatory plantation (with protection for five years) at the ratio of 1:25 plants by the project or provide plantation and protection cost to concerned DFO. ADB Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF), 2015 A.D. for EEAP: It elaborates environmental legal requirements and procedures according to the Government of Nepal and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 of ADB and guides the preparation of environmental assessments and environmental management plans. ADB Resettlement Framework (RF), 2015 A.D. for EEAP: It guides the preparation of resettlement plans by elaborating legal and procedural guidelines according to GoN and ADP SPS. Batabaran Parichhyan - Resource Booklet - 2070 B.S. (2013): It provides guidance for local body to prepare environmental assessment reports of different projects; construction materials extraction and local roads, on their own. Environment Friendly Local Governance Framework (EFLG) 2070 B.S (2013 A.D.): This framework is prepared to promote environmental conservation through local institutions to materialize environment friendly local development concept. There are different level of environment friendly indicators like basic, advanced and special indicators at household, tole/settlement, ward, VDC, Municipality and District level. Main objectives of this framework are as follows:  Mainstreaming the environment, climate change, disaster management issues in local development planning process.  Making environment friendly local governance mechanism.  Strengthening basic level to make environment friendly sustainable development.  Promoting coordination and cooperation within environment and development.  Strengthening local organization to enhance local ownership for the sustainable development of environment. Nepal Rural Road Standard, 2012 A.D.: Sets the classification and geometric design standards for the Local Road Network to be followed by all those involved in the development of the network, including Users, User Committees, VDCs, DDCs, DTOs, DoLIDAR and its development partners. National Adaptation Program of Action, 2068 B.S. (2010 A.D.): The NAPA has been instrumental in mainstreaming climate change in development planning. The NAPA has developed a framework for adaptation programme, and has identified key adaptation needs, existing adaptation practices and options for developed projects including infrastructure. Reference Manual for Environmental and Social Aspects of Integrated Road Development, 2060 B.S (2003 A.D): Suggests stepwise process of addressing environmental and social issues alongside the technical, financial and other issues.

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Batabaraniya Nirdesika (Nepali), 2057 B.S. (2000 A.D.): Focuses in the practical implementation of small rural infrastructures through the minimization of environmental impacts and outlines simple methods of environmental management in the different phases of the project cycle. More emphasis is given to prevention rather than cure. APPROACH for the Development of Agricultural and Rural Roads, 2055 B.S. (1999 A.D.): Emphasizes labor based technology and environmental friendly, local resource oriented construction methods to be incorporated actively in rural infrastructure process. Green Roads in Nepal, Best Practices Report – An Innovative Approach for Rural Infrastructure Development in the Himalayas and Other Mountainous Regions. GIZ, 1999 A.D.: It focuses on participatory, labor based and environment friendly technology with proper alignment selection, mass balancing, proper water management, bioengineering and phased construction. Environmental Management Guidelines, Geo Environmental and Social Unit, DoR, 2054 B.S. (1997 A.D.): It consists of environmental mitigation measures to be incorporated into DoR projects, procedures for public participation, and socio- economic consideration. The Environmental Mitigation Measures are broken down into 12 categories or activities and a method for implementation is given for each mitigation measures including implementation strategies. These environmental mitigation measures should be used in conjunction with good engineering design, construction and operation practices. It also suggests considering the various socio- economic issues like land acquisition and compensation, economic impacts and cultural heritage. Community forest development program guideline (third revision 2071 B.S.): Sustainable and scientific management of forest by the local users including environment services and facilities for the mitigation of natural calamities, wildlifes nad forest fire National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 2050 B.S. (1993 A.D.): Provides guidance to project proponent on integrating environmental mitigation measures, particularly on the management of quarries, borrow pits and stockpiling of materials, operation of the work camps, earthworks and slope stabilization, location of stone crushing plants etc. F International Conventions Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 2053 B.S., amended, 2059 B.S. (1973 A.D., amended 1979 A.D.): It regulates international trade in endangered wild flora and fauna with the aim of reducing or eliminating trade in species whose numbers or conditions suggest that further removal from their natural habitat would lead to their extinction. It urges parties not to allow trade in specimen of species included in the CITES Appendices I, II and III with some exception. As the area holds some CITES listed species, this convention is attracted in case of their trade.

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Convention on Biological Diversity, 2049 B.S. (1992): It focuses on the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits. It urges parties to introduce appropriate procedures requiring EIA of the proposed projects that are likely to have significant adverse effects on biological diversity. Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal People in Independent Countries, 2046 B.S. (1989A.D): The convention provides right to the indigenous and tribal people to decide their own priorities for the process of development. It mandates participation in formulations of the plan and programs, decision making regarding national development. It safeguards rights of the indigenous people in territories traditionally occupied by them.

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9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 225. The environmental management plan (EMP) is prepared to guide the implementation of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements. It includes institutions and their roles, environmental management activities, environmental management organizational structure and budget for mitigation measures.

9.1. Institutions and their Roles 226. Different institutions involved in the IEEs and EMP implementation and their roles are described in the Table 29:

Table 29: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities Institution Roles Responsibility on the Project National It is the legally mandated to lead  As Project EA of EEAP, manages Reconstruction and manage earthquake recovery overall project implementation and Authority and reconstruction in Nepal. NRA monitoring, reviews and approves (NRA) provides strategic guidance to ToR and IEE Report and conduct identify and address the priorities for recovery and reconstruction. It the environmental monitoring from is authorized to frame rules and the central level. working procedures to implement  recovery and reconstruction programs. Ministry of It is the Central Level  Overall coordination and the Federal Affairs Implementation Unit (CL-PIU) for supervision for implementation of and Local district/rural road component of district/rural road component of Development EEAP. EEAP in the central level. It also (MoFALD) supports the DDCs (DL-PIU) to implement the project activities. Central Supporting consultants at central  Technical and management support Implementation level. AF-Iteco Ltd., Switzerland, to NRA/MoFALD on rural/district Support on behalf of Swiss Agency for road component of EEAP including Consultant Development and Cooperation the design specifications and (CISC) (SDC)’s technical assistance has been providing technical supports necessary environmental and social through the Decentralized Rural safeguard issues. Infrastructure and Livelihoods  Review, comment and forward Project III (DRILP-III) to NRA for ToR for IEE and IEE report to the implementation of EEAP. ADB for concurrence and to NRA for approval District DCC is project implementing  Prepare ToR for IEE and submit Coordination agency in district (District Level for approval to NRA through Committee Project Implementation Unit/DL- CISC. (DCC) PIU)  Conduct IEE study, public consultation and prepare IEE report and submit for approval from NRA.

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Institution Roles Responsibility on the Project  Implement IEE and EMP of sub- projects and conduct environmental monitoring and reporting. District Project implementation office  Responsible for overall activities Technical working directly under DCC (DL- related to implementation of the Office (DTO) PIU) works at field level. Safeguard Safeguard desk will be the focus of  Responsible for supervising, Desk all safeguard related issues coordinating, networking, (Safeguard monitoring and reporting expert has been environmental safeguard provisioned in PAM) compliances. The desk will conduct regular monitoring of EMP compliance and record them. Grievance Support in addressing grievances  Responsible for addressing Redress caused due to road construction grievances due to road construction Committee related to environment which affects their livelihood. Contractors Road construction work  Reconstruction of road and implementation of contractor’s part of environmental responsibility. Framework of environmental management for the proposed activity is depicted in the Figure 7.

National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) ADB and SDC

Earthquake Emergency Community Assistance Project (EEAP) Infrastructure Division

CL-PIU/MoFALD Environment Safeguard Unit, CISC

DL-PIU/DCC/DTO DISU DFO/CFUG

Contractor

Figure 7: Environment Management Organization Structure

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9.2. Reporting and Documentation 227. Work Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D.) entitles the monitoring responsibilities to the NRA. DL-PIU/DISC will prepare and submit monthly monitoring and implementation reports to the CL-PIU/CISC, who will take follow-up actions if necessary. CL-PIU/CISC will prepare and submit quarterly and semi-annual monitoring and implementation reports to the NRA and ADB. Appendix 12 provides a content outline for monitoring reports.

228. Contract document will categorically include provision of the environmental protection, health and safety, waste management and other environmental mitigation measures identified during the IEE study. It will spell out clearly the measures that will be taken in case on non compliance. This will make them comply with the provisions.

229. The monthly reports will be based on recurrent site inspections and will report on the effectiveness of the mitigation measures;

 The Contractor's compliance with the environmental specifications;  Measures recommended in the events of non-compliance and  Recommendations for any other remedial actions, etc 9.3. Implementation of the Mitigation Measures

230. The proponent will be responsible for the implementation of the mitigation measures proposed in Chapter 7. The detail action plan for activities to be carried out to augment beneficial impacts and reduce/mitigate adverse impact produced from the implementation of the proposal, and the responsible implementing and supporting agencies are provided in environmental management plan is presented in Table 30 and Table 31.

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Table 30: Summary of the Beneficial Impacts and Enhancement Measures Activity Issues Related beneficial Type of Beneficial augmentation measures Responsible agencies impacts impact Executin Supporting g agencies agencies Significance Significance Impact Impact Extent Duration Magnitu Construction Phase Constructi Employme Employment D L ST H Vs  No augmentation. Contract CL-PIU/ on of road nt generation of 278,450 20 05 60 85  The contractor will be encouraged to give priority to or/ DL- DISC/ and opportuniti persondays and local and marginalized people including women in PIU CISC opportunit es Increase in income construction works. ies level Enhancem Increase in income IN L LT M S  The workers will be formally and informally oriented Contract CL-PIU/ ent of generating activities 20 20 20 60 about the specific requirements for climate and disaster or/ DL- DISC/ technical and employment resilience. PIU CISC skill opportunities Increased Increase in income IN L ST M S  Priority to local markets and local products Contract CL-PIU/ trade and level of non-worker 20 05 20 45 or/ DL- DISC/ business PIU CISC opportuniti es Operation stage Operation Improved Safe travel, Improve D L LT H Vs  Regular inspection and maintenance and Contract DL-PIU/ of road accessibilit accessibility, saving of 20 20 60 10 bioengineering. or/ DL- CL-PIU y travel time and cost 0 PIU Access Easier access to D R LT M Vs  Timely implementation of the project DCC/DT DL-PIU/ over public educational 60 20 o 10  Regular maintenance of the road O CL-PIU services institutions, health 20 0 and basic institutions, religious utilities places etc. Benefit of Appreciation of land IN L LT M S  Benefit by mortgaging of land. DCC/DT DL-PIU/ increased value and local benefit 20 20 o 60 O

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Activity Issues Related beneficial Type of Beneficial augmentation measures Responsible agencies impacts impact Executin Supporting g agencies agencies Significance Significance Impact Impact Extent Duration Magnitu land value by improvement of 20 CL-PIU local economy Promotion Influx of tourist due to IN L LT M S  Awareness training. DCC/NG CL-PIU/ of Tourism easy access and 20 20 o 60  Tourism management training like cookery and Os CISC/ NTB addition o livelihood 20 homestay management. option. Women Empowering women IN L LT H Vs  Sanitary and awareness training (NRs. 100,000.00) DL-PIU/ CL-PIU/ empowerm in road maintenance 20 20 60 10 DISC/ CISC ent and othe farm and of 0 NGOs/ farm activities Commun ity Conservati Conservation of IN L LT H Vs  Environmental awareness programmes (NRs. DL-PIU/ CL-PIU/ on and overall environment 20 20 60 10 250,000.00) DISC/ CISC environme 0 NGOs ntal awareness

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Table 31: Summary of Adverse Impact Prediction and Mitigation Measures Activity Issues Related adverse Type of Mitigation measures Responsible Impacts impacts agencies Executi Monitorin ng g agencies agencies Significance Significance Impact Extent Duration Magnitu Pre- construction Project Process and Inappropriate D L S H Vs  The road design will follow the standard methods. DCC DL-PIU/ Planning reliability of alignment, quarry 20 T 60 85  All provision proposed in the EMP of IEE document CL-PIU/ and design detail survey sites and burrow pits 5 will be properly reflected in the design. NRA and design etc., encroachment of sensitive area Land and Loss of Change of existing D Ss LT M S  Appropriate compensation will be provided to the land Contract DL-PIU/ the 1.274 ha of land to the 10 20 o 50 and property title holder for private land, private or/DCC CL-PIU/ Property private land permanent structure 20 structures and private trees. NRA Acquisition and private and difficulties in properties at livelihood  After dismantling the construction camp and other Ch 6+150, facilities, original land will be rehabilitated. 15+700, 16+150, 16+550 and 19+350 Construction Phase Socio-economic and Cultural Environmental Impacts Constructio Loss of Impact on food D L LT H S  Appropriate compensation will be provided to the land Contract DL-PIU/ n of road 1.274 ha of security and 20 20 60 50 and property title holder. or/DCC CL-PIU/ agricultural financial stability of  Compensation will be provided for standing corps. NRA land and its the dependent production households

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Activity Issues Related adverse Type of Mitigation measures Responsible Impacts impacts agencies Executi Monitorin ng g agencies agencies Significance Significance Impact Extent Duration Magnitu Constructio Impact on a temple at Ch D Ss S H Vs  Provision of basic utilities within camp perimeter Contract DL-PIU/ n of road the social 6+350, a public tap 10 T 60 80  Building consensus with local people for using or/DCC CL-PIU/ services and at Jamune, the Red 10 community infrastructures and resources NRA community Cross building at Ch infrastructur 9+850 and one  Any damage to existing road in project location like e Chautari at Ch formation of ditches shall be controlled and 10+450 rehabilitated.  Constructio Occupation Exposure of D L S H Vs  Safety arrangements like provision of First Aid Kit Box Contract DL-PIU/ n force and Health and construction 20 T 60 85 and standby medicine for workforce during working or/DCC CL-PIU/ occupation Safety workforce to related 05 period and emergency. NRA al safety measures health risks and hazards due to  Provision of PPE like helmet, boots, globe, mask and operation of safety belts etc. machines &  Provision of temporary drinking water and toilets in the construction work, construction camps. improper sanitation  Use of sigposts, barriers and guards to restrict etc. unauthorized entry.  Group accidental insurance Constructio Communica Impact on health of ID R LT M Vs  Regular health check-up in the construction camp. Contract DL-PIU/ n force and ble diseases locals and 60 20 o 10  Awareness using pamphlets boards and browsers. or/DCC CL-PIU/ communica construction 20 0  Encouragement to keep the camp clean and tidy. NRA ble workers due to diseases proximity to  infected person, Sexual contacts and

