Global Environment Facility Small Grants Programme Jalan Hang Lekir VIII/1, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta 12120 Telephone 62-21-7266341, Fax 62-21-7206125 http:\\www.sgp-indonesia.org, http:\\www.undp.org Email [email protected] Community’s Contribution National Steering Committee to Develop Bo Asplund (Resident Representative Sustainable UNDP CO Indonesia) Dr. Priyo Budi Sayoko (UNDP) Future Drs. Effendy A. Sumardja, MSc (KLH) Maria Hartiningsih (Kompas) Dr. Zainal Arifin, MSc (LIPI) Yani W icaksono (YBUL) Dr. Martha Tilaar EXPERIENCES IN MANAGING Dr. Siti Nuramaliati Prijono (LIPI) SMALL GRANTS FOR Franciscus Welirang (PT Indofood Sukses THE ENVIRONMENT Makmur Tbk.) Ismid Hadad (Kehati) Ita Natalia

National Coordinator Avi Mahaningtyas First edition 2006 Second edition 2007 © Global Environment F acility Small Grants ProgrammeProgram Indonesia Assistants Hery Budiarto - Program Finance & Administration Dwi Lestari Rahardiani - Network & This publication may be quoted, partly or wholly, in any Administrationform, for educational or non-profitable purposes without prior permissionCatharina Dwihastarini as long as- SSGF & Project the source is mentioned. The National Secretariat of GEFDevelopment SGP Indonesia appreciates the submission of copies of publication usingCarolina this publicationMonteiro - Knowledge Manage- as the reference. No commercial attempts of this publication may be allowedment without special permission from The National Secretariat of GEF SGP Indonesia.

Global Environment Facility Small Grants Programme Cover photos: GEF SGP Indonesia documentation Indonesia Editor & designer: Harijanto Suwarno Jalan Hang Lekir VIII/1, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta 12120 Telp. 62-21-7266341, Fax 62-21-7206125 http:\\www.sgp-indonesia.org, http:\\www.undp.org Email [email protected] Modern Conservation within Cultural Frame- Table of Contentwork - 30 Semangat Baru - 39 - 42 Mangrove Rehabilitation Learning Center - 44 Foreword by Community Based Biodiversity in Bintuni Bay - 45 UNDP Resident Representative in Indonesia - 1 Survivors-based Redevelopment of Coastal Ecosystems and Livelihoods - 47

Introduction Solving Global Environmental Problems with Coral Reefs - 50 Small Grants Funds? - 2 Community-based Coral Reefs Conservation - 50 Coral Reefs Restoration & Aquarium Fish Trade - 51 GEF SGP Indonesia Through the Years - 4 Conservation of Local Durian - 56 Semi natural Butterfly Breeding - 57 Focal Areas & Operational Programs - 5

Forest - 59 Selling Micro Hydro Power - 6 Meratus Forest Biodiversity - 59 Energy - 7 Monsoon Forest Conservation - 60 Revitalization of Micro Hydro Power Plant - 8 Pond Conservation - 62 Electricity for Nature Reserve - 10 Marsh Lake Conservation - 63 Impact of Mercury to Health and Environment - 64 Editor ’s Note Pico Hydro - 12 Organic Waste Composting - 12 Living Fence & Jungle School - 66 The book is a piece of the big mosaic of knowledge management devel- Energy Efficient Stove - 13 oped by GEF SGP Indonesia to support local initiatives for global environ- Solar Thermal Dryer - 14 mental change. The author are indebted to the support of GEF-SGP Indonesia’s National Solar Tunnel Dryer - 15 Steering Committee, the hard work of all the National Secretariat’s members, in Dry Land Organic Farming by Pesantren - 15 particular the direction and guidance of the National Coordinator, A vi Replanting Coastal Area - 16 Partners of GEF SGP Indonesia - 70 Mahaningtyas, and input from former Program Assistants Ery Damayanti and Wayan Dirgayusa. Dry Land Democracy - 17 Other pieces of the mosaic have been laid by partners – NGOs and civil society Conservation and Community Ecotourism - 17 groups - in problem identification and program monitoring and evaluation. The Fruit Garden Project in Unproductive Land - 18COLUMNS book draws on the results of the intensive research into partners’ inputs, which Biodiversity in Unproductive Land - 19 was coordinated by Ida Ronauli and Tedjo Wahyu, who also helped design the analytical framework, as well as input from so many GEF-SGP Indonesia’s Rural Ecotourism Network - 22 Community-Based Participatory Programs: partners that this publication cannot mention one by one. Park Guide Training - 22 Necessity or Obligation? - 36 A network of thinkers and further cooperation is needed to extendthe picture of Conservation for Local Community Development - 23 knowledge contained in this book. Any contribution – suggestions, lessons, Community Forestr y in Conservation Area - 24 ideas, and even dreams – sent to the editors and the Secretariat by individuals Retiring with the People - 54 concerned about environmental conservation will clearly show that the movement Mount Palung National Park - 24 does exist. The most important thing is that civil society’s contributation has - 25 become clearer, demonstrating that a massive power is hidden there, and that Integrated Organic Farming - 27 NGO’s Position in Changes - 68 the future of the environment and life lies in people’s hands. Self-documentation for Traditional Knowledge and Sustain- able Resources Management - 29 Editor Harijanto Suwarno BOXES Bogor , August 2006 Seeking Credits with Contract - 11 Post-harvest processing - 14 Project Evaluation & Reporting - 20 Direct Grants to CBOs - 26 Community-based Commercial Company - 53 Community’s Product Marketing - 56 Monsoon Forest - 60 Planning Grants - 63 Visual Proposal - 66 Foreword

ommunities across the developing world are promote sustainable development. at the frontlines of global efforts to protect UNDP is proud to present this compilation of notes and the environment. They are often the most reflections from communities, practitioners and schol- vulnerable to the impact of environmental ars who have been actively involved in the GEF Small degradationC and global warming. But they also play a Grants Programme over the past decade here in leading role in finding local solutions to managing Indonesia. This collection of experiences and knowl- natural resources in a more sustainable manner. This edge will help policy makers and development work- is the core premise of the Global Environment Facility ers understand better the realities on the ground and (GEF) Small Grants Programme, managed by the the power of community action. It will also serve as a United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). To source of inspiration for other communities who want to date, this programme has supported over 8,000 join the global movement to save the environment. projects in over 100 countries supporting community action to protect biodiversity, reverse land degrada- Jakarta, 5 June 2007 tion, and promote the use of renewable energy. In Indonesia, the GEF Small Grants Programme has since 1994 disbursed USD 3.6 million through 221 community projects across the country. Communities Bo Asplund have successfully raised co-financing to scale up their activities and many have pioneered innovative ap- UN Resident Coordinator and UNDP Resident Repre- sentative in Indonesia proaches to environmental conservation. This commu- nity-generated knowledge is now filtering up to policy Member of National Steering Committee of the GEF makers helping to strengthen national efforts to Small Grants Programme 1 about the role of small grants in encouraging change in project impacts and national programs are aligned to Introduction social and environmental behaviors. ensure that all the supported projects should embrace the Due to many reasons, only a few impressions and reflec- elements of democracy, participation, innovation, clean tions of the experiences of the at least 170 partners can be energy use, improved people’s economy based on compiled. Many organizations have been closed or have sustainable natural resource management, improved Solving Global Environmental Prob- moved without notification of their new location. Project gender equality and justice, and improved marginal failures have often not been documented well. People people’s access to decision-making process related to have been unable to provide inputs as they have not been integrated ecosystem management. Many universal goals lems with Small Grants Fund? engaged in a given program from the beginning to the and values can be added to the list. All must be achieved end, so that they know little about the overall activities at the minimum expense possible as the funding is and the kinds of support. Weak knowledge management relatively small. Simply put, it must be cost-efficient and systems have led to poor storage of data and information. time-efficient (i.e. achieving the goals in the shortest GEF SGP Indonesia itself, from the beginning to the end of possible time). People’s direct contribution as a symbol of the second operational program (1992-2003), had no ownership and respect for local knowledge becomes one formal policies on conducting post-project studies. of the prerequisites and risk-reducing tools. Does it In 2004, GEF SGP Indonesia conducted an ex-post study – therefore follow that the objectives and the risk-reducing a reflection study on the sites and communities previously measures can be used to generate sustainable, influen- supported by GEF SGP. Four sites were chosen to obtain a tial, effective and replicable projects? Can GEF SGP’s picture of both the positive and the negative impacts. A program be said to be a success or a failure? series of measuring questions was designed, and a broad From the supported proposals and projects, the range of academics and experts in community develop- Secretariat Team with the support of the National ment, anthropology, the environment and development Steering Committee and voluntary experts and net- cooperation were approached to provide answers to these works, made pro-active efforts to approach innovative questions. The study revealed that a mangrove project initiatives, helped develop activities through participa- failed in North due to misuse of authority and tory planning, and encouraged on-time and purpose- hroughout my ten years of work in small grants indeed been implemented in accordance with the funding funds, but succeeded in another area not supported by driven implementation of strategic projects. Without funds management, for both bilateral and conditions. While these are quite impressive and advo- GEF SGP. An agro-biodiversity management project failed voluntary principles and networking, the program multilateral development programs, I have found cated by many, scientists and donors keep questioning the leaving not a single tree on the site, and not a single would not demonstrate uniqueness and differences in T responsive small grants management with propor- out that in a lot of discussions participants are busy accuracy of the measuring methods and the indicators individual in East even remembered the thinking over and formulating answers to fundamental used to measure the impacts. project. Projects supporting micro-hydro were considered tional operational costs below 25% of the annual grant funding, which can in total reach US$600,000. questions such as, “ To what extent do small grants Further questions to be addressed are: who should successful due to the leadership that benefited the programs generate impacts on the environment and determine if the planned impacts have been achieved? community in West . An environment-based regional Problem-solving efforts and breakthroughs, which the quality of people’s lives?”, “How do we measure a Who will enjoy and ‘pay’ the social and ecological costs of planning process in Bintuni failed to deliver its goals but should be continuously made, include reconciling the project’s successes and failures?”, “What is the changes in attitudes that are in accordance with environ- opened the way to broader district planning. Do all the gaps: between local and global environmental prob- proportion of the successes and the failures?”, “What mental sustainability and poverty alleviation? What results of the studies reflect improvement to the respective lem understanding; in power relationships between evidence do we have for their impacts and benefits”. enabling factors are needed so that small grants pro- region’s quality and environment? Who can decide on the funding institutions and grantees; between hopes and Guidance in delivery methods have been developed in grams can achieve their goals? This introduction aims to advantages and disadvantages of the projects? reality; and between international funding institutions’ such a way that they can be carried out by the targeted introduce experiences and lessons learnt from activities In 2005, GEF SGP started to apply national and global priorities and people’s hopes for improved lives and people and their facilitating NGOs. How to ensure supported by GEF SGP through its facilitation of funding program indicators accompanied by a series of more environmental quality. project’s success and at the same time reduce the risk of since 1992. It serves as an effort to document evolving measurable key achievements. Not only does GEF SGP mismanagement are anticipated through participatory knowledge in a more honest way and by no means carry its environmental sustainability mandate as part of Avi Mahaningtyas planning, monitoring, evaluation and reporting. Anec- represents a concluding statement or a set recipe for the international community’s contribution, but it also National Coordinator carries the UN’s mandate to ensure that by 2010 poverty dotes, videos, photos taken before, during and after the successful small grants program management. It is hoped GEF SGP Indonesia activities as well as basic statistics are presented to that this book can enrich insights, debates and discourse should be reduced to 50% globally. Measurements of demonstrate that the project and the program have 2 3 GEF SGP Indonesia through the Years Focal Areas & Operational Programs

Biodiversity Coastal, Marine and Fresh- he Global Environment Facility - and reducing pollution of interna- 50,000 USD with support lasting peoples, women and other vulner- ties to participate in the Pro- water Ecosystem Small Grants Program (GEF/ tional waters. GEF SGP Indonesia from 2 to 24 months and grants able groups struggling to exercise gramme while respecting their own T Forest Ecosystem SGP) is a multilateral program has integrated the Millennium averaging 25,000 USD per project. access to and control over natural ways of life and use of knowledge launched during the 1992 Earth Development Goals into its project The programme places a high resources essential to their survival. and local language. With assist- Mountain Ecosystem Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. conceptualization and implementa- priority on establishing direct The programme prioritizes ance from the South South Grants The main aim of the programme is tion to better assist community partnerships with community-based Sumatra and small islands as its Facility and F ord Foundation, the to support community-based efforts in sustainable management organizations and their supporting geographical and thematic issues Programme responded to commu- Land Degradation initiatives that help improve the of critical ecosystems. non-government organizations. in restoring critical ecosystems. In nity requests for help in rebuilding Sustainable Land Manage- ment global environment through local GEF SGP Indonesia started with a Community contribution and 2004, GEF SGP Indonesia pio- their lives by applying environmen- actions implementing the UN Pilot Phase (October 1992 – June ownership is translated through 1:1 neered the use of video proposals tally friendly reconstruction and conventions on Biological Diversity 1996), followed by Operational co-financing in cash and in kind. In to reach out to isolated communi- rehabilitation approaches in Aceh International Waters and Climate Change. Y ayasan Phase 1 (July 1996 – December most cases the community’s contri- ties and establish base line data. and following the Bina Usaha Lingkungan has bution exceeded the amount of the This has enabled a number of December 2004 tsunami and the Waterbody-based opera- 1998), OP 2 (January 1999 – tional program served as the national host institu- February 2004). It is currently grant. isolated and vulnerable communi- May 2006 earthquake. tion since 1996 in collaboration closing its OP 3 (2004-2007). GEF During the implementation of OP 3, Integrated land and water with the UNDP CO, the Ministry of SGP Indonesia has disbursed more the National Steering Committee multiple focal area operational program Environment and the GEF National than 3.6 million USD to 221 commu- endorsed a shift toward improve- Phase III Focal Point. nity-based projects across Indone- ment of GEF SGP Indonesia’s Contaminant based program GEF SGP Indonesia is managed by sia. The programme mobilized 2.8 services to reach out to indigenous Biodiversity - 56% a National Coordinator that million USD in co-financing through Multi Focal Areas - 32% Climate Change executes the strategic direction set community contributions and Climate Change - 6% Removal of Barriers to Energy by a National Steering Committee partnership with other donors. Land Degradation - 6% consisting of members from civil Small grants range from 2,000 - Efficiency and Energy Conservation society organizations, indigenous Phase II Promoting the Adoption of Renew- peoples, government, the private able Energy by Removing Barriers sector and researchers. Each of the Biodiversity -74 % and Reducing Implementation NSC members has professional Grant Distribution in Costs Climate Change - 19% Pilot Phase - Operational Phase I - OP II - OP III expertise that they contributed Climate Change Related to Land Phase I Multi Focal Areas -7 % voluntarily to the programme. GEF Degradation Issues SGP Indonesia has provided Biodiversity Conservation - 82% Papua 6% - 9% - 31% - 31% support to grassroots movements in Multi Focal Areas -10 % 2% - 0% - 0% - 0% Kalimantan Persistent Organic Pollutants conser vation of biodiversity, Climate Change - 6% mitigating the impacts of climate 5% - 0% - 8% - 0% Draft Elements of an Operational International Waters - 2% change, halting land degradation Bali & Nusa Tenggara Programme for Reducing and Sumatra 13% - 43% - 15% - 0% Eliminating Releases of Persistent 10% - 26% - 11% - 38% Organic Pollutants into the Environ- Opening Phase ment 4 Biodiversity Conservation - 100 % Java GEF SGP Indonesia has not 5 61% - 22% - 31% - 31% adopted POP operational program. The sale gave PLTM a monthly diverse non-fossil fuel alternatives Selling Micro Hydro income of Rp4,000,000 compared have long been in place; however, with the previous monthly income of EnergY the application is still poor. People’s Rp800,000 for the whole community. low capacity to adapt to new ideas Power ventually, the government (innovation) has often been referred The other half of the electricity decided to disclose the energy E to as the reason for poor uptake of Location production is used by the community. crisis to public. Intentionally or not, However, profit was not the reason alternative power systems. Price Seloliman, East Java the new policy on gas supply quota, has also been said to be one of the Partner, Project Duration & Costs behind the sale. It was to show that effective from July 2005 was a major obstacles. But, it is not quite rather good campaign. Soon KSM Peduli Seloliman micro hydro power might contribute to right to say that people cannot afterwards, PLN called for the 1998-2000 - US$8,341 fulfil the electricity needs of Java and afford to pay for energy. From the Konsorsium Seloliman Bali. reduction of electricity use during afternoon to midnight one can hear 2000-2002 - US$27,388 the peak hours to the minimum 50 The collaborative initiative of the a “symphony” of gensets in remote Paguyuban PLTM Kalimaron Seloliman Watts per person. Even governmen- 2002-2004 - US$27,000 local people and PPLH Seloliman – villages. We can calculate how the association of PLTM Kali Maron) – tal officials were requested to take much the genset costs and how off their jackets in the office and to spread this self-sustained and self- much the people must spend on switch of f the AC to lower the load. t has long been predicted that managed initiative to other areas still fuel to run the genset. Surveys are needed to ensure that Indonesia will face an faces a number of obstacles. Large As a matter of fact, most villages are I energy crisis. One of the initial investment (Rp350 millions) is the policy has indeed been effec- built close to rivers. The rivers hold tive. Questions should be asked of problems is the national distribution a huge continuous kinetic power needed to contruct a micro hydro who are the largest end-users of network for electricity, the failure of supply. Imagine how much eco- plant. Efforts to cooperate with local electricity , households or industry, which led to a blackout throughout governments to construct such a plant nomic benefit could be provided in private cars or factories; and how arid areas if agricultural land could Java and Bali in 2005. It is therefore in the region of Mojokerto were significant the reduction has been. quite surprising to learn that the Micro be become productive again by terminated when a regulation was Efforts to develop Indonesia’s Hydro Power (PLTM) of Kali Maron passed prohibiting all regional ) sold half of its production to PLN governments from cooperating with (National Electricity Company), which foundations or NGOs. is in charge of the distribution. Why did PLTM sell to the troubled network? In fact, is not decentralized power effect. The micro hydro plant has managed forest was illegally production the solution to such made it easier for the local people Several hundred years ago, a logged to its last tree. Community- failures? to understand the hydrological public bath in Jolotundo, an area driven reforestation and manage- at the base of Penanggungan cycle. Deforestation has conse- ment have been able to restore the quences: unstable electric gen- Mountain, was constructed during flow to the bath, which is said to eration due to decreasing stream the reign of King Airlangga. Since have a remarkable rejuvenating that time, it has received roughly flow. the same amount of water. In the 1990s the flow decreased drasti- cally as the upstream Perhutani-

