ISSN-2456-4354

ISSN -2456 -4354

Contemporary Literary Review of Muchakunda ( acerifolium) with special reference to it’s Medicinal aspects Review Article Contemporary Literary Review of Muchakunda (Pterospermum acerifolium ) with special reference to it’s Medicinal aspects

Vidyavati Hiremath 1, B.S.Hiremath 2, S. Mohapatra 3, Arun Kumar Das 4. 1Ph.D (Scholar), 2 Ph.D (Scholar) Puri, 3 Gopabandhu Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Puri Lecturer A&U Tibbia College, 4Professor, Gopabandhu Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Puri

Abstract Muchakunda ( Pterospermum acerifolium ) belonging to Sterculiaceae family, commonly known as Bayur Tree, Dinner-plate tree is well distributed in India, particularly in sub-Himalayan zone and outer Himalayan valleys. It is commonly known as Kanakchampa or Muchukunda . In traditional medicine, different parts of the tree, in various dosage forms have been used to treat many diseases since thousand years. Mainly it is used for karna -shula (ear ache), chechaka (small pox), sweta -pradara (leucorrhoea), sotha (inflammation), dusta -vrana (ulcers), kustha (leprosy), prameha (diabetes syndrome). The descriptions of habitat, morphology, etymology, scientific classification, family and genus characters, vernacular names, pharmacological activities, chemical constituents, ethno-botanical use, therapeutic use cultivation and propagation etc. are richly found in Ayurvedic and contemporary literatures. The review article will help the researchers of Ayurveda as well as in other field of Bio-medical sciences to explore more about the said for the larger benefit of society. Key words: Muchukunda, Pterospermum acerifolium , Ayurveda, Ethno-botany, herbal drugs

Introduction: and the world at large, as food and Medicinal are local heritage medicine. Ancient Acharyas had felt with global importance. Herbs have enormous therapeutic potentiality of always been the very best requirements each and every plant on being their for the existence of the people of India judicious use [1] . Among millions of

PIJAR/VOLUME-I/ISSUE –II/OCTOBER-NOVEMBER-2016 49

ISSN -2456 -4354

Contemporary Literary Review of Muchakunda (Pterospermum acerifolium) with special reference to it’s Medicinal aspects Review Article plants and their different species, it’s different parts are described in Muchakunda is having therapeutic various Ayurvedic literatures. The predominance in certain disease pharmacognostical studies of drug are conditions like Twak -Roga (skin also the part of current drug review disease), Sotha (inflammation), write up. Details of macroscopic, Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), microscopic characters of discussed Vatarakta (gout arthritis), Visarpa plant material with chemical composition (psoriasis), Rakta-arsha (bleeding piles), may facilitate the interdisciplinary as Garbhashayagata raktasrava (uterine well as intra-disciplinary research in this bleeding) etc... regard. Literary review of the said plant Pterospermum acerifolium (L) will explore the identifying criteria and Willd belonging to the family time tested therapeutic efficacy along Sterculiaceae is a tall tree having high with different morphological aspects of medicinal value. It is an angiosperm, the plant. indigenous to Southeast Asia, from India Different mythological aspects of Muchukunda: [3] to Burma. The geographical distribution In Vedic literatures this plant of the plant extends from North East material is compared with saint India to Bangla Desh (Chittagong), Mahamuni in many places. In ancient Burma and Malayasia; cultivated in time a famous king Muchakunda who Pakistan and North America [2] . Today it had enmity with lord Vishnu, like this is mainly cultivated in Pakistan and tree very much. Hence it is called Prati- North America. Due to it’s high Vishnuka (opposite to Lord Vishnu) and therapeutic value now a day it is a Muchukunda . matter of interest for research in bio- Etymology [4] : medical science to explore more “Munchati sugandham kundah iva accurate therapeutic index, in terms of Muchakundah ”- Which gives odor and active principles, that could be the fragrance like kunda flower is called marker compound of the plant. Broad Muchukunda . spectrum medical use of the plant and Habit and habitat [5] : PIJAR/VOLUME-I/ISSUE –II/OCTOBER-NOVEMBER-2016 50

ISSN -2456 -4354

Contemporary Literary Review of Muchakunda (Pterospermum acerifolium) with special reference to it’s Medicinal aspects Review Article