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Activity Issues Related adverse Type of Mitigation measures Responsible Impacts impacts agencies Executi Monitorin ng g agencies agencies Significance Significance Impact Extent Duration Magnitu proliferation of HIV/AIDs and STDs Operation Conflict Conflict during D L S Lo In  Informing worker about general norms and values of Contract DL-PIU/ of between work due to distinct 20 T 10 35 local community; instructing them to respect local or/DCC CL-PIU/ constructio locals and thought and cultural 05 culture and tradition with humility. NRA n camp outside perception;  Job opportunities to local people will be maximized. workers alcoholism and gambling.  Discouraging gambling and alcoholism.  Constructio Gender Discrimination in D L S M S  Enforcement of non-discriminatory policy Contract DL-PIU/ n activity, discriminati wage/salary 20 T o 45  Positive discrimination, empowerment and social or/DCC CL-PIU/ wage and on distribution 05 20 mobilization; related trainings/programs NRA female participatio n Physical Environmental Impacts Constructio Change in Present land D Ss LT H Vs  Roadside plantation of trees will be done to increase DCC/ DL-PIU/ n activity Land Use structure 1.27 ha of 10 20 60 90 greenery in the area. Contract CL-PIU/ Pattern additional  During re-vegetation and roadside palntation, local or NRA private/agricultural land, 0.58 ha of species like Harro, Barro, Simal, Siris, Chilaune, Bains, additional barren Katush, Lakuri and other ornamental plants will be land and 0.70 ha of planted. (NRs 200,000.00) additional forest land will permanently change

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Activity Issues Related adverse Type of Mitigation measures Responsible Impacts impacts agencies Executi Monitorin ng g agencies agencies Significance Significance Impact Extent Duration Magnitu Excavation Stock piling, Impact on the local D Ss S M In  Material will be stockpiled at fallow land and will be Contract DL-PIU/ and spoil/waste ecology by cement, 10 T o 35 covered. or/DCC CL-PIU/ Storage of disposal, soil and excavated 05 20  Proper drainage will be arranged around the stockpile NRA constructio Transport of materials on water n materials construction and others resources area. materials  Floodways, natural drainage paths, water bodies, farmlands will be avoided.  Sustainable collection of river bed materials whenever required,  Excavated materials will be used for filling works. Quarry of Sediment Impacts on the river D Ss S Lo In  Proper drainage arrangement in stockpile area; Contract DL-PIU/ constructio load in river and its biota by 10 T 10 35  Immediate clearance of the river path in case of or/DCC CL-PIU/ n water enhanced soil 05 blockade; NRA aggregates erosion  Minimal cut and fill approach Constructio Quarrying Impacts due to D Ss S H Vs  Sediments derived from the excavation will be used for Contract DCC/DL- n activity, and quarry site 10 T 60 75 backfilling. or/DCC PIU/ CL- Quarrying extraction of operation, river 05  Coarse aggregates and sand will be obtained from PIU/ NRA & burrow river bed bank cutting, change pits during material in river regime and designated and approved quarries and borrow areas that constructio rising Water have already taken environmental clearances (if such n phase pollution due to sites are available). unfriendly  Unstable sites, erosion prone areas, dense forest areas, management settlements and fertile farm land will be avoided for practices of quarries quarry operation. and spoils  Stones and boulders will be collected from the

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Activity Issues Related adverse Type of Mitigation measures Responsible Impacts impacts agencies Executi Monitorin ng g agencies agencies Significance Significance Impact Extent Duration Magnitu environmentally suitable and legally recognized quarry sites.  After the extraction is completed, the quarry site will be rehabilitated to suit the local landscape.  The materials to be transported will be covered by plastic sheets. Arrangements will be made in trippers to arrest water dripping from the materials. Constructio Impacts on Introduction of D Ss S M In  Construction equipments and vehicles will be regularly Contract DL-PIU/ n work air quality fugitive and 10 T o 35 examined and maintained in proper condition. or/DCC CL-PIU/ :Air, Water due to combustion 05 20  Water will be sprinkled at major settlements along the NRA and Noise operation of emissions, dust pollution equipments (PM10) and smoke, road at least two times a day during peak construction. and vehicles etc. and its impact  Construction materials will be properly covered during on workers, local conveyance. people and vegetation Impact on Mixing of pollutants D L S M S  Ensuring safe storage and wise use of chemicals to ground like turbidity, fecal 20 T o 45 prevent spillage; water contamination, oil 05 20  Avoiding the disposal of excavated materials in or near quality and grease and other inorganic and water bodies; organic wastes  Discouraging open urination and defecation and resulting pollution construction of toilets in camp sites. of water body.

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Activity Issues Related adverse Type of Mitigation measures Responsible Impacts impacts agencies Executi Monitorin ng g agencies agencies Significance Significance Impact Extent Duration Magnitu Impact of Health of local D L S Lo S  Construction equipments will be maintained in proper noise from people and worker 20 T 20 45 condition by applying grease and lubricants. operation of 05  Sound producing equipments will be preferred to use equipments and vehicles only in day time.  Earplug will be provided to the worker involved in equipment operations. Constructio Impact due Synthetic materials, D Ss S H Vs  Segregation of solid waste at source; Contract DL-PIU/ n work and to solid construction and 10 T 60 75  Composting degradable waste; or/DCC CL-PIU Solid waste waste domestic wastes 05  Separate collection and storage arrangements and that generation generation reduce land and water quality, too far from waterway; aesthetics impacting  Selling sellable wastes like metals, bottles, drums, etc. on human and environmental health Contractor Pollution Encroachment of D Ss S H Vs  Use of local labours will avoid the chance of campsite Contract DL-PIU/ camp and impact forest, agriculture 10 T 60 75 management. or/DCC CL-PIU/ establishme due to land, solid waste, 05  If it is indispensable to establish camps, they will be NRA nt location of and waste water camp sites may cause pollution sited away from productive lands and forest areas.  Respectable compensation will be paid for using private farm or lands for storage or camp.  The camp and storage sites will be properly cleaned, reinstated and handedover to the respective owner followed by receiving necessary clearance from the owner.

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Activity Issues Related adverse Type of Mitigation measures Responsible Impacts impacts agencies Executi Monitorin ng g agencies agencies Significance Significance Impact Extent Duration Magnitu  Toilet, water and other basic facilities will be provided to workers.  Labor camp will have room with proper ventilation and natural light, safe drinkable water, mosquito net, sanitary facility, and solid waste management.  Appropriate camp sites have been identified at Ch 2+200 (Archale) on barren land and Ch 7+600 (Malu), 12+900 (Sahare), 15+000 (Chyama), 18+000 (Chyama), 20+000 (Kamidada) and 24+000 (Gairagau) on public land. Biological Environment Impacts Site Impact on Loss of forest and ID L S M S  Provision of LPG or kerosene for labor and engineer Contract DFO/CFU clearing for forest and vegetation due to 20 T o 45 camp. or/DCC G/ DCC/ constructio vegetation site clearance (99 05 20  Workers will be made aware about the importance of DTO n activity trees of different conservation and restricted activities. species), exploitation by  Plantation of 2475 trees of suitable type for workforce compensatory plantation Constructio Impacts on Hunting and ID L S M S  Enforcing speed limit and traffic regulation for Contract DFO/CFU n work, rare, poaching by 20 T o 45 transport vehicles Maximizing numbers of locals in or /DCC G/DL-PIU vehicle endangered, workforce; road 05 20 construction crew /CFUG movement threatened collision and fatal Putting restriction on the use of wildlife meat in the on wildlife and endemic injury to wildlife  distribution species and death; construction camps and treating breaching as disturbance to punishable offense wildlife due to

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Activity Issues Related adverse Type of Mitigation measures Responsible Impacts impacts agencies Executi Monitorin ng g agencies agencies Significance Significance Impact Extent Duration Magnitu movement of  A hoarding board will be placed at sensitive sites (Ch vehicles 0+000, 5+750, 7+700, 8+590, 9+500, 13+140, 15+300, 16+100 and 21+660 where the road passes along the forest areas) to aware workers and locals alike on importance of wildlife and conservation. Operation Phase Socioeconomic and Cultural Environment Impacts Operation Ribbon Development of ID Ss LT H Vs  Appropriate planning and enforcement of law; DCC/ CDO/ of road settlement Ribbon settlement 10 20 60 90  Roadside plantations of trees will be done in the RoW Municip DCC along the and Encroachment ality to prevent possible encroachment. project of RoW, increased alignment accidents, delay in traffic movement Use of road Road safety Chances of road D Ss LT M Vs  Awareness by signboards and traffic signs at critical Local DCC issues accidents in the 10 20 o 50 places; people turnings of the Road 20  Adopting 3Es: Engineering, Enforcement and and and Loss of life and drivers property Education. Biological Impacts Operation Encroachme Destruction due to ID Ss LT M Vs  Awareness raising programmes to educate local people Local DFO/CFU of road nt and spoil and runoff; 10 20 o 50 and providing support to locals for the conservation of people G/DCC Forest Illegal cutting of 20 forests Depletion trees because of access  Hoarding board for awareness Physical Environment

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Activity Issues Related adverse Type of Mitigation measures Responsible Impacts impacts agencies Executi Monitorin ng g agencies agencies Significance Significance Impact Extent Duration Magnitu Operation Slope Slope instability at D Ss LT M S  Bio-engineering works to control the slides and retain DL-PIU/ CL-PIU/ of road stability and Chianages 2+000 to 10 20 o 50 the slopes. Contract DL-PIU/ Drainage 2+100, Ch 3+640 to 20  Rill and gully formations will be regularly monitored or DCC management 3+700, Ch 11+250 to 11+280 and Ch and immediately fixed at critical areas. 12+800 to 12+860  Repair and maintenance of the slope protection measures and drainage  Minor landslide and mass wasting will be immediately cleared and slope restored with appropriate technology (bioengineering).  Soil conservation will be promoted in the RoW and vulnerable areas beyond the road alignment.  Causeways (9) and Pipe Culverts (56) will be placed to maintain cross drainage at places and allow passage of runoff. Operation Impact due Dust, smoke, noise D Ss LT Lo In  Signboards restricting the use of horns will be erected Local DCC of vehicle to Air, Water level, due to vehicle 10 20 10 40 near health posts, schools and settlements. people/ and Noise movement and  Plantation will be done near the settlement around Municip pollution Water pollution due ality to vehicle washing school and health post to act as dust and noise barrier.  Vehicle washing in natural streams will be discouraged. Note: D= Direct; ID = Indirect, S= Site Specific; L = Local, R = Regional; ST= Short Term, NA = Not Applicable of No Impact, MT = Medium Term, LT = Long Term; Lo = Low, Mo = Moderate, H = High, I=Insignificant, S=Significant, Vs=Very Significant, Hs=Highly Significant

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9.4. Matter to be monitored while implementing the Proposal 231. Monitoring of the implementation of environmental protection measures provides a basis for logical comparison for the predicted and actual impacts of a proposal. Environmental monitoring will involve the systematic collection of data to determine the actual environmental impacts of the sub-project, compliance of the sub-project with regulatory standards, and the degree of implementation and effectiveness of the environmental protection. Monitoring will be an integral part of the implementation of the mitigation measures during project construction, and will generate important information. It will improve the quality of sub-project implementation.

232. The Work Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D.) requires a monitoring plan and indicators, schedules and responsibility be identified in the IEE report. The National EIA Guidelines for the Forestry sector, 1995 has proposed three stages of the monitoring i.e. baseline monitoring, compliance monitoring and impact monitoring.

9.4.1. Baseline Monitoring 233. Baseline monitoring aims to determine the baseline condition of the environmental resources. It is carried out if significant time elapse between preparation of the IEE report and the construction stage or change in the environmental quality is noticeable. This project will proceed for the immediate construction after the approval of this IEE report and hence baseline monitoring is not necessary.

9.4.2. Compliance Monitoring 234. Compliance monitoring is essential in order to ensure that environmental protection measures recommended by this study and other requirements set forth during the approval of the sub-project are complied with. This monitoring is not concerned with determining the actual effect of the sub-project activities on the environment.

235. The proponent will ensure compliance of activities such as; inclusion of mitigation measures in the design and tender documents, budget allocation for mitigation measures and monitoring, compensation arrangements and other compliances spoil disposal, storage sites, arrangement of construction activities etc.

9.4.3. Impact Monitoring 236. This monitoring detects environmental changes and estimates inherent variation within the environment, establishes long term trends in the natural system, and derives conclusion by making comparison against standard or targets.

237. Impact monitoring is generally carried out to access the effectiveness of the environmental mitigation measures and provides the actual level of the impact in the field. Hence, an impact monitoring evaluation study is proposed by the end of project construction phase or within 2 years of the project implementation. Impact monitoring will focus on the each predicted impact and effectiveness of environmental protection measures.

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9.5. Monitoring Indicator 238. These would be based on the level of site-specific information or existing data series and impacts prediction. Efforts have been made to make the indicators measurable and diagnostic with low natural variability and broad applicability. In this context, the following physical, biological and social indicators will be monitored during the construction and operational stages of the sub-project.

9.5.1. Pre-Construction Phase 239. Pre-construction phase monitoring is aimed at ensuring that the environmental and social safeguard considerations are adequately incorporated in the Project design and that the respective clauses to address the identified impacts are sufficiently included in the specifications and work contracts.

9.5.2. Construction Phase 240. In this phase the monitoring focuses on impacts on the environmental and social setting caused by the ongoing sub-project. This monitoring checks compliance with the practices, norms, standards and technical solutions prescribed in the design and in the EMP. The specific monitoring tasks will include the following activities:

 Verify and quantify the ongoing slope protection measures, and propose rectifying measures as needed;  Verify and quantify the ongoing activities in quarry operations and propose rectifying measures as needed;  Verify and quantify the ongoing/completed tree felling actions;  Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused by the subproject activities, their likely consequences, and propose corrective measures, including identification of the responsibilities and costs;  Verify and quantify the effects of disposal of spoil and construction wastes and their consequences;  Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage network, and their consequences;  Monitor by utilizing structured checklists and questionnaires, the contractor’s full compliance with the occupational health and safety regulations for the work staff;  Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife;  Identify and assess the environmental implications on the people’s status of knowledge and awareness in relation to ongoing awareness campaigns;  Verify and quantify losses/damage to private property and community facilities;  Verify and quantify losses/damage to cultural properties;  Explore mechanisms to stipulate strict application of the EMP and identify consequences to be borne by the contractors in case of non-compliance.

9.5.3. Operation Phase 241. The specific monitoring tasks in this phase will include the followings:

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 Assess changes in land-use patterns, development of cottage industries, services and demographic composition that may be caused by the road development;  Verify and quantify the occurrence of ribbon development, resulting in encroachment and hindrance of traffic on the road;  Verify all activities for decommissioning work sites and construction to their former functional stage, as applicable. This refers also propose rectifying measures as needed.  Verify and quantify the adequacy of the executed bio-engineering works for slope protection and erosion control;  Verify and quantify the adequacy of the drainage structures, functionality of these structures, shortcomings in maintenance, and possible effects on private and communal lands, as well as on aquatic resources;  Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused by Project activities, their likely consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the identification of responsibilities and costs;  Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage work, and their consequences;  Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife. 9.6. Monitoring Indicators

242. Monitoring will be carried out in a transparent and credible manner by using established indicators. To ensure that the monitored parameters are replicable, i.e. they do not depend on the person or specific methodology used, the selected indicators are easy to be verified and controlled by the agencies where the final monitoring and supervision responsibility remains.