6 7 GEF SGP Indonesia \ Harijanto Suwarno EX-POST STUDY

adequate water supply times and crises, revitalising for Abah Anom’s electric generator from well pumps powered the power plant to revitalize has been reduced to almost zero. by the wind or the sun, trust and introduce cohesion And the fuel needed for transporting whose energy for electricity back to the community. in kerosene from the nearest town is production has rarely been Abah Anom also has been no longer needed. utilized so far. the sole decision maker for The most significant outcome is the Governmental and re- most of the issues in the increase in student’s performance, search institutions have yet community. He decided the because they can study longer at amount of traditional fines charged night with better lighting. The to contribute to impact- for violation of traditional customs, expected outcome of the increasing generating activities. The GEF SGP Indoneia \ Taufiq Alimi and when to have circumcision economic activities (ice making, wood growing talks on environmentally- and protected areas were looted. Most customers use the electricity for parties for their boys. He also work, garment and embroidery) or friendly energy among NGOs are initially constructed by the local government in cooperation with Such situation worsened the livelihood limited lighting (5 watts), some for decided how much the community improved livelihood in general is not partly due to its popularity in the of community members depend on the television or radio. should pay for the electricity. yet visible. Improved flow of informa- society. The people are, in fact, Bandung Institute for Technology (ITB), which was accomplished in forests. Forests provided sources of The cheap price is an important tion into the community —as expected willing to adopt alternative tech- to happen at the beginning of the one year, and had been operating living through the land for their farms Project Sustainability factor that makes the community nologies if it supports their basic and water irrigation for paddy fields. enthusiastic to maintain the plant. project—is not significantly felt either, needs. ever since except in the dryest Ecology The other factor is the strong leader- as TV’s can only be turned on in the months. The peole had been trained Alteration of social and economic With all the successes and the systems had led to impoverishment in The sustainability of the project ship of Abah Anom. However, from evening when mostly entertaintment failures, the introduction to alterna- to operate, maintain, and run the rural as well as urban areas. cannot be separated from the the beginning of the project, trainings programs can be watched. tive energy by SGP Indonesia’s administrations as well. ecological conditions of Sirnarasa have helped some local technicians Some unexpected outcomes however, partners has taught a lot of lessons. Here Comes the Power which is located inside Halimun to learn how to run the plant. have occured, such as increasing the Background National Park. Most people in the political legitimacy of Abah Anom The traditional rules of Banten area are highland farmers. Rice is National Crisis Kasepuhan do not allow community Project Impact and the “inner circle” of people in the the main source of income, besides community. A leadership style In 1997-1998 when the planning and members to sell rice, and they have to fish ponds and vegetable gardening. The main output of the project is the cook using firewood. Before the micro centered on several key persons may implementation of the project took Almost all parts of Sirnarasa can be revitalization of the damaged power endanger the long term sustainability place, the country was suffering from hydro power system was established, Revitalization of Micro reached by four wheel drive or light plant, improvement of community of the community and its develop- the crises affected the livelihood of community members used kerosene livelihoods, and improving efforts of pressure lamps or kerosene lanterns. trucks. The center of the village lies ment. It will sustain development if communities, even in a remote place about 20 kilometers from the district the community to maintain the forests, the leader who holds the ultimate Hydro Power Plant as the project site on Mount Halimun, Each household consumed roughly reducing the use of fossil fuels, and in one liter of kerosene per night. Abah capitol, Pelabuhan Ratu. This is one power is not corrupt, which until now not only the economics and politics, of the external factors that has the long run helping to improve the is the case. Abah Anom, despite the Location Anom had a diesel generator which but also shook the very social fabric. triggered logging in the area, mostly global environment. ultimate power that he has, uses the Sirnarasa, Sukabumi, West Java Under such circumstances, the further consumed around 20-25 liter diesel illegal. However, the environment in The revitalization has been succesful. fuel per night which provided electric- power to serve the community. Partner development of the project was not general is in good condition. The However, the full benefits of access to People-based Business & Economic ity to dozens of houses. The project helped the community to possible. Government was unable to Park forest guarantees the stability of electricity are not enjoyed by most of better understand forest conservation. Institute (Ibeka) provide basic infrastructure for The maximum capacity of Sirnarasa water supplying the micro hydro. the population. Most use of the micro hydro power plant is 70 kilo- The community realizes that the more Project Duration & Costs betterment of communities’ livelihood. electricity is lighting. Only one family watts. The plant runs only during Social the forest is cut, the more fluctuation 1998-1999 SGP Indonesia: US$49,946.5; Trust of the society in the government uses it to power a freezer to produce of the water stream that feeds the Co-financing: US$ 44,552.6 (community was at its lowest. People were left on evening, and occasionally in daytime. The village is a traditional community ice. The power consumed by the The power plant is fed by a one power plant. The Banten Kasepuhan & Ibeka) their own. In this situation, many NGOs under the leadership of Abah Anom. communities is still very low com- communities have set up a nursery for took more initiatives and bigger roles kilometer canal. The canal takes Abah Anom holds responsibility for pared to the capacity of the plant. hardwood trees, as well as establish- Derived from the ex-post study by Taufiq Alimi in developing communities through water from a river into a pipe generat- improving the livelihood of the The monthly payment records show ing and participating in forest in association with Department of Anthropol- various projects. Initatives to improve ing 30 meters head of pressure. Under community, and the micro hydro that only seven kilowatts of energy ogy, the University of Indonesia. normal operation, the water is able to initiative is one such means to help patrols. The illegal deforestation livelihoods included some good and are used, 10% of the plant capacity. which still happens in the National n this project, the community and productive initiatives, but sometimes it generate 40-50 Kwatt of electricity. the community. However, many customers use Ibeka practically rebuilt the The direct beneficiaries of the project Park is mostly conducted by outsid- led to more destructive behaviors. The initiative of Ibeka to revitalize the electricity without reporting their use. ers. Iabandoned power generator and Deforestation—legally and illegally— are about 360 household subscribers power plant was seen as a chance to Even so, use of kerosene for most of infrastructure. The power plant was was peaking. Some national parks to the electricity from four hamlets. help the community through tough community members and diesel fuel 8 9 resouce, struggles over access to regulation, the people formed water to run the turbines are Raksa Bumi Forest Patrol Team. common during the dry season. Timber theft was rampant in the GEF SGP Indonesia \ YPA L It was no surprise that the people forest, which is part of Gunung welcomed with open arms Yayasan Simpang Reserve. Electricity for Nature Reserve Pribumi Alam Lestari’s (YPAL) Although the official number of team inititative to establish a micro members was fifty, a lot of the people hydro power plant in 2003. At the participated in the operations to stop Location Cibuluh, Cianjur, West Java beginning there were some doubts illegal logging due to the injustice about such a plant as it was not imposed on them. They were not Partner made by PLN (National Electricity allowed to log in the forest, but Yayasan Pribumi Alam Lestari Company), and because two illegal logging was rampant, backed

Project Duration & Costs neighboring villages had bad by the reserve officers. In 2005 2003-2004 US$44,338 experiences with outsiders attempt- participation in the logging patrols ing to help them establish micro began to fade as the promise to ore than half of the community of Cidaun Sub- hydro facilities. . An initiative to bring electricity to the area had not district, Cianjur District, in particular those establish a micro hydro power been fulfilled. living in the mountain area bordering forest plant in Batuireng by Poklan, In accordance with the MOU, SGP M supported by SGP Indonesia, was lands are yet to enjoy electricity services. Many people- Indonesia’s grant was to be Traditional wooden power turbine. canceled. In Mekarjaya, the driven efforts have been made to produce electricity, disbursed in four stages, from Raksa Bumi forest patrol. including the use of diesel generators (gensets) – most Department of Energy’s micro hydro November 2004 to May 2006. The project, implemented by the of which were abandoned due to high operational first disbursement was only real- the pressure, one of the members, costs. Some of the people get electricity for their houses provincial government in coopera- ized only in April 2005, the second tion with LPM of IPB (Bogor Agricul- who trades in ginger, gave up his from the neighboring village. The electricity is transmit- in late December 2005. The working capital (Rp10 million or ted through more than 2-km of telephone wire. Some tural Institute), has been aban- workshop responsible for making doned. US1,100) for building materials others have established traditional water power of the turbine refused to continue and workers’ expenses to continue plants, using motor-cycle dynamos attached to wooden YPAL first came to Cibuluh in 1998 completing the turbine. Almost five the canal construction. Local wheels that are driven by stream flow. The capital to do some observation work on the months went by without progress. people, who had been neutral or needed amounts to Rp1.5 million (US$160) with the Javan hawk (Spizaetus bartelsii). The people were once more supportive, started to oppose the monthly maintenance costs are Rp40,000 ($5 for spare In 2000 YPAL introduced agricul- haunted by the failures of the project. The awareness raised to parts and canal tural species adapted to hard soils projects in Batuireng and encourage self-sustenance during maintenance). It to some villages in Cidaun Sub- Mekarjaya. The project manage- the socialization seemed to fade is a relatively district and facilitated the formula- ment committee established in away. expensive tion of a Village Regulation on Cibuluh received much pressure project given the forest conservation. To enforce the from the people. Unable to stand small output, of 50-150 Watts. Moreover, it is unsafe. 6 deaths have been reported due to Seeking credits with Contract electrocution. There are Few NGO/CBOs get bank funding (credits) for their felt reluctant to confiscate the collateral should the nearly 600 waterwheels in programs. Intitiatives to seek co-financing or emer- debtor be unable to pay off the loan. The third reason the area. As the water gency funding while waiting for the disbursement of a was that the project site, the implementing organiza- source is a shared public grant have yet to develop. The process is indeed not tion, and donor representative office were not located that simple. Yayasan Pribumi Alam Lestari (YPAL), in the same area as the bank. Nevertheless, YPAL whose grant disbursement was delayed, made three eventually succeeded in getting an individual loan so attempts to get bank credits; all ended in vain. the project could be continued. The microhydro system was installed and inaugurated by the Head of The first reason for the rejection was because the project funding came from foreign donors. If the the Regency in early 2006. The community center, a village market and office of head of village use the foreign funding was not made available, the bank was electricity along with 60 houses. The Head of the afraid of being unable to “chase” UNDP, although it Regency has plans to replicate microhydro in other had a representative office in Jakarta. The second 10 reason was because it was a social project, the bank villages using the local government budget. 11 used to support community empow- Ngalian villages to make the use of Pico Hydro erment and local institutional firewood for cooking more efficient building. Energy Efficient Stove and thus lessening pressure on the forest. The greatest obstacle faced Location In fact, the project had been quite Cianjur & Bandung, West Java successful in convincing the local Location by the program was related to The villages of Selomanik, psychology: how to shift the local GEF SGP Indonesia \ Koling partner people about the project. The people, Micro hydro power Wadaslintang, and Ngalian, people from their customs. Unlike On the other hand, the project Forest Conservationist Association who had been using traditional plant with horizontal power plant (small waterwheels Wonosobo District, Central Java the conventional stoves, which are approach, which aimed at the turbine. (Poklan) driven by motor cycle dynamos), were Partner made of stones in a simple struc- people’s engagement from the Project Duration & Costs willing to adopt a pico hydro power Yayasan Konservasi Lingkungan ture, the energy efficient stoves are beginning, yieded a very positive 2001-2002 - US$25,000 plant. The management body had made of clay and sand. Previously, result. The people conducted a series icro hydro power plants are Project Duration & Costs been trained to operate and main- 2000-2002 US$15,125 nobody could ever make one of experiments to make the stove out Mcapable of generating between n the beginning the project was tain such a plant. The project also leading to some delay in its of different materials (i.e. different 5,000 and 100,000 Watts. There offered micro credits (e.g. for trade, development and introduction. In composition of soil and sand). Some are several types of micro hydro granted a financial commitment ocated in a volcanic mountain from USAID, private enterprises cattle-raising, agrobusiness) in an addition, clay and sand do not last even attempted to make one out of power plant. Some are similar to I area, the district of Wonosobo as long as stone. Much more effort ash and husks. the large-scale water-powered and SGP Indonesia. Along with attempt to entice the people to form community self-financing, five pico- the body. This economic improvement Land the surroundings are very is needed to introduce the stoves Introduction of a new concept or plants like the one used by PLN fertile. Poverty and bad regional and to explain their benefits in the (National Electricity Company). The hydro power plants were to be program was quite successful at the technology – such as the energy scale of micro hydro power plants established for five villages in introduction and implementation management seem to race each long term. efficient stove – will yield greater allows construction in remote areas Cianjur District and Bandung level. However, it had yet to create other for the title of the leading At the beginning of the process, the responses if it is combined with and low investment, which can District. Water was abundant in the market potential. There was friction cause of environmental degrada- people would rather have income- another program. Such an introduc- often be provided by the local areas. Also, physical work was not among the people as not all people tion. The people are often blamed generating activities than attempting tion should also make approaches people. very hard as there were already had access to credit. for deforestation. Forest dependent to save firewood. They did not see closest to the target’s actual needs. Pico-hydro power plants are some irrigation canals. With the cancellation of the pico- people in the production forest any relationship between conven- Stoves are much closer to economic smaller in size and capacity. Like However, by the end of the project hydro power plant project, the area managed by Perhutani say tional stoves and timber scarcity. and health issues than to forestry micro hydro plants, the price of people returned to their former that the forest was looted by those Also, they could not understand that ones, let alone policy advocacy. each watt generated is higher than only one power plant was estab- who should have protected and lished, namely in Garung hamlet. electricity generating plants. time saved by using an efficient stove Empirical experience shows that that of large-scale micro hydro managed it. could be used for more productive plant such as run by PLN. However, The funding, amounting to Rp140 Distrust of NGOs flourished. The the stoves can decrease the use of pico-hydro plant -even more than millions, came from Y ayasan Bina project teaches us that building The project activities. firewood by 30%, and cooking time GEF SGP Indonesia \ Koling micro hydro- allows some break- Usaha Lingkungan. USAID’s understanding of the values and aimed at To overcome the obstacles and by 1-2 hours per day. One of the throughs deemed impossible in funding commitment for the project the benefits of a given project is a promoting material-related problem, training facilitated groups formed a joint large-scale hydro plants. For was not realized. SGP Indonesia lengthy process. Excessive aid in energy was organized for the local stonema- business group producing crystal example, pico-hydro generators also delayed the payment of the the short term (e.g. credit) does not efficient sons; however, only one eventually sugar and cassava chips. The with a capacity below 1,000 Watt committed grant, which would be ensure the establishement of a stoves in succeeded in making the energy trend has effectively motivates weigh only 35 kgs, allowing it to be solid foundation. Selomanik efficient stove out of stone. others to take other initiatives. Then transported on motor cycles, the and other groups flourish making other only means of motorized transporta- processed foods based on plants tion in many remote areas of Indonesia. Another benefit is that that they grow, such as ginger, the maintenance is simple and providing new income as the easy. It allows community-driven people no longer have to sell unprocessed crops. Seeds of other power generation. Mitra waste into compost. At the imple- the collectors were to classify, Yayasan Citra Bangun Indonesia small-sized enterprises have come Organic Waste mentation level, the collectors operate the machines, and sell the to grow, as indicated by the Durasi & Nilai Proyek cooperated with the regional compost produced. 2002-2003 US$28,471 purchase of raw materials from Composting government – which passes policy Despite some unfulfilled programs other villages. More KUBs are granting waste management due to a fuel price hike, in general, being formed indicating the he project aimed at growing organizational awareness. Location concessions to waste collectors – the project has succeeded in deliver- Pico-hydro power plant empowering garbage with vertical propellers. Tambak Kalisogo, Sidoarjo, East and private businesses – which ing its goals. Generally, private Tcollectors pemulung( ) to built processing mills. The roles of Java businesses are better than NGOs at separate and process organic calculating funding risks. 12 13 Post-harvest processing Solar Thermal Dryer Solar Tunnel Dryer LP2M GEF SGP Indonesia \ LPPM

Location Location ost-harvest processing, to increase the product quality to Lembah Subur Village, Rawa Aopa South Sulawesi Pparticularly in tropical countries, meet the market demand. Produc- is instrumental in determining the ers do not have to sell the excess of Watumohai National Park, Southeast Partner amount of people’s income. In their production cheaply as it can Sulawesi Institute of Vilage, Coastal and People be preserved by post harvest advanced countries, post-harvest Partner Study (LP3M) processing contributes up to 80% processing. practices but these problems were Yayasan Swami Project Duration & Costs Dry Land Organic of the income generated from Poor facilities and slow advance in 2000-2002 US$27,000 easily resolved. A more serious post-harvest technologies hinder Project Duration & Costs agriculture, animal husbandry and 2000-2002 US$25,000 obstacle, however, occurred after fisheries. In developing countries, small producers from entering Farming by Pesantren the harvest. Consumers were not however, the contribution is much global markets. On one hand, many ike solar thermal dryer, the willing to pay a higher price for middlemen offer loans to farmers to less. To maximize the income he main livelihood of the system offered by LP3M Location organic products as the benefits generated from investment in the build drying places. On the other people of Lembah Subur makes use of solar energy, Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara had not been well socialized. sectors mentioned above, more hand, energy-hungry dryers are L Village, who mostly are of Bugis but the design of the oven is Marketing was not properly often too expensive for small T Partner countries are turning to down- stream policies, i.e. efficiency in farmers. origin, living on the border of Rawa shaped like a tunnel. Compared Institute of Pesantren and Community developed from the beginning. The Aopa Watumohai National P ark, is poor sales depressed the farmers. post-harvest processing rather than Apart from the fact that solar dryers, with the natural drying process Development (LPPM) increasing the harvests. traditional cocoa cultivation. The Swami However, the unsatisfactory prices like the one introduced in South under the sun, which may take Project Duration & Costs gave birth to an innovative post- In temperate countries, about five and South East Sulawesi, have not Project improved local post-harvest several days to complete, solar 2003-2004 US$9,398 harvest initiative. The farmers per cent of agricultural production been optimized yet, the introduction management and successfully reduced tunnel dryer only takes 6-8 hours to is lost due to fungus and insects.. In itself has brought about changes at threats to the Park through making the attempted to gain some added tropical countries the figure is said community level. More time is now existing agricultural areas stable. The completely dry crops (clove, agaraga Village, located 20 km value by grinding the rice first and to reach up to 70%! Most agricul- available for farmers to do other extension program included picking, vanilla, corn) and fishery products from the capital city Mataram, sold it as hulled rice instead of tural and fishery products in Indone- activities as they do not have to breaking, fermenting and drying. Drying (anchovy, grouper). Jhas been known as the vegeta- unhulled rice as previously sia shrink by up to 40% due to watch the commodity dried in the is a very important phase as the harvest It turned out that the priority com- ble center supplying almost all the practiced. improper management and stor- open space. Also, the level of always takes place during the wet traditional markets in the West age. women’s and housewives’ engage- modities to be dried were cloves and Introducing an innovation to farmers season. One solution offered by the Lombok. However, farmers’ income, is more effective if followed by field However, post-harvest manage- ment in the program has been vanilla, so the dryer was only fully increasing, indicated by the estab- project was the use of solar thermal which once reached up to Rp15 practices so that the farmers could ment is not merely reducing the used during the main harvest of these lishment of women’s management dryers (STD). million (US$1,500) monthly, was prove its benefit to themselves. This amount of decay. Many post-harvet commodities. To optimize the use of decreasing. Fertilizers and pesti- technologies have been developed groups. However, it turned out that STD was not an had proven true with the re-develop- appropriate solution. 3 STD units were the dryers, efforts are needed to cide began to cost more and more. ment of a local rice variety– the Beaq built, each capable of drying harvest from promote the drying of other commodi- Fertilizer and pesticide needs ganggas – following success with 10 hectares of cocoa gardens. The total ties which have different harvest increased as the land lost its other varieties. Solar thermal dryer people’s cocoa gardens in the area in fact times. fertility and pests were becoming Selecting appropriate partners leads amounted to 2,800 hectares. So, the design immune to pesticides. Still, the to greater success of the program. In was changed into drying ovens using production kept decreasing. Chilli harvest reached 6.4 tons/ha in 2000 the project LP2M chose to cooperate kerosene, which requires a much smaller with Najmul Huda, a well-established investment and so that more cocoa could be and dropped to 5 tons/ha in the following year. Prices were uncer- farmer group within Nurul Hakim