Pterospermum acerifolium Ayurveda regarding the etymology, (Willd). (karnikara tree) is an synonyms, morphological description angiosperm, indigenous to Southeast and therapeutic use. Asia, from India to Burma. Probably it Placement of Muchukunda is a native of North East India, Bangla under different varga (group) by different Scholars: Desh (Chittagong), Burma and Observing the morphology, therapeutic Malayasia. Now days it is cultivated in effect, habit and habitat different Pakistan and North America. It is a tree scholars have placed Parijata under belonging to the family Sterculiaceae. It different varga (group) for convenient of is most likely to grow naturally along study. forested stream banks. The best Table-01 shows the position of growing conditions are a seasonally Muchukunda in different literature [6] moist then dry climate with access to Sl. Name of Name Referen full sunlight. It grows up to 40-45' tall No. Literature of varga ce (group) and mostly found in soil PH 6.1 to 7.5 1 HrudayadeepikaN Dwinama Page with good Sun light. This golden-hued ighantu varga No: 10 2 Karaveeradhi Page flower has a beautiful tassel-like form Raja-Nighantu varga No: 318 which makes it ornamental. It has an 3 Kaiyadeva- Oushadi Page intense fragrance, it starts fading the Nighantu varga No: 627 4 Bhavaprakasha Page Puspa varga moment it is plucked. Nighantu No: 504 Description of Muchakunda in 5 Nighantu Muchakundad Page Aadarsha i-varga No: 185 Different Ayurvedic 6 Hartiakyadi- Page Priya-Nighantu Literatures: varga No: 48 In different ancient literatures [7] Muchukunda is described under Synonyms of Muchukunda : different varga (group). There are lots Muchukunda is identified by different of descriptions found about this plant names in different literatures called material in all most all reference synonyms, according to it’s physical literatures i.e. Samhita and Nighantu of properties like colour, fragrance as well as use of flower and leaves. Different

PIJAR/VOLUME-I/ISSUE –II/OCTOBER-NOVEMBER-2016 51

ISSN -2456 -4354

Contemporary Literary Review of Muchakunda (Pterospermum acerifolium) with special reference to it’s Medicinal aspects Review Article synonyms are etc. Raktaprasava, Flower, leaf and/or bark of the plant are Sudala, Harivallabha, Dheergapuspa, used for medicinal purpose in different Karnikara, Kshatravruksha, dosage form or as an ingredient in a Prativishnuka, Chatravruksha, compound formulation. (R.Nighantu, Supushpa, Bahupatra etc. Indian Medicinal Plant, Indian Metria Vernacular names: [8] Medica, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu) Latin name: Pterospermum acerifolium Therapeutic use of (L) Willd. Muchukunda in different English : Kanaka Champa flower Ancient literatures : [11] Hindi : Muchukund, Kanaka Muchakunda is described for different Champa, Kaniar, Kathachampa, Kannada : Muchaakunda, Toddagiringa therapeutic use in different literatures Malayalam: uchakundam, Chittilaplavu such as Muchakunda flower is made into Tamil : Vennangu, cittilapolavu, paste with Kanji and applied on head to vattapolavu cure head ache. It is also applied as Telugu : Matsakanda, Lolagu, Marudu, Tadu lepa in Raktarsha (bleeding piles), Daha Marathi : Muchakunda (burning sensation), Shirashoola ( head [9] Classifications: ache ), Ardavabhedaka (migraine), Vrana In contemporary way of classification it (wound) and Visarpa ( erysipelas ). is described as follows Class : Eukaryota Internally it is used in Twak -Roga (skin Kingdom : Plant diseases), Shotha (inflammation), Subdivision : Angiosperm Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), Class : Vatarakta (gout arthritis), Raktarsha Sub-Class : Eurosids II (bleeding piles), kasa (cough), Atyartava Order : (metrorhegia), Garbhashayagata - Family : Sterculiaceae raktasrava (uterine bleeding) etc.. Sub-Family : Dombeyoideae Flowers are also used as general tonic. Genus : Pterospermum The medicinal uses in different Species : acerifolium literatures are given below in tabular format. Useful parts of the Plant (10):