243. Use of standard checklists and formats is sought to be used by the monitoring staff both for site surveys and in the subsequent reports. Much of the monitoring is related to quantifying the observed impacts, and to verify the nature and extent of impacts, photographs, parameter tests, collect local accounts of stakeholders and technical experts. The monitoring will also include specific cause-effect analyses for the impacts observed. Following Table 32 specifies the set of verifiable indicators that will be used for monitoring.

Table 32: Monitoring Indicators Selected for this IEE

Monitored Sector Parameters Selected for Monitoring . Soils, Landslides, Erosion, Waste Number, location and extent of slope failures . Cause analysis for slope failure natural/man-made management Sites . Area (ha.) of land, forest and properties affected . Number and extent of gully erosions and pavement failures . Suitability of corrective/bio-engineering measures . Sites and suitability for safe disposal of wastes and garbage . Number and plant species selected for bio-engineering, Bio-engineering disaggregated by protective function . Water Pollution, Water Resources Blockage of waterways - extent and secondary impacts . Water pollution incidents due to unsafe disposal of

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Monitored Sector Parameters Selected for Monitoring and their uses waste and spoil . Damage to farm lands . Assessment of noise level in site by direct observation Air and Noise Level in relation to and interview with stakeholders traffic volume . Visual assessment of dust development at selected sites/sensitive spots and interview with local stakeholders . Traffic volume measurements . Road Safety Number and type of road accidents recorded in the Traffic Police and in local health service centers . Suitability of local road signs . Wildlife/ Habitat Disturbance & Frequency of road accidents inflicting wildlife . DFO records of illegal timber extraction and wildlife Impacts on Forest Resources trade . Observations and handling of invasive species. . Socio-economic Development near Number and extent of new settlements /types and ethnic groups Road . Number and extent of new businesses . Number and extent of new services and utilities . Resettled Households and Number of HHs resettled . Income situation and opportunities for the resettlers livelihood restoration . Verification of compensation and assistance to resettlers . Community awareness Number /schedule of campaigns and number of beneficiaries programmes relating to . Revision of training agenda & information material environment protection and . Number of beneficiaries having received awareness avoidance of social conflicts training

244. The following Table 33 identifies the specific compliance monitoring activities. Phase- wise/chronological details are provided for the methods, schedules, responsible implementing agency and the responsible monitoring agency. The compliance monitoring refers primarily to the pre-construction and construction stage of the project. Table 34 details the impact and effect monitoring activities envisaged for this sub-project.

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Table 33: Compliance Monitoring of Bhirkot – Sahare – Hawa Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project Parameters/Provisions Implementation Verifiable Indicator Verification Methods Frequency Responsible for Compliance Responsibility /Time Monitoring authority Final site selection as Consultant Incorporation of the IEE/EMP Review of revised Initial stage of DISC/DCC/DTO/ per IEE/EMP recommendations to the designing design document and surveying MoFALD/NRA recommendation document field verification. Site selection and Contractors Project arrangement for the Review of the design Once during DCC/MoFALD/CDO preparation of materials storage and the and construction construction construction logistics construction activities planning documents period Land and property DL-PIU Cadastral records, land and Review and verification Initial stage pre- DTO/DCC acquisition and properties acquisition procedures; of reports, photos; geo- construction compensation verification report referencing phase Use of the local Contractors Specification which obligate the Review of contract Trimester during DTO/DCC labours/ particularly contractors to observe certain specifications; records construction vulnerable groups and quotas for employing local of workers, attendance; period women labour, especially vulnerable payments made to groups , and women, use of child- workers followed by labour interview. Awareness and job Contractors Training programmes for the skill Review of records of Once before DTO/DCC training on the road development, OHS and training programmes, construction construction to the environmental protection reports, and documents technicians and the associated with the road with feedback from the locally employed construction work participant; Review of laborers attendance records Compliance to Contractors Health and safety regulations, Spot checklist at the Trimester during DTO/DCC occupational health first aid and medical arrangement, work sites, photo, construction safety measures contingency plan, number and accident record, period

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Parameters/Provisions Implementation Verifiable Indicator Verification Methods Frequency Responsible for Compliance Responsibility /Time Monitoring authority type of the safety equipment, interviews mask, helmet. glove and safety belt Compliance to Contractors Arrangement specified in the Review of related logs Trimester during DTO/DCC environmental code of the practice and manuals and codes along with construction protection measures, relating to the environmental site inspection, period including pollution protection, records and the discussion with the prevention, water and observation pollution, waste project management, spoil management, management, spoil deposit consultants and the local slope stabilization, people. Review of air landfill, waste quality and noise level management measurement and water quality test reports. Measures to protect Contractors Dust level and noise level at work Review of noise Trimester during DTO/DCC/DFO environment from air sites, major settlements and measurement records, construction and noise pollution sensitive spots like health centers Observation of good period and private spots construction practices and discussion with residents and workers Measure to protect Contractors Dust level and the noise level at Review of water quality Trimester during DTO/DCC/DFO water body from the work site, major settlements check records. construction pollution and the sensitive spot like health Observation of the good period centre and schools construction practices and discussion with residents and workers Restoration, Contractors Continued service by the facilities Site observation, Once at the end DTO/DCC

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Parameters/Provisions Implementation Verifiable Indicator Verification Methods Frequency Responsible for Compliance Responsibility /Time Monitoring authority rehabilitation, and functional public life Municipality/DCC of construction reconstruction of all the records public infrastructure, service consultation meeting, disrupted or damaged photos by the proposal activities Adequate technical and CL-PIU/DCC/ Adequate number of technicians Review of records of Trimester during DTO/DCC the environmental DTO/CISC/ regularly at site number and type of construction supervision technician available at period site, Skill of work carried out. Clean up and Contractors Decommissioned site indicate no Review of clearance Once at the end DTO/DCC reinstatement of the adverse/residual environmental from the owners; Site of construction construction sites impacts and are rehabilated to the observation, Comparing (camps, quarries, satisfication of supervisor and Photos, Consulting to burrow pits) land owner owner or local community

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Table 34: Impact Monitoring of Bhirkot – Sahare – Hawa Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project Parameters Verifiable Indicators Verification Location Schedule Responsible /Indicator Methods Implementation and Monitoring Agency Slope stability Inclination, slope failures, causes; Site observation, Near steep slopes and Continuously DL-PIU/NRA during and drainage facilities such as catch photos at landslide areas and during construction; erosion drain, side drains and functionality discussion with people sites construction and DCC/DSCO during of cross drainage structures; fresh and technicians operation operation gullies and erosion; success/failure of bio-engineering solutions Quarrying of Changes in the river regimes, Bank Site observation, Quarry sites areas Trimester during DISC/DCC/DTO aggregates cutting and loss of agricultural land photos, discussion construction with the local people Bio-engineering Re-vegetation through bio- Site observation; Cut slope area, where During and at the DISC/DCC/DTO of disturbed engineering application on inspection of nursery vegetation is cleared; end of Sub- slopes disturbed slope; establishment of and its production nursery sites project nursery rate, construction photos, measurements Disposal of Affected aesthetic value, affected Site observation and At specific locations During DISC/DCC/DTO spoils and forest and agriculture land, interviews, photos, where such sites occur construction construction initiated land erosion by local geo-referencing sites wastes blocked drainage, hazard to downhill slope residents and agricultural lands Loss or Status of road side land; Observation, data Road side land and During DISC/DCC/DTO degradation of production/yield; collection and analysis houses construction farmland, houses status of road side houses; status of and interview with and properties standing crop along alignment stakeholders

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Parameters Verifiable Indicators Verification Location Schedule Responsible /Indicator Methods Implementation and Monitoring Agency Water quality Observation of open defecation and Visual observation Local streams During DISC/DCC/DTO waste disposal around water construction; sources near construction sites upon demand for testing with field kit Air quality Dust level in ambient air Visual inspection At construction sites During DISC/DCC/DTO and at sensitive spots construction Forest and Numbers of trees, presence of Observations, In and around the During DFO/DCC/DTO/ vegetation ground vegetation, signs of illicit DFO/CFUGs records, construction sites, construction and DISC/CFUGs logging and extraction of NTFPs photos markets Operation Wildlife Wildlife hunting and poaching by Interview with local Forest areas at Twice a year DFO/DCC/DTO/ workforce, trade of wildlife, road people/CFUGs/DFO/ roadside during DISC/CFUGs accidents inflicting wildlife RFUG and construction and observations routine during operation Change in Numbers of people employed by Records kept by the Sub-project area Trimester during DISC/DCC/DTO economy the project during construction, project management, construction numbers of women in work forces discussion with phase stakeholders Trade and Numbers of shops increased or Records, interviews, Throughout sub- Once in a year DISC/DCC/DTO/ commerce decreased, rental of houses and observations, photos project area Municipality land spaces Occupational Type and number of accident Observations, photos, Throughout sub- During DCC/DTO/DISC safety and hazard occurred during construction; spotchecks, project area construction adequacy of occupational safety contractors and health measured provided; compensation centre records

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Parameters Verifiable Indicators Verification Location Schedule Responsible /Indicator Methods Implementation and Monitoring Agency provided in case of fatal accidents interview with workers Change in socio- Number and extent of new Observations, Throughout sub- During operation DCC/Municipality economic settlements/types and ethnic interview with local project area structure groups; nos. and extent of new people, DCC, Police businesses; nos and extent of new and Municipality and services and utilities, social Ward records conflicts Acess to social Increase in number of people Records, interviews Project area During operation DCC/Municipality services receiving social service facilities (Schools, health post) Enhancement of Change in transportation cost and Records, interviews Project area During operation DCC/Municipality transportation time services Change in Change in number of porters and Interviews with local Project area During operation DCC/Municipality livelihood pattern their livelihoods, change in people, observation occupational status and FGDs with local community Ribbon Congestions to road users and nos. Records, observations Throughout sub During operation DCC/Local settlement of accidents, RoW encroachment project area administration

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9.7. Cost of Mitigation and Enhancement 245. Various activities of mitigation measures such as slope stabilization, quarry site management, spoil disposal, supply of the masks, helmets, ear mufflers, accidental insurances, slope retention and toe wall protection, spoil disposal, relocation of utilities, etc. have been incorporated in the design and cost estimates. Therefore, most of the mitigation measure suggested would be a part of the road design and construction without additional cost. Some of the social mitigation and enhancement cost have been included in the Resettlement Plan (RP) and Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Action Plan (GESI-AP) RP and GESI-AP that have been prepared as separate reports. The estimate of the environmental cost of the sub-project has been itemized in Table 35. All proposed mitigation measures will be an integral part of the project design during reconstruction and operation phases. The cost for environmental mitigation measures and benefit augmentation is NRs. 20,256,563.85 where NRs. 18,527,608.54 is allocated within civil work cost and 1,728,955.31 will be in addition to civil work cost.

Table 35: Estimate of Environmental Cost of the Sub-Project SN Particulars Amount (NRs.) 1 Environmental Management Cost 1.1 Environmental/conservation awareness program 250,000.00 1.2 Tourism promotion awareness (A three days homestay management 150,000.00 training to 15 people from project area) 1.3 Hoarding boards at road site for awareness about important wildlife and 360,000.00 their conservation. 1.4 Compensatory plantation & protection cost for trees on CF 354,816.00 1.5 Compensatory plantation & protection cost for trees on Private Land 4,139.31 1.6 Roadside plantation 350,000.00 1.7 Solid waste collection bins at active construction sites and camps 60,000.00 1.8 Environmental monitoring cost 200,000.00 Sub-total (I) 1,728,955.31 2 Other environmental cost (included in civil works cost also) 2.1 Contractor's workmen and employees and third party insurance against 1,300,000.00 damage to other persons and property (Ref Appendix 9, item 1.1, both packages) 2.2 Relocation of Utilities (water supply and telephone poles) (Ref Appendix 800,000.00 9, item 1.4, both packages) 2.3 Maintenance of existing road, providing and maintaining traffic safety, 1,368,000.00 control measures and temporary diversions during construction including water spraying thrice a week to avoid dust pollution. (Ref Appendix 9, item 1.5, both packages) 2.4 Labour camp maintenance (Ref Appendix 9, item 1.7, both packages) 720,000.00 2.5 Environmental Mitigation Works (Ref Appendix 9,Package 1 item 1.9 600,000.00 and Package 2 item 1.10) 2.6 Social Compliance and Safeguard (Ref Appendix 9,Package 1 item 1.10 300,000.00 and Package 2 item 1.11)

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SN Particulars Amount (NRs.) 2.7 Spoil Disposal (Ref Appendix 9, item 3.4 both packages) 8,690,739.91 2.8 Bioengineering and landslide retention (Ref Appendix 9, item 7 both 4,186,148.48 packages) 2.9 Installation of traffic signals (Ref Appendix 9, item 6.4, both packages) 562,720.15 Subtotal II 18,527,608.54 Total EMP cost 20,256,563.85

9.8. Costs of Environmental Monitoring 246. Monitoring is an integral part of the project in finding the unlikely impacts and implement corrective measures for them. The proponent will develop in-built monitoring mechanism to show its additional commitment for environmental improvement and mitigate undesirable changes, if any during construction and operation stage. District Level Implementation Team in district and Environmental specialist for EEAP will conduct environmental monitoring with the support of DCC/DTO.

247. According to the Work Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2072 B.S. (2016 A.D.), the NRA is responsible for the monitoring and evaluation of identified impacts during implementation of the project. CL-PIU (MoFALD) and DL-PIU (DCC/DTO) will make arrangements for the project level monitoring. Beside this, it is recommended that an external team hired by NRA will take the responsibility for the monitoring. In addition, regular supervision and guidance will be also provided by the CISC. At least one monitoring in each construction season is necessary. The reporting requirement has been discussed in the preceeding section. Total cost of environmental monitoring (professional fees, transportation and visit and report preparation) is estimated NRs. 200,000 and is presented in Table 36.

Table 36: Estimated Cost for Environmental Monitoring

Manpower requirement Duration (days) Rate Amount (NRs) (NRs) Team Leader/Environmental Specialist 5 4,000 20,000 Engineer 3 3,000 9,000 Forestry expert 3 3,000 9,000 Socio-economist 3 3,000 9,000 Support staff 3 1000 3,000 Transportation cost LS 25,000 Report preparation LS 25,000 Central level monitoring LS 100,000 Total 200,000

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9.9. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 248. Four levels of grievance redress mechanism (GRM) have been sought in order to resolve complaints related to sub-projects in timely and satisfactory manner and preferably at the local level through a process of conciliation; and, if that is not possible, to provide clear and transparent procedures for appeal. All affected persons will be informed about their rights, and the detailed grievance redress procedures will be publicized through an effective public information campaign.

