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Determination of Volume and Direction of Flow of Kainji Reservoir Using Hydro-Geomatics Techniques

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Determination of Volume and Direction of Flow of Kainji Reservoir Using Hydro-Geomatics Techniques Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH) Vol. 36, No. 4, October 2017, pp. 1010 – 1015 Copyright© Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Print ISSN: 0331-8443, Electronic ISSN: 2467-8821 www.nijotech.com http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i4.3 DETERMINATION OF VOLUME AND DIRECTION OF FLOW OF KAINJI RESERVOIR USING HYDRO-GEOMATICS TECHNIQUES M. O. Ehigiator1,*, O. S. Oladosu2 and I. R. Ehigiator – Irughe3 1 DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED SCIENCES, BENSON IDAHOSA UNIVERSITY, BENIN CITY. EDO STATE, NIGERIA 2,3 DEPT. OF GEOMATICS, FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, EDO STATE, NIGERIA. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Determination of volume and direction of flow of river plays a key role in determining the direction of transported materials to the downstream. Bathymetry survey which incorporate sounding to determine the depths with respect to a known bench mark together with coordinates of points referenced to a minimum of two horizontal controls are enough to fix position of points aboard a boat traversing a river during field work. In this paper, MIDAS Echo Sounder and Trimble Dual Frequency GPS was used for data acquisition. Data analysis was done with the aid of Surfer golden software. The results obtained showed a computed volume of 13200456.595Mm3, 13226766.629Mm3 and 13209519.223Mm3 for the reservoir using trapezoidal, Simpson’s and Simpson’s 3/8 rules respectively. A contour map, 3D wireframe map overlaid with grid vector maps of the river bed were produced to create a 3D effect of Kainji reservoir flow direction. A depth of 23.50m was obtained during the sounding field operation. Key Words: Kainji Dam, Reservoir, Bathymetry, Volume, Direction of flow 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Acoustic Depth Sounding Principle The construction of dam across River Niger at Kainji Sounding refers to the act of measuring depth. It is has impacted on its rate of flow. Prior to dam often referred to simply as sounding. Data taken from construction, most natural rivers have a flow rate that soundings are used in bathymetry to make maps of the varies widely throughout the year in response to floor of a body of water, and were traditionally shown varying conditions. Of course once constructed, the on nautical charts in fathoms and feet [2]. flow rate of the river below a dam is restricted. The Basic principle: Acoustic depth measurement systems dam itself and the need to control water releases for measure the elapsed time that an acoustic pulse takes the various purposes of the particular dam result in a to travel from a generating transducer to the waterway flow rate that has a smaller range of values and peaks bottom and back [3]. This is illustrated in Figure 1 that occur at times related to need rather than the where the measured depth (D) is between the dictates of nature.[1] transducer and some point on the acoustically The impoundment of water behind a dam causes the reflective bottom. The travel time of the acoustic pulse velocity of the water to drop. Sediment carried by the depends on the velocity of propagation (v) in the water river is dropped in the still water at the head of the column. If the velocity of sound propagation in the lake. Below the dam, the river water flows from the water column is known, along with the distance clear water directly behind the dam. Because the river between the transducer and the reference water no longer carries any sediment, the erosive potential of surface, the corrected depth (d) can be computed by the river is increased. Erosion of the channel and banks the measured travel time of the pulse. This is expressed of the river below the dam will ensue. Even further by equations 1 and 2 as follows [2]. downstream, sediment deprivation affects shoreline ⁄ processes and biological productivity of coastal regions In (1), D is the depth, V is the average velocity of sound [1] in the water column t is the measured elapsed time from transducer to bottom and back to transducer. * Corresponding author :+234 – 803 – 368 – 1019 DETERMINATION OF VOLUME AND DIRECTION OF FLOW OF KAINJI RESERVOIR USING HYDRO-GEOMATICS TECHNIQUES, M. O. Ehigiator, et al There are four spillways with hydraulic operated gates ⁄ In (2), d is the corrected depth from reference water of 50ft x 50ft (about 15m x 15m), which could be surface v is the average velocity of sound in the water opened to control flood and