PIJAR/VOLUME-I/ISSUE –II/OCTOBER-NOVEMBER-2016 52

ISSN -2456 -4354

Contemporary Literary Review of Muchakunda (Pterospermum acerifolium) with special reference to it’s Medicinal aspects Review Article

Shofah Table No: 2 Medicinal use of - - - + - - Muchakunda mentioned in ara Different classics. Vranah - - - + - - Karma ara s Raj Kai Bp Sal P. Dg. (Medic .Ni .Ni n.N i.Ni Ni Ha Pamah - - - + - - inal g g ig g g st ara use) Dose of Muchakunda : [12] According to Raja Nighantu Vedha - - + - - + nahara Pushpa Kwatha - 50-100 ml

Shotha Pushpa Churna - 0.5-1.5 gm shama + - - - - + Pushpa Churna - 1-2 gm. ka (According to Dravyaguna Hastamalaka) Shirash Morphology: [13] oolaha - + + + + + ra Pterospermum acerifolium,

Kapha commonly known as Bayur Tree, + - + + - - hara Dinner-plate tree, is a tree of Indian

Vishag origin, which reaches a height of 50-70 - + + - - + na ft. The bark of the tree is grey in color Vranag and fairly soft. Small twigs and new + - - - - - na growth seem feathery and are Kasaha commonly more of a rusty-brown color. + - - + - - ra Leaves have grown in alternate insertion Kantad arrangement. Leaf shape can range oshagn - - - + - - a from Oblong, broadly Obviate to ovate. Leaf edges are commonly dentate Twakro - - - + - - gahara (toothed) or irregularly lobed. Many leaves tend to droop downward, giving Raktap ittahar - - - + - - the tree the appearance that it is a wilting. The top side of the leaves is a

PIJAR/VOLUME-I/ISSUE –II/OCTOBER-NOVEMBER-2016 53

ISSN -2456 -4354

Contemporary Literary Review of Muchakunda (Pterospermum acerifolium) with special reference to it’s Medicinal aspects Review Article dark green color. The leaves are rough immune system modulator. Betulin is an and rubbery, to limit the loss of abundant naturally occurring triterpene. moisture in a hot climate. Stipules It is commonly isolated from the bark. linear; petiole robust, striate; leaf blade Other than this Beta-Sitosterol, Volatile nearly Orbicular or Oblong , sometimes oils and glycines, galactoses are also leathery. Base cordate margin entire. It present in Muchakunda. [15] has large fragrant nocturnal white Ethno-Botanical use :- flowers, occurring in axillary fascicles. The Pterospermum acerifolium is Sepals linear-oblong, petals white, beneficial in the following conditions: linear-oblong, slightly shorter than Antiseptic, Depurative, Eruption, sepals. Ovary oblong, 5-angular; ovules Fever, Fumitory, Inflammation, Leprosy, many. Fruit is a capsule woody, angled, Menorrhagia, Puerperium, Repellant furfuraceaous, cylindrical, reddish brown (insect) , Smallpox, Sore tonic, Tumor, velutinous, glabrescent, base tapering, Laxative, Anthelmintic, Stomachache, and apex rounded. Seeds many per Blood disorders, Ulcers. locule, obliquely ovate, flat, wing large Other uses: The wood of this plant has been used in and thin, brown, smooth. traditional fabric dyeing. In Malaysia it is Chemical constituents: - [14] used specifically for dyeing. Orange-red It contains Kaempferol a natural is the most typical color produced by flavonoid. It is a yellow crystalline solid this species. with a melting point of 276-278 °C and slightly soluble in water but soluble in Current research on Muchakunda : - hot ethanol and diethyl ether. Luteolin Different research projects explores is another flavoniod is thought to play many medical use of muchakunda like an important role in the human body as Chronic effect of pterospermum an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, acerifolium bark on glycemic and an agent in the prevention of lipidemic status of type 2 diabetic model inflammation, a promoter of rats Diabetes Research and Clinical carbohydrate metabolism, and an

PIJAR/VOLUME-I/ISSUE –II/OCTOBER-NOVEMBER-2016 54

ISSN -2456 -4354

Contemporary Literary Review of Muchakunda (Pterospermum acerifolium) with special reference to it’s Medicinal aspects Review Article