9.9.1. First level of GRM 249. The contractors, and design and supervision consultants on site are the most immediate and accessible and thus responsible party to hear and address the grievances. Prior to construction works, the CL-PIU and DL-PIU will ensure local community meetings are held to notify local residents of the sub-project activities and their possible implications. If any complaints arise, the contractors, consultants, and DL-PIU will immediately resolve the complaint on site if it falls within their scope or jurisdiction. The CL-PIU can also be involved in grievance redress at this stage. The CL-PIU and DL-PIU office phone number will be posted in public areas within the sub-project areas and construction sites. Any person with a grievance related to the sub-project can contact the project to file a complaint. The DL-PIU offices will have a safeguards focal person to resolve complaints. The safeguards focal person will document the complaint, and immediately address and resolve the issue with the contractor within 1-2 days, if the complaint remains unresolved at the field level. The DL-PIU may seek assistance of the consultant safeguards specialists (the environmental specialist or social safeguards specialist) to resolve the issue. The DL-PIU safeguards focal person will notify the CL-PIU safeguards focal person about the receipt of the complaint, and whether it was resolved. The DL-PIU safeguards focal person will document the following information: (i) name of the person; (ii) date complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location, and (v) how the complaint was resolved.

9.9.2. Second level of GRM 250. If the grievance remains unresolved, the DL-PIU will forward the complaint to the CL- PIU safeguards focal person notifying the person filing the grievance. The CL-PIU will address the grievance through continuous interactions with affected persons. Corrective measures will be undertaken at the field level by the CL-PIU safeguards focal person within 7 days. He/she will document the following information: (i) name of the person; (ii) date complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location and (v) how the complaint was resolved.

9.9.3. Third level of GRM 251. Third level of GRM involves a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) to address the complaints that could not be resolved by the CL-PIU. It is constituted by the EA and will, based on review of the grievances, address them in consultation with the NRA, CL-PIU, DL-PIU, and affected persons. The GRC will consist of at least five members including NRA leadership, affected persons, and stakeholder representative and others nominated to provide impartial, balanced views on any issues. A hearing will be called at the GRC, if necessary, where the affected person can present his/her concern and issues. The process will promote conflict resolution through mediation. The GRC will meet as necessary when there are grievances to be

100 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha addressed. The GRC will suggest corrective measures at the field level and assign clear responsibilities for implementing its decision within 15 days. The functions of the GRC are: (i) to provide support to affected persons on problems arising from environmental or social disruption, asset acquisition (where required), and eligibility for entitlements, compensation, and assistance; (ii) to record grievances of affected persons, categorize and prioritize them, and provide solutions within 15 days; and (iii) to report to the aggrieved parties developments regarding their grievances and decisions of the GRC. The safeguards focal person will be responsible for processing and placing all papers before the GRC, recording decisions, issuing minutes of the meetings, and taking follow-up action to see that formal orders are issued and the decisions carried out.

9.9.4. Fourth level of GRM 252. If the grievance is not addressed by all the above mechanisms, the affected person can seek legal redress in the formal legal court system. The GRM however does not prevent affected persons from seeking legal redress at any time. The grievance redress mechanism and procedure is depicted in Figure 8.

1st Level Grievances Contractor, 1-2 days Grievances DL-PIU Redressed Not Redressed

2nd Level Grievances CL-PIU 7days Grievances

Redressed Not Redressed

rd 3 Level Grievances GRC 15 days Grievances Redressed

Not Redressed

4th Level Grievances Higher Authority/Court of Law

Figure 8: Grievance Redress Mechanism as Per EARF of EEAP

9.9.5. Procedure for Grievances Handling as Per National Law 253. The Work Procedure for Management of Grievance related to Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, 2016 framed under the Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures Act, 2015 has defined four mechanisms for grievance management which are listed below in order of ascending hierarchy: a) Local (Rural Municipality/Municipality/Ward) Level Grievance Redress Committee coordinated by the head of the administrative unit. b) District Level (District Administration Office (DAO)/DCC) Level Grievance Redress Committee headed or coordinated by Chief District Officer (CDO).

101 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha c) Sub-regional Office of NRA d) NRA coordinated by the committee member deployed by Executive Committee. 254. Complaints or grievances are received at the local level grievance redress committee which will record and categorize them according to their subject. The grievances that cannot be redressed by the local level committee are passed on to district level committee within 15 days of receipt and so on. The sub-regional office is also mandated to coordinate and facilitate in redress of grievance at local and district level. The work procedure provides detailed guideline for receiving and addressing grievances related to construction of private residence only. Although it mentions about other grievances related to rehabilitation and reconstruction of other infrastructures and economic and social recovery, it is silent about the detail procedure of handling such grievances. Nonetheless, these mechanisms can be used to redress grievances related with reconstruction and rehabilitation activities.

255. The work procedure related to land acquisition for earthquake-affected structures, 2016 has provisions related receiving and addressing complaints related to land acquired for rehabilitation and reconstruction of infrastructures. The details about the land allowed for acquisition shall be published in a national or local daily newspaper to solicit grievance from the respective owner. The affected party can lodge a complaint with reasons at the executive committee within 15 days. The executive committee will conduct necessary investigations and address the complaint within 10 days of receipt of the complaint and notify the affected party and program head. As per the procedure, complaints can be lodged regarding dissatisfaction on the compensation fixed for the land to be acquired. The complaint will to be addressed by the executive committee within 7 days of receipt.

1st Level Grievances Local Level Grievances GRC Redressed Not Redressed

2nd Level Grievances District Level Grievances

GRC Redressed Not Redressed

3rd Level Grievances Sub-Regional Grievances NRA Office Redressed

Not Redressed

4th Level Grievances NRA/Central Office

Figure 9: Grievance Redress Mechanism in National Law

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10. CONCLUSION 256. The condition due to poor geometry of the Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road was further aggravated by the landslides triggered after the April 25 and May 12 earthquake. The proposed road reconstruction and rehabilitation sub-project is essential to realize the full potential of the existing infrastructure and for providing safe and easy access to people living in the region. It will have long-term impact on the development of local areas. Besides these, implementation of this sub-project is expected to bring several immediate short term benefits like employment generation, increase in the local economy and enhancement of the technical skills, especially during construction phase.

257. Moreover, the project has been expected to have minimal detrimental effect on the physical, biological, socioeconomic and cultural environment of area. Most of the adverse impacts (identified and predicted) are short and medium term in nature as well as reversible in nature. Similarly, identified environmental adverse impacts are locally confined and limited mainly to the period of construction. The sub-project needs acquisition of private land, but that will not bring any resettlement. Few stands of trees have to be felled and few private structures to be relocated. With set of the proposed mitigation measures, most of impacts can be minimized or even set off. Bioengineering measures have been proposed in the Design to stabilize slopes and control further slides. In addition, proposed road does not exceed any of the thresholds prescribed by Working Procedure for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structure, 2016 and other relevant acts and rule. For this time, IEE is sufficient for implementation of project.

258. The sub-project can be undertaken with minimal harm to the physical, biological and social environment of the area by adopting the safeguard measures described in this IEE report.

259. The proposed rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-poject is recommended for implementation with incorporation of the mitigation measures and environmental monitoring plan. Key consideration should be given to settle down all the social and environmental issues related to sub-project before implementation of sub-project works.

103 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha References: ADB. (2009). Safeguard Policy Statement, June 2009. Asian Development Bank, Manila. ADB. (2015). Environmental Assessment and Review Framework: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project, June 2015. ADB. (2015). Project Administration Manual: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project, June 2015. ADB. (2015). Resettlement Framework: Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project, June 2015. An Act Made To Provide for Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures, 2015, Nepal Gazette Section 65) Kathmandu 20 December 2015 (5 Poush 2072) (Extraordinary Issue) Baral, H.S and Shah K.B, (2064). Wild Mammals of Nepal. Himalayan Nature, Kathmandu. Constitution of Nepal 2072, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu DDC Dolakha. (2072). District profile of Dolakha, 2061, District Development Committee, Dolakha. Dhital M.R. (2015). Geology of the Nepal Himalaya, Regional Geology Reviews, Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02496-7_30 DoR. (2003). Reference manual for the Environmental and Social aspects of the Integrated Road Development. Ministry of the Physical Planning and works Department of the Road, Kathmandu. DoR. (2007). Environmental and Social Management Framework, a guideline to the environmental and social issues associated with new road construction and upgrading. Ministry of the Physical Planning and Works, Department of Road, Kathmandu. Earthquake Affected Structures Reconstruction Rules, 2016, Nepal Gazette Section 65) Kathmandu 20 December 2015 (5 Poush 2072) (Extraordinary Issue) Earthquake Affected Structures Reconstruction Work Procedures, 2016, Nepal Gazette Volume 5, Section 65) Number 49 (2072/12/01) (Notices 1, 2 and 3), Kathmandu Fleming, R Sr. and Jr. and Bangdel, L.S. (1976). Birds of Nepal. R.C. Fleming (Sr. and Jr.) Kathmandu, Nepal. GoN. (1995). Topographical Sheet No. 2786 01, 2786 05A and 2786 05B, Department of Survey. GoN. (1999). Approach for development of Agricultural and Rural roads Grievance Management Procedure for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2016, National Reconstruction Authority, Kathmandu Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. (1985). A guide to birds of Nepal. Croom Helm, London, England. IUCN. (2014). IUCN red list of threatened species, version 2012.2, www.iucnredlist.org Jnwali, S.R., Baral, H.S., Lee, S., Acharaya, K.P., Upadhyay, G.P., Pandey, M., Shrestha, R., Joshi, D., Laminchhane, B.R., Griffiths, J., Khatiwada, A.P., Subedi, N., and Amin, R. (2011).

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The Status of Nepal Mammals: The National Red List Series, Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Kathmandu Nepal Labor Act, 1991, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu Local Self-Governance Act, 1999, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu Local Self-Governance Regulations, 2000, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu Martin, G.J. (1995). Ethnobotany: A People and Plant Conservation Manual. Chapman and Hall, London. MoE/NAPA. (2010). Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping for Nepal. Kathmandu, Nepal. National Population and Housing Census, 2011, Central Bureau of Statistics. National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 1993, Nepal Gazette Volume, 45 Number 19 Kathmandu Polunin, O. and Stainton, A. (1984): Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press. Press, J.R., Shrestha K. K. and Stainton, J. D.A. (2000): Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal, The Natural History Museum, London and Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Shrestha, K. (1985). A Field Guide to Nepali Names for Plants. Natural History Museum, Institute of Science and Technology, T.U., Kathmandu, Nepal. Singh, A.P. (2001). Flowering Plants of Nepal (Phanerogams). Bulletin of Department of Plant Resources No. 18. HMG/N, MoFSC, Dept. of Plant Resources, National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, Godavary, Lalitpur, Nepal. Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act 2011, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Regulation 2012, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu Uprety, B.K. (2003). Safeguarding the resources Environmental Impact Assessment process and Practice. Utara Uprety, Kathmandu. Water Resources Act 1992, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu Water Resources Regulation 1993, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Law Books Management Board, Kathmandu

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Appendix 1: Terms of Reference approval letter & Approved ToR

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116 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha Appendix 2a: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions: (i) The PMU completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to ADB.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Subroject Title: Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Section of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa-Jiri Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-Project

IA: MoFALD and DCC/DTO, Dolakha

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS A. Project sitting Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?  Cultural heritage site 

. Protected area 

 Wetland 

 Mangrove 

 Estuarine 

 Buffer Zone of Protected Area 

 Special area for protecting biodiversity  B. Potential environmental impacts

Will the project cause…

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SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS There are no historic or cultural  Encroachment on historical/cultural areas along the road alignment. areas; disfiguration of landscape by Disfiguration of landscape will road embankments, cuts, fills, and  occur due to cut and fill, however, quarries? cut and fill volume will be

balanced.  Encroachment on precious ecology  (e.g. Sensitive or protected areas)?  Alteration of surface water hydrology of waterways crossed by roads,

resulting in increased sediment in  streams affected by increased soil erosion at construction site?  Deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff and sanitary wastes There will be no significant

from worker-based camps and  impact. chemicals used in construction?  Increased local air pollution due to rock There will be no significant air

crushing, cutting and filling works, and pollution as is reconstruction of  chemicals from asphalt processing? existing gravel road  Risks and vulnerabilities related to occupational health and safety due to physical, chemical, biological, and  radiological hazards during project construction and operation during project construction and operation?  Noise and vibration due to blasting and

other civil works  Resettlement Plan will be  Dislocation or involuntary resettlement  prepared to address involuntary

of people resettlement of the affected people. Private structures like house and  shop will be dislocated within the  Dislocation and compulsory formation width of the road and resettlement of people living in right- they will be provided with of-way? compensation based on Resettlement Plan.  Disproportionate impacts on the poor,  women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups?

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SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS  Other social concerns relating to inconveniences in living conditions in

the project areas that may trigger cases Not envisaged.  of upper respiratory problems and stress?  Hazardous driving conditions where construction interferes with pre-existing  roads? The road will be constructed by  Poor sanitation and solid waste disposal the local people who will come in construction camps and work sites, from their home for work and and possible transmission of  campsite management will be communicable diseases from workers done for workers outside the to local populations? project area. Road construction is in hilly  Creation of temporary breeding habitats region. So, there will be no for mosquito vectors of disease?  breeding habitats for mosquitoes.  Accident risks associated with increased vehicular traffic, leading to  Traffic volume is negligible. accidental spills of toxic materials and loss of life? Traffic volume will be minimal  Increased noise and air pollution  and traffic speed will be very slow resulting from traffic volume? (<20km/hour) due to earthen raod.  Increased risk of water pollution from oil, grease and fuel spills, and other  materials from vehicles using the road?  Social conflicts if workers from other  regions or countries are hired?  Large population influx during project construction and operation that causes increased burden on social  infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)?  Risks to community health and safety due to the transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as  explosives, fuel and other chemicals during construction and operation?

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SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS  Community safety risks due to both accidental and natural causes, especially where the structural elements or components of the project are accessible to members of the affected  community or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning.

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Appendix 2b: Checklist for Preliminary Climate Risk Screening

Country/Project Title: Nepal, Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) Sector : Emergency Assistance Sub-sector: Road Division/Department: District/Rural Road(MoFALD/DCC)

Screening Questions Score Remarks Location and Is sitting and/or routing of the project (or its components) likely 1 Landslide Design of to be affected by climate conditions including extreme weather project related events such as floods, droughts, storms, landslides? Would the project design (e.g. the clearance for bridges) need to 0 consider any hydro-meteorological parameters (e.g., sea-level, peak river flow, reliable water level, peak wind speed etc.)? Materials and Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions (e.g. 1 Maintenance prevailing humidity level, temperature contrast between hot summer days and cold winter days, exposure to wind and humidity hydro-meteorological parameters likely affect the selection of project inputs over the life of project outputs (e.g. construction material)? Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions, and 1 related extreme events likely affect the maintenance (scheduling and cost) of project output(s)? Performance of Would weather/climate conditions and related extreme events 2 Gravel project outputs likely affect the performance (e.g. annual power production) of project output(s) (e.g. hydro-power generation facilities) Road throughout their design life time?

