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No. 4 [77]/2020 “CAROL I” NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY CENTRE FOR DEFENCE AND SECURITY STRATEGIC STUDIES No. 4 [77]/2020 Open access academic quarterly, nationally, acknowledged by CNATDCU, indexed in CEEOL, EBSCO, ProQuest, WorldCat and ROAD international databases “CAROL I” NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING HOUSE BUCHAREST, ROMANIA STRATEGIC IMPACT EDITORIAL COUNCIL Dorin-Corneliu PLEȘCAN, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania ‒ Chairman Daniel DUMITRU, PhD, Professor, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania Daniel GHIBA, PhD, Professor, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania Valentin DRAGOMIRESCU, PhD, Professor, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania Ion PURICEL, PhD, Professor, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania Marius-Victor ROȘCA, PhD, Associate Professor, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania Florian CÎRCIUMARU, PhD, Lecturer, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania Florian RĂPAN, PhD, Professor, “Dimitrie Cantemir” Christian University, Romania Florin DIACONU, PhD, Associate Professor, University of Bucharest, Romania John F. TROXELL, Research Professor, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, USA Robert ANTIS, PhD, National Defence University, USA John L. CLARKE, PhD, Professor, “George C. Marshall” Centre, Germany Dirk DUBOIS, Head of the European Security and Defence College, Belgium Pavel NECAS, PhD, Professor Eng., University of Security Management, Slovakia Igor SOFRONESCU, PhD, Associate Professor, “Alexandru cel Bun” Military Academy, Republic of Moldova Péter TÁLAS, PhD, National University of Public Service, Hungary SCIENTIFIC BOARD Mirela ATANASIU, PhD, Senior Researcher Alexandru LUCINESCU, PhD, Associate Professor Cristian BĂHNĂREANU, PhD, Senior Researcher Dan˗Lucian PETRESCU, PhD, Lecturer János BESENYŐ, PhD, Associate Professor Marius-Titi POTÎRNICHE, PhD, Researcher Cristina BOGZEANU, PhD, Senior Researcher Alexandra SARCINSCHI, PhD, Senior Researcher Dorel BUȘE, PhD, Professor Gabriel STOENESCU Cristian ICHIMESCU, PhD, Lecturer Sorin TOPOR, PhD, Professor Crăișor-Constantin IONIȚĂ, PhD, Researcher Mihai ZODIAN, PhD, Researcher EDITORS CONTACT ADDRESS Editor-in-Chief: Florian CÎRCIUMARU, PhD, Lecturer Șos. Panduri, nr. 68-72, sector 5, 050662, Deputy-Editor-in-Chief: Daniela LICĂ, PhD, Researcher București, Romania Editor: Andreea TUDOR Phone: +4021.31956.49; Fax: +4021.319.57.80 Editorial Secretary: Iulia COJOCARU Website: https://cssas.unap.ro/index_en.htm E-mail: [email protected] Disclaimer: Opinions expressed within published materials belong strictly to authors and do not represent the position of CDSSS/ “Carol I” NDU. The accuracy of the English version of the articles falls entirely in the authors’ responsibility. Authors are fully responsible for their articles’ content, according to the provisions of Law no. 206/2004 regarding good conduct in scientific research, technological development and innovation. ISSN 1841-5784; ISSN-L 1841-5784; e-ISSN 1842-9904 2 STRATEGIC IMPACT No. 4/2020 STRATEGIC IMPACT CONTENTS EDITOR’S NOTE Florian CÎRCIUMARU, PhD ................................................................................. 5 DYNAMICS OF THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT Race for Vaccine and Medical Resources: a New Side of the Struggle for Power on the International Arena Alexandra SARCINSHI, PhD ................................................................................. 7 Rule of Law in the Context of the Double Blocking of 2021-2027 Multiannual Financial Framework and Next Generation EU Cristina BOGZEANU, PhD .................................................................................. 24 Biden versus Trump: Elections, Tensions and National Security Mihai ZODIAN, PhD ........................................................................................... 38 The Libia Situation and its Impact on Regional and European Security Crăișor-Constantin IONIȚĂ, PhD ........................................................................ 44 GEOPOLITICS AND GEOSTRATEGY: TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES ISIS and the 2015 Migration Wave: Motives and Struggles of Migrants on Their Way to Europe András NOVÁK ................................................................................................... 70 THE TERRORIST THREAT International Terrorism as an Assymetric Threat. Characteristic and Means to Fight Against it Radoslav IVANČIK, PhD .................................................................................... 84 ‟Lone Wolves ” Islamist Terrorists as Non-State Actors and Their Impact on Security Policy of the European Union Mirela ATANASIU, PhD ................................................................................... 