Y ayasan Bina Usaha Lingkungan dried at once. A hybrid solar/biomass tain. pesantren (Islamic boarding school). system could potentially replace the Under such cooperation, group kerosene ovens if it was based on local The project aimed at developing preparation was not needed. Internal materials, inexpensive and simple to organic farming to restore the soil’s conflicts could be resolved easily. operate and maintain. fertility, increase production, This proved true when the inter- Hybrid solar and reduce pest threats and plant member cooperation ran poorly, the biomass dryer . diseases and increase prices problem was quickly resolved by the through changes in planting cycles. enforcement of its internal regulations Introduction to organic farming met (awik-awik), which imposed heavy no serious obstacles. It challenged sanctions against violators. some long-established agricultural 14 Solar tunnel dryer 15 tion area to cater for ecotourism Conservation and Peo- and sustainable resource use. Dry Land Democracy The community's dependence on ple-based Ecotourism wood extraction since the 1970's Location timber boom was the main chal- Mekarsari, Cilacap, Central Java Partner Location lenge for the local community to Mahakam, East Kalimantan rediscover their old traditions in Rapid Agrarian Conflict Appraisal (RACA) Institute Partner using forest resources sustainably. GEF SGP INdonesia \ Avi Mahaningtyas Yayasan Biosfer Manusia (Bioma) Access to site was expensive, and Project Duration & Costs 2002-2003 US$22,000 Project Duration & Costs more funding was needed to Replanting Coastal Area 2000-2002 US$20,000 implement intensive community facilitation. The provision of s in many cases in Java, a he majority of Dayak peoples funding by other donors did not problem faced by farmers is Location their low capacity in resolving along the Mahakam River materialize before SGP's support A Jangkaran, Jogjakarta conflicts with outsiders. In fact, this is continue to practice tradi- finished. The NGO should have what facilitating NGOs see: the need Partner T The Foundation of Indonesia People Economic tional management of their natural taken action to secure other funds to increase famers’ institutional Development (Yaperindo) resources. One example that is well to avoid the problem of discontinu- capacity. On the other hand, RACA recorded in anthropological ation of funding. There was no fully recognizes the significance of Project Duration & Costs 2002-2003 US$35,500 literature is community-managed record of it approaching other local economic needs. forests that preserve the socio- donors or local government to The drought that struck Mekarsari economic, ecological and cultural support the continuation of the Village was very worrying. The soil values of the forest. project, for example through the dried out and cracked to a depth of This SGP supported project was to local government budget for West 20 cms. The only source of water – the enhance the participation of the Kutai regency. If continued, the Cikawung River – flows below the local community and other initiative could have become an agricultural land and sinks even due to the wind from the and sand shield species lower during a long drought. A South Sea, carrying salt (pandanus, glirisidia, cemara stakeholders in the development of alternative source of income for the a community-managed conserva- solution to overcome the problem and that kileed the trees. udang), followed by the develop- local community and the regency. to optimize the management of the Yaperindo program ment of secondary crop garden to agricultural land is to have wind- aimed at increasing the increase the local income. Improve- powered water pumps given the potential of wind energy in the area. local people’s income ment in the people’s welfare was to However, the water generated was through an integrated be achieved through revolving cow farming system and the raising program. The cow pens not as much as predicted, partly were grouped to ease biogas because the pumps were made of coastal area encompassing introduction of alterna- used materials. Some of the pump tive energy generation. It aimd at production. 300 hectares, 50 hectares of parts were not locally available, rehabilitating the coastal forest to However, the prices of secondary Awhich are located in making the repair a very difficult Jangkaran, belongs to Sultan function as a wind-break along the crops suitable to grow there – red task. Farmers again rented diesel region of Congot, as well as chilli and cassava – fluctuated. pumps to irrigate the land. Ground. The people can utilize the operating a biogas unit and wind- The program needs to be modified Despite this, the wind-powered water land freely . However, the geo - to develop self-funding activities. graphical conditions do not allow powered water pumps. pumps generated positive impacts on To restore the vegetation, a number The relatively high cost of wells the local social life. The location of poor people to use it for their own the pumps served as the discussion sake. Prior to the 1980s, the land of wells were dug, equipped with and wind-powered pumps has stopped program expansion to places for the farmers. Group work was rich in trees and was the wind-powered pumps to bring the other groups. also steered away the perception – habitat of diverse bird species. water to the surface. Re-greening commonly held by the regional Gradually , the land became arid started with the planting of wind government - that farmers had no 16 organizational capacity. 17 EX-POST STUDY became important in the light of the Another factor attributed to the Fruit Garden Project in Loa Bakung village in 1980. The that their first phase failure was Biodiversity in Unpro- fact that more cultivated land was failure was the fact that the idea Butonese community in Loa Bakung caused by mismanagement, less being converted to housing com- originated from Elsppat without the Unproductive Land was selected because their low controlling capability upon their ductive Land plexes to accommodate the increas- people’s engagement in making economic condition supposedly own personnel who were responsi- ing influx of people from outside the proposal.

Location made them hard workers. Their ble for handling project in the field, Location Bogor. Biodiversity support was Apart from these problems, group Loa Bakung, Samarinda, East tendency to live in ethic groups and lack of monitoring from the Bogor, West Java needed to balance the monoculture establishment proved to be quite

Kalimantan would make the YTM task to funding institution. Partner (rice) farming trend. However, in useful. Through discussions, groups

Partner facilitate them easier because it During April 1999 - January 2000 Elsppat the middle of the program, the of farmers, breeders, women, fruit activities were focused more on Tembak Maris Foundation (YTM) would not be necessary to contact YTM succeeded to pursue and Project Duration & Costs orchard owners, pesantren (Islamic

Project Duration & Costs everybody in the community, just facilitate the KTKM to clear up 8-9 1998-2000 US$5,160.30 organic farming and women’s boarding school), were formed. The 1998-1999 SGP Contribution : their leaders. unproductive hectares of 14 capacity building. Awareness groups had access to credit, for US$9,709. Co-financing (Yayasan Bina The first phase of the project, hectares of lands in Loa Bakung t the outset, the project raising towards biodiversity failed example, a breeder group was Usaha Lingkungan): US$1,006 March 1998 - March 1999, was not allocated for the fruit garden aimed at increasing local to achieve its goals. granted a revolving fund from While the benefits of organic Lembaga Penelitian dan Derived from ex-post study by Achmad successfully implemented. No field project. Workers were were paid Aincome through cultivation of F edyani Saifuddin & Iwan Tjitradjaja with the activities were carried out. Land Rp.35,000 per day (US$3.00). various plants commonly found in farming can be directly felt, Pengembangan Sosial (Social Department of Antropology, University of clearing and seed planting About 16 varieties of fruit trees villages on unproductive land, thus biodiversity performance is hard to Development and Research Indonesia. training were not performed. were supposed to be planted, contributing to biodiversity conser- measure, and the benefits cannot Institute) to purchase goats. he goal of the project wass Facing termination of the contract, including rambutan, melinjo, vation. Use of unproductive land be directly felt. utilizing unproductive land to YTM reshuffled their project durian, sukun, cempedak, guava Tdevelop a fruit garden for organization personnel. And they and mango. YTM complained that it was not maintained because the claimed the failure was because people have suffered respiratory agro tourism, managed by local paid K elompok Tani Karya Mandiri it was very hard to find rare fruit members were used to work for the local people were lazy, unwill- tract infections, severe skin and eye people. The location, Loa Bakung (KTKM) members from Pal Besi to seeds. Then, to use the land daily cash and could not wait for ing to learn new things about irritations due to coal dust. In rainy village, is in the vicinity of clear five hectares of unproductive maximally they also planted short- months or years for the fruit har- planting fruits. But even in the season floods, muddy roads and Samarinda, the capital of East land. But according to the people’s term mixed plants such as corn and vest. proposal, YTM did not have the diseases were not uncommon. The Kalimantan province. Hopefully this concerns, they didn’t understand ginger between the rows of fruit The project was never completed, right idea what to do. Their condition was put into the discus- will attract tourists from the city . whether they will be allowed to plants. They cropped corn only abandoned by the local people knowledge and understanding sion agenda of the Pal Besi The grantee, Yayasan Tembak work that land on a long time once, because there was no more because they have not been about project management was community to seek solutions to Maris (YTM), have chosen to basis. They worked because they money. YTM payed two persons to sufficiently informed about the idea limited. They stereotyped the these problems. facilitate the P al Besi community, were payed. Actually, they were low tend the garden Rp. 100.000 and objectives of the project. Some people as lazy and indigent. There In the second phase, the Pal Besi one of about 70 communities in Loa income people who rely on day to (US$10) per month for three even got the first glimpse of the was never an effort to clarify community people also received Bakung. Almost all of the 40 day earnings. months. fruit garden project from local whether the community people were scholarship grants for 24 children, households were Butonese mi- YTM considered the continuation as The land was then distributed government persons, not from YTM. ready to manage the garden as the a Rp. 50,000.-/month/person ($5), grants. They moved to Samarinda the second phase of the project among the members of the KTKM The project was designed with the owners, not just workers. The for one year. The YTM also granted in late 1970s, then transmigrated to implementation. They recognized who previously worked upon it. But village officials in terms of their people thought that the land did 20 chickens each to 15 kids to own Mahakam Plan, not for Loa not belong to them because they raise. This was based on the Bakung people’s benefit, and were paid to work on it. indication that the community without consultation with the Actually there was a chance to people actually need immediate community. build the esprit d’corpse. A coal cash and support such as money When the second phase was over, mining company has been operat- support for their children, or and no more money was available ing in the area nearby the commu- chickens that reproduced in much to pay the people, the project was nity. Its operations have often shorter than fruit trees. The project not continued and the land re- gained protests from the villagers failed because the project goals turned to bushes again because due to pollution it produced and design didn’t correspond to nobody managed it. The YTM especially in dry season. Many the needs and interests of the 18 GEF SGP Indonesia \ Achmad Fedyani & Iwan Tjitradjaja target community. 19 Project Evaluation & Reporting

boring. To overcome this, some partners asked to make the draw- ings and the format as well by themselves, so that the attrativeneness and the use of this evaluation and reporting tool will t is no longer a last longer. In other words, evalua- I secret that at the community and tion and reporting should be the the needed data. facilitating NGO level, evaluation efforts. However, experience teaches integral part of a given project, and GEF SGP Guatemala proposed an paper (60x85cm2), which and reporting are often seen as record progress before, during and that a mere format does not guar- as such, the same approaches obstructive factors. In addition to initiative to overcome these obsta- could be easily held and filled in by after the project implementation. antee project success. Drawings/ commonly applied to the initiating, the difficulty in reporting, non- cles. It introduced a format known people and local facilitators. Pictures/Illustrations, which are planning and implementing phases systematic data collecting and as Almanario made of a piece of Almanario was to be used from the A number of SGP Indonesia’s partners have in fact made similar interesting at first will soon become are applicable, too. storage make it difficult to retrieve water-proof and tear-proof A1 project planning. The use was to 20 21 collection of montane tropical forest program was terminated after the Park Guide Training species. Cibodas is also the Conservation for Local SGP Indonesia’s grant was used entrance for hikers to Mount Gede up, just at the time when the Location and Mount Pangrango. Community Development program was becoming successful Mount Gede-P angrango National The main target of the project was in arousing the local people to get Park, Cianjur, W est Java nature lovers, who would be Location communally and participatorily Partner trained as guides. At the imple- Menoreh, Central Java engaged in it. The Foundation of Bioscience and mentation level, however, the Partner Patra Pala, in fact, was quite Biotechnology Development (YPBB) nature lovers – who are mostly Patra-Pala Foundation successful in developing the Project Duration & Costs Senior High School graduates – Project Duration & Costs network. The local-driven conserva- 2000-2002 US$19,000 were not prepared for a long term 1998-2000 US$23,708 tion concept opened the way to Bali offers cultural more than learning processes involving communication with other NGOs, he project was a follow-up of Rural Ecotourism Net- nature tourism. The project was specific skill improvement. Accord- enoreh mountains, where including Yayasan Rindang, Klub implemented simultaneously in the environmental education and ingly, the entry points used in- the Temple Indonesia Hijau, Yayasan Lingkar work four villages to allow service Tguide development as well cluded park waste issues, good lies, is a watershed Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia, and as a collaborative program to M sharing. The long term objectives camping practices, and other supplying water for community’s Yayasan Wana Mandira. A number develop nature tourism pioneered Location were to include other villages in environmental issues. However, agricultural land and forests of comparative studies and obser- The Villages of Pelaga, Sibetan, Bali and at the same time conserve by YPBB in Gede-Pangrango understanding of the social throughout the district of vations had been conducted by National Park (GPNP) since 1995. Ceningan, and Tenganan, Bali local resources and biodiversity, makeup of Park users was poor. Magelang. This function, however, Insist, Canadian Crossroads GPNP is one of the major tourism Partner which embrace unique and ritual YPBB’s analyses showed that the is in conflict with some of the International, Matala Bio Gama Wisnu Foundation natures. destinations in West Java. Of the target group had low motivation tourism interests at one of the Universitas Gajah Mada, and three tourism centers in GPNP, Project Duration & Costs However, Village Ecotourism due to competition. While the world’s wonders. Not only local Yayasan Lembaga Konsumen 2002-2003 US$35,000 Network (JED) was unsuccessful in Cibodas is the most popular as it program was designed to offer people surrounding the temple but Indonesia Jogjakarta. Cooperation developing effective business contains the botanical gardens – a voluntary work, there were many outside investors also put much was also built with the district art of Bali, Tenganan, strategies. It was rather slow in programs in the same interest in tourism. Incoming government. Approaches had been Ceningan Pelaga and seeking the market. Trekking location offering profes- investments have convereted made to a number of funding Sibetan villages are rich in packages were not designed in sional pay. YPBB recog- agricultural land, forcing local donors, including TDH - Germany, P people to encroach on forest land Oxfam - United Kingdom, Conser- nature’s beauty and attractive to accordance with the unique nized its limitation to tourists. Facts show, however, that characteristics of the villages. expand the program to for their livelihoods, which ad- vation International, Yayasan mass tourism does not always Business demands were not commercial level, versely affects the watershed Kehati, CEEPI, and JICA. From the generate positive impacts or anticipated seriously. Cooperation particularly promotion, capacity. The project aimed at private sector, Forum Ekowisata contribute to local economy, in with tourism operators did not run so it failed to address providing alternative income- Yogyakarta was interested in particular as in the case of mass smoothly, as JED was not a legal the economic needs of generating activities to reduce organizing a joint program in the tourism controlled by outsider corporate entity. the target groups. threats to the region of Menoreh. area. Despite all these potential operators. On the other hand, Wisnu had in In addition, YPBB did not The Patra Pala program covering funders, the project failed to follow Environmental tourism (Ecotourism) fact anticipated the local economic have adequate capacity fisheries, animal husbandry, through with the network potential to develop community empower- has been increasingly promoted as needs. The project started with to organize nature organic farming and ecotourism a solution to local economic efforts to create food and energy lovers, who have their capacity building, did not com- ment programs. Gunung Gede development: low in volume but independence, among others own networks and ‘rules pletely achieve its goals. The high in value. However, ecotourism through development of botanical of the game’. The groups Borobudur Temple with Menoreh is often translated merely as ‘visit gardens for customary ceremonies are also governed by Mountains in the background nature’. Yayasan Wisnu and the and post-harvest management of seniority. Regeneration and communities of four villages offer seaweed. Unfortunately, the project to internal affairs when the commu- capacity building will be very real village life as part of a tourist did not run as expected partly due nity’s organizing work was not yet difficult if these aspects are attraction. It is well recognized that optimum. ignored. 22 23 Tengger-, and Baluran. All were theirs and that local people governmental institutions such as Community Forestry in the four national parks share should not be engaged in the the Park Management, Forestry similar characteristics including management, let alone the plan- Agency and Bali Provincial Legisla- Conservation Area their community’s sociocultural ning. To forest rangers, local tive Assembly (DPRD). KUB basis. communities were the cause of Sumberklampok conducted active

Location The project was among the ones forest degradation without trying to consultation with relevant groups Alas Purwo, Baluran, Bromo- that were granted planning grant understand that forests and all not only about socialization and Tengger-Semeru, and Meru Betiri funding from GEF SGP Indonesia their resources are an integral part coordination, but also administra- National Parks, East Java before being full funding was of local people’s lives. On the other tion and finance, economic activity

Partner approved. The purpose of the side, the local people could not development, participatory map- Konservasi Alam Indonesia Lestari planning funding was to design understand why they were not ping, buffering species cultivation (KAIL) Foundation intitial bioregional management allowed to utilize forest resources and integrated farming. Project Duration & Costs and development plans of the as they had been doing for genera- Up to the completion of the project, 2003-2004 US$2,000 national parks. The design in- tions. The regional governments no buffer zones for the village and 2004-2005 US$38,000 cluded assessing and formulating themselves had their own interests As an entry point, organic farming the Park had been designated or strategic plans, and selecting and perceptions. West Bali National Park was chosen to increase local drawn on the official maps. Com- ased on the experience in demonstration villages. The positive side was that the economy and provide an alterna- munity rights to land and resource developing a community The first stage of the project limited workshop held during the Location tive livelihood. Independent management were still not recog- Bforestry program in Meru identified a number of problems first stage was successful in Sumberklampok, West Bali Na- community and environment nized by the Park Management. Betiri National P ark, KAIL Founda- which became the targets of the convening the people to design the tional Park friendly economy were expected to However, the Park Management mobilize support for recognition of tion was encouraged to initiate second stage. All of the next planning stage. It was these Partner and Forestr y Agency informally collaborative work in three other stakeholders demonstrated high initial findings which were accom- Sumberklampok Multi-business community’s rights to land and recognized the community’s buffer national parks in East Java, sectoral selfishness/arrogance. modated in the program plan Cooperative resource management. WBNP had area bordering on the village. namely Alas Purwo, Bromo- Park managers felt that the parks submitted for full funding. Project Duration & Costs granted permits to 3 private tourism Wana Agung Multi Business 2000-2002 US$22,815 operators, including pearl cultivation Cooperative established by the he most serious problem as an attraction. community had been successful in community of Laman Satong bring the people to such a solution, faced by the community of The project is an example where getting credits. The village conser- Mount Palung Na- Village aimed at developing local but the project implementation TSumberklampok Village was SGP Indonesia gave a direct grant vation concept – organic farming – agriculture and husbandry to taught Biodamar a lot of valuable conflict with West Bali National to a community group. First ac- bore fruit through the sale of the tional Park reduce the community’s depend- lessons. The activity schedule was quaintance with donors was organic products and fertilizers to ence on forest products. re-designed with community West Bali facilitated by an NGO called Gilimanuk and Banyuwangi. As for National Park Location At the beginning of the project, the participation to suit seasonal work. Manikaya Kauci. Then, KUB (a legal advocacy, the community West Kalimantan high dependence on forest prod- In the light of Biodamar’s limited is the last joint business group) established their own institution ucts and the wide distribution of technical skills, it built cooperation natural habitat Sumberklampok, which was called Yayasan Pilang. Partner of Bali mynnah Biodamar Foundation the local actors hampered the with other institutions, for example, established awareness raising activities. with Ketapang Estate Crops (Leucopsar by the commu- Project Duration & Costs rotchildi). Menjangan 2000-2002 US$20,000 Biodamar made an agreement with Agency in cultivation. nity, built an active network the community group. Group At the end of the program, some of Taman Nasional llegal encroachment and members who had received aid the community had started to sell Park (WBNP) over land status. The with a number of Bali Barat La buanLa lang N ationalPark Kant or Tam an Nasional logging has long been practiced should revolve it to other members, their agricultural products outside project therefore aimed at govern- organizations, Ja va N ati onal Par k Office in the buffer zone of Mount and invite other people to become ment recognition of community’s including I the village. However, several Gilimanuk Ja lak BaliS tarli ngC ent er Palung National Park. The shrink- group members. planned activities had to be rights to land and resource man- Yayasan Wisnu, ing community forest forced them In the beginning Biodamar did not terminated due to the short advo- agement. In addition to upholding Bahtera Singaraja to encroach deeper into the have the organizing capacity to cacy period. the rule of law, a buffer zone was Nusantara, WWF needed to reduce threats to the Ce k ik Park. Advocacy efforts in the Wallacea, and Kant orTam anN asion al Sum be rklam po k Park. N ati onalPar k Offi ce Mount Palung National Park is one of several habitats of Orangutan (Pongo 24 B anyuwangi 25 pygmaeus) and Bekantan (Nasalis larvatus) in Kalimantan. Denpasar Bali Since 2001, the Cipto Markaryo With Cindilaras support, Cipto Integrated Organic Farmer Group in Jetis, facilitated Makaryo received grants from SGP by Cindilaras, Rural empowerment Indonesia. The group bought 12 Farming and Global Review Institution from cows. After breeding, the first baby Jogjakarta had initiated using cow could be bought for a low