Options for answers and corresponding score are provided below: Response Score Not Likely 0 Likely 1 Very Likely 2 Responses when added that provide a score of 0 will be considered low risk project. If adding all responses will result to a score of 1-4 and that no score of 2 was given to any single response, the project will be assigned a medium risk category. A total score of 5 or more (which include providing a score of 1 in all responses) or a 2 in any single response will be categorized as high risk project. Result of Initial Screening (Low, Medium, High): 5 (High) Other Comments: For it is a gravel hoad in hilly terrain, its performance is very likely to be affected by impacts of climate change and climate induced extreme events, especially heavy rainfall. Prepared by:

121 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha Appendix 3: Environmental Checklists

A. Physical Environment

Parameter Description Topography Geology (Rock and Soil Types) Erosion and Sedimentation Quarry Sites Sites for Labour Camp Site for Storage and Stockpiling Access and Diversion if necessary River Training Works Land Use Air Quality Water Quality Noise Level Spoil disposal sites Drainage Network and Ground Water Status of Channel Shifting

B. Vegetation and Wildlife

Vegetation in the project area SN Local Botanical Location Vegetation Local Local Protection Status Name Name Type Status Use GoN IUCN CITES

Mammals in the project area SN Common Scientific Habitat Local Crop/Livestock Local Protection Status Name Name Status Raider Use GoN IUCN CITES

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Birds Sighted in the project area SN Common Name Scientific Name Type Habitat Local Status Protection Status IUCN CITES GoN

Herpeto-fauna in the Project Area S.N. Local Name Scientific Habitat Local Status Code Local Name Status CITIES IUCN GoN Use

Fish in the Project Area S.N. Local Name Scientific Name Status of Migratory Observed Occurrence Status/Season Location

C. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment along road alignment

Parameter Description (Chainagewise Detail)

Demography

a) Population (Male, Female)

b) Caste Ethnicity

c) Language

d) Religion and Culture

e) Literacy

Occupation

Migration Patten

Public Health and Sanitation

Drinking Water Supply

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Education Facilities

Communication

Fuel and Energy

Road and Transportation

Land Holding

Food Sufficiency

Irrigation

Health Care System

Market

Business and Industries

Religious and Cultural Sites

Non governmental activities

Development Potential

Detail of Project Affected Structures

D. Landslides and Erosion Prone Areas along Road Alignment

Chainages Locations or Size of Protection SN Cause of Failure From To (Left/Right) Failure Structure

E. Settlements and Population of the along the Road Corridor Population SN Settlement VDC & Ward HH Caste/Ethnicity Male Female Total

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Appendix 4: Public Notice

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Government of Nepal Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development Office of District Development Committee Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project District Level Project Implementation Unit Dolakha

Public notice for comments and suggestion on the Initial Environmental Examination (Date of first publication: 2072/12/22) Through the Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) being implemented by loan and grant assistance from Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical and grant assistance from Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), counterpart funding from Government of Nepal (GoN), District Development Committee (DDC) Dolakha has proposed rehabilitation and reconstruction of the following roads. In the course, this notice has been published for the implementation of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report as per the provision of the Rule 7 (2) of the Environment Protection Rules 1997 (amended 1999 AD). SN Proposed Affected VDCs Description of Project Road 1 Bhirkot- Bhirkot, Japhe, Malu, Proposed road starts at Peepaldada of Bhirkot Sahare- Sahare, Chyama and Hawa VDC and ends at Deurali of Hawa VDC. This Hawa VDCs road will be 26 km long and 6.25 m wide with side drain. 2 Sunkhani- Sunkhani, , Proposed road starts at Sunkhani of Sunkhani Kanpa Lamidada, , VDC and ends at Sangwa of Khopachagu Kalinchwok, Khopachagu VDC. This road will be 26 km long and 6.25 VDCs m wide with side drain

It is requested to provide comments and suggestions about the impacts on the environment through the implementation of sub-project, from the relevant VDCs, school, health post, forest user group, concerned stakeholders, organization and local people within 15 days from the first date of its publication in the following address. The comments and suggestions can be sent to Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads, Pulchwok and Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development, Singhadurbar. Address to send comments and suggestions: District Development District Technical Office, Earthquake Emergency Assistance Committee, Dolakha Dolakha, District Project, Central Project Telephone no: 049-421493 Implementation Unit Implementation Unit Fax No: 049-421141 Telephone no: 049-421049 Telephone no: 01-5532331 Fax No: [email protected]

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Appendix 5: Deeds of Inquiries

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135 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha Appendix 6: Recommendation Letters

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146 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha Appendix 7: Minutes of Public Consultations

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Appendix 8a:Trees to be felled from Community Forest and Compensatory Plantation Requirement

Chainages Name of Name of Species Major Species to be Felled Number of Trees to Compensatory Forest be Felled Plantation (1:25 ) 0+000-1+125 Chanaute Sal Shorea robusta 11 275 Salghari CF, Bot Dhayaro Lagerstroemia parviflora 3 75 Japhe Gineri Premna integrifolia 1 25 Chilaune Schimawallichii 4 100 Salla Pinus roxburghii 1 25 Total no of trees for Chanaute Salghari CF 20 500 Total Cost of Plantation@NRs 143.36/plant (NRs) 71,680.00 5+750-7+010 Pashupati CF, Chilaune Schima wallichii 13 325 Japhe Bot Dhayaro Lagerstroemia parviflora 2 50 Mauwa Engelhardtia spicata 1 25 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 2 50 Total no of trees for Pashupati CF 18 450 Total Cost of Plantation@NRs 143.36/plant (NRs) 64,512.00 7+700-8+590 Setidevi Chilaune Schima wallichii 2 50 Muladyang CF, Salla Pinus roxburghii 2 50 Japhe Total no of trees for Setidevi Muladyang CF 4 100 Total Cost of Plantation@NRs 143.36/plant (NRs) 14,336.00 7+725-8+420 Khahare Chilaune Schima wallichii 3 75 Bhirpakha CF, Salla Pinus roxburghii 1 25 Japhe Total no of trees for Khahare Bhirpakha CF 4 100 Total Cost of Plantation@NRs 143.36/plant (NRs) 14,336.00 9+495- Dandapari Chilaune Schima wallichii 4 100 10+030 Pokharipakha Salla Pinus roxburghii 1 25

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Chainages Name of Name of Species Major Species to be Felled Number of Trees to Compensatory Forest be Felled Plantation (1:25 ) CF, Malu Uttis Alnus nepalensis 1 25 Total no of trees for Dandapari Pokharipakha CF 6 150 Total Cost of Plantation@NRs 143.36/plant (NRs) 21,504.00 13+790- Kalikagidde Chilaune Schima wallichii 4 100 13+880 CF, Sahare Salla Pinus roxburghii 4 100 Uttis Alnus nepalensis 1 25 Total no of trees for Kalikagidde CF 9 225 Total Cost of Plantation@NRs 143.36/plant (NRs) 32,256.00 13+140- Salleshwari CF, Chilaune Schima wallichii 2 50 14+980 Sahare Salla Pinus roxburghii 6 150 Total no of trees for Salleshwari CF 8 200 Total Cost of Plantation@NRs 143.36/plant (NRs) 28,672.00 15+300- Lamachaur CF, Chilaune Schima wallichii 1 25 16+080 Sahare Salla Pinus roxburghii 4 100 Total no of trees for Lamachaur CF 5 125 Total Cost of Plantation@NRs 143.36/plant (NRs) 17,920.00 21+660- Jhyamte Chilaune Schima wallichii 3 75 23+310 Dobhan CF, Salla Pinus roxburghii 16 400 Hawa Uttis Alnus nepalensis 3 75 Jhingani Eurya acuminata 1 25 Katush Castanopsis indica 1 25 Mauwa Engelhardtia spicata 1 25 Total no of trees for Jhyamte Dobhan CF 25 625 Total Cost of Plantation@NRs 143.36/plant (NRs) 89,600.00 Total no of trees from all CFs 99 2475 Total Cost of Compensatory Plantation for all CFs (NRs) 354,816.00

155 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Appendix 8b: Cost Calculation for Compensatory Plantation in CF Item No. Description Unit Total quantity Rate (NRs.) Amount (NRs.) Remarks Seedling cost No 1760 20 35,200.00 20 Plantation per ha 20(1) Site selection and survey Persondays 3 455 1,365.00 20.2(b) Site clearance Persondays 10 455 4,550.00 25% shrubs and grasses 20.3 Fixing of pit distance (1600 pits) Persondays 3 455 1,365.00 20.5(a)i Pitting of 45X30X30 cm pit Persondays 32 455 14,560.00 50% slope 20.6(a)iii Seedling transportation Persondays 6 455 2,730.00 1 km distance 20.6(b)iii Seedling transportation (within) Persondays 3 455 1,365.00 20.7(a) Plantation Persondays 20 455 9,100.00 Up to 50% slope 32.1(b) Weeding Persondays 18 455 8,190.00 32.3 Replacement plantation (10%) Persondays 9 455 4,095.00 33.1(a) Prunning Persondays 15 455 11,375.00 Up to 50% slope Sub-total 93,895.00 35 Fencing per 400 running meter 35.2(a)i Preparation of 100 poles of 30-40cm girth and 1.8m height Persondays 10 455 3,640.00 35.4 Five line barbed wire fencing (100 running meter) 35.4(a) Barbed wire (14 gauge) Kg 286 125 71,500.00 Wooden pole (10cmx10cmx1.8m) No 176 No cost Unail Kg 8.4 125 2,100.00 35.3(b) Pitting for poles Persondays 20 455 25,480.00 35.4(c) Stretching and tightening of barbed wire Persondays 40 455 43,680.00 Sub-total 146,400.00 Total 240,295.00 Contingency (5%) 12,014.75 Grand Total 252,309.75 Per plant cost 143.36 1600+10% plants with 2.5m x 2.5m spacing

156 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Appendix 8c: Trees to be felled from Private Land and Compensatory Plantation Requirement No. of Compensatory Total Cost NRs SN Chainages Species to be Felled Scientific Name Trees Plantation (1:1) @ 59.99/plant 1 4+150 Lapsi Choerospondias axillaris 1 1 59.99 2 4+500 Paiyu Prunus ceracoides 1 1 59.99 3 4+500 Chyuri Aesandra butyraceae 1 1 59.99 4 7+100 Peepal Populas religiosa 1 1 59.99 5 7+450 Bar Ficus benghalensis 1 1 59.99 6 8+430 Lapsi Choerospondias axillaris 1 1 59.99 7 9+350 Kutmero Litsea monopetala 1 1 59.99 8 10+500 Khote sallo Pinus roxburghii 1 1 59.99 9 10+500 Chilaune Schima wallichii 1 1 59.99 10 12+300 Chilaune Schima wallichii 2 2 119.98 11 10+100-12+500 Kagati Citrus aurantifolia 5 5 299.95 12 10+100-12+500 Suntala Citrus reticulata 8 8 479.92 13 10+100-12+500 Nibuwa Citrus limonum 7 7 419.93 14 10+100-12+500 Kera Musa paradisiac 30 30 1799.70 15 10+100-12+500 Haluwabed Diospyros kaki 2 2 119.98 16 10+100-12+500 Bhogate Citrus maxima 1 1 59.99 17 10+100-12+500 Amba Psidium guajava 3 3 179.97 18 10+100-12+500 Katahar Artocarpus heterophyllus 2 2 119.98 Total 69 4,139.31 Note: RP (yet underway) will be referred for identifying name of owner on the basis of chainage and tree loss during implementation of project

157 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Appendix 8d: Calculation of Plantation Cost in Private Land Item no. Description Unit Total Rate Amount (NRs.) Remarks quantity (NRs.)

Seedling cost No 1760 30 52,800.00 20 Plantation per ha 20(1) Site selection and survey Persondays 3 455 1,365.00 20.5(a)i Pitting 45X30X30 cm pit Persondays 32 455 14,560.00 50% slope 20.6(a) Seedling transportation Persondays 6 455 2,730.00 1 km distance 20.6(b) Seedling transportation (within) Persondays 3 455 1,365.00 20.7(a) Plantation Persondays 20 455 9,100.00 Up to 50% slope 32.1(b) Weeding Persondays 18 455 8,190.00 32.3 Replacement plantation (10%) Persondays 9 455 4,095.00 33.1(b) Prunning Persondays 25 455 11,375.00 Up to 50% slope Total 105,580.00 Per plant cost 59.99

158 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Appendix 8e: Compensatory Plantation Agreement

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f(Compensatory Plantation) k[i7e"dL e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;x'nLotk"0f{ C0f ;xof]u, :jL; ljsf; ;xof]u lgof]usf] k|fljlws ;xof]u tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nufgLdf z'? ePsf] xf] o; cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo @)&@ a}zfv !@ ut]sf] e"sDk kl5 e"sDkLo If]qdf k"glg{df0f / k"g{:yfkgf sfo{df ;xof]u ug{' xf] . o; cfof]hgfn] ljBfno, ;8s, ;/sf/L ejg k"glg{df0f ul/ ;Defljt k|sf]kaf6 ;dfg's"ng ug{' /x]sf] 5 . of] sfo{s|d k"glg{df0f / k"g{:yfkgf sfo{k2tLdf cfwfl/t /xg] 5 . o;n] ;8s If]qsf e"sDk k|efljt hgtfnfO{ ;xhtf k|bfg ug]{5 . sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf cjl:yt k|:tfljt k|:tfljt le/sf]6—;fxf/]—xfjf —lh/L u|fld0f ;8ssf] le/sf]6—;fxf/]—xfjf ;8s pk–cfof]hgf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) cGtu{t ;+rfng ug{ nfuLPsf] Ps pkcfof]hgf xf] . le/sf]6—;fxf/]—xfjf ;8s pk–cfof]hgf bf]nvf lhNnfsf] tfdfsf]zL uf=kf=sf] j8f # +-;fljs hkm] uf=lj=;=_ sf] cr{n] b]lv ;f]xL uf=kf=sf] j8f & -;fljs xfjf uf=lj=;=_ sf] b]p/fnLdf 6+'luG5 . of] ;8ssf] rf}8fO{ ^=@% dL= / hDdf nDafO{ @%=%^% ls=dL= kb{5 .

;fGb{lestf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L ?vx? x6fpg] ;DaGwL dfkb08 @)&! cg';f/ le/sf]6—;fxf/]—xfjf ;8s pk–cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwdf hlt ?v sfl6G5g To;sf] !M@% cg'kftdf Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f / % aif{ ;Dd ;+/If0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . jgdf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] ;+Vof / Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut pk/f]Qm cg';f/ le/sf]6—;fxf/]—xfjf ;8s pk–cfof]hgf ;fd'bflos ag eP/ hfg] / sfl6g] ?vx?sf] ;+Vof, Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut ;d]t 6]a'n !df lbO{Psf] 5 .

