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The Effect of Kainji Dam on the Hydrological Regime, Water Balance and Water Quality of the River Niger

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The Effect of Kainji Dam on the Hydrological Regime, Water Balance and Water Quality of the River Niger The influence of man on the hydrological regime with special reference to representative and experimental basins — L'influence de l'homme sur le régime hydrologique avec référence particulière aux études sur les bassins représentatifs et expérimentaux (Proceedings of the Helsinki Symposium, June 1980; Actes du Colloque d'Helsinki, juin 1980): IAHS—AISH Publ. no. 130. The effect of Kainji Dam on the hydrological regime, water balance and water quality of the River Niger LEKAN OYEBANDE University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria V. O. SAGUA Kainji Lake Research Institute, New Bussa, Nigeria J. L. EKPENYONG University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria Abstract Since impoundment, the peak discharges of the Niger at Jebba have decreased from nearly 6000 m3/s to below 3500 m */s while low flows have tripled. The regulation has caused flood plain contraction and altered the channel geometry. It has also induced lower runoff and sediment yields as well as changes in water quality. L'effet du barrage Kainji sur le régime hydrologique, le bilan hydrologique et la qualité de l'eau du fleuve Niger Résumé. Depuis la construction du barrage les débits le plus élevés du Niger à Jebba ont décru de 6000 m3/s jusqu'au-dessous de 3500 m3/s tandis que l'écoulement de basses eaux a triplé. Cette régularisation a entraîné la réduction des plaines d'inondation et a changé la géométrie du canal. Elle a également réduit l'écoulement et le transport des sédiments et a modifié la qualité de l'eau. THE DAM AND THE PRE-KAINJI NIGER Kainji Dam is a multipurpose project constructed between February 1964 and August 1968. The design purpose of the dam included power production, progressive develop­ ment of navigation, flood control in the Niger Valley and fishery production of over 10 000 tons annually. The lake formed by the impoundment has an area of 1280 km2 at its maximum elevation. The Niger River has a total drainage area of 1.12 x 106 km2 and passes through two humid catchments which are separated by a wide expanse of semiarid environment (Fig. 1). Consequently two distinct floods occur annually in the river. The first is the Ijlack flood' which originates from the high rainfall area at the headwaters. Much silt and 55-65 per cent of the black flood are lost through evaporation and infiltration in the Interior Niger Delta near Timbuctu. The black flood arrives at Kainji in November and lasts until March at Jebba after attaining a peak rate of about 2000 m3/s in February. The second flood which becomes prominent only downstream of Sabongari (Fig. 3) is the 'white flood' usually heavily laden with silt and other suspended particles. The flood derives its flow from the local tributaries and reaches Kainji in August in the pre-Kainji River Niger attaining peak rates of 4000—6000 m3/s in September-October at Jebba. The regulation of the Niger's flow was expected to produce some changes in the regime and runoff yield of the River Niger. This paper seeks to assess the magnitude and pattern of such changes in the stretch of the Niger between Lokoja confluence and Sabongari using available data between 1954 and 1977. RESERVOIR OPERATION AND THE AVERAGE AND TOTAL FLOW OF THE NIGER The flow of the Niger is regulated by controlling the discharge rates through both the generating turbines and the spillways. The average annual inflow and outflow pattern is shown in Fig. 2a. During 1970-1976 the annual outflow and inflow averaged 221 222 Lekan Oyebande et al. W Africa showing R. Niger basin 400Km /TIMBU CTb RIVER NIGER SYSTEM IN NIGERIA ABOVE LOKDJA CONFLUENCE FIGURE 1. River Niger system in Nigeria above Lokoja confluence. (a) (b) 1 | 30O0 \ K AMJI INFL ow 1 \ KAMJI OUTFLO *£ ?4UO «v H \V kU <^ ^ O \ a: \ ^ 4 - X 4 -t- + tsi a 1000 \ i ~ /- 1 1 5- v r 1 '*ï.,y INCREMENT*!. FLO!A J (Koinji 10 J»»»«) | \ \ .