Location organic fertilizer and natural price by the owner. The mother cow Jetis Hamlet, Gunung Kidul, pesticides. The practice of rice could then be transferred to Jogjakarta mono-cultures has been aban- another farmer. Today, there are 35

Partner doned. The locals now grow families with cows. The same Cipto Makaryo Farmer Organization secondary crops or palawija and scheme is applied to goats after

Project Duration & Costs local plants as soil conditioners the failure of a fish pond project. In 2001-2003 and natural insecticides. The 2004 the community agreed to form SGP Indonesia: US$27,318 dependency on irrigation was a credit union group, with capital Other contribution: US$6.209 solved by digging wells in the of 20 million Rupiah (US$2,000). By field. April 2005, the fund reached 46 million rupiah. Slowly but con- stantly the economy has been getting better. There are only a few GEF SGP Indonesia \ Harijanto Suwarno farmers who still owe money, due to

n mid 1980s the Green Revolu farmers tried to make the harvest tion of the Government’s Agricul level increase through using the I ture Department required all hybrid seeds, but the ‘new’ rice Ekosistem terpadu. Hampir di tiap farmers in Indonesia to grow new needed more water . The farmers halaman rumah di Jetis ada kandang hybrid varieties of rice. There was became dependent on pesticides sapi dan kebun. Pengertian lumbung no exeption for Jetis, a small and chemical fertilizers which pangan mencakup seluruh halaman hamlet in Gunung Kidul, Jogjakarta decreased soil fertility and benefi- rumah dan lahan kosong. Mengelola which is well-known for water cial insects. semua sumberdaya yang ada problems and dry stoney soil. Its berdasarkan pemahaman ekosistem terpadu.

Direct Grants to CBOs

Grants channeled by SGP are channeled to self-help groups? sia re-considered the policy. In the Makaryo in Jetis, Jogjakarta. that only a few assisting organiza- Based on the experiences learned relatively small, up to a maximum In SGP’s first years worldwide, this First Work Phase, five grants were All the successful programs were tions are prepared to incorporate from the previous phases, in the US$50,000 for a given 24-month was not possible, as one of SGP’s granted to CBOs. It turns out that indebted to the organizations CSOs into the full-cycle of a third phase SGP Indonesia program. Such fund is sufficient to regulations stipulates that grants only one program failed to achieve assisting the CBOs. It was program, particularly in the focused on direct cooperation with finance the overhead costs of an are only given to legal entities. its targets, which we regard as not Cindilaras, an organization program initiation, planning, and KSM, while taking the implement- assisting organization (mainly Experiences show that commu- a bad result. In the Second Work assisting Cipto Makaryo, which funding. Despite Cindilaras’s ing organization’s capacity into NGOs) only if the organization nity-based organizations are weak Phase, all the five grants granted to initiated a relationship with SGP assistance, it was Cipto Makaryo, consideration. SGP Indonesia follows its main goal: supporting in managing programs, in particu- CBOs were successful. One was Indonesia. An assisting organiza- which exercised the authority in would suggest assistance (an community initiatives to address lar those needing large funding. the Integrated Organic Farming tion is often needed, in particular decision-making and was in assisting organization) when environmental problems. The and Gardening, developed by a charge of the project implementa- deemed necessary. A breakthrough was needed to during the initial stages of a given question is can a grant be directly farmer’s group named Cipto tion. address the problem. SGP Indone- project. The problem is, however, 26 27 crops: rice, corn, Self-documentation for watermelon, cassava and vegetables. The community says that Traditional Knowledge the roots of local rice, unlike that of VUTW (a and Sustainable Re- GEF SGP Indonesia / Konfiden kind of pest-resistant GEF SGP Indonesia \ Harijanto Suwarno ers are not the only ones who benefit rice) do not spread so it can be grown next to, for sources Management from the forestr y resource in the Toro example, chilli bushes. Local species need less water. To get rid of pests, natural pesticide is applied. community zone. The indigenous Traditional knowledge of pest control species, like Location governance apparatus also set-up several kinds of taro and tobacco, is again being Ngata Toro, Central Sulawesi indigenous rules applied to those applied. Partner from outside the indigenous commu- According to Mbah Mitro, a local elder, who in the Ngata Toro Indigenous Community nity who enter community lands. The photo is treating tobacco for use as a pesticide, the Project Duration & Costs national park management ac- “If there’s a well in the field”, one Indonesian 2003-2004 term ‘organik’ (farming) stands for obahing badan lan knowledges Toro indigenous law but proverb says, “we can ask for permission to take a Total US$38,455. SGP Indonesia obahing utek, olah raga dan olah otak, that is to say, many policy dialogs were needed bath”. In the dry region of Jetis, wells support mixed US$30,000. Community US$3.700. the most important thing in organic farming is the crop plantations as the community starts to grow local Yayasan K onfiden US$3,800. Technical especially with the local govern- adaptation of way of living and way of thinking. assistants GEF SGP Indonesia: visual ment, the forest authority and documentation specialists, project cycle neighboring hamlets/villagers to price-hikes for fertilizers and perception that the only education Sultan’s land but cannot own it. This management, visual documentation achieve this recognition. The pesticides in the past. needed by children is how to help tradition, stipulated by the Sultan, training. meetings developed a system of The community did not follow the community develop the village. leads to a small number of land- comprehensive and growing commu- gender-based work. Both men and Indirectly, Jetis’s success is attrib- related conflicts. The community oro is an indigenous commu nity forest management with col- women work in the field, plantations uted to the fact that the village is barely has interest in determining or nity neighborhood within the laboration with neighboring villages and even at home, including taking poor in natural resources. The defending land, let alone in Gunung TLore Lindu National Park, in and other stakeholders. care of the children. Over the last special province of Yogyakarta Kidul. No investors or speculators, Central Sulawesi. Illegal poaching, In 2004, Ngata Toro community was five years the number of households recognizes three types of land except limestone companies, will be protected animal trading and fish- one of 26 finalists from community interested in the area. The commu- electrifying were common when the has remained the same. Children’ ownership: state land, private/ groups around the world in the level of education, however, is still individual land, and the Sultan’s nity has no temptation to sell the project started. To address these 2004 Equator Iniative award. GEF low, due to both limited income and land. The community may utilize the land. threats the tranditional community SGP Indonesia recognized the Toro has created Tondong Ngata, a achievement by granting them forest ranger troop. Their duties are Food Sovereignty. Organic rice produced by Jetis USD 30,000. community is used for self-consumption although to uphold the indigenous law as it applies to the protected forest One of the most important aspects the market price is much higher than non-organic within the GEF SGP Indonesia and based on indigenous rice. The community developed grain storage Toro collaboration is a documen- groups. The neighborhood grain regula- tions. But tation process storeroommeasures 2 by 2 meters; the village’s and communica- grain store is twice as large. Members of the Toro community that are late in harvesting their rice can villag- ‘borrow’ the storeroom rice. A grain store even embraces the entire house’s yard and the surround- ing bare patches. Utilizing the available natural resources.

28 29 that make up Kulawi Sub-district, of the Bogor Agriculture Institute communities were beyond the the village was frequently men- referred to in his thesis entitled interest (as well as the ideology Modern Conservation Within tioned in international events due “Artikulasi Kearifan Tradisional and the supremacy) of Islamic to its on-going identity reorientation dalam Pengelolaan Sumberdaya empires ruling in the coastal areas. as a community, including its hard Alam sebagai Proses Reproduksi The disenfranchisement of custom- Cultural Framework work in re-applying local knowl- Budaya” (Articulation of Traditional ary organizations might have edge in natural resource manage- Wisdom in Natural Resource started when the Dutch power was ment. Management As Cultural Repro- effective in 1905 although the Dutch Maria Hartiningsih Made up of 7 hamlets, it houses duction Processes) (2003) as ‘an kept local rules, tradition and Journalist, Kompas Daily 567 households totaling 2,307 lives. effort to develop modern conserva- culture to maintain its hegemony in It is situated in a valley and slopes tion within the ideological frame- the region. ool air greeted us, relieving masih porak peranda di beberapa village had already gone to bed. surrounded by mountains, part of work and collective agenda of the The Dutch introduced a more which protrudes into Lore Lindu Toro community ’. the tiredness and the desa, memasuki kilometer 25 We stood in total darkness. Though hierarchical government model that C discomfort resulting from a menuju Ngata Toro. Kami electricity had lit the village’s National Park (LLNP). “This might be the impact of the altered the basic inter-village reform,” said Village Head Naftali three-hour trip through bumpy , mencapai Ngata Toro sekitar puku l houses, the light was too weak to “Our village is located at the federation, which was rather B. Porentjo BBA (47), who has been steep, twisting roads, which in 20.00 waktu setempat (satu jam pierce through the darkness. At bottom of a bowl-shaped valley,” informal in nature. The Toro some parts were narrowed down by lebih cepat dari WIB) dan times we heard the sound of said Rukmini, 35 year -old mother leading the village for 11 years. He community and the other surround- added that prior to the reform, the landslides exposing us to danger- mendapati desa itu sudah separuh something being beaten on hollow of three children, who has been ing villages were then designated village head was a very powerful ous ravines and steep forests on tidur . wood that turned out to be wooden attempting to revive Toro indig- as Kampung, the lowest govern- both sides. Some unexpected views “It is like a small-scale tsunami. cow-bells. The cattle were herded enous women’s power since 2001. local elite. “Now, it is no longer mental unit in the ideological possible. Everything must be were spotted at villages recently Terrible indeed, but fortunately freely in the grassy and scrubby With only one narrow and stony government practiced in the region torn by earthquakes and floods. there are no fatalities,” said Umar, field. road connecting the village with the discussed with and agreed to by when the Dutch came in 1905. the indigenous community council,” “Seperti tsunami kecil. Ngeri, tapi our driver, when we were driving surrounding villages, Toro is an History also tells that in some ways Here we were in Ngata (or village) said he. According to him, the masih untung karena tidak ada through the ruins at the KM25 Toro, a village 85 kilometers to the enclave bordering on the Park. the New Order regime adopted the korban,” ujar Umar, supir kami, towards Ngata Toro. We arrived at council consists of 13 members: 7 ideological government. The west of Palu, the capital of Central Rukmini said that July 2000 saw the village heads and 6 prominent ketika kami melintasi bagian yang 8 p.m. local time and found half the signing of the Ngata Toro Indig- regime passed regulations and Sulawesi. One of the 28 villages figures at community level. “The six enous Territory encompassing policies that - it said - respected consists of 3 men and 3 women, of adat (customary rules), but in fact 22,950 hectares, 18,000 hectares of whom Rukmini is one,” he contin- which had been designated by the it disenfranchised the functions and tion on the local wisdom of the Toro Indigenous Institution has foundation, groups of Toro audio ued. Rukmini formed Organisasi made adat an ornament just to central government as part of the Perempuan Adat Ngata T oro - Ngata T oro experiences in manag- trained the youth group in how to visual videomakers could produce National Park in 1993. show Indonesia’s cultural diversity. OPANT (Indigenous Women’s ing their natural resources in film their own knowledges. The good quality video documentation. Although started in 1997, institu- On the other hand, the creation of collaborative way . main goal for the villager In 4 months they produced 7 video Organization of Ngata Toro) in tional revitalization in the area has 2002. uniform governmental structures Aside from information dissemina- filmmaking is to increase aware- outputs which have been used as a been more intensive since 2000 through Law No. 5 Year 1979 on Shohibudin’s study showed that in tion towards the international ness of traditional wisdom among dialog tool with neighboring when local wisdom in forest Regional Governments effectively community , Ngatar Toro had Toro generations and surrounding villages and members of parlia- the pre-colonization era the Toro eradicated the socially-diverse management began to be pro- community had – like the positioned inter-village discussions hamlets, especially on sustainable ment. They have documentated moted and documented; the local institutions, such asNagari in neighboring villages – a ‘village with the local government as a natural resource management. The village and region policy decision existence and the role of customary West Sumatra, Lembang in Toraja, target for their information. As well media chosen is participatory process on the livelihood sources ideology’ in its fullest meaning, i.e. Banua in Kalimantan and many organizations had to be strength- it was an independent social as printing a book on local herbal video documentation After going that could impact the Toro commu- ened. This was what M. Shohibudin others. medicines book printing, the Ngata through an intensive workshop for nity. political unity. These almost a month with the Konfiden

30 31 The forced integration of these resources, which the state claims ever, some time later a company toms, forest management is divided reveal a competition between the Rukmini local institutions into the national belong to it. came and opened a large planta- into three: first, the wanakini, is a old values perceived as an ‘ideal’ It was getting late. The tempera- political system through the law not It was for these reasons that the tion in the area. The company montane forest with the remaining and new values brought by city ture was dropping to 16ºC in mid- only disenfranchised the local Toro communtiy rejected the LLNP’s obtained the government’s permit. small timber trees and thick lichen style and ideology. September. The village in a remote institutions’ dignity and gradually pure conservation ethic and offered So what does the government on the trees and the soil. Rukmini and Naftali’s efforts to area in Kulawi Sub-district, in the deteriorated them, but above all, it instead one that favors the commu- want?” Towaha sighed. “It is always cloudy and drizzling document local wisdom and middle of Central Sulawesi, 85 strictly controlled community’s nity and community participation. As Towaha mentioned, prior to the there even in the dry season,” said biodiversity by use of modern kilometers from the provincial natural resources by re-designing Moreover , as Toro’s Head men- year 2000 the customary institutions Towaha. equipment (handycam) provided capital, seemed to be embraced by the ideological and demographical tioned, the forest area designated and the village administration Second, the wana, is an area by a donor seemingly did not gain the surrounding mountains, and to structures. as part of LLNP overlapped were flooded by community com- covered by thick lichen with large total acceptance of Towaha. greet LLNP that encompasses some This happened in Ngata T oro for customary forest ( huaka lando) plaints about illegal establishment timber trees already grown. “Visualization is one-sided,” parts of the village. two decades before the community and community plantations. in areas that were forbidden by the “Destruction to these two parts will Towaha commented on the two We were sitting face to face on a gained the strength to redefine He added that Toro’s traditional tradition. greatly affect humans,” Towaha local leaders, who it turns out are red carpet that had holes in some their identity and tradition as a wisdom embraced traditional “The community blamed us. So, continued. Wanakiki and wana are his relatives. parts, with two cups of hot tea to community and their environment. zonation that utilized and man- they know their responsibilities,” sources of fresh clean air and “Socializing local wisdom needs warm up our chilly bodies. The With this, they could reaffirm aged natural resources based on Towaha spoke of one of the reasons water as well as medicinal herbs direct communication,” said he. woman was wrapped in a sarong. ideological autonomy over natural their functions (huaka) and owner- behind the revitalization of village not found elsewhere. At a first glance, she was like other resource management. This is just one problem. Another ship ( dodoha). institutions. If the tradition was Third, the pengale, is an area that problem in relation to the influx of Toro women, who had to finish the According to C.H. Towaha, a local “Previously, we did not want to use enforced, there was no way for the can be utilized except the forested a large number of NGOs helping house chores first before having elder who refused to be called the traditional wisdom. Just leave outsiders to advantageously use part (taoro). build local capacity is the difficulty time to enjoy themselves. Her face ‘customary leader’, before the the community to illegally log in the was tender and tranquility radi- it. There are regional regulations “Although the taoro forest is flat, in convening the community to state, education and religion were governing conservation,” he forest. discuss village problems. ated from her eyes. established, customary institutions dry and on limestone, it may not be added. But the community knew With the tradition governing forest cleared,” Towaha explained. “Now, you have to provide some She was Rukmini, a 35-year-old were functioning very well. All nothing about the regulations as management, the community could transport, tea, coffee, cigarettes housewife with three children. Her aspects of life were governed by Fallen branches can be collected the regional government had never directly control what was going on and even snacks to convene the youngest child, Alam (5), called his adat . When a ‘new civilization’ socialized them. in their forest. Rukmini, the local but it is strictly forbidden to strip the forest. Headwaters cannot be community,” said Towaha. mother “Bu Rukmini (Mrs. came, adat was neglected. women’s leader and founder of Rukmini),” a name that was very “They knew the regulations when utilized. Riparian land up to 250 It might be that the next step “ Adat is only practiced for ceremo- they were arrested and tried at Toro women’s group, said that close to the local lives, to the nies. The essence is neglected,” there were several cases of illegal meters from the banks of streams forward is to create room for court because they did something can be utilized. The tradition negotiation to seek a middle dynamics in both public and said the respected elder. “Adat no that violated them. The local logging by outsiders. private domains. longer governs the life. The govern- forbids sale of any of the land. ground between the old and the tradition did not prohibit such a “They were judged by adat and new values, by which the community That afternoon, she had a female ment defines the relationship Towaha complained about his hard practices.” said he. had to pay sanction of buffalos, could maintain their tradition to victim of domestic violence, who between humans and the nature obligation to ask young people to In relation to the violations, Towaha plates and sarong,” she said. manage the natural resources in an came for consultation and protec- according to its interests.” However, Rukmini said that the see nature in a wise and non- criticized the government’s incon- greedy way. effective but not exclusive way, as tion. Policies and regulations decided sistency . Some time ago a Toro most important part of the trial was Rukmini, along with the village “Now everything is different. Local well as to encourage the surround- on without community consultation, opened a plantation in the part of not the things but social sanction ing communities to revive their own head Naftali B Porentjo, local according to T owaha, are their territory that was allowed by from the community. wisdom is hard to perceive. To young people money is everything,” wisdom to re-define and re- figures (such as CH Towaha, and used to take control the local tradition. “Nature should be managed wisely Berwin P representing the youth), he said. establish their identity and environ- over natural “The government said that it was as we depend on it,” Towaha ment. and a progressive Protestant priest part of the restricted area. How- asserted. According to Toro cus- In some ways Towaha’s complaints Ferdy Lumba are the main actors in