100 STRATEGIC IMPACT No. 4/2020 3 STRATEGIC IMPACT INFORMATION SOCIETY Digital Diplomacy as a Management Strategy of Changes in the International Environment Adrian Victor VEVERA, PhD ............................................................................. 126 Offensive Cyber Operations, an Essential Capability of Hybrid Threats Costinel Nicolae MAREȘI ................................................................................. 137 Dark Web Attila GULYÁS ................................................................................................... 152 MILITARY HISTORY USSR Foreign Policy and the Warsaw Pact Daniel-Mihai DUȚU .......................................................................................... 178 BOOK REVIEW Rethinking Military Professionalism for the Changing Armed Forced Editors: Krystal K. Hachey, Tamil Libel and Waylon H. Dean Crăișor-Constantin IONIȚĂ, PhD ...................................................................... 190 Tunisia: the Island of Peace or a Terrorist Centre? Your Sons Are at Your Service ̶ Tunisia’s Missionaries of Jihad by Aaron Y. Zelin János BESENYÖ, PhD ....................................................................................... 193 SCIENTIFIC EVENT Celebration of 20 Years since the Establishment of CDSSS on November 1st, 2020, and Strategies XXI International Scientific Conference on November 5th, 2020 Florian CÎRCIUMARU, PhD .............................................................................. 198 GUIDE FOR AUTHORS .................................................................................. 200 4 STRATEGIC IMPACT No. 4/2020 EDITOR’S NOTE EDITOR’S NOTE The fourth edition of 2020 (vol. 77) comprises 11 articles, two book reviews and Scientific Event rubric. The journal opens with the section Dynamics of the Security Environment, which encompasses four analyses on current issues, carried out by CDSSS researchers. Thereby Alexandra Sarcinschi, PhD Senior Researcher, addresses the Race for Vaccine and Medical Resources as a New Side of the Struggle for Power on the International Arena. Hereinafter Cristina Bogzeanu, PhD Senior Researcher, deals with the issue of Rule of Law in the Context of the Double Blocking of 2021-2027 Multiannual Financial Framework and Next Generation EU. Mihai Zodian, PhD Researcher, brings under discussion the complex challenges the future US administration will face: Biden versus Trump: Elections, Disputes and the National Security. Crăișor-Constantin Ioniță, PhD Researcher, approaches The Libya Situation and its Impact on Regional and European Security. In the Geopolitics and Geostrategy: Trends and Perspectives rubric, Mr. Andras Novak presents an analysis on the issue of ISIS and the 2015 Migration Wave: Motives and Struggles of Migrants on Their Way to Europe, stating that future policies and communication campaigns should be based on the analysis when handling a potential future wave of migration. Next, in the Terrorist Threat rubric, we invite our readers to discover two articles: the first, written by Colonel (ret) Radoslav Ivancik, PhD, refers to International Terrorism as an Asymmetric Threat and presents its Characteristics and Means to Fight against it. The second article belongs to our colleague, Mirela Atanasiu, PhD Senior Researcher, and discusses the situation of Islamic terrorist “lone wolves” as non-state actors and their impact on the security policy of the European Union. In the Information Society you can read an article elaborated by Mr. Adrian Victor Vevera, PhD, Digital Diplomacy as a Management Strategy of Changes in the International Environment, which is an analysis on how technological innovations in the field of communications have led to changes in the content and ways of manifestation of diplomacy, highlighting the features of digital diplomacy as an emerging branch of general diplomacy. The second article, by Lieutenant Costinel Nicolae Mareși, titled Offensive Cyber Operations, an Essential Capability of Hybrid Threats, explains how state or non-state actors, considered hybrid threats, choose to operate in cyberspace, especially through offensive cyber operations. The third article, Dark Web, written by Mr. Attila Gulyás, is meant to shed some light on the popular Dark Web applications and the activities of nation state actors on the Dark Web. In this edition, we have included a new column, Military History, in which Mr. Daniel- Mihai Duțu has conducted a research on USSR Foreign Policy and the Warsaw Pact. This paper describes the ineffectiveness of the Pact, both as a military alliance and as a political STRATEGIC IMPACT No. 4/2020 5 EDITOR’S NOTE alliance, as it did not succeed to achieve its original goal of remilitarizing West Germany and dissolving NATO, failing to save the communist regimes it was supposed to protect. By the Book Review rubric,
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