• F W A M J JASOND J r M A M i J A S 0 rN- D MONTHS OF THE TEAR AVERAGE YEAR FIGURE 2. Average flows at (a) Jebba, 1960-1967 and (b) Kainji 1969-1976. Effect of Kainji Dam on the River Niger 223 1097 and 1142 m3/s respectively. Four periods can be distinguished in the relation­ ship between inflow, outflow and downstream incremental flow between Kainji and Jebba during the post-impoundment period. From January to March the inflow and outflow are nearly equal as 98 per cent of the total inflow is discharged downstream. The runoff contribution from the catchment area between Kainji and Jebba is negligible during the period so that the flow at Jebba is completely under the control of the Kainji Dam. This corresponds with the stable level of the full reservoir and the result is that the flow of the black flood is not stored but largely runs away downstream, thus more or less maintaining the pre-impoundment flow rates in normal years. From April to July the outflow from Kainji exceeds the inflow on average by 33 per cent and the incremental flow from the contributing area downstream increases slightly from June to July (Sagua and Fregene, 1977). This is the period of emptying the reservoir and the effect is a more than threefold increase in the discharge rates during this former low flow season compared with the pre-Kainji period. The other two periods are August-October and November-December. During the former the inflow rates into the Kainji Lake exceeded the outflow by 60 per cent and between November and December by 32 per cent. However, the flow contribution from tributaries such as the rivers Oli, Moshi and Eku (Fig. 1) between Kainji and Jebba was very high during August—October, especially in September, making a con­ siderable difference during normal years. Both periods correspond to the filling cycle of the reservoir and the effect of reservoir operation was to reduce the total and average discharge rates of the white flood by about 60 per cent of its upstream rates, These results show that the reservoir is filled mainly by storage of the white flood. DOWNSTREAM EFFECT ON EXTREME FLOW RATES The regulation of the Niger's flow also modified the peak and minimum flow rates. The peak rates of the white flood were reduced from the pre-impoundment level of 4000-6000 m3/s (it was 5800 m3/s in 1960) to below 3500 m3/s during virtually the whole post-Kainji period (Fig. 3(b)). The only exception was the wet year of 1974 which came as a pleasant surprise to the reservoir operators after two consecutive drought years. Although the flood level was only about 3750 m3/s at Jebba, the river flooded a 350-ha rice plantation some 50 km downstream of Jebba. The rice farms were located in areas which were in the pre-Kainji flood plain, but where were released for farming after the impoundment. Flow duration curve data (Table 1) were obtained from flow—duration curves prepared from daily discharge data for River Niger at Jebba (Oyebande, 1978). The data confirm the above observations on peak discharges. The results also show that the post-impoundment minimum discharge of 500 m3/s was attained during at least 98 per cent of the time, except again during 1974. The sudden increase in demand for water for power generation from 64 per cent of the total inflow as at 1975 to 88 per cent in 1976 and later to over 94 per cent in 1977 will ensure the minimum flow remains well above 600 m3/s. It is worth noting however that the flood pattern of the pre-Kainji River Niger at Jebba was reversed during the drought year of 1972 by reservoir operation. Discharge rates during both the black flood (January—March) and the normal low flow period (April—July) exceeded the flow rates of August—October when the higher discharge rates of the white flood should have occurred. EFFECT ON WATER BALANCE The sub-basin of the River Niger between Sabongari and Jebba (189 000 km2 ) is used to study the effect of the Kainji Dam and the lake on the water balance components. 224 Effect of Kainji Dam on the River Niger HT D j MM D J »68 D J 1970 D J «71 D J «77 D J 7973 D J 197i D J W7S 0 J !•» 0 FIGURE 3. Monthly maximum and minimum flows at (a) Sabongari (255 km upstream of Kainji Dam) and (b) Jebba (103 km downstream of Kainji Dam), 1966-1976. Lack of adequate information on most of the components does not permit a detailed study. Nevertheless, the data in Table 2 indicate an increase in water losses to 1.8 per cent of the total input rainfall during the post-Kainji period. Nearly 0.93 per cent of the increase is attributable to lake evaporation alone. The remainder of the losses might be accounted for by losses through seepage of the reservoir storage through the Nupe sandstone, the alluvium, and even through the weathered mantle of the Basement complex which forms the lake bed and shore. In the Niger Valley itself a larger water surface was exposed during the dry season, particularly during Aprils July. This could account for a significant increase in water loss during the post- Kainji period. However, in spite of the increased losses observed, higher humidity and rainfall have been observed in the vicinity of the Lake. While rainfall decreased by 8 to 27 per cent at more distant stations within the sub-basin, only a decrease of 1.5 per cent was observed at Kainji during the post-impoundment period.
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