6]a'n !M ;fd'bflos jgdf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] ;+Vof, Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut l;g+ jgsf] gfd sfl6g] Ifltk"lt{ la?jf, a[Iff/f]k0f uf]8d]n, hDdf nfut ?v ;+Vof a[Iff/f]k0f / 3]/jf/ nfut k'g/f]k0f nfut -g]=?=_ ?v ;+Vof klxnf] ls:tf bf]>f] ls:tf -!M@%_ -g]=?=_ -g]=?=_ ! rgf}6] ;fn3f/L @) %)) ^$,^@)=)) &,)^)=)) &!,^*)=)) ;f=j= @ kz'klt ;f= j= !* $%) %*,!%*=)) ^,#%$=)) ^$,%!@=)) # ;]ltb]jL d'nf8\ofª $ !)) !@,(@$=)) !,$!@=)) !$,##^=))

159 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha l;g+ jgsf] gfd sfl6g] Ifltk"lt{ la?jf, a[Iff/f]k0f uf]8d]n, hDdf nfut ?v ;+Vof a[Iff/f]k0f / 3]/jf/ nfut k'g/f]k0f nfut -g]=?=_ ?v ;+Vof klxnf] ls:tf bf]>f] ls:tf -!M@%_ -g]=?=_ -g]=?=_ ;f= j= % vx/] le/kfvf $ !)) !@,(@$=)) !,$!@=)) !$,##^=)) ;f=j= % 8f8Ffkf/L ^ !%) !(,#*^=)) @,!!*=)) @!,%)$=)) kf]v/Lkfvf ;f= j= ^ sflnsf lub\b] ;f= ( @@% @(,)&(=)) #,!!&=)) #@,@%^=)) j= & zNn]Zj/L ;f= j= * @)) @%,*$*=)) @,*@$=)) @*,^&@=)) * Nfdfrf}/ ;f= j= % !@% !^,!%%=)) !,&^%=)) !&,(@)=)) ( em\ofD6] bf]efg ;f= @% ^@% *),&&%=)) *,*@%=)) *(,^))=)) j= hDdf (( @$&% #!(,*^(=)) #$,($&=)) #%$,*!^=))

160 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no / lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] aLrdf

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_ sfof{Gjog ug{ ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_ kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no, bf]nvf != Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuL Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd - klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, bf]nvf != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

@= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nodf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

#= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] .

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, rgf}6] ;fn3f/L ;f= j=

!= a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ .

@= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .

%= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ .

161 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO ÷lhNnf :t/Lo cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO, bf]nvf

!= a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .

@= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] @) ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - %)) ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= &!,^*)=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? ^$,^@)=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= &,)^)=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] k|fljlws sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M gfdM gfdM gfdM kbM kbM kbM ldltM ldltM ldltM 5fkM 5fkM 5fkM

162 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no / lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] aLrdf

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no, bf]nvf != Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuLJoj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd - klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, bf]nvf != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

@= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nodf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

#= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] .

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, kz'klt ;f= j=

!= a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ .

@= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .

163 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

%= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ . v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO ÷lhNnf :t/Lo cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO, bf]nvf

!= a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .

@= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] !* ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - $%) ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= ^$,%!@=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? %*,!%*=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= ^,#%$=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] k|fljlws sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M gfdM gfdM gfdM kbM kbM kbM ldltM ldltM ldltM 5fkM 5fkM 5fkM

164 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no / lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] aLrdf

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no, bf]nvf != Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuLJoj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd - klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, bf]nvf != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

@= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nodf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

#= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] .

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, ;]ltb]jL d'nf8\ofª ;f= j=

!= a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ .

@= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .

165 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

%= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ . v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO ÷lhNnf :t/Lo cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO, bf]nvf != a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .

@= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] $ ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - !)) ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= !$,##^=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? !@,(@$=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= !,$!@=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] k|fljlws sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M gfdM gfdM gfdM kbM kbM kbM ldltM ldltM ldltM 5fkM 5fkM 5fkM

166 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no / lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] aLrdf

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no, bf]nvf != Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuLJoj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd - klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, bf]nvf != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

@= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nodf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

#= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] .

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, vx/] le/kfvf ;f= j=

!= a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ .

@= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .

167 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

%= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ . v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO ÷lhNnf :t/Lo cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO, bf]nvf != a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .

@= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] $ ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - !)) ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= !$,##^=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? !@,(@$=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= !,$!@=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] k|fljlws sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M gfdM gfdM gfdM kbM kbM kbM ldltM ldltM ldltM 5fkM 5fkM 5fkM

168 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no / lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] aLrdf

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no, bf]nvf != Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuLJoj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd - klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, bf]nvf != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

@= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nodf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

#= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] .

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, 8f8Ffkf/L kf]v/Lkfvf ;f= j=

!= a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ .

@= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .

169 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

%= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ . v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO ÷lhNnf :t/Lo cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO, bf]nvf != a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .

@= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] ^ ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - !%) ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= @!,%)$=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? !(,#*^=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= @,!!*=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] k|fljlws sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M gfdM gfdM gfdM kbM kbM kbM ldltM ldltM ldltM 5fkM 5fkM 5fkM

170 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no / lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] aLrdf

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no, bf]nvf != Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuLJoj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd - klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, bf]nvf != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

@= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nodf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

#= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] .

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, sflnsf lub\b] ;f= j=

!= a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ .

@= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .

171 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

%= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ . v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO ÷lhNnf :t/Lo cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO, bf]nvf != a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .

@= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] ( ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - @@% ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= #@,@%^=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? @(,)&(=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= #,!!&=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] k|fljlws sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M gfdM gfdM gfdM kbM kbM kbM ldltM ldltM ldltM 5fkM 5fkM 5fkM

172 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no / lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] aLrdf

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no, bf]nvf != Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuLJoj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd - klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, bf]nvf != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

@= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nodf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

#= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] .

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, zNn]Zj/L ;f= j=

!= a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ .

@= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .

173 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

%= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ . v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO ÷lhNnf :t/Lo cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO, bf]nvf != a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .

@= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] * ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - @)) ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= @*,^&@=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? @%,*$*=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= @,*@$=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] k|fljlws sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M gfdM gfdM gfdM kbM kbM kbM ldltM ldltM ldltM 5fkM 5fkM 5fkM

174 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no / lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] aLrdf

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no, bf]nvf != Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuLJoj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd - klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, bf]nvf != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

@= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nodf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

#= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] .

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, nfdfrf}/ ;f= j=

!= a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ .

@= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .

175 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

%= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ . v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO ÷lhNnf :t/Lo cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO, bf]nvf != a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .

@= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] % ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - !@% ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= !&,(@)=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? !^,!%%=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= !,&^%=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] k|fljlws sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M gfdM gfdM gfdM kbM kbM kbM ldltM ldltM ldltM 5fkM 5fkM 5fkM

176 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no / lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] aLrdf

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ePsf] ;+Demf}tf -Agreement_kq s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no, bf]nvf != Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuLJoj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{, a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd - klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf ldnfpg] . lhNnf jg sfof{no, bf]nvf != lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

@= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nodf k|utL k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

#= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] .

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, em\ofD6] bf]efg ;f= j=

!= a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ .

@= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .

177 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

%= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ . v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO ÷lhNnf :t/Lo cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO, bf]nvf != a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff k|fljlws sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .

@= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf lgsfoaf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] . u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM ;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] @% ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f - ^@% ?vx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= *(,^))=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? *),&&%=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL / k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= *,*@%=)) ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt÷lhNNff lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] k|fljlws sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 tkm{ af6 x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M x:tfIf/M gfdM gfdM gfdM kbM kbM kbM ldltM ldltM ldltM 5fkM 5fkM 5fkM

178 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Appendix 8f: Plantation Plan in District A. Compensatory plantation

Requirements for plantation activities 1) Coordination with DFO - Meeting will be held with DFO and CFUGs to discuss about the plantation management 2) Agreement with DFO/CFUGs/DCC - Agreement will be done with DFO and DCC/DTO for the compensatory plantation 3) Managing planting stock - Nursery establishment and operation . From DFO/CFUG nursery . From private nursery owner from districts . Fruit trees in private land - Horticulture farms in districts. 4) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified by DFO and survey will be done. 5) Fencing - Fencing will be done by concerned DFO/CFUG. 6) Pitting - Pits of 45cmx30cm x 30cm size will be dug. 7) Transportation of seedlings - From nursery to the planting sites 8) Planting - It will be done by the DFO/CFUGs in the starting of monsoon 9) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce the competition by weeds. 10) Survival count - Before winter starts, survival of the plantation will be done for casualty replacement before next monsoon.

Plan of Action for Plantation in CF Activities March April May 18 June July 18 Aug 18 Sep 18 Oct 18 18 18 18 Agreement with DFO/CFUG/ DCC Managing planting stock Survey of plantation area Fencing Pitting Transportation of seedlings Planting Weeding Survival count

B. Roadside plantation 1) Coordination with local communities, RM and DFO - Meeting will be held with concerned local communities, RM and DFO to discuss about the plantation management 2) Agreement with concerned stakeholders - Agreement will be done with concerned local communities, RM and DFO for the road side plantation 3) Managing planting stock - Nursery establishment and operation . From DFO nursery . From private nursery owner from districts

179 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

. Fruit trees in private land - Horticulture farms in districts. 4) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified by concerned local communities, RM, and DFO and survey will be done. 5) Fencing - Fencing will be done by concerned local communities, RM and DFO. 6) Pitting - Pits of appropriate size will be dug depending on species 7) Transportation of seedlings - From nursery to the planting sites 8) Planting - It will be done in the starting of monsoon 9) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce the competition by weeds. 10) Survival count - before winter starts, survival of the plantation will be done for casualty replacement before next monsoon.

Plan of Action for Roadside Plantation Activities March April May 18 June July 18 Aug 18 Sep 18 Oct 18 18 18 18 Agreement with DFO/CFUG/ DCC Managing planting stock Survey of plantation area Fencing Pitting Transportation of seedlings Planting Weeding Survival count

180 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Appendix 9: Abstract of Costs Package 1 Pay Amount Item Description Unit Quantity Rate (NRs.) (NRs.) No. 1 General

1.1 Insurance of works, plants, materials, loss and damage to equipments, Contractor's workmen and employees and third party insurance against damage to other persons and property as per GCC L.S. 1.000 700,000.00 700,000.00 clause 13. 1.2 Provide site office at the mid-section of the road at location acceptable to the project manager month 18.000 35,000.00 630,000.00 within the contract package with accommodation facilities as specified in special provision 1.3 Carry out additional tests for material and works as required and instructed by the Engineer.(GCC PS 1.000 200,000.00 200,000.00 Clause No. 33.1) 1.4 Relocation of the utilities (water supply, telephone, etc,) and services as instructed by the Engineer as per DoLIDAR-Technical Specifications for Labour Based Construction Work of Agricultural & PS 1.000 400,000.00 400,000.00 Rural Roads (Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. G-10. 1.5 Carry out maintenance of the existing road to keep the road serviceable throughout the contract period. Also provide and maintain traffic safety, control measures and temporary diversions during month 18.000 38,000.00 684,000.00 construction including water spraying thrice a week to avoid dust pollution as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. G-12. 1.6 Provide and installation of project information board of size 1.80 mx1.2 m along with iron posts including excavation, concreting, backfilling etc all complete as per DoR Standard Specification No. 2.000 10,000.00 20,000.00 for Road and Bridge Works (SSRBW) July 2001,Section-108 1.7 Provision and maintenance of labour camps payable monthly in equal instalments as per DoR month 18.000 20,000.00 360,000.00 Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Works (SSRBW) July 2001,Section-109 (3) 1.8 Establish, maintain and operate labaratory at the site with equipments furnishing required for month 18.000 20,000.00 360,000.00 testing specified quality of the materials as per DoR-SSRBW, Section-511 1.9 Environmental Mitigation Works as per EMP and as Instructed by the Engineer(DOR Section 109) P.S. 1.000 300,000.00 300,000.00 1.10 Social Compiliance and safegaurds as per Resettlement Action Plan and GESI and as instructed by the Engineer(DOR Section 109) P.S. 1.000 150,000.00 150,000.00 Sub-Total 3,804,000.00

2 Site Clearance

181 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Pay Amount Item Description Unit Quantity Rate (NRs.) (NRs.) No. 2.1 Clearing and Grubbing including cutting of all types of plants as per DoLIDAR-Technical Specifcations for Labour Based Construction of Agricultural and Rural Raods (Tech. Spec. for m2 58,800.000 24.87 1,462,356.00 LBCWARR) Clause No.: 1-1.5(a), 1-1.5(b) & 1-1.6 2.2 Dismantling of Culverts, bridges, pavements and other structures, including excavation,

backfilling, stacking, disposing, handling and haulage up to a lead of 100 m along the lead route as 3 per DoLIDAR-Technical Specifcations for Labour Based Construction of Agricultural and Rural m 712.800 1,243.72 886,523.62 Raods (Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR) Clause No.: 1-2(a) 2.3 Dismantling gabion works including stockpiling the reusable materials and disposal of reusable m3 1,470.000 708.92 1,042,112.40 materials within 50m lead as per DoR-SSRBW, Section 202 Sub-Total 3,390,992.02

3 Earthworks

3.1 Excavation in roadway and drain in all types of soil and rock materials including removal and satisfactory disposal of all materials at approved environmentally safe tipping area as per m3 196,907.941 80.18 15,788,078.71 DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 2-1 3.2 Excavation in foundation in structure in all types of soil materials including removal and satisfactory disposal of all materials at approved environmentally safe tipping area as per m3 6,887.250 132.69 913,869.20 DoLIdar-Tech. Spec, for LBCWARR Clause No. 2-5 3.3 Construction of embankments, shoulders and other miscellaneous filling and backfilling in structure with approved materials as per design and drawing as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for m3 16,416.135 100.34 1,647,194.99 LBCWARR Clause No.2-5 3.4 Transportation of material beyond the initial lead within 1 km distance with safe disposal sites as m3 120,865.154 47.27 5,713,295.83 instructed by the engineer. Sub-Total 24,062,438.73

4 Structural/ Side Drain/Cross Drainage Works

Stone Masonry

4.1 Supply & place un-coursed random rubble stone masonry works in MM 5 cement sand mortar in the line & level all complete stone masonry work including full compensation for all labour, materials and other incidentals required to complete the work as per the specifications and m3 8,562.318 6,555.77 56,132,587.47 drawings. It includes full compensation for using specially dressed stones on the face of wall with batter and provisions for weep hole as necessary as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 8 Sub-Total 56,132,587.47

182 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Pay Amount Item Description Unit Quantity Rate (NRs.) (NRs.) No. Gabion Works

4.2 Supply machine made fabrication of gabion boxes of different sizes with hexagonal mesh size of 100 mm x 120 mm including rolling, cutting and weaving (mesh wire 3.0 mm, selvedge wire 3.9 mm, binding wire 2.4 mm, all heavy zinc coated wires),assembling, placing in position, packing m3 8,664.000 4,118.22 35,680,258.08 and filling of gabion create with rubble stone and tying by 2.4 mm binding wires all complete as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 17-1.4, 17-5 & 17-6 4.3 Provide and place Geo-textile all complete as per drawing and specifications as per (DOR-SSRBW m2 7,246.000 164.55 1,192,329.30 Section No.: 2404,3110) Sub-Total 36,872,587.38