to release water for use at column t is the measured elapsed time from transducer the Jebba hydropower dam downstream if there is to bottom and back to transducer k is the system index need to do so. The lake has a total capacity of 15 billion constant dr is the distance from reference water cubic meters covering an area of 1,270 sq. kilometres. It surface to transducer (draft) [2]. has a power plant with initial six generating units and six turbines at the site [3]. Table 1 shows the designed characteristics of the dam at construction. Table 1. Kainji dam designed parameters First Year of Operation 1968 Installed Capacity (MW) 760 Design power plant factor 0.86 No of units in operation 8 No of units not installed 4 Reservoir flood storage capacity 15,000 (Mm3) Reservoir flood level (m) 143.50 Water Surface Area (Km2) at 303 elevation141.7 m Figure 1: Principle of acoustic depth measurement. Maximum operating reservoir 141.83 elevation (m.a.s.l) 2. STUDY AREA Minimum operating reservoir 132.00 The study area is as depicted in figure 2, the elevation (m.a.s.l) Maximum storage (Mm3) (Active coordinates of Kainji dam is given as: (10°11'45.71"N, 12,000 4°34'3 .8 "E and 09°5 ′45″N, 04°36′48″E . It is a dam storage capacity) Minimum storage (Mm3) (Dead used to impound water across the Niger River. Kainji 3,000 storage capacity) hydroelectric dam is located in New Bussa which was Hydraulic head (m) 24.0 to 42.2 formerly part of Kwara state but later transferred to Spilling capacity (m³/s). 7,900 Niger state on the 27th of August 1991, thereafter Maximum head elevation is (m) 141.7 became the headquarter of Borgu Local Government Minimum tail Elevation (m) 103 Area of Niger State, Nigeria. The Kainji dam has a main Surface Area (Hectares) 130,000 dam and a saddle dam. The main dam is constructed of concrete and rock fills while the saddle dam is rock filled which protects the main dam during flooding. Figure 2: Location map of Kanji reservoir and its drainage basin. Nigerian Journal of Technology, Vol. 36, No. 4, October 2017 1011 DETERMINATION OF VOLUME AND DIRECTION OF FLOW OF KAINJI RESERVOIR USING HYDRO-GEOMATICS TECHNIQUES, M. O. Ehigiator, et al 3. BATHYMETRIC SURVEY PROCEDURE Total Planar Area: 130,121.28 ha The bathy Survey boat used was an open fibre boat of 2 metre width, 5 metre length and 0.5 metre draft, 3.2 Volume Computation mounted with 2 x 85 HP engines. The echo-sounder In the computation of volume, several rules can be was mounted on an aluminum vessel with the applied among which are; prismoidal, end area, transducer and GPS unit located over the side, the trapezoidal, Simpson’s etc. In this paper volume hydrographic system included a GPS receiver with a computation was done using three different methods built-in radio, a depth sounder, a helmsman display for (rules) stated as follows. navigation, a computer, and hydrographic system software for collecting the underwater data. On-board 3.2.1 Volume Computation Using Trapezoidal Rule batteries powered all the equipment. The shore The computation of volume of water in the dam’s equipment included a second GPS receiver with an reservoir was done using the trapezoidal rule which external radio. The shore GPS receiver and antenna can also be verified with the help of surfer 10 software were mounted on survey tripods over a known datum in form of Volume (cutting or filling), point and powered by a 12-volt battery [5]. { } 4 Where, V is the volume, A1 is the area of first section, An is the area of last section, D is the the common distance. 3.2.2 Volume Computation Using Simpson’s Rule The volume was computed using Simpson’s rule. Equation [5] expresses the formula which produced the result presented in section 4.1 for volume alloted to Simpson’s rule . { 4 4 3 Figure 3: Survey Boat, MIDAS Surveyor Echo Sounder, 4 } 5 Toshiba Laptop and Hypack Navigation System Where, V = volume, A0 = area of starting section, An = software window. area of last section, D = the common distance Figure 3, shows the part of the bathy boat, the Toshiba 3.2.3 Volume Computation Using Simpson 3/8 Rule laptop and accessories and the Midas echo sounder Volume computation using Simpson’s 3/8 rule was used in the process of data acquisition. done using equation 6a or 6b. The outcome was also presented in section 4.1 for volume allotted to 3.1. Area Computation Simpson’s 3/8 rule. The area of expanse of land covered by the dam through traverse was computed using cross coordinate 3 method using equation [3]. However, there are other { 3 3 methods for computing area commonly used in 8 3 3 surveying such as, midpoint ordinate rule, graphical 3 3 rule, average ordinate rule, Simpson’s rule and } 6 trapezoidal rule but the method used depends on user’s choice.
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