32 33 the re-articulation process of Toro’s delegation of power was the key to OPANT has a clear agenda – to During meetings all we had to do “We also have the right to vote for and OPANT. traditional wisdom. the re-articulation of the traditional define the role of indigenous was to prepare the consumption,” wide range of sanctions against The story shows the long history of “ We are all relatives. Naftali is my wisdom, the key to changes. women in environmental conserva- Rukmini continued. violations such as gaharu theft and local knowledge and institutions. nephew and Rukmini is my niece,” Along with that, Towaha and tion and management, and reject a In 1995 Rukmini, once becoming domestic violence. OPANT has also The aspects have been constructed said Towaha. several village elders (Totua perspective that advantageously PKK treasurer and acting chairper- been documenting local wisdom, in by various groups, depicting Rukmini is the head of Indigenous Ngata ) were digging deeper into uses “traditional wisdom” for other son (during the chairperson’s particular because in July 2000 a changeable power relations. Women’s Organization of Ngata traditional knowledge and ecologi- than the community’s interests. maternity leave), convened the plaque was signed describing the All these have been colored with Toro (OPANT), a local organization cal practices. “There used to be a mother of women to discuss and re-open the Ngata Toro indigenous territory, the tug-of-war between ideological formed as part of the revitalization “Forests cannot just be cleared. ideology, whom we called T ina village documentation on women’s which encompasses 22,950 hec- discourse on development, conser- of local institutions. Local institu- There are some parts that should Ngata . The last one that we knew roles in the society. She dug up tares, of which 18,000 hectares vation, and natural resource tions were disenfranchised and not be touched by anybody ,” was Tiloigi,” said Rukmini. Tina Ngata’s roles by interviewing have become part of Lore Lindu management, on one side and replaced with a centralized Towaha said. According to Rukmini, Tina Ngata elders from other villages. She National Park,” said Rukmini. local wisdom leading to community structure during the New Order However, conservation does not led all the village traditional discovered the history of the Kulawi Shohibudin’s study on Toro commu- identity on the other side. Rukmini regime. mean that anybody is not allowed processes. Kingdom, once ruled by a woman nity (2003) observed that OPANT is a figure that demonstrates how The strong and deep kinship has to enter the forest. The community “She was the one who chose when who strongly opposed the coming put forward a petition to the women have been playing strategic also prevented the community from of Toro has their own wisdom to to plant the seeds, when to open of the Dutch into the region. The customary council and the village roles in the dynamics. disunity driven by conflicts in Poso. protect and maintain what gives the forest, which part of the forest Dutch, however, finally took control administration against conserva- However, Rukmini and OPANT’s over the region through its divide “There are families with different them life. to open. She was believed to be tion practices that are in direct struggle still faces a long winding and rule politics. religions in our community , but our The indigenous community council wise. Although there were village contradiction to the conservation road ahead. Negotiations should traditional kinship is much stronger consists of 13 members: 7 village elders (Totua Ngata), no meetings In a work meeting in 2000, some 75 agreement made. be continued. The tug-of-war than the differences created by heads and 6 prominent figures at were held in the absence of Tina women agreed to form a forum In September 2002, OPANT held a between “tradition” and “local disunity in the name of religion,” community level. The six consists of Ngata. outside PKK. meeting which produced a demand wisdom” on one side and “moder- Naftali explained. 3 men and 3 women, of whom Since the establishment of Ngata “We planned a structure that PKK that policy-making institutions nity” on the other side has yet to The 47-year-old village head, who Rukmini is one. Toro, women have been playing did not have in it,” Rukmini ex- should convene to unify the percep- achieve a middle ground within the had been in office for more than 15 “Representation is not of individual important roles in their society. plained. tion and give birth to new consen- community while challenges keep years, was the key player in the but organization,” asserted “During tribal wars, women used to In May 2001 a women’s workshop sus and ideology. coming from the outside. Uniquely, highly dynamic changes in Ngata Towaha. reduce the tension. They went was held to discuss the governmen- The demand was fulfilled by a natural resources-based business Toro after the fall of New Order ahead of the soldiers to stop the tal structure of Ngata Toro. Another village-level meeting in October interests always come together with Many NGOs have driven changes. ideological practices of conserva- regime. Moreover , Naftali was engaged in war” Rukmini added. workshop in August 2001, facili- 2002 discussing the structure and tated by a Palu-based women’s relationship among institutions in tion that marginalize their own “P reviously, village heads had an environmental organization When the New Order regime constituents. absolute power. They can no longer while still at college in Palu. established new ideological group called Kelompok Perjuangan Ngata Toro, regulations on do so. All things have to be de- Rukmini has a wide range of organizations, including women Kesetaraan Perempuan Palu natural resource manage- cided on in the Indigenous Commu- connections with activists and groups called Family Welfare (Women Equity Struggle Group of ment, work programs, etc. nity Council,” he added. women’s organizations in Palu and Program (PKK), many of the Palu) produced the OPANT Decla- The meeting produced the ration, followed by the election of structure and the relation- He said nothing about who asked Java. traditional roles were abolished. the management board at ngata ship among four major him to delegate some of his “ What has been happening in Toro “Women had no forum to discuss and boya (hamlet) level. With the village institutions: the authority; however , from his long follows an internal – rather than protection of natural resources, no declaration, women had bigger village administration, talk it was not very difficult to external – agenda and dynamics,” customary court, and no customary access in customary and govern- the customary council, conclude that it was his decision. said Rukmini. decision-making. Our roles were mental institutions. Village Representative He acknowledged well that the restricted to household chores.

34 35 say that participation is a must for participation in program proposals vation and rehabilitation pro- program accountability. Facts show, as required by most donors grams, for example, often have Community-Based Participatory however, that participation is often seemingly makes the community a nothing to do with the development purposely developed to achieve focal point. But it is also true that of a community’s discourse to bring some hidden agenda. not all NGOs and governmental back community independence in Programs: Necessity or Obliga- There are a large number of on- institutions take participation as a deciding on what (renewable) going programs developing mere requirement to obtain logis- energy they need or the develop- pseudo participation to achieve tics support. Many perceive it as a ment of the local school children’s temporary, short-term goals. The fundamental value that they have discourse on their environment or tion? government’s national Gerhan to follow. environmental sanitation and (Land and Forest Rehabilitation Then, is the community engaged in public health. The community’s basic needs in economy, education Ita Natalia Asikin Program) does not lead to positive the decision-making processes of movements in many regions, but NGO’s and Government? Is the and health are not integrated in increasing corruption and abuse. community engaged from the conservation and other environmen- Community contribution is very low; planning phase? And more impor- tal programs. the communities are involved just tant, is the community engaged in One can trace some of the reasons. as nursery or planting workers. The the monitoring, including knowing NGOs hold meetings with donors or work is to be done; the growth of about the budget? governmental officials more often the trees is not important. Commu- There has been a large amount of than pay a visit to villages. NGOs nity development programs by work done by NGOs and govern- and the government are busy with private groups see participation as mental institutions in the last ten proposals rather than holding

Community engagement is a form alking about community groups. Simply put, participation of appreciation for the groups participation is like initiating can mean efforts to engage a lot of affected by either the benefits or Tcommunity engagement in all groups and to bind them to be the shortcomings of a given the activities within a given pro- accountable and responsible for program. Closing the space for gram, from the planning to the all the activities done together. participation is a violation of the monitoring and evaluation. Partici- It must be admitted that the principles of togetherness among pation is a strategy to disseminate awareness of the need to engage years that is not in accordance with the people, the government and means to create facilities and what the community ‘perceives’. In discussions with the community. other civil society groups. information to the people involved the people is a result of critical in the entire program. The utmost learning about the failures of the infrastructure, which may not be many cases, the programs are in NGOs and the government are very what the community really needs. serious with donor’s evaluation expectation from participatory programs that have been executed direct contradiction to the communi- processes is the room to learn by the government and NGOs, Community Participation and ty’s agenda. Policy changes often program but are indifferent to the evaluation with the community. They together, to take the responsibili- particularly GEF -SGP partners. In Civil Society Movements take precedence over everything else. This leads to a large number are satisfied to implement the ties together and to avoid any fact, participation cannot be One cannot deny that community distance among the involved separated from NGOs’ work. Some of unsuccessful programs. Conser- program according to the timetable and do not feel guilty about 36 37 making the community wait and problems faced by the community. resolving problems together. wait. They should provide many Semangat Baru 5. Utilizing the available resources One can say the NGOs and the opportunities to the community to (self-sustaining). Developing government design the planning on address their own problems. togetherness should build on the behalf of the community. Their Being neutral does not mean spirit to be liberated from visions and missions are similar , defending the community. On the dependence on other parties. speaking of returning community’s contrary, taking sides often leads Utilizing one’s own resources for sovereignty and empowering the to community’s dependence on a given project is a formula to community . Surely, the visions and NGOs and the government. avoid dependence which makes GEF SGP Indonesia \ Harijanto Suwarno the missions can be the same, but 2. Becoming a Guide. Community’s the community powerless against have community’s suffering and assistants should not position intervention. problems been reduced signifi- themselves as the all-knowing, Ideas of Improvement cantly? the infallible ones. On the If progress cannot be made, is it Participation can also be perceived contrary, NGOs and the govern- ment should throw out their wrong to get rid of “community “In 1990, to be precise in August, when there was a “The kids who want to come should finish their as togetherness. Then, the chal- participation” from NGO and the opinions and dig deeper into commemoration of Scout Day, we asked the house chores first. This is to persuade their lenges faced by NGOs and the government’s programs? It is better Koran recital students of Ms. Sumiati to conduct parents to allow the kids to go on a trip. But, still we what the community has in mind government should also be commu- than paying lip service to communi- social work.” were often scolded and referred to as wild girls nity’s challenges. NGOs and the instead. ty’s participation. In August, 15 years later, Siti Aminah and Sumiati because we were doing what was commonly government’s failures should be 3. Believing in the community’s This might be an immature deci- typed the story in Sumiati’s house in Semangat Baru done only by boys.” taken as the failures of all. Is this potential. Feeling that they are hamlet, Alas Sub-district, Sumbawa. The years in Some mothers became less hard; some others even what is happening in the move- equipped with much more sion. Positioning the community as the main actors is not easy. But, it between, turned into pages of a conservation drama. came with us. ment? information, NGOs and the government might think they know is not easy as well to find a reason “We will provide for food and drink, but we should “Later on, we are thinking of approaching the local Building P articipation to avoid it. The returning of commu- leader (RT) about our desire to plant . what is best for the community. bring mangrove fruits home. Kids, what do you Two requirements are needed to nity’s rights or community sover- think? All right, was the kid’s reply . From then on, We did it and received a positive response. He The community is often perceived the kids became eager to go on a trip following the allowed his son to go with us. However, we were build community participation: as as a weak group needing eignty would mean nothing if equity and transparency. achieved through pseudo partici- explanation why they should bring mangrove fruits still scolded by other parents whose children assistance. In fact, the community secretly collected mangrove fruits.” Do all the involved groups share pation. home. Ms. Sumiati asked the kids to have a look at is often not weak. On the contrary, their eroded coast. When I was very young, there To raise fathers’ participation we arranged a picnic to the same rights and obligations in believing in the community’s It would be better if NGOs and the was a vast field here. It is gone now. Compare with achieving the goals? Is the commu- government can lower their ego as the island where we collected mangrove fruits. The potentials would lighten NGOs the mangrove-covered area. Why? why? she said nity perceived as the one to be the “owner” and the “controller” of wives prepared the food, the husbands collected and the government’s workload as she showed us the recreation site where the firewood and caught some fish. This recreational helped, and are NGOs and the a program. At the same time, the as they believe that the commu- kids collected mangrove fruits”. approach worked. government the more capable nity is capable to carry out the community should raise their As there were no mangroves left around the hamlet, The planting area soon expanded. However, every- groups? Is there transparency in activities. position as an integral part of a they had to take a boat to the nearby islands. Then program. The community should not thing did not run as smoothly as we expected. Local the planning, the implementation, 4. Educating processes. Too much they asked the kids to grow the mangrove trees in the the monitoring and the evaluation? be treated as a mere object. fishermen tied their boats to any stands they found, spirit and confidence sometimes coastal area of their hamlet. One big question for us all is how It is true that making participation including the weak young mangroves. Goats and oversimplifies the resolution “The regular collecting and planting of mangroves buffaloes went about freely picking up all young to take corrective measures to processes. It seems as if all a strategy in community develop- brought a harsh response from the kids’ parents. encourage full participation of the ment requires long discussions. But leaves that could satisfy their hunger. In a visit in 2005, problems can be solved through You ask our kids to do something bad and health- some local people said that the next time you come to community , and how to place the we can if we want to, as long as we the same strategy. In fact, prob- endangering! Planting mangroves here will only help, please do not only pay attention to the planting; community as the main actors, and believe that community participa- bring bad luck”. lems are a process. NGOs and put up a fence around the planting sites as well. not as spectators. the government should not deliver tion is indeed a need. They were both about twenty years old back then. It “In the following years we tried to coordinate with 1. Being Neutral. Community’s practical strategies to the commu- was not customary for young women to hang around the local government and related institutions to assistants should be neutral to nity but long-term outlines for with kids. 38 39 explain to the community that the mangrove planting was to restore the function of the mangrove forest as erosion/abrasion The participants of the Semangat Baru movement prevention.” didn’t have enough learning (knowledge and skills) But incidentally they invited the Head of the during the early days of the program. Sumiati and Siti Social Political Directorate, because he was the Aminah themselves were still learning then. No one only person they had in mind. The Head turned was facilitating. Now, Sumiati takes care of her own out to be wise enough and familiar with conser- family, still in Semangat Baru hamlet. Siti Aminah, vation basics. Some local groups that were once trading in used clothes and bread, is now strongly opposed to the idea turned neutral. working as a community facilitator in other areas. They said that they still wanted to work with communities like the old days. But, according to them, the program “In the following year, we learned that should start with housewives being engaged in seaweed post harvest management. “At that time we never Environmental Partner Fund ( Dana Mitra Lingkungan – DML) Jakarta financed a one- thought of fulfilling basic needs.” year mangrove planting program, in 1992- 1993. We were the field staffs of Nation Solidarity Organization ( Lembaga tion for conservation. In 1998, we received an Solidaritas Bangsa – LSB) then. We never award from the Minister of Forestry and Estate thought of having funding. We kept on with Crops as the pioneer in conservation. In 1999 we our planting although we were repeatedly 2005. Sumiati and her fourth daughter received another award from the Governor of West asked to pay off our debts by the kiosk where visited the barren beach on the backyard Nusa Tenggara. But, we had never re- we owed money for our recreation.” of her hamlet, once a lush covered with ceived any awards from the local regent.” Beyond their planning, the movement started to mangrove. She had her first misscariage After all the second phase funding from SGP spread outside Semangat Baru. But, the spirit as the result of working too hard under Indonesia was used up, the movement in was not necessarily the same. the sun, trying to rehabilitate the beach Semangat Baru hamlet finally faded out. with mangroves. “Over time, teenagers became interested in Nobody cared for the young mangroves. Slowly,

our recreation. They came along, and we GEF SGP Indonesia \ Harijanto Suwarno they died. The beach, which was once turned provided for the food and drinks. Then along came into the front yard, now became the back yard another NGO adopting our program and offering again. gifts such as free t-shirts, caps, and rice. Our our crazy work got some funding, and it was from teenage followers turned around and did not even Jakarta!” acknowledge our presence.” National mass media published several reports on our In 1994 a senior NGO activist from Lombok asked GEF- struggle. In 1996 the P rovincial Forestr y Agency (Sub Several years after the Semangat Baru SGP Indonesia to come to Semangat Baru. A week Balai RLKT) offered a cooperation to rehabilitate some movement was forgotten, mangrove rehabili- later they were asked to come to Mataram to draft a 100 hectares of mangrove land. The rehabilitation tation projects were flourishing in the other proposal. would involve all hamlets in the village. The spirit villages and even in the neighboring sub- “We never hear about proposals, let alone drafting aroused again. The planting area target was deter- districts. one. But we managed to draft one – in handwriting mined. – in three days.” In the same year, SGP Indonesia provided other LSB got funding for two years, from 1994-1996. funding for a fishermen’s group strengthening (e.g. to “We jumped with joy when hearing the news. buy boats). Unfortunately, the group was dismissed Those who had been skeptical and cursing us due to internal conflicts. gradually changed their mind when they saw that “In 1997, UNO-UNEP awarded us for our motiva-

40 41 Indonesia. Watumohai National Park in South Local communities – East Sulawesi, the presence of the community did not lead to conflicts MangroveMangrove who are economically Dok. UNDP Indonesia and politically weak as their activities did not adversely – are often blamed affect the Park. The community even for the degradation, conducted self-sustained mangrove becoming the target restoration. They realize that of the ruler’s pres- mangrove forests are the breeding sure. It is in fact ground for prawns, which they domestic and foreign harvest to make terasi or shrimp investors who must be paste,one of their main sources of held accountable for livelihood. SGP’s program strength- the large-scale ened local institutions, helped n some places, mangrove wood or charcoal is used for firewood. It has a conversion of man- establish cooperatives and devel- Iunique smell. For coto Makassar and roasted fish fanatics, the dishes grove forests. oped the terasi market. Indirectly, are perfect only if cooked or roasted over mangrove charcoal. In Sinjai and Therefore, mangrove this helped eliminate the stigma Bauluang this is a factor that helps conserve mangroves. Women selling forest rehabilitation that enclaves always threaten roasted fish actively campaign for mangrove conservation to ensure a GEF SGP Indonesia \ Suraya Affif projects not only aim conservation areas. continuous supply of the charcoal. lthough only 3 percents Indonesia has passed some at raising awareness among the of the total area of policies on mangrove conservation, communities about the significance AIndonesia’s forest, Indone- but the enforcement is ver y poor. of mangrove conservation but also sia’s mangrove forests are the Mangrove forests designated by showing (the government) that world’s third largest, with an the government as protected areas local communities are concerned estimated size of 3,450,000 are heavily degraded or com- about it. Communities are capable hectares in 1996 (18-24% of the pletely gone. It would be no of mangrove replanting and world’s 17,500,000 hectares of surprise if the real size of the maintenanceing. They can also GEF SGP Indonesia \ Ery Damayanti mangrove forests). forests is far below the official usethe benefits of good and Indonesia’s mangrove forests, claim of the Ministry of F orestry, healthy mangrove ecosystems for however, are disappearing at an which is the main institution in their economic improvement. hreat to the community is an important factor that effectively drives the community to have concern about man alarming rate. The government of charge of forest management in Tgroves. The Bauluang coastline moved 50 meters inland from its previous position due to abrasion, before the As one can learn from many community and Yayasan Konservasi Laut commenced a 2-year mangrove replanting project with US$22,000 grant successful – and unsuccessful – from SGP Indonesia. mangrove conservation projects, community’s engagement in a project can lead to increased angrove logs are sold per piece with ownership and concern about he planting commonly starts Mprice depending on the diameter. mangrove ecosystems on which Twith Rhizopora, a large Before being sold, the logs are usually their lives depend. number of R. apiculata and a few barked to get higher price. The bark is Ownership and concern are the R. mucronata as the root systems sold to a dye factory or used to dye nets of the species are unique: they practical solutions to address poor GEF SGP Indonesia \ Ery Damayanti (the color is monitoring and law enforcement – break sea current and trap mud. yellowish red). Increasing mud sedimentation will The bark is also the major problems in Indonesia’s enlarge the land into the sea. used as firewood conservation efforts. Then, other types of mangrove will in charcoal As Yayasan CINTA Alam (Yascita) be easier to grow. industry. learnt from the community of Muara Ranowulu within Rawa Aopa 42 43 GEF SGP Indonesia \ Suraya Affif EX-POST STUDY was working about the significance of man- as a basic argument intensively with the groves as an ecosystem. The Community Based for restructuring the community of benefits of the conservation were existing institutional Rugemuk Village directly felt by the local community Biodiversity in Bintuni system. and Paluh Sibaji strengthened their motivation to The Community-based Village, with maintain the ecosystem. The funding from SGP Indonesia. community continues the planting Bay Sustainable Biodiversity Manage-