Cross Drainage, Side Drainage and Protection

Plain and Reinforced Cement Concrete

4.4 Supply & place P.C.C. works M 10/20 as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. m3 236.940 8,046.06 1,906,433.46 11 4.5 Supply & place P.C.C. works M 15/20 as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. m3 - 10,352.89 - 11 4.6 Supply & place P.C.C. works M 20/20 as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. m3 899.600 12,285.60 11,052,125.76 11 4.7 Supply & place P.C.C. works M 25/20 as per DOR-SSRBW,July 2001,Section 2000 m3 43.260 15,370.27 664,917.88 4.8 Supply and place formwork for concrete works with all complete as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. m2 797.592 707.56 564,344.20 for LBCWARR Clause No. 9 4.9 Supply & place TMT high tensile strength steel reinforcement of specified grade ( Fe 500) for RCC works including bending, centring & binding in position as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for T 12.600 100,077.46 1,260,976.05 LBCWARR Clause No. 10 4.10 Supply, Laying, fitting and fixing of hume pipe class NP3. It includes all operations required to complete the work and the jointing of pipes with 1:2 cement sand mortar as per DoLIDAR-Tech. -

Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 15-5 and 15-6 a 300 mm diameter pipe for irrigation purpose rm 135.000 4,238.20 572,157.00 b 600 mm diameter pipe as per DOLIDAR Item no 47-15-5,15-6-b rm 165.000 7,739.75 1,277,058.75 c 900 mm diameter pipe as per DOLIDAR Item no 47-15-5,15-6-b rm 45.000 14,472.43 651,259.44 4.11 Supply & place100 mm Dia. HDPE Pipe (6 kg/cm2) for weep hole as per Nepal Standard & rm 578.000 545.59 315,351.02 directed by Engineer

183 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Pay Amount Item Description Unit Quantity Rate (NRs.) (NRs.) No. 4.12 Backfilling works with approved soil materials with compaction as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for m3 1,080.365 410.36 443,338.58 LBCWARR Clause No-2.5.4 4.13 Supply and Place graded filter in backfilling in structures and cross drainage works as per (DOR- m3 352.300 2,150.88 757,754.32 SSRBW Section No.: 2404,3110) Sub-Total 19,465,716.46

5 Pavement Works

5.1 Preparation of subgrade for rehabilitation works as per DoR-SSRBW (Standard Specification for m2 83,915.569 17.17 1,440,830.32 Road & Bridge Works, 2001) SECTION No. 1003 5.2 Providing, laying, spreading, watering, leveling and compaction of natural sand gravel sub base grading as specified and according to the designed camber all complete as per DoR-SSRBW m3 14,531.602 1,248.46 18,142,123.83 SECTION No. 1201

5.3 Providing, laying, spreading, watering, levelling and compaction of crusher run material for base 3 course as per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1202 m 10,932.940 1,734.70 18,965,371.02 5.4 Providing and spraying bituminous prime coat MC30 / MC70 including clearing the road surfaces using wire brushes, broom etc. before applying prime coat as per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. Lit 72,886.270 147.26 10,733,232.12 1301 and 1302 5.5 Providing and spraying bituminous tack coat MC30 / MC70 including clearing the road surfaces using wire brushes, broom etc. before applying tack coat as per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1301 Lit 72,886.270 147.26 10,733,232.12 and 1302 5.6 Providing and applying bitumen binder for surface dressing as per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. Lit 157,435.000 126.56 19,924,833.36 1301 and 1303 5.7 Providing and applying cutter (Kerosene) for bitumen of surface dressing as per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1301 and 1303 Lit 6,560.000 80.87 530,507.20 5.8 Supplying and application of 19mm nominal size chips for first coat surface dressing as per DoR- m2 72,886.270 19.78 1,441,690.42 SSRBW SECTION No. 1301 and 1303 5.9 Supplying and application of 10 mm nominal size chips for second coat surface dressing as per m2 72,886.270 10.62 774,016.08 DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1301 and 1303 5.10 Supplying and application of Anti - stripping agentas per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1301 Kg 820.000 375.12 307,598.40 Sub-Total 82,993,434.87

6 Road Furniture/Traffic Sign Boards

184 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Pay Amount Item Description Unit Quantity Rate (NRs.) (NRs.) No. 6.1 Supplying and placing standard RCC kilometer post (place at each km) all complete including painting, and writing etc. all complete as per specification and drawings (DOR-SSRBW SECTION Nos. 2.000 2,606.46 5,212.92 No. 1501) 6.2 Supplying and placing standard RCC kilometer post (place at 5km interval ) all complete including painting, and writing etc. all complete as per specification and drawings (DOR-SSRBW Nos. 13.000 5,841.58 75,940.54 SECTIONNo. 1501) 6.3 Supplying and fixing in place R.C.C.delineater and guard post including excavation,paintng,and Nos. 1,176.000 1,174.51 1,381,223.76 erectionetc. all complete as final drawing (DOR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1504) 6.4 Supplying and erecting traffic sign in place including 50 mm dia steel tube, 2mm thick steel plate, cement concrete, painting, writing and supporting steel angle nut and bolt etc complete as per -

DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1501) a 60 cm dia circular, 60 cm equilateral triangle and 60 x 45 cm rectangular shaped sign (Single post) Nos. 100.000 1,672.46 167,246.00 b 1.2m x 0.75 m size bigger traffic sign with back support and two or more post Nos. 47.000 3,198.46 150,327.62 Sub-Total 1,779,950.84

7 Bio-engineering Work

7.1 Slope trimming work DoLIDAR : 4 Spec.Clause No.: 2-1.3.2,2-1.8 and 2-1.95 m2 550.000 72.45 39,847.50 7.2 Construction of Rip-rap drain with the stone pitching work of 20 cm thick and 1.2 m wide as per rm 60.000 510.56 30,633.60 DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 8 7.3 Dry stone check/toe walls for segmentation and support of slopes DoLIDAR Tech. Spec. clause m3 87.360 2,740.77 239,433.67 No. 8 7.4 Brush layering work: including preparation of terraces of 30 - 40 cm wide and laying live cuttings of selected Species along the terrace @ 5 cm c/c with 2/3 of cuttings in to terrace and leaving one rm 550.000 115.40 63,470.00 bud and up to 1/3 of the cuttings sticking beyond the terrace edge ( Cutting can be of assuro,simali etc of 45 - 60 m length) DoLIDAR Spec.Clause no.70-6.7 b 7.5 Planting rooted grass slips on slopes < 45˚ including preparation of slips on site. Operation includes digging planting holes to a maximum of 5 cm depth with metal or hardwood peg, m2 550.000 227.07 124,888.50 depending on nature of soil. The planting drills should be spaced 10 cm apart as per Bio engineering information of DOR

185 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Pay Amount Item Description Unit Quantity Rate (NRs.) (NRs.) No. 7.6 Planting containerised tree and shrub seedlings, including pitting, transplanting, composting and placing tree guards, on toe of embankment slopes in plain areas, not less than 8 m from the road Nos. 37.000 61.09 2,260.33 centre line. Pit size 30 cm diameter×30 cm depth. Compost volume ⅟₄ of the volume of pit, mixed with original soil as per Bio engineering information of DOR Sub-Total 500,533.60

8 Day works

8.1 Supply of labour as required as per preamble and as instructed by the Engineer.

b) Skilled labour day 150 735.00 110,250.00 c) Unskilled labour day 400 525.00 210,000.00 8.2 Supply of excavator for maintenance of road as required and instructed by engineer hr 180 1,000.00 180,000.00 8.3 Provide Built up Drawing as completed L.S. 75,000.00

Sub-Total 575,250.00

Total Base Cost (A) = 229,577,491.37

13% VAT (B) = 29,845,073.87

Sub Total, C = (A+B) = 259,422,565.24

Per Km Cost(including VAT, D = C/Total KM = 17,647,793.55

Work Charge Staff and Small Miscellaneous Expenses @ 3.0%, E = A*3% = 6,887,324.00

Physical Contingengy @10%, F = A*10% = 22,957,749.13

Grand Total, G = 289,267,638.37

186 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Package 2 Pay Amount Item Description Unit Quantity Rate (NRs.) (NRs.) No. 1 General 1.1 Insurance of works, plants, materials, loss and damage to equipments, Contractor's workmen L.S. 1.000 600,000.00 600,000.00 and employees and third party insurance against damage to other persons and property as per GCC clause 13. 1.2 Provide site office at the mid-section of the road each at location acceptable to the project month 18.000 35,000.00 630,000.00 manager within the contract package with accommodation facilities as specified in special provision 1.3 Carry out additional tests for material and works as required and instructed by the PS 1.000 200,000.00 200,000.00 Engineer.(GCC Clause No. 33.1) 1.4 Relocation of the utilities (water supply, telephone, etc,) and services as instructed by the PS 1.000 400,000.00 400,000.00 Engineer as per DoLIDAR-Technical Specifications for Labour Based Construction Work of Agricultural & Rural Roads (Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. G-10. 1.5 Carry out maintenance of the existing road to keep the road serviceable throughout the month 18.000 38,000.00 684,000.00 contract period. Also provide and maintain traffic safety, control measures and temporary diversions during construction including water spraying thrice a week to avoid dust pollution as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. G-12. 1.6 Provide and installation of project information board of size 1.80 mx1.2 m along with iron No. 2.000 10,000.00 20,000.00 posts including excavation, concreting, backfilling etc all complete as per DoR Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Works (SSRBW) July 2001,Section-108 1.7 Provision and maintenance of labour camps payable monthly in equal instalments as per month 18.000 20,000.00 360,000.00 DoR Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Works (SSRBW) July 2001,Section-109 (3) 1.8 Establish, maintain and operate labaratory at the site with equipments furnishing required month 18.000 20,000.00 360,000.00 for testing specified quality of the materials as per DoR-SSRBW, Section-511 1.9 Environmental Mitigation Works as per EMP and as Instructed by the Engineer(DOR P.S. 1.000 300,000.00 300,000.00 Section 109) 1.10 Social Compiliance and safegaurds as per Resettlement Action Plan and GESI and as P.S. 1.000 150,000.00 150,000.00 instructed by the Engineer(DOR Section 109) Sub-Total 3,704,000.00

187 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Pay Amount Item Description Unit Quantity Rate (NRs.) (NRs.) No. 2 Site Clearance 2.1 Clearing and Grubbing including cutting of all types of plants as per DoLIDAR-Technical m2 43,462.960 24.87 1,080,923.81 Specifcations for Labour Based Construction of Agricultural and Rural Raods (Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR) Clause No.: 1-1.5(a), 1-1.5(b) & 1-1.6 2.2 Dismantling of Culverts, bridges, pavements and other structures, including excavation, m3 188.400 1,243.72 234,316.84 backfilling, stacking, disposing, handling and haulage up to a lead of 100 m along the lead route as per DoLIDAR-Technical Specifcations for Labour Based Construction of Agricultural and Rural Raods (Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR) Clause No.: 1-2(a) 2.3 Dismantling gabion works including stockpiling the reusable materials and disposal of m3 315.000 708.92 223,309.80 reusable materials within 50m lead as per DoR-SSRBW, Section 202 Sub-Total 1,538,550.45 3 Earthworks 3.1 Excavation in roadway and drain in all types of soil and rock materials including removal m3 and satisfactory disposal of all materials at approved environmentally safe tipping area as 103,561.261 97.92 10,140,718.67 per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 2-1 3.2 Excavation in foundation in structure in all types of soil materials including removal and m3 satisfactory disposal of all materials at approved environmentally safe tipping area as per 7,249.322 135.55 982,645.59 DoLIdar-Tech. Spec, for LBCWARR Clause No. 2-5 3.3 Construction of embankments, shoulders and other miscellaneous filling and backfilling in m3 structure with approved materials as per design and drawing as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. 11,529.672 100.34 1,156,887.28 for LBCWARR Clause No.2-5 3.4 Transportation of material beyond the initial lead within 1 km distance with safe disposal m3 62,988.028 47.27 2,977,444.08 sites as instructed by the engineer. Sub-Total 15,257,695.62 4 Structural/ Side Drain/Cross Drainage Works Stone Masonry 4.1 Supply & place un-coursed random rubble stone masonry works in MM 5 cement sand m3 7,198.230 6,695.04 48,192,437.77 mortar in the line & level all complete stone masonry work including full compensation for all labour, materials and other incidentals required to complete the work as per the specifications and drawings. It includes full compensation for using specially dressed stones on the face of wall with batter and provisions for weep hole as necessary as per DoLIDAR- Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 8

188 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Pay Amount Item Description Unit Quantity Rate (NRs.) (NRs.) No. Sub-Total 48,192,437.77 Gabion Works 4.2 Supply machine made fabrication of gabion boxes of different sizes with hexagonal mesh m3 8,286.000 4,121.23 34,148,511.78 size of 100 mm x 120 mm including rolling, cutting and weaving (mesh wire 3.0 mm, selvedge wire 3.9 mm, binding wire 2.4 mm, all heavy zinc coated wires),assembling, placing in position, packing and filling of gabion create with rubble stone and tying by 2.4 mm binding wires all complete as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 17-1.4, 17-5 & 17-6 4.3 Provide and place Geo-textile all complete as per drawing and specifications as per (DOR- m2 6,782.400 164.81 1,117,807.34 SSRBW Section No.: 2404,3110) Sub-Total 35,266,319.12 Cross Drainage, Side Drainage and Protection Plain and Reinforced Cement Concrete 4.4 Supply & place P.C.C. works M 10/20 as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR m3 168.919 8,474.40 1,431,487.17 Clause No. 11 4.5 Supply & place P.C.C. works M 15/20 as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR m3 - 10,783.72 - Clause No. 11 4.6 Supply & place P.C.C. works M 20/20 as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR m3 660.880 12,731.96 8,414,297.72 Clause No. 11 3 4.7 Supply & place P.C.C. works M 25/20 as per DOR-SSRBW,July 2001,Section 2000 m 45.315 15,715.27 712,137.46 4.8 Supply and place formwork for concrete works with all complete as per DoLIDAR-Tech. m2 792.214 707.63 560,594.39 Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 9 4.9 Supply & place TMT high tensile strength steel reinforcement of specified grade ( Fe 500) T 12.705 100,307.91 1,274,412.04 for RCC works including bending, centring & binding in position as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 10 4.10 Supply, Laying, fitting and fixing of hume pipe class NP3. It includes all operations required to complete the work and the jointing of pipes with 1:2 cement sand mortar as per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 15-5 and 15-6 a 300 mm diameter pipe for irrigation purpose rm 112.500 4,329.81 487,103.62 b 600 mm diameter pipe as per DOLIDAR Item no 47-15-5,15-6-b rm 157.500 7,832.61 1,233,636.07 c 900 mm diameter pipe as per DOLIDAR Item no 47-15-5,15-6-b rm 52.500 14,588.59 765,900.97