Practice, Volume 50, Supplement 1, Anti-hyperglycemic effect of Page 224, S,Research Division, Birden, Pterospermum acerifolium Willd. and Dhaka, Bangladesh, Dept of Chemistry, Pterospermum semisagittatum Ham. Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Department of Chemistry, University of Murshed, B. Rokeya, L. Ali, N. Nahar, A. Dhaka, Bangladesh, Research Division, K. Azad Khan and M. Mosihuzzaman, Bangladesh Institute of Research & September 2000. Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine & Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity Metabolic Disorders (Birdem), Dhaka, of ethanol extract of Pterospermum Bangladesh. Mamun M. I. R., Rokeya B, acerifolium leaves, Indian Journal of Chowdhury N. S., Muniruzzaman M. Pharmaceutical Sciences 69, 6, 850-852, Nahar N, Ahmed M. U, Kharpate S.,G. Vadnerkar, Deepti Jain Mosihuzzaman M.,Ali L., Azad khan A. and S. Jain, 2007. K. and Khan S. H. The antiulcer activity of Pterospermum Evaluation of Antimitotic and Anticancer acerifolium bark extract in experimental activity of the crude extracts of animal, Journal of Pharmacy Research Pterospermum acerifolium Willd Leaves 2009, 2(5), 785-788, Seemanta Institute (Sterculiaceae), Nigerian Journal of of pharmaceutical sciences, Natural Products and Medicine Vol. 11 Jharpokharia, Orissa, Dept. of pharm pp. 76-79, S Saboo, S L Deore, S S Tech. Jadavpur University, A.K. Manna, Khadabadi, U A Deokate, 2007. AK Behera, J Jena, S Manna, S Discussion:- Karmakar, Dr.S Kar, B.R.Panda, S. Contemporary Literary Review of Maity, Kolkata, March 2009. Muchukunda (Pterospermum Pharmacognostic studies on the flower acerifolium) with special reference to it’s of Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Medicinal aspects highlights different WILLD, Dr. (Mrs.) Shanta Mehrotra, Dr. therapeutic use it. In this review article (Mrs.) Usha Shome, National Botanical the habit habitat, morphology, Institute, Pharmacognosy Section, identification critera of the plant are Lucknow, India. given in ancient as well as in ethno-

PIJAR/VOLUME-I/ISSUE –II/OCTOBER-NOVEMBER-2016 55

ISSN -2456 -4354

Contemporary Literary Review of Muchakunda (Pterospermum acerifolium) with special reference to it’s Medicinal aspects Review Article

botanical way. This drug is described in Chaukhambha Bharati Academy most of the Nighantus (ancient Varanasi. 2015 pharmacopeal literatures) with it’s 2. Chandel et al- Biodiversity in Medicinal morphology, traditional pharmacology and Aromatic Plants in India and therapeutic use. Different used 3. Sanjeev Kumar Lele, Oushadi Nama parts of the muchakunda along with it’s Rupa Vijnana Part I, I Edition, 2003, suitable dosage form are also mentioned P.No.10. in many literatures. It is mostly used 4. Bapalal G Vaidya Nighantu Adarsha . externally as lepa (paste) of flower in Vol I, Page No: 185; Edition; Raktarsha , Daha , Shirashoola , Chaukhambha Bharati Academy Ardavabhedaka , Vrana and Visarpa . Varanasi, 2005 Internally it is also used in Twak Roga 5. http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/P/Pterosp (skin diseases), Shotha (inflammation), ermum-acerifolium visited on Raktapitta (bleeding disorder), 29.03.2010 Vatarakta (gout arthritis), Raktarsha 6. (bleeding piles), kasa (cough), Atyartava A. Bhavamisra, Bhava Prakasa Nighantu, (metrorrhegia), Garbhashayagata- commented by Dr.K.C.Chunekar & raktasrava (uterine bleeding) etc.. Dr.Ganga Sahay Flowers are also used as general tonic. Pandey , Pushpa varga, P.No.504; Over all this literary work may help the Reprint edition, Chaukhamba Bharati herbal researchers to explore more Academy, Varanasi, 2006. medicinal effect of the said drug in B. Narahari Pandit, Raja Nighantu, validated experimental and clinical Dravya guna Prakashika Hindi models. Vyakshyopetha, Commentary by Dr. REFERENCES Indradev Tripati, Chaukambha; 1. Acharya Agnivesha ; Charaka Samhita. Karaveeradi Varga; P.No.318; IV “Vdyotini”Commentary by Kashinath Edition, Krishna Das Academy, Varanasi, th Pandey, Sutra Sthan 26 Chapter, Verse 2006. No: 12, Page No: 492; Reprint,