The project started with the estab- and the maintenance although the GEF SGP Indonesia \ Arief Wicaksono Location ment Project in Bintuni project is over. This shows that the lishment of a community organiza- Bintuni Bay, Papua Bay was a first step tion and approaches to the re- transfer of knowledge during a Partner exploitation, however, does not towards a much larger framework project is a key to ensuring project gional government. As a result, 100 Bintuni Bay Development Dialog bring any benefits to local commu- of community-based biodiversity GEF SGP Indonesia \ Suraya Affif out of 500 people of Rugemuk were continuation. The community even Foundation (Yayasan Dialog nity. Timber companies strip off all keeps developing their knowledge management development through actively engaged in the replanting Pembangunan Teluk Bintuni, YDPTB) the kinds of mangrove, from local institutions. However, unclear and skills. Rugemuk and Paluh 18-hectares of land. Now , only 10 Project Duration & Costs mokmov (Sonneratia alba) to the Sibaji have become mangrove role-sharing and weak institutional hectares are left due to abrasion 1998-2000 GEF SGP Indonesia: US$ precious kambau. When a local capacity made the project run in and other causes. natural laboratories frequently 10,234.38; Co-financing : US$15,911.25 (swadaya & mitra) community wants to build a boat, unclear direction and finally end The planting was done on the land visited by NGOs and a wide range they have to search for the timber of communities. One of those that up in vain. not under control of any fishpond Derived from the ex-post study by Arief deep into the upstream forests. once came and learned there was Wicaksono in association with Department Project Objectives companies. Domestic and foreign In addition to timber, the region is the community of Semanga Baru of Anthropology, the University of Indonesia. 1. To produce a map of traditional investors cleared most of the region rich in economically valuable Village in Sumbawa, which won the t least 35% - 1.5 million use zones before and after the in the 1980s, mostly for shrimp marine resources such as prawns, Mangrove Rehabilitation ponds. When shrimp business was international Globe 500 Award. hectares – of Indonesia’s coming of commercial activities. The local community’s belief in the mangrove forests lie in crabs and fish. It is also rich in Document traditional use pattern. suffered financial ruin in the 1990s A mineral deposits such as gas, oil significance of mangrove deep- Indonesia’s easternmost province of Learning Center due to plague and mismanage- and coal. 2. To formulate a community-based ened when this green belt pro- Papua. Of which, one third lie sustainable use action plan ment, most of the ponds were The worsening situation and the Location abandoned or converted into tected the village from the Decem- around the Bintuni Bay, an area accumulated despair of indigenous 3. To develop recommendations for Rugemuk & Paluh Sibaji, Deli traditional fish ponds, recreational ber 2004 tsunami. According to rich in biodiversity. peoples that are deprived of their community-based protected area Serdang, North Sumatra sites and other business sites. local community, the tsunami that Most of the mangrove forests in management devastated much of Aceh had little rights over natural resources serve Partner The project demonstrated how Bintuni have been harvested. The Yayasan Pengembangan Sumberdaya community engagement could impact on the village and the Pedesaan (Yapesda) contribute to increased awareness community. Projecy Duration & Costs 1994-1996 GEF SGP Indonesia US$18,675 co-financing (in-kind) US$8,508

Derived from the ex-post study by Suraya Affif in association with Department of Anthropology, the University of Indonesia. apesda, a grass roots Mokmov organization based in GEF SGP Indonesia \ Suraya Affif (Sonneratia alba) YPantai Labu Sub-district, had some experience from 1989 in mangrove rehabilitation. At that time, Yapesda received a Rp2 million funding from Dana Mitra Lingkungan. From 1994 Yapesda 44 45 EX-POST STUDY organization and this helped 4. To raise awareness among the 1997 YDPTB and PSAP-UGM, to the site. Survivors-based Rede- strengthen their motivation and local communities about the Konphalindo and Yayasan 2000 NGO Perdu from Manokwari voice in independent development economic and social significance Pengembangan Masyarakat started to work with the indig- velopment of Coastal and village economy efforts without depend on the government cash for work program. of the biodiversity and about the Desa – YPMD (Village Community enous people of Babo District, to damaging their environment. The need to conserve mangroves Development Foundation) replicate YDPTB program in Ecosystems and Liveli- GEF SGP team Indonesia facili- In May 2005, NSC approved None of the above objectives were Jayapura held a workshop in Bintuni. tated YPK and Pucok Lueng collaboration with YPK and Pucok community in spatial planning Lueng community in visual pro- achieved by the end of the project. Bintuni, discussing community- 2001 Konphalindo’s program hoods based biodiversity management officer conducted an assessment mapping and natural resource posal process. GEF SGP Indonesia in Bintuni Bay, with emphasis post-tsunami. agreed to support funding mobili- to Sorong and Bintuni Bay. It Location Chronology zation and other assistance to being placed on mangrove found out that the YDPTB’s Lhok Bubon & Pucok Lueng, The reconstruction was not as easy 1990 A private company started 1998 GEF-SGP Indonesia approved and fast as it was predicted. As of create a better and bigger pro- commercial exploitation in the Director had never read the SGP- Meulaboh, Aceh the proposal and provided a late 2006, the community still lives posal for community based coastal mangrove forests of Bintuni Bay approved proposal. Also, no Partner grant and the project started. Yayasan Pengembangan Kawasan in IDP’s tents or temporary shelters. natural resource management. In and exported the logs to a direction had been given to him collaboration with Deakonie Konphalindo would help with by the foundation’s founders (YPK) Trust and safety are very expensive Taiwanese bank note maker. commodities that need to be rebuilt Germany, the grants provided the project management and techni- before he was moved to Sorong. Project Duration & Costs 1995 Conflicts between the com- 2004-2005 by the community that lived through boat working station, bigger boats cal matters. Due to the short In reply to Konphalindo’s pressure pany and the local community. project duration compared with US$50,000 x 2 lokasi, co-financing armed-conflict for the past two for fishermen groups, handicraft for project accountability, YDPTB US$454,273.72 (cash & in-kind) Customary meetings concluded the complex problems in Bintuni decades. station, golden held a big meeting in Bintuni, Location with the establishment of Bay, SGP Indonesia was expected threads using the remaining funds and Awe Kecil, Simeulue, Aceh One of the main efforts is to design Lembaga Masyarakat Adat Teluk to become collateral to attract a Village Community Economy weaving, with a help from the Regent of Partner Bintuni – LMATB (Bintuni Bay other sources of funding. Institution (LEM) to organize the capita, Indigenous People Organization), Manokwari. Instead of discussing Yayasan Banau 1999 The only program run by community socio-economy needs organic the continuity of the project, the Project Duration & Costs which in turn facilitated the and environment. Pucok Lueng is YDPTB was a revolving fund to meeting discussed possibilities to 2004-2005 establishment of Yayasan Dialog one of the very few communities Pembangunan Bintuni Bay – the community, an activity which establish a new district of Bintuni US$35,000, co-financing US$157,557.71 was not included in the proposal. (cash & in-kind) which was independently aware to YDPTB (Bintuni Bay Development Bay (i.e. to split the existing Following up the indication that district into two). do self-help schemes and not Dialog Foundation), with the the project was not running engagement of Bintuni Bay 2003 A field survey was conducted year after the tsunami and smoothly, SGP sent some staff to earthquake in December Community Association from to prepare Bintuni Coastal Sorong to find out the problems 26th 2004 the impacts on Manokwari and Bintuni Bay Resource Map byProyek Pesisir / A and seek some solutions. A Young Students Association from Coastal Project (USAID) of the environment and livelihoods are discussion was held with PSAP- still large. GEF SGP Indonesia took Jayapura. University of Papua and the UGM, Konphalindo, YDPTB and provincial government of Papua. a pro-active approach in visiting 1996 Asia Pacific Study Center of Yayasan Nen Mas Il (Tual, South Pucok Leung, Samatiga, West 2004 The Second Coastal Project the University of Gajah Mada Maluku). It was agreed that Nen Aceh, in April 2005. A team of (PSAP-UGM) and YDPTB con- Mas II would replace started, involving YDPTB. It was to continue the unfinished village planning facilitators and ducted a research on community- Konphalindo, upon consideration filmmakers was sent to help the YDPTB’s plan. based biodiversity management that Nen Mas II was much closer community perform their develop- in Bintuni Bay ment planning to reconstruct their village and livelihood. YPK as one of the key partner organizations has worked in Samatiga region before the tsunami. The community trusted the

46 GEF SGP Indonesia \ Arief Wicaksono 47 farming and rubber plantation rehabili- planning, especially understanding environ- tation and agroforestry scheme. This mental perspectives and reconstruction of model was based on a revolving fund community economy and way of living. The with seven other villages along the fund itself, however, could not guarantee the coastal area of Pucok Lueng to Lhok development goal would be achieved later

Bubon. on. GEF SGP Indonesia The pucok Lueng reconstruction would have been more effective if it was done in an integrated manner and included exchanges of perspective within their culture and with outsiders, and used participatory

48 49 Project Duration & Costs 2002-2004 GEF SGP US$45,007, This coral reef rehabilitation in Les Coral Reefs Restoration & community US$10,532, MAC US$2,364 Village, Bali, is intended to create 2004-2007 GEF SGP US$50,000, Les more habitat for ornamental fish to Aquarium Fish Trade community US$15,986, Tembok comm. Les utilizing socio-economic US$20,581, Serangan comm. approaches. US$26,693, Gilimanuk comm. GEF SGP Indonesia \ Ery Damayanti Location US$17,549, other donors US$30,640 A YBN activist came to Les pretend- Phase 1 : Les, Bali ing to be ornamental fish trader. Community-based Coral Phase 2 : Les, Tembok, Serangan, The ornamental fish fishermen Gilimanuk any efforts have been group in North Bali used to prac- tice cyanide fishing. The coral reefs Partner made to curb coral reef Reefs Conservation Yayasan Bahtera Nusantara (YBN) and coastal degrada in the region were heavily de- tion, from awareness graded due to the cyanide spread Location raisingM to provision of alternative by sea currents. Hari Islands, Southeast Sulawesi coral reefs surrounding the islands. Now the community of No wonder only few were willing to Saponda and Baho – the source of livelihood. Many have not The community was informed of the Partner lasted long due to enormous prospect of better business if the join the group. second inhabited island – Yayasan Bahari (Yari) funding needs. However, the small sold fish were not dead or stunned no longer practice destruc- Project Duration & Costs “Coral cannot be planted” was the grant program tive fishing methods by cyanide. They learnt how to 2002-2003 US$41,000 general opinion among the commu- adopted by catch fish using small nets and to 2004-2005 US$50,000, co-financing nity. Only after a year did Yari tell (dynamite and poison). US$11,366 (in-kind) Yayasan Bahtera treat and transport fish in a better the community about the revolving The neighboring villages have Nusantara in ayasan Bahari conducted a requested lessons on coral reef way. economic aid package. The first ten Bali survived the coral reef restoration prog planting. About one third of the 2-year grant aid receivers were those who were fifth year and gram in Hari Islands one most active in coral reef rehabilita- Following the endorsement of a received by YBN in mid-2002 from Y shows continuous SGP Indonesia was used to estab- year before it received a grant from tion. The group also formed a joint village regulation on sustainable devel- SGP Indonesia. During the first year, lish PT Bahtera Lestari (PTBL), an venture (Badan Usaha Bersama – coral reef utilization in Saponda opment Yari did not inform the community BUB) to coordinate the revolving Island, Yari coordinated with the exporter of ornamental fish. Some despite of the shares were owned by ‘Mina about the economic aid package fund for boats. BUB provided Marine and Fishery Agency to put its Bhakti Soansari’ fishermen’s group, (credit for boat and motorcycles) to supporting facilities and infrastruc- forward input for district and limita- avoid biased engagement. During ture, collected members’ fish catch, provincial policy making. Following Adat Village and Dinas Village. tion and PTBL now has a monthly turnover of the establishment of the community opened marketing networks and the success, Yari was granted the com- Rp30-60 millions. group, the community only knew that conducted price surveys at the local second-phase grant from SGP plexity. they were going to rehabilitate the market. Indonesia. The good relationship with the GEF SGP Indonesia \ Bahtera Nusantara that threaten these coral reefs: of US$700,000/km2 from the long- reefs, as done by Yayasan Bahtera cultivation and training for diving dynamite, cyanide, coral harvest term decline in fishery sector (i.e. Nusantara to ornamental fish guides on expectation that the Coral Reefs and bottom trawling. Other threats small fish being killed and no fishermen in Les, Bali. Yayasan activities will allow the reefs to ndonesia contains at least 14,000 sia’s coral reefs would be com- come from waste pollution and regeneration), as well as in tourism Kalpataru in the Thousand Islands, regenerate and fish to return. coral reefs dispersed in more pletely gone in 10-40 years. Now I sedimentation resulting from sector (i.e. no beautiful coral reefs and Kapopposang Consortium in Almost all are of economic ap- than 200 locations, with the total some 40% of Indonesia’s coral logging and land reclamation. to sell). The rehabilitation cost was South Sulawesi helped with the proaches. While they are direct area covering 85,000 km2 or 14% reefs are in “bad” condition (i.e. Cesar (1997) measured the coral enormous, too. construction of ice factories, a and rather effective as they touch of the world’s total reefs (Reefbase, having less than 25% of live coral degradation from a management Most NGOs adopt similar ap- facility that enables the fishermen the community’s basic needs; 1997). During the last 50 years, cover). Only 29% are in “good” to viewpoint. Dynamite fishing proaches to coral reef manage- to maintain the quality of the fish strangely enough, the most common however, they have been disap- “excellent” condition (i.e. having generated a profit of US$15,000/ ment. Some directly drive the until they reach the market. Some obstacle faced by most of SGP pearing at an alarming rate. more than 50% of live coral cover). km2 of coral reefs, but also a loss community to calculate the eco- others offer alternative sources of Indonesia’s partners is marketing. Wilkinson (1998) said that Indone- There are four exploitation methods livelihood such as seaweed 50 nomic values of maintaining coral 51 Commodity and Market the community easily shifted to to ornamental fish, from the price other practices. to the fishing technique. Demand for ornamental fish in Bali, particularly from export The location of the market also This initial approach was carefully markets, is quite high. The rela- plays an important role. Bali is selected after consideration that tively high turnover and profit known as one of the centers for the best communication could be margin have driven the community ornamental coral fish in Indonesia. built if it was directly related to the of Les to change their fishing Denpasar is an important spot for community’s basic needs, the export. Ornamental fish accounts ‘language’ the community could method and packaging. The old method – dynamite and cyanide for 60% of the fish trade in Bali. understand most easily. The fishing – gives the fishermen dead Although the trade generates a question for other projects is nominal profit compared with whether NGOs are prepared to or broken fish resulting in a low price. Having compared the result, tourism, it does not generate speak the ‘local language’ and are adverse impacts on tourism as capable of understanding commu- destructive fishing does through its nity survival needs. over-fishing, let alone dynamite and cyanide fishing that destroy Cost of Living the coral reefs. As well as protect- One factor that impedes NGOs’ ing coral from cyanide, the project facilitation and assistance is has successfully brought signifi- operational costs. YBN has proven cant improvement to local to be able to address the problem economy and poverty alleviation. as some of the profit generated is spent to support program activities. Community Approach To run an ‘enterprise’ does not Generally, NGOs coming into a necessarily need a lot of re- community are not equipped with sources. The community will adequate ‘local language’ skills. naturally come to discuss about Yayasan Bahtera Nusantara (YBN) their business interests. No budget introduced itself and then inter- is needed for lengthy meetings or acted as an ornamental fish trader. workshops. These community Equipped with a sound back- empowerment and environmental ground in the ornamental fish conservation efforts are still trade, it could discuss with the continuing, and YBN and the community about anything related community are still learning together.

regional government yielded a contract that the Les community Community-based Commercial Company should apply the same program in Poverty among fishermen is often attributed to lack of hampered by the so-called “for the community’s sake” other regions in Bali, including entrepreneurship. Fishermen are only a single link at concerns. Few community facilitation/advocacy efforts Serangan, near Denpasar; and the chain of custody that grows in value to tens of times start with commercial approaches, and, after they are Gilimanuk, which borders on Bali higher than their catch sale price. Fishermen don’t rather successful, the benefits are not always distrib- Barat National Park. Nine other have the capital to export their product. The profit uted fairly to the community. This might be partly due to regional governments are now margin at the local market often goes to the middle the failure of the trickle down effect theory. finalizing coral reef rehabilitation men and traders. PT Bahtera Lestari in Les, Bali, attempts to ensure fair and fish trade that can be applied Several community-based trade schemes end in profit-sharing by allowing fishermen’s groups to own the by communities such as is done in failure due to imbalanced competition with commer- shares, and thus allowing the company to be free from Les and Serangan. The community cial companies, which move forward without being fulfilling social obligations outside its trade scheme. of Serangan is now seeking a permits to harvest coral it has grown and to trade in and export live corals. 52 53 isolated place ask the regional rupiahs have been spent, but the As a matter of fact, community-level government to pay a certain number of poor people is growing . work can be done even without Retiring with the People honorarium to neighborhood Everything ends in vain. funding, as long as all the avail- leaders (RT). Money is seen as the Another problem comes from the able resources allow. Empower- problem-solver. The condition ment concept should be perceived Ahmad Baehaqie * fact that the project managers and seems to get worse. Then, what their staff are based in cities, while as an ‘investment’ which will bear should we do about it? the project site (i.e. community fruit when the target has been ritical awareness is the empowerment) is usually located in empowered. Knowledge and Canswer. The communities isolated areas. One can imagine experience become the basis on should be encouraged to be able how city people with their modern which empowering work is based. to make assessments and decisions way of living and ‘folder’ mentality Empowerment is not just nominal for themselves with due considera- have to live in a place they have work. tion, both at present and in the never imagined before. Only few oday I am sitting in a public future. If this has been done, are able to adapt to the highly Tstage house built by the local maintaining the critical awareness contrasting way of life. Most staff community in a recreational village is the next serious work. can stand living in this new situa- in Bogor. The village is owned by he development approach in to the approaches creating the to individual wealth, social re- Time-based ‘project’ approach (one tion only for a week. They pay the community, and I have my own all sectors throughout term “organizing,” which was source refers to inter-individual or two years) within the donor- fewer visits to the site and finally share in it. The houses are clean TIndonesia, from seas to poorly perceived as “forming relationship – the social network approved timetable is something do not come at all unless the donor because they are commonly used mountains, from remote villages to organizations”. This is the reason and mutual and trust values that impossible. While the deterioration comes for monitoring. And the for home stay programs. To achieve metropolitan cities, from trickle why there are so many the so- they build.” has been going on for tens of stage is set, the local community is its goal, the space use is carefully down approaches to participatory called “community organizations”. The social resource called “gotong- years, it is impossible designed. All approaches, has been far from the And now comes the so-called royong” (mutual cooperation) that to restore it in only a tourist services concept of development based on community-based approach, which has long been established within year. Only a Superman are managed by community sovereignty. Communi- is perceived as the next approach Indonesia’s communities has been can do that: a victim a business unit ties have not become more inde- to participation. The results, deteriorated by money-oriented screams for help and called “your pendent. A “begging” attitude has however, are no better. The commu- approaches. Mutual benefit in whoosh Superman village is my become more common anywhere. nities are still left alone and individual relationship is now comes and rescues him/ village”. Many communities can now only powerless. determined by ‘money’. In several her. My kid goes to a move if driven by money, even rganizing should be the next places, in particular Jakarta, a arget-based project nature school, for though it is to solve their own Ostep following institution social task to manage relation- Tand the large free, because the problems. What a miserable forming, which is intended to create ships between neighbours – which extent of fund absorp- school is subsi- condition!. cooperation and mutual relation- is generally the role of a tion are among the dized by the rich, Partial ways of thinking has led to ship. Mutual relationship, such as neighborhood leader (RT)– has causes of partial not by the commu- the wrong conclusion that economic sincerity, understanding and trust become paid work. People struggle approaches. Empower- nity, to whom I poverty is the root of all the prob- is the essence of future organiza- hard for political positions. Money ing organizations are trapped in belong. The teachers are qualified treated with big smiles, and all lems. This has led to the applica- tions. Robert Putnam (1995) called politics comes into play. All these project completion efforts. Once the because they are the villagers other things are done to give an tion of economic approaches in all it ‘social resource: “… While have led to separation, not unity, project is over, gone is everything. specially trained to train their own development concepts. physical resource refers to human within the society. ‘Investment’ is not found in a project impression that the work is done community. The school is part of the properly. However, such attitudes Participatory spirit was then added resource, and physical object refers This condition has spread to other manager’s vocabulary . Billions of business unit called “outdoors regions. Some people in an cannot give birth to a movement. school”.