189 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Pay Amount Item Description Unit Quantity Rate (NRs.) (NRs.) No. 4.11 Supply & place100 mm Dia. HDPE Pipe (6 kg/cm2) for weep hole as per Nepal Standard & rm 470.000 545.66 256,460.20 directed by Engineer 4.12 Backfilling works with approved soil materials with compaction as per DoLIDAR-Tech. m3 2,252.127 410.36 924,182.83 Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No-2.5.4 4.13 Supply and Place graded filter in backfilling in structures and cross drainage works as per m3 124.125 2,480.22 307,856.91 (DOR-SSRBW Section No.: 2404,3110) Sub-Total 16,368,069.38 5 Pavement Works 5.1 Preparation of subgrade for rehabilitation works as per DoR-SSRBW (Standard m2 62,415.435 17.17 1,071,673.01 Specification for Road & Bridge Works, 2001) SECTION No. 1003 5.2 Providing, laying, spreading, watering, leveling and compaction of natural sand gravel sub m3 10,946.619 1,631.69 17,861,488.75 base grading as specified and according to the designed camber all complete as per DoR- SSRBW SECTION No. 1201 5.3 Providing, laying, spreading, watering, levelling and compaction of crusher run material for m3 8,139.919 2,131.38 17,349,260.55 base course as per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1202 5.4 Providing and spraying bituminous prime coat MC30 / MC70 including clearing the road Lt 54,266.130 148.50 8,058,520.30 surfaces using wire brushes, broom etc. before applying prime coat as per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1301 and 1302 5.5 Providing and spraying bituminous tack coat MC30 / MC70 including clearing the road Lt 54,266.130 148.50 8,058,520.30 surfaces using wire brushes, broom etc. before applying tack coat as per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1301 and 1302 5.6 Providing and applying bitumen binder for surface dressing as per DoR-SSRBW SECTION Lt 117,215.000 127.80 14,980,077.00 No. 1301 and 1303 5.7 Providing and applying cutter (Kerosene) for bitumen of surface dressing as per DoR- Lt 4,884.000 80.87 394,969.08 SSRBW SECTION No. 1301 and 1303 5.8 Supplying and application of 19 mm nominal size chips for first coat surface dressing as per m2 54,266.130 24.03 1,304,015.10 DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1301 and 1303 5.9 Supplying and application of 10 mm nominal size chips for second coat surface dressing as m2 54,266.130 13.44 729,336.78 per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1301 and 1303 5.10 Supplying and application of Anti - stripping agentas per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1301 Kg 611.000 376.30 229,919.30 Sub-Total 70,037,780.17 6 Road Furniture/Traffic Sign Boards

190 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Pay Amount Item Description Unit Quantity Rate (NRs.) (NRs.) No. 6.1 Supplying and placing standard RCC kilometer post (place at each km) all complete Nos. 2.000 2,672.62 5,345.24 including painting, and writing etc. all complete as per specification and drawings (DOR- SSRBW SECTION No. 1501) 6.2 Supplying and placing standard RCC kilometer post (place at 5km interval ) all complete Nos. 9.000 6,015.42 54,138.78 including painting, and writing etc. all complete as per specification and drawings (DOR- SSRBW SECTIONNo. 1501) 6.3 Supplying and fixing in place R.C.C.delineater and guard post including excavation, Nos. 869.000 1,188.60 1,032,893.40 paintng, and erectionetc. all complete as final drawing (DOR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1504) 6.4 Supplying and erecting traffic sign in place including 50 mm dia steel tube, 2mm thick steel plate, cement concrete, painting, writing and supporting steel angle nut and bolt etc complete as per DoR-SSRBW SECTION No. 1501) a 60 cm dia circular, 60 cm equilateral triangle and 60 x 45 cm rectangular shaped sign Nos. 70.000 1,688.61 118,202.70 (Single post) b 1.2m x 0.75 m size bigger traffic sign with back support and two or more post Nos. 39.000 3,254.97 126,943.83 Sub-Total 1,337,523.95 7 Bio-engineering Work 7.1 Slope trimming work DoLIDAR : 4 Spec.Clause No.: 2-1.3.2,2-1.8 and 2-1.95 m2 4,950.000 72.45 358,627.50 7.2 Construction of Rip-rap drain with the stone pitching work of 20 cm thick and 1.2 m wide as rm 460.000 510.56 234,857.60 per DoLIDAR-Tech. Spec. for LBCWARR Clause No. 8 3 7.3 Dry stone check/toe walls for segmentation and support of slopes DoLIDAR Tech. Spec. m 502.320 2,740.77 1,376,743.58 clause No. 8 7.4 Brush layering work: including preparation of terraces of 30 - 40 cm wide and laying live rm 4,950.000 115.40 571,230.00 cuttings of selected Species along the terrace @ 5 cm c/c with 2/3 of cuttings in to terrace and leaving one bud and up to 1/3 of the cuttings sticking beyond the terrace edge ( Cutting can be of assuro,simali etc of 45 - 60 m length) DoLIDAR Spec.Clause no.70-6.7 b 2 7.5 Planting rooted grass slips on slopes < 45˚ including preparation of slips on site. Operation m 4,950.000 227.07 1,123,996.50 includes digging planting holes to a maximum of 5 cm depth with metal or hardwood peg, depending on nature of soil. The planting drills should be spaced 10 cm apart as per Bio engineering information of DOR

191 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Pay Amount Item Description Unit Quantity Rate (NRs.) (NRs.) No. 7.6 Planting containerised tree and shrub seedlings, including pitting, transplanting, composting Nos. 330.000 61.09 20,159.70 and placing tree guards, on toe of embankment slopes in plain areas, not less than 8 m from the road centre line. Pit size 30 cm diameter×30 cm depth. Compost volume ⅟₄ of the volume of pit, mixed with original soil as per Bio engineering information of DOR Sub-Total 3,685,614.88 8 Day works 8.1 Supply of labour as required as per preamble and as instructed by the Engineer. b) Skilled labour day 150 735.00 110,250.00 c) Unskilled labour day 400 525.00 210,000.00 8.2 Supply of excavator for maintenance of road as required and instructed by engineer hr 180 1,000.00 180,000.00 8.3 Provide Built up Drawing as completed L.S. 75,000.00 Sub-Total 575,250.00 Total Base Cost (A) = 195,963,241.34 13% VAT (B) = 25,475,221.37 Sub Total, C = (A+B) = 221,438,462.71 Per Km Cost(including VAT, D = C/Total KM = 20,379,510.53 Work Charge Staff and Small Miscellaneous Expenses @ 3.0%, E = A*3% = 5,878,897.00 Physical Contingengy @10%, F = A*10% = 19,596,324.13 Grand Total, G = 246,913,683.84

192 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Appendix 9b: Project cost including Socio-environmental Cost SN Particulars Amount (NRs.) 1 Environmental Management Cost 1.1 Environmental/conservation awareness program 250,000.00 1.2 Tourism promotion awareness (A three days homestay management training to 15 people from project area) 150,000.00 1.3 Hoarding boards at road site for awareness about important wildlife and their conservation. 360,000.00 1.4 Compensatory plantation & protection cost for trees on CF 354,816.00 1.5 Compensatory plantation & protection cost for trees on Private Land 4,139.31 1.6 Roadside plantation 350,000.00 1.7 Solid waste collection bins at active construction sites and camps 60,000.00 1.8 Environmental monitoring cost 200,000.00 Sub-total (I) 1,728,955.31 2 Other environmental cost (included in civil works cost ) 2.1 Contractor's workmen and employees and third party insurance against damage to other persons and property (Ref 1,300,000.00 Appendix 9a, item 1.1, both packages) 2.2 Relocation of Utilities (water supply and telephone poles) (Ref Appendix 9 a, item 1.4, both packages) 800,000.00 2.3 Maintenance of existing road, providing and maintaining traffic safety, control measures and temporary diversions 1,368,000.00 during construction including water spraying thrice a week to avoid dust pollution. (Ref Appendix 9 a, item 1.5, both packages) 2.4 Labour camp maintenance (Ref Appendix 9 a, package 1 item 1.8 and package 2 item 1.7) 720,000.00 2.5 Environmental Mitigation Works (Ref Appendix 9 a,Package 1 item 1.9 and Package 2 item 1.10) 600,000.00 2.6 Social Compliance and Safeguard (Ref Appendix 9 a,Package 1 item 1.10 and Package 2 item 1.11) 300,000.00 2.7 Spoil Disposal (Ref Appendix 9 a, item 3.4 both packages) 8,690,739.91 2.8 Bioengineering and landslide retention (Ref Appendix 9 a, item 7 both packages) 4,186,148.48 2.9 Installation of traffic signals (Ref Appendix 9 a, item 6.4, both packages) 562,720.15 Subtotal II 18,527,608.54 3 Civil Work Cost 3.1 Total Civil Cost (Including VAT and Contingencies) 536,181,322.21

193 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

SN Particulars Amount (NRs.) 3.2 Other environmental cost included in civil works cost as given in SN 2 18,527,608.54 3.3 Civil excluding other environmental cost (Subtotal III) 517,653,713.67 4 Resettlement Plan Cost 4.1 Compensation cost (land, trees, relocation cost for private and community structures within RoW) 16,473,778.80 4.2 Deed transfer assistance and fees 250,000.00 4.3 Income generation and livelihood improvement training 800,000.00 4.4 Contingency (20%) 3,344,755.76 Subtotal IV 20,868,534.56

5 Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Plan Cost 5.1 Capacity Development Training 50,000.00 5.2 Awareness Campaign on WASH and Psycho-social Counseling Program 50,000.00 Subtotal V 100,000.00 Total Project Cost (I+II+III+IV+V) 558,878,812.08

194 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha Appendix 10: Grievance Redress Mechanism

Sample Grievance Intake Form Name of Project Project ______welcomes complaints, suggestions, comments and queries regarding the project implementation and its stakeholders. We encourage persons with grievance to provide their name and contact information to enable us to get in touch with you for clarification and feedback.

Should you choose to include your personal details but want that information to remain confidential, please inform us by writing/typing "(CONFIDENTIAL)" above your name.

Thank you.

Contact Information Name Gender Male Female Home Address Age Phone No City/District Complaint/Suggestion/Comment/Question Please provide the details(who ,what where and how) of your grievance below:

How do you want us to reach you for feedback or update on your comment/grievance?

Portion to be filled in by the staff: Date received: Received through: Name of Staff who receive comment/complaint Position of staff: Type of Grievance; Remarks Signature of Staff

Update on the case: Date: Update

195 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha Appendix 11: Affected Private Structure

SN Picture Detail

1 Chainage 6+150 Name of Owner Ramesh Pokhrel

Address Tamakoshi RM-4( Malu-6)

Structure Type CGI shed ( store )

Built Year 2062, Kartik

Present Status Straw/ Grass Store

Family Member (no.) 4

Food Sufficiency (Month) 4

Total Agricultural Income 20000/- (NRs.)

Total Non-agricultural Income 240000/- (NRs.)

Total Affected Area (sqm) 15.00

Total cost (NRs.) 60000/-

2 Chainage 15+700 Name of Owner Sabita Bajagain

Address Tamakoshi RM-6(chyama-9

Structure Type CGI shed,

Built Year 2072 , Jeth

Present Status Residential cum shop

Family Member (no.) 8

Food Sufficiency (Month) 0

Total Agricultural Income 0 (NRs.)

Total Non-agricultural Income 240000/- (NRs.)

Total Affected Area (sqm) 72

Total cost (NRs.) 675000/-

196 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

3 Chainage 15+700 Name of Owner Umesh Phuyal

Address Tamakoshi RM-6(chayma-1

Structure Type CGI with wooden structure

Built Year 2073,Magh

Present Status Residintial and shop

Family Member (no.) 5

Food Sufficiency (Month) 3

Total Agricultural Income 15000/- (NRs.)

Total Non-agricultural Income 180000/- (NRs.)

Total Affected Area (sqm) 15.75

Total cost (NRs.) 180000/-

4 Chainage 16+150 Name of Owner Dhanapati Phuyal ,Sharma

Address Tamakoshi RM-6(Chyama-8

Structure Type Temporary structure

Built Year 2059

Present Status Residential and shop

Family Member (no.) 6

Food Sufficiency (Month) 3

Total Agricultural Income 20000/- (NRs.)

Total Non-agricultural Income 240000/- (NRs.)

Total Affected Area (sqm) 29.64

Total cost (NRs.) 150000/-

197 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

5 Chainage 16+600 Name of Owner Motilal Phuyal

Address Tamakoshi RM-7 ( Hawa-8)

Structure Type Stone masonary with mudmortar and stone slate roof

Built Year 2056

Present Status Residential and buffalo shed

Family Member (no.) 3

Food Sufficiency (Month) 3

Total Agricultural Income 30000/- (NRs.)

Total Non-agricultural Income 240000/- (NRs.)

Total Affected Area (sqm) 45.2

Total cost (NRs.) 1000000/-

198 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha Appendix 12: Environmental and Social Monitoring Report Outline

The level of detail and comprehensiveness of a monitoring report is commensurate with the complexity and significance of social and environmental impacts. A safeguard monitoring report may include the following elements: (a) Background/context of the monitoring report (adequate information on the project, including physical progress of project activities, scope of monitoring report, reporting period, and the monitoring requirements including frequency of submission as agreed upon); (b) Changes in project scope and adjusted safeguard measures, if applicable; (c) Qualitative and quantitative monitoring data; (d) Monitoring parameters/indicators and methods based on the monitoring plan/program previously agreed upon with ADB; (e) Monitoring results compared against previously established benchmarks and compliance status (e.g., national environmental emission and ambient standards and/or standards set out in the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines guidelines; timeliness and adequacy of environmental mitigation measures; involuntary resettlement compensation rates and timeliness of payments, adequacy and timeliness of involuntary resettlement rehabilitation measures including serviced housing sites, house reconstruction, livelihood support measures, and training; budget for implementing environment management plan (EMP), resettlement plan,, timeliness and adequacy of capacity building, etc.); (f) Monitoring results compared against the objectives of safeguards or desired outcomes documented (e.g. involuntary resettlement impacts avoided or minimized; livelihood restored or enhanced; environmental impacts avoided or minimized, etc.); (g) If noncompliance or any major gaps identified, include a corrective action plan; (h) Records on disclosure of monitoring information to affected communities; (i) Identification of key issues, or complaints from affected people, or recommendations for improvement; (j) Monitoring adjustment measures recommended based on monitoring experience/trends and stakeholders response; (k) Information about actual institutional arrangement for implementing the monitoring program/plan provided or adjusted, as may be required; (l) Proposed items of focus for the next report and due date.

199 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Appendix 13: Pictorial Highlights

Glimpse of Public Consultation

IEE team member during consultation

200 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Existing Road Alignment

Existing Road Alignment

201 IEE of Bhirkot-Sahare-Hawa Road Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Sub-Project DCC, Dolakha

Kholsi along Road Alignment

Settlement and Utility Line along Road Alinment

202