PIJAR/VOLUME-I/ISSUE –II/OCTOBER-NOVEMBER-2016 56

ISSN -2456 -4354

Contemporary Literary Review of Muchakunda (Pterospermum acerifolium) with special reference to it’s Medicinal aspects Review Article

C. Kaiyadeva, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Commentary by Dr.Indradev Tripati, commentary by Acharya P.V Sharma Karaveeradi Varga; P.No.318; IV and Guru Prasad Sharma, with pathy- Edition; Chaukambha Krishna das apathya Vibodhaka, Oushadi Varga, Academy, Varanasi, 2006. P.No. 627; II-Edition Chaukhamba 8. Sastry J.L.N., Dravya Guna Vijanana; Orientalia Varanasi, 2006. P.No.632; III Edition, Choukambha D. Shama P.V., Priya Nighantu, Orientalia Varanasi, 2008. Haritakyadi Varga, P.No.48/219, 1 st 9. http://www.impgc.com ; visited on Edition, Re-print; Chaukhamba Sur 24.04.2010 Bharathi Prakashan, Varanasi, 2004. 10. Kirtikar K.R and Basu B.D – E. Shri Bapalala. G. Vaidya, Nighantu Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol I- IV, Adarsha, Muchakundadi varga, Vol-I & Published by International Book II P.No.185; Reprint Chaukambha Distribution, Dehradun, 1987. Bharati Academy, Varanasi, 2005. 11. F. Bopadeva, Hrdaya Dipika Nighantu, A. Kaiyadeva, Kaiyadeva Nighantu; P.No.10; Chaukhambha Orientalia, Commentary by Acharya P.V. Sharma Varanasi. 1977. and Guruprasad G. Lala Shaligrama Vaishya , Sharma,with pathyapathya vibodhaka, Shaligrama Nighantu, Pushpa varga, Oushadi Varga, P.No. 627; II-Edition P.No. 385; 3 rd Edition; Khemraj Shri Chaukhamba Orientalia Varanasi, 2006. Krishnadas Prakashan, Bombay, 1995. B. Bhavamisra, Bhava Prakasa Nighantu, H. King Madanapala; Madanapala commented by Dr.K.C.Chunekar & Nighantu, Hindi commentary by Raj- Dr.Ganga Sahay Pandey, Pushpa Varga, Vaidya Rama Prasad Vaidyopadya, P.No.504; Reprint; Chaukhamba Karpooradhi Varga; P.No.94/100; Bharati Academy, Varanasi, 2006. Khemraj Sreekrishnadass Prakashan, 12. Narahari Pandit, Raj Mumbai.edition, 1998. Nighantu, Dravya guna Prakashika 7. Narahari Pandit, Raja Nighantu , Hindi Vyakyopetha, Commentar by Dravya guna Prakashika Hindi Indradev Tripati, P.No-318, IV

PIJAR/VOLUME-I/ISSUE –II/OCTOBER-NOVEMBER-2016 57

ISSN -2456 -4354

Contemporary Literary Review of Muchakunda (Pterospermum acerifolium) with special reference to it’s Medicinal aspects Review Article

Edition; Publisher Chaukambha Krishna 15. Duke, James A - 1992. Das Academy, Varanasi, 2006. Handbook of biologically active 13. http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/P/P Phytochemicals and their activities. Boca terospermum-acerifolium ; visited on Raton, FL. CRC Press. 26.04.2010 14. www.en.wikipedia.org ; visited on 25.04.2010

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Dr. Vidyavati Hiremath Ph.D. Scholar Gopabandhu Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Puri Source of Support: NIL Email: [email protected] Conflict of Interest : None declared

PIJAR/VOLUME-I/ISSUE –II/OCTOBER-NOVEMBER-2016 58