Head of Community Development Division of the Center for Regional Assessment, Planning and Development of Bogor Agricultural Institute. 1 Putnam, R. (1995) Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital; Journal of Democracy, 6:1 Jan Lecturer of practical work in Participatory Regional Planning with PS-PWD and PS-PWL, Post Graduate Program of Bogor Agricultural Institute. 2 Social capital of community consists of institutions, relations, attitudes, and values that determine inter personal relationships and have SALAM’s staff is specifically dedicated to Community-based Regional Planning. important roles in social and economic development. Social capital was established for a long time in economics, sociology, anthropology, and politics. 54 55 The food is provided by self- the UK Embassy for a cow fattening sustained organic farms. The farms program for women farmers. Cow Semi natural Butterfly (rice, fruits, vegetables and cattle) breeding is closely related to are managed by a business unit durian cultivation and medicinal Breeding called “healthy nutritional food”, gardens. Each tree needs 10 kgs of

where my wife is actively engaged. manure. So for 500 durian trees, 5 Location The drinking water is free, coming tons of manure are needed every Bantimurung, Sulawesi Selatan

from a natural spring in the three months. The organic fertiliz- Partner

mountain. Those who pay for the GEF SGP Indonesia \ Bima Lestari ers produced have been marketed Institute of Community Research & water are bottled drinking water as far as Bali. Development (Institusi Penelitian & companies, the loyal customers of a Local durian farm and production of liquid fertilizer from cow manure. The good market development Pengembangan Masyarakat, IPPM) business unit called “clean water”. logged, including the local durian. Project Duration & Costs rior to 1997 most of the cannot be separated from institu- Waste poses no problem at all as it Two local durian species – durian tional capacity building. Yayasan 2002-2003 US$15,000 is managed by another business Conservation of Local community of Mojokembang Mojo and durian Trawas – are well Village, East Java, depended Bima Lestari Sejahtera is the unit called “my waste is my bless- P known for their thick meat, and reincarnation of a community’s self- r. Ali can only sell his ing”, which is well-managed and Durian on forests. Men and women col- unique smell and taste. They are commodity at the local lected firewood, young edible ferns, help group (KSM) that received profitable. better than other local durians. The funding from DFID to preserve local Bantimurung market. He Location mushrooms, teak leaves, candlenut M I have had all the assets needed to project was intended to bring the culture. Within SGP Indonesia’s cannot export it because he does Mojokembangan, East Java fruits, bendo and kluwek to be sold durian back to the village, develop not have the permit. Licensed support me in my old age. I will not at the market. Entering the reform project duration, they came back Partner medicinal herbs, and make have to work hard to support era, when large-scale illegal forest and started to seek other funding myself then. Bima Lestari Sejahtera Foundation liquefied fertilizers out of manure. sources, including co-funding from exploitation was rampant, a large Project Duration & Costs In addition to SGP Indonesia’s the regional government for biogas uddenly , my kid cries, wanting 2000-2002 US$6,500 number of species were completely Sto see his mother. I wake up funding, funding also came from development. from my dream. I wish I could be in the situation and conditions like those in my dream. T oday, only a small part of my dream has been fulfilled. I wish all my dream could GEF SGP Indonesia \ Ery Damayanti be fulfilled in ten years. At least, I Community’s Product Marketing have made my first small step, and am moving forwards, though the fluctuations in the international nity to make sweets and other awareness program and trust “We call it the technology that the same process: market (de- road ahead is not smooth. Some- market, or set up a network with preserved food products. Where as building exercises. However, there how, I am quite sure. Amen. understands you” is Nokia’s market- mand) study. They only catch fish other producers or other groups site is bestowed with natural are some intervention process that ing concept. Another company has that sell good in the market, or even Social resources of a given commu- that can link them to the market or beauty, then promote ecotourism. skipped these important steps so a principle “Love he customers, not pre-ordered species. Similarly, nity include institutions, relation- consumers. Most of GEF SGP Indonesia’s that the objectives of the interven- the product.” Theodore Levvit, a farmers consider what they will ships, attitudes and values that On the other hand, many assisting partners adopted the same line of tion failed to be materialized. In the marketing expert, distinguishes grow in a certain season. Too many govern the members and play a NGOs have only one prime thoughts. A few has already latter case, the communities failed “sale” and “customers”. Cosmetic crop by harvest time will drop the solution in assisting the commu- integrated various marketing to independently analyze the role in the economy . Social devel- producers Estee Lauder in 1991- price. nity. Whereas rattan is abundant, factors from the comception of relations of supply and demands. opment within community develop- 1992 marketed special products for ment framework has long been Some producer communities have they encourage community to products. In the case of Les Fortunately, there are growing black women and succeeded in realized the importance of market produce rattan handicrafts. village and Serangan, the assisting evidence that show community’s established in the fields of increasing its sales by 45%. information. Some grouper fisher- economy, sociology, anthropology Whereas durians are not in NGOs invested dearly in involving understanding regarding market Whether they realize it or not, men invested in communication demands and then was responded and politics. demands, then teach the commu- the commmunity starting from its ornamental fish fishermen conduct radio in order to follow the price by assisting NGOs through capac- ity building programs. 56 57 industry grew. An FAO study in 1990 Many collective efforts have been buyers come and buy from him been attempting to showed that Indonesia had lost 56- made by a wide-range of communi- Ery Damayanti cheap. Abroad, butterflies are raise the butterflies Forest 74% of its forests in a span of 30-40 ties. One was GEF-SGP Indone- preserved not only as souvenirs but (from caterpillars to years. The deforestation rate sia’s partner, who assisted the also decoration - a fashion: they adult butterflies) at home. ndonesia contains the world’s multiplied from 300,000 ha/year in Dayak Meratus in South decorate night gowns! Half of the butterflies are Ithird largest tropical forest area the 1970s to 600,000 ha/year in Kalimantan to actualize customary raised from caterpillars after Brazil and Zaire, i.e. 10% of 1981. In 1990 it soared to one forest management through the South Sulawesi endemic butterflies million hectares per year. establishment of an information have been a community business in caught in nature. Although it the world’s total. Indonesia’s forest ecosystems stand at 120 million center to build communication with the region of Bantimurung for seems unsustainable, it should Economy-driven natural resource hectares, comprising montane exploitation has deprived the outside groups. generations. However, the business be understood that a butterfly’s life is quite short; they die shortly forests, lowland forests, and community of their right to life. Such efforts will remain side is facing increasing threats from mangrove forests, each with their When the community has to give up initiatives however, if the roots of the after laying eggs. changes in land use, including the own biodiversity. its resources to the national inter- problem – legal certainty, manage- coming of a cement company into Generally, between 2 and 5% of the However, these exceptionally rich est, regional governments cannot ment planning, tenurial certainty, the area, which is one of the butterflies raised are brought back resources were heavily exploited maintain their bargaining power and the balanced relations among important karst regions in eastern to nature, mostly to national parks starting in the early 1970s, and and this opens room and opportuni- the government, the industry and Indonesia. Moreover ,Aristolocea – or almost impassable areas to exploitation got worse up to the late ties for investors to take control over the society – are not addressed. the main plant that feeds the avoid hunting. 1990s. In 1994 the production of natural resources. How much political will does the government and the other butterfly caterpillars – and many Buyers of preserved butterflies come researchers study the timber and its derivatives generated So the fact is that forest ecosystems other plant species are becoming from faraway cities, such as species. US$5.5 billion. The formal forestry still suffer enormous loss while stakeholders have to support rare. Surabaya (East Java) and Bogor industry absorbed 700,000 workers. impoverishment of the community community collective efforts to In this project, GEF-SGP Indonesia’s Deforestation increased as the gets worse. manage forest ecosystems in a In 2000, Ali Mutahar, a local (West Java). Prices at producer/ partner, IPPM, faced difficulties in sustainable way? butterfly trader , made an initiative maker level are low. They are often developing the technology and to raise butterflies which drew a lot pressed by middlemen or traders local initiatives to increase the of attention from other butterfly who allege that the breeders do not community’s income and to have a traders who used to rely on supplies have the permits to catch or raise Meratus Forest policy dialog with all the he region of Loksado in South ened by land conversion. T o date, from nature. Several individuals protected species. The absence of stakeholders. started to learn about the breeding permits depresses the breeders. In Biodiversity Kalimantan Province is well the local community has been methods. In 2003 they formed the fact, they operate in front of the Tknown to contain the Indone- practicing rotational cultivation. sia’s second largest types of bam- While the cycle ranged from 7 to 12 Nirwana Group and then the entrance to Bantimurung National Location Toalaka Group. Eight species of Park. Butterfly breeding not only Loksado, South Kalimantan boo, after the region of Simpang in years in the past, now it is shortened West Java Province. This part of to 5-6 years or even 2 years. The butterfly have been bred so far. conserves threatened species but Partner Meratus mountains is also well change in the cultivation cycle It turns out that only a few people also helps domestic and foreign Cakrawala Hijau Indonesia Foundation known for its orchid diversity. indicates that the area under continue this Project Duration & Costs cultivation has been shrinking in the rather compli- 2002-2003 US$45,000 The biodiversity has been threat- cated business.

Without additional For a hundred years, the Meratus capital, the groups Dayak have been selling their crops can only supply 25% of to downstream villages on bamboo the demand. Some rafts, which they eventually sell, too. group members have Bamboo is one of the region’s kinds of biodiversity. Since ten years, bamboo raft cruises has attracted a lot of tourists.

58 59 The biodiversity of a monsoon Indonesia’s monsoon forests only Monsoon forest is lower than that of some accounted for 17,000 hectares out other tropical forest types. of the total 120 million hectares of Forest Monsoon forests exist in regions forest (RePPProt, 1990). The with moderate rainfalls, with a distribution is restricted to Central Monsoon forest or kerangas is one pronounced dry season, and are Sulawesi, Muna Island, Nusa of the fifteen sub-types of tropical characterized by shorter trees and Tenggara and in some areas of forests. Monsoon forests are found a relatively thin canopy allowing Central Java. The endemic bird in eastern Brazil, northern Aus- other species to grow below, as if species inhabiting monsoon tralia, western and eastern Africa creating another forest of their forests include Maleo and Asia. In Asia, they are found in own. The forest floor is usually (Macrocephalon maleo) in India, Ceylon, China and Indone- covered by thick vegetation. Sulawesi and Gosong bird sia. (Megapodius reinwardtii) in Nusa Tenggara.

last few years. The local community pers the natural restoration of the Java tamarine. The project was Building community participation tion and the restoration. One good also has a collective forest, where Monsoon Forest Conser- degraded part, and even leads to expected to serve as a model for was achieved through intensive, thing is that at least the project they can collect firewood and other permanently degraded areas. monsoon forest conservation regular and informal village was able to prevent the movement forest products. There are also vation Therefore, the impact of land through community participation. meetings. Community Organisers of logging companies operating in sacred forests (katuan), where they clearing, which is relatively high in Threats to the ecosystem include were selected from local figures to Sibovi Village, which had been

cannot enter without permision from Location the region, is worse than that in hunting, illegal logging and ensure the effectiveness of their exploiting the forest by using the customary leaders. , Central wetter tropical forests. harvest of certain ornamental work. The project was successful in local community as loggers. At YCHI implemented a project with Sulawesi The local community practice a species. The actors in these building CO’s capacity and community level, new awareness

the communities of Malaris and Partner rotational herding system, intended businesses are mostly outsiders. forming CO’s cadres, indicated by was born about the monsoon forest Haratai to improve the local LP A Awam Green to allow the grazing field time to The local community cannot do the smoothness of leader replace- ecosystem. The community under-

economy by introducing alternative Project Duration & Costs restore itself. However, this tradi- anything to prevent the activities, ment. The implementing organiza- stood that the forest surrounding sources of livelihood to reduce 2000-2002 US$15,000 tional practice has been gradually let alone to impose any sanction tion shared knowledge, capacity their village was unique to their threats to the forests, and at the overrun by large-scale grazing by against the actors, as they have not and roles with the community to area. Gradually, the willingness to same time promote sustainable he monsoon forest in Lore outsiders as well as continuous been engaged in the protection of achieve the goals together. The take part in the management and non-timber forest product utiliza- Lindu National Park lies 300- land clearing that has destroyed the Park. community made a conscious the conservation of the forest tion. The project consisted of three 700 meters above sea level, the monsoon forest. There has also The rehabilitation and restoration request to the implementing started to grow. Relationships T organization to facilitate local started to build among the commu- programs: orchid cultivation, with anannual rainfall less than been an increasing sale of orna- are a temporary solution to the bamboo handicraft development, 200 mm. This dry condition ham- mental monsoon plants, such as increasing degradation. To solve institution arrangement. If the nities of Sibovi Village, Uwe Lowe ecotourism development (bamboo- Cycas sp. and Draisena sp. the continuous threats needs assisting NGO did not have the Village and Lompio Village, raft river cruises). At the outset, the ultimate goal of comprehensive approaches, resources, it invited resources from enabling more effective learning An information center was estab- LP A Awam Green project was to including preventive measures. All other related institutions, including processes and cooperation in lished to disseminate forest Orchid cultivation, however, has yet rehabilitate and restore the the activities to protect the forest Husbandry Agency (fish and cow) environmental issues and local conservation through orchid to be maximized due to limited monsoon forest. While the rehabili- should be done in cooperation with and the Park Management (for institutional capacity building. cultivation. Over time, the function capacity to expand the market and tation targeted the Park’s buffer the local community to enable joint location and planting). has shifted to a customary meeting limited capital. As the cultivation zone, which is the local garden learning process, work and Pressure to fulfill the basic needs place. Now the local community has yet to yield any profits, the forest, the restoration would plant accountability to ensure the was one of the factors hampering gets angry if outsiders come and community tends to do other typical monsoon species, such as sustainability of the project. the optimization of the rehabilita- collect orchids from the forests. activities. 60 61 disappearance of the ponds is caused by soil erosion around the Planning Grants Total Full Grants Planning Grants ponds, which have less and less trees. 2004-2005 12 6 50% 6 50% The communities living around the The table shows incremental 2003-2004 37 20 54% 17 46% ponds are mostly crop farmers. The planning grants provided by GEF- 2002-2003 19 11 58% 8 42% communities’ high dependence on SGP Indonesia in a span of ten the ponds can be seen from the years. Planning grants are in- 2000-2002 50 39 78% 11 22% Sedekahan Telaga, a traditional tended to help community’s 1998-2000 62 50 81% 12 19% annual ceremony in which the groups or NGOs who are consid- 1993-1996 23 community gives offerings to the ered to have activities in compli- ance with GEF-SGP’s criteria but “keepers” of the ponds, the spirits do not have capacity to draft believed to own/control the pond. Pond Conservation proposals. The dependence, however, has The technical assistance provided SGP staf f’s capacity, GEF-SGP network development, organic made it easier to mobilize the by GEF-SGP Indonesia is not Indonesia will seek outside farming, packaging, micro finan- Location communities to save the remaining resources. The specific assist- cial institution development, up to Gunung Kidul, Jogjakarta limited to administrative arrange- ponds. The communities build ments. To address partners’ ance provided so far includes fund raising for programs’ Partner terraced farms, stone fences and specific needs that are beyond knowledge management, market sustainability. Musyawarah perencanaan Nawakamal plant trees. The program is sup- kelompok warga dan sistem Project Duration & Costs ported by the local husbandry , 2003-2004 US$2,000 terasering di sekitar telaga. which provides manure, thus 2003-2004 US$41,867 enabling the development of organic farms. has been filling the swamp. he karst ecosystem in These are the basic considerations Marsh Lake Conserva- Following the planning grant Gunung Kidul once contained why SGP Indonesia provided a full more than 100 ponds, of period, Yayasan Ekowisata T grant. Other supporting reasons tion Halimun – YEH (Halimun which only about 15 survive; the are that the project represents others have dried up. In the dry Ecotourism Foundation) drafted SGP’s fresh water ecosystem season, community wells get dry Location a proposal for a full grant. It operational programs. Rawa Danau, Serang, Banten too, so they have to collect or buy proposed community-based water from other areas. The From an institutional viewpoint, Partner management initiative through GEF SGP Indonesia \ Avi Mahaningtyas Nawakamal is considered Halimun Ecotourism Foundation sustainable benefit generation.

to have strong capacity to Project Duration & Costs The proposed activities in- render assistance. In 2000-2002 US$1,370 cluded organic farming, addition to having key staff handicraft and ecotourism. with anthropological awa Danau is the last peat YEH was considered to be strong in mainly due to the organization’s background, Nawakamal swamp ecosystem in Java developing biodiversity and weakness in the socio-political often conducts studies on RIsland. F rom a water man- ecotourism, among others from its field. The proposal lacked good rural communities. agement viewpoint, Rawa Danau is experiences in ecotourism develop- social preparation. In fact, due to Nawakamal started the source of fresh water for ment in Mount Halimun. YEH had its closeness to an industrial site, assistance in Gunung Kidul Serang, the capital of Banten even probed the possibility to the communities living around the a few years ago. Province; the recreational site of cooperate with a large private swamp were not as homogeneous Anyer; and the industrial site of company operating in the region to as those around Gunung Kidul Cilegon. The management is poor, promote ecotourism. ponds, for example. Community however, and sedimentation However, the full grant proposal organization was the entry point key that would determine the resulting from logging activities was rejected by SGP Indonesia, project’s success. 62 63 human body. The research re- Impact of Mercury to vealed that the content was above the allowable standard set by F AO. Training on Compost Making To Support Vegetable Health and Environ- The year before, Program Garden Development Pengembangan Sistem Hutan PPSHK’s facilitators once identified Kerakyatan – PPSHK (Community’s imbalanced gender responsibility. Previously, ment Forestry System Development the vegetable groups consisted of women Program), one of Pancur Kasih’s only. The men argued that vegetable planting Location was too easy for them. But when confronted Sekayam, West Kalimantan program units, was granted a planning grant from GEF -SGP with the fact that women also tapped rubber Partner Indonesia, and used it to finance and asked whether only women benefited from the vegetable gardens, there PPSHK Pancur Kasih was a change in the men’s attitude. More men have joined the vegetable field visits and a series of commu- Project Duration & Costs groups now. 2002-2003 US$2,000 nity’s workshops. As a result, the 2003-2004 US$33,849 community became more aware of the danger of mercury and felt that he rampant gold mining they should seek access to non- based on its experiences in other tions. The CO roles were assigned convey the functions, the duties, the are hard to gain acceptance in the operations using Mercury to polluted sources of water. project locations. PPSHK did not to group leaders. In Terusan responsibilities and the principles community and can even generate separate gold from impuri- PPSHK aimed at encouraging the use the term ‘local community Village, for example, there were of CO but with efforts to avoid the problems. T community’s initiative to use and organizer’ (CO) as it often resulted water user groups, vegetable use of this foreign term. The ties have increasingly polluted the Although integral group work was environment and endangered manage natural resources through in COs’ overacting, which often groups, joint venture groups, etc. success of such an approach, new to the community, they showed human life. Done along the river- introducing local species cultiva- brought contra-productive reac- Organization training was held to indirectly show that external ideas high enthusiasm in the activities. side, the operations accelerated tion, providing diagnoses and free Each community even took part in mercury pollution via the water and medical treatment for mercury the book-keeping. It was no wonder river species consumed by humans. victims, constructing fresh water so many members asked questions The possibility of mercury impacts canals, and rehabilitating ex-gold Management of ex-gold mines critical to their group leaders. One group on human health in West mining sites. PPSHK also attempted land leader handed in his resignation Kalimantan is very high. to build a community movement to Gold mining operations were firstly as he felt that his duties were too In 2000 a lecturer with the Univer- reject mercury use – a proposal done by outsiders. The operations hard for him to handle. forwarded to the district govern- sity of Tanjung Pura stated that the included the felling of trees in On the other hand, there was an water of the Kapuas River was no ment of Sanggau, and to dissemi- riparian areas. The local commu- indication of a high level of democ- nate information on the danger of longer appropriate for drinking. nity started to get engaged in the ratization among the community. Apart from the controversy gener- mercury through bulletins, commu- mining when the deposits had been Replacement of group leaders (due ated by such a statement, it nity radio and village meetings. running out and were considered to inappropriate attitude) was SGP’s full grant received by PPSHK non-economic by the outside done in a democratic way. opened community’s eyes to operators. The river is still murky mercury pollution in Kapuas in 2003 was used wholly for due to erosion, though not as murky Organizational independence was tributaries: Mandor, Landak, facilitation purposes (training on improved. If someone needed joint venture management, market- as previously . No water plants and Sekayam, Sepauk, Sekadau, tree branches that harbor river fish facilitation in financial administra- Melawi, Ketungau, and Silat, ing strategies, annual meetings), can be found. All have been de- tive management for example, he where gold mining operations were and not for facilities building or stroyed by the miners’ pumps. It is had to provide the facilitator’s rampant at that time. provision of capital, in fear that the the local community again who has accommodation (transportation, In 2003 Yayasan Pancur Kasih in community’s ownership would be to take the consequences of the consumption and honorarium). diminished. The policy not to get cooperation with the provincial operations. They have to rehabili- government and several NGOs engaged deeper in decision- tate bare, white quartz sandy conducted research into mercury in making was adopted by PPSHK patches, which are almost impossi- ble to cultivate. GEF SGP Indonesia \ PPSHK 64 65 Living Fence & Jungle School

Location Bukit Dua Belas National Park,

Partner Sokola been difficult for formal education night without disturbing the Project Duration & Costs 2003-2004 Planning Grant GEF SGP Indonesia to reach them. children’s day time productivity as US$2,000 Sokola found out that it was not Orang Rimba and their forest 2004-2005 Total US$33,660, GEF SGP Indonesia true that Orang Rimba do not care monitoring activities. US$23,455, Community US$4,071, Sokola about the forest. They even have a The project was the continuation of US$6,133, Technical assistance GEF SGP Indonesia: project analysis, narative and financial reporting. concept of forest garden for a project supported by SGP’s sustainable use zone, Hompongon, US$2,000 planning grant in 2003- as a means to protect their last 2004. Full grant was granted upon or a very long time Orang remaining forest and to support consideration that the partner was Rimba who live deep in the their livelihood. The Hompongon or capable of identifying ecological Jambi jungle, Sumatra, have been F living fence is planted with food threats, anticipating and handling labeled as primitive, unreachable forest crops and rubber to preserve the ecological, social and economic nomads. Almost no clear descriptions of this subsistence economy and semi- problems, and supporting indig- tribe emerged within the public sphere, not to nomad way of living. Today, a solar enous people’s (Orang Rimba) say photographs. Several communities live in panel provided by SGP still efforts to manage their natural the area. As hunters and gatherers, they functions and is maintained to resources in a sustainable way. move regularly, never stay for long in one support the learning process at place. This is one of the reasons why it has Key questions that guide the draft- ing of a visual proposal flowchart include: 1. What are the ecological threats planning, shooting, final packaging donors and other audiences. Visual Proposal and impacts faced by the environ- and presentation was performed Until 2005, GEF SGP Indonesia has ment and the community? following the principle of free, prior GEF SGP Indonesia / Avi Mahaningtyas In March 2004, the National Steering facilitated and collaborated with and informed consent. 2. What capacity does the commu- Committee (NSC) of GEF SGP Indonesia indigenous communities producing Orang Rimba suggested the “living- visual proposals for: nity have to address the threat(s)? approved a living fence development project fence” development surrounding of the Orang Rimba in Bukit Dua Belas - Gampong Awe Kecil community, 3. What kinds of collective efforts their forest area, which was being National Park, Jambi, Sumatra, after viewing the island of Simeulue, Aceh have been made? Which ones have converted to fields and housing, to a visual proposal. The short film consisted of - Gampong Lhok Bubon community, been successful and which have preserve their forest from illegal Orang Rimba from Makekal Hulu discussing Samatiga, Aceh not been? and analysing simple ecological threats and logging, rubber-tree plantation and - Gampong Pucok Lueng commu- 4. If necessary, what kinds of exter- their self-capacity to face the problem. palm-oil plantation. GEF SGP nity, Samatiga, Aceh nal aids are needed and how? Further, this mechanism was used to open Indonesia also provided funding for a - Gunung Lumut community, East wider opportunity for illiterate community solar panel for the forest school 5. How will the organization be held Kalimantan (facilitating editing) groups and or groups who face a situation in (sekolah rimba), and to provide funds accountable and how will the which it is difficult to write a proposal ac- for work for young people especially - Orang Rimba community, Jambi, reporting be conducted? in cultivating and guard their fields Sumatra cording to donors requirements. 6. Mention the roles of each and living-fence day and night. The The initiative was done with support from A request for assistance in producing stakeholder to be involved in the video proposal is also effective as an education practitioners, anthropologists and a visual proposal from Lamalera, activities (co-financing, visual education material and in supporting Lembata (East Nusa Tenggara) was filmmakers. They first obtained thrust and report, technical assistance) the dialogue of the Orang Rimba not followed up due to the institution permission from Orang Rimba. The overall with the National Park, and with lack of capacity. 66 67 stration by university students in the path out. eral funds from international early 1970s – the expression of It was during the era that environ- development organizations have NGO’s Position in Changes sensitivity of a certain community’s flooded Indonesia’s NGOs since the mental organization started to elements to the ruler’s unfavorable flourish, all referring to Friends of 1970s, wrapped in various thematic Arief Wicaksono policies. The protests and demon- the Earth Indonesia (WALHI). discourses and programs. strations represented the expres- Pressure at domestic level is It should be noted that during the sion of rage against the new usually accompanied by the global same period, in particular from the ‘religion’ called economic growth, struggle in the field of ecology and mid-1990s, foreign funding re- which was believed by the New sustainable development. quired the cooperation between the Order’s economic technocrats The era was colored by the birth of state bureaucracy and NGOs. would bring the trickle-down effect many NGOs orientating towards Community engagement and to the whole nation. All these social welfare and community’s women’s empowerment have since movements ended up in the state’s empowerment. Despite the diverse become the central themes of suppression of critical voices, perception and movements, NGOs international funding. The govern- driven by university students, have something in common: they ment, pressed by the donors, through the repressive NKK (Cam- are struggling against poverty, accepted the funding half- pus Life Normalization), followed injustice driven by the develop- heartedly indicated by its nominal by the forming of BKK (Campus ment, and environmental degrada- sustainable development, conser- Coordination Body) in 1978. tion. vation and community’s engage- “One sees the mote in his broth- Such suppression did not stop the Indonesia’s NGOs keep increasing ment policies. urges and the suppressed con- er’s eye and not the beam in his their critical attitude towards the Now comes the second paradox. own eye.” cerns. Environmental movement state’s policy and governance, from NGOs, or more popularly called emerged in the late 1970s self-reliant organizations, and the early 1980s, partly seem to be completely they enter through Green Revolu- media. Reading and Contemplating driven by nature lover independent from state Context tion. Among fishermen, they enter The portrait has made intensive groups, research students’ intervention. Then, how through fishermen’s motorization One example of social, cultural efforts by NGOs against the organizations and religion- independent are they from and Blue Revolution. Among the and political change that is economic and religious growth based groups. NKK and BKK donor’s intervention? And obvious but overlooked is the wide- officials and governmental serv- adopted by the ruling regime a did not touch university what are the mandate-link ants, they pounce, wrap, and trap spread and deep collapse of paradox: to encourage changes students engaged in re- and relational pattern patterns of consumption. through long term funding, be it through adoption of concepts and search, religion, sports, art between NGOs (grant- binding grants or loans. Among models on a long decayed and and nature adventures. ees), and the grantor? university students, they enter rotten medium. It is no wonder to Expeditions to various places And, more importantly, he collapse impinges not only through replication of the adopted see that despite the seemingly throughout Indonesia opened on rural people, who often what are the transaction curriculum, both in the form of more sophisticated initiatives, the these youth’s eyes to and offered and mandate-link modes between become the target of protec- intensive technical assistance by the polite and compromising T crises keep enveloping people’s opportunity for them to see directly the NGOs and the beneficiaries tive efforts by NGOs or other forms approaches to the litigation industrial countries’ experts and daily lives. the injustice imposed on the people (the people), who are trapped in of non-profit organizations. scholarship programs. And among approaches. With due respect to in the name of national develop- the vortex of the sustainability Changes in consumption patterns activists, they enter through large- Absence of Sovereignty as Key the true critical attitude grown Word ment. The youth working in villages among NGOs, one cannot ignore crises? occur without any resistance, scale funding wrapped in correc- sought alternatives that enabled without it being realized as the tive and constructive discourses Huge foreign loans since the era of the enabling factors in the form of the people to enjoy the develop- funding support, both private and beginning of the domino effect that and struggle. These exclude the New Order Regime start the story ment, such as economic develop- of Indonesia’s dependence on country funding, from industrial will lead to changes in other adoption of new, modern, and ment, fresh water service, applied donor countries. The early 1970s countries in the effort to bridge the structures. The changes have so consumptive ways of life that are technology etc. The suppressed many entry points. Among farmers, broadcast 24 hours a day via saw rampant protests and demon- gap between north and south critical attitude continued to find its countries. Bilateral and multilat- 68 69 8. PAKTA 4. RMI 21. Bungawari 7. Lembaga Pengembangan Potensi dan Strengthening and Improving NGO’s Development of Traditional Energy Garden Revitalizing Traditional Information Keswadayaan Capacity in Environmental Conservation. as Biodiversity Conservation Effort and Dissemination through Re-planting Paper Organic Farming for Community-based 2000-2002. US$30,000. Alternative Energy Development. Material Plants. Food Sovereinity. Partners of GEF SGP Indonesia 1998-2000. US$6,166. 1998-2000. US$6,186. 2003-2004. US$25,000. 9. KPSHK Lokakarya Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Development of GEF-SGP Partners 22. PSEL 8. Lembaga Pengembangan Pertanian Berbasis Masyarakat (CBNRM) dalam Capacity in Community Forum for Community-based Integrated Selaras Alam Since 1993 GEF -SGP Indonesia has granted more than US$3,000,000 grants to 207 projects of 188 organizations Forum Lingkungan Asia Eropa (AEEF). Sustainable Livelihood and World Unproductive Land Development. Community Participation in Strategic 2004-2005. US$3,100. Environment Day 2003. 1998-2000. US$16,525. Planning on Sustainable Coastal 2002-2003. US$21,685. 10. LLI 23. Paguyuban Masyarakat Tambun Development. Workshop on Awareness on Operational 5. Poklan Membangun Pati. Costs Efficiency in Hotel and Restaurant Local Chicken and Traditional Feeding. Clean Water Self-management through 2003-2004. US$6,000. Management. 1998-2000. US$6,793. Renewable Energy. 9. Kompos 1998-2000. US$16,082. Pico Hydro Power Plant and Village 2004-2005. US$2,000. Study on Rice Production with Bengawan Community Economic Empowerment. Project Location 24. Pantau Solo Irrigation Scheme. 2000-2002. US$25,000. 1998-2000. US$1,414. Gorontalo, Sulawesi Information Dissemination of Rare Bird 6. KSM Cikananga/ YPAL Trade. 10. KIH Regional 11 Semarang 1. Japesda Proposal Development on Kancil Deer 1998-2000. US$2,913. Strategic Planning on Dieng National Park Community Planning to Anticipate the Rearing. 25. Kopsi Cakra Buana Management. Upcoming Gazettement of Taman Nasional 1998-2000. US$1,000. 1998-2000. US$1,000. Nantu-Boliyohuto National Park. Promoting Organic Fertilizer. 7. Cimanggu Network 2004-2005. US$2,000. 11. Jaringan Program Mitra Dieng 2003-2004. US$2,000. Strategic Plan for Network Development. 26. Darunnajah Forest Conservation through Environment Project Location 1998-2000. US$9,112. Development of Environment Friendly Friendly Economic Activities. Jambi, Sumatra 10. Ibeka Farming through Pesantren Community. Dieng National Park. 1. Yayasan Gita Buana Micro Hydro Power Plant Re-development. 1998-2000. US$921. 2000-2002. US$27,082. 1998-2000. US$49,947. Development of Fair Community-based 27. CRAD 12. Geni Project Location Project Location 8. Swadesi Foundation Project Location Natural Resources Management. 11. Elsppat Increasing Community Participation in Biogas Production as Alternative Livelihood Aceh, Sumatra Bali Bamboo, Bird, Medicinal Herbs and Water DKI Jakarta, Jawa Berbak National Park. Participatory Biodiversity Enrichment in Nature Conservation through Integrated for Local Horse Cart Owners. Plant Conservation. 1. Yayasan Puter 1. YBLL 1. Klub Indonesia Hijau 2003-2004. US$2,000. Unproductive Land for Community Farming. 1998-2000. US$10,489. Setting up Website for Knowledge Reinforcing River Banks with bamboo 1993-1996. US$17,356. Conservation Education for Teachers and 2. Wana Winaya Mukti Empowerment. 1998-2000. US$1,000. 13. YPP 1998-2000. US$5,160. Management as Follow-up of Coastal trees. Project Location Students. Integrated Forest Conservation. 28. Ipensi Local Ipoemea Species Conservation as Planning and Management for post The Ayung River, Bali. Banten, Jawa 1993-1996. US$11,660. Durian Luncuk Reserve Area. 12. Biological Science Club Production of Kids Conservation Education Alternative Food Source. Tsunami Aceh Recovery. 1998-2000. US$7,125. 2. Kalpataru Nusa Lestari 2002-2003. US$20,442. Community-based Development and Puzzle made of Waste Wood. 1998-2000. US$10,061. 2003-2004. US$4,000. 1. ayasanY Ekowisata Halimun Commercialization of Wild Orchid. 2. Manikaya Kauci Foundation Community-Based Marsh Lake Community-based Coral Reefs 3. Sokola 1998-2000. US$1,511. 14. LPTP 2000-2002. US$14,799. 2. Area Development Foundation (Yayasan Optimizing Critical Land Management Conservation. Conservation and Income Improvement. Planning on Education and Sustainable 29. Bima Lestari Sejahtera Market Development for Etnobotanical Pengembangan Kawasan, YPK) 1993-1996. US$13,790. 2000-2002. US$1,370. 1998-2000. US$12,251. Livelihood of Orang Rimba. 13. YMD Community-based Conservation of Local Products. Natural Resources Rehabilitation and 3. Bahtera Nusantara Foundation 2002-2003. US$35,295. Bukit Dua Belas National Park. Implementation of Integrated Farming Durian Species. 1998-2000. US$7,784. Management. 2. Lembaga Alam Tropika Indonesia 2003-2004. US$2,000. System through Culturing Chicken and Restoring Coral Reef Ecosystem and Community-Based Javanese Single-Horned 3. YKEL 2000-2002. US$6,500. 15. LPM Lhok Bubon, Samatiga, Aceh, Sumatra. Strengthening the Community in Reducing Tofu Industry Impacts through Living Fence and Jungle School: Protecting Waste Organic Manure. Community Capacity Increase for 2004-2005. US$50,000. Rhino and Tropical Forests. Orang Rimba and Their Forest Home. 1998-2000. US$22,603. Project Location Environmentally-Friendly Ornamental Ujung Kulon National Park. Waste Recycling and Producing High Sustainable Aren Palm Development. Bukit Dua Belas National Park. Central Java 3. Banau Foundation Fish Trade to Improve Fishermen’s Well 1993-1996. US$25,728. Protein Animal Feed. 14. Yayasan Titian 1998-2000. US$1,000. Rehabilitation of Natural Resources and Being. 1998-2000. US$7,671. 2003-2004. US$23,456. Workshop on Wildlife Trading Law 1. Yayasan Pembinaan & Pengembangan 16. Lesman Sources of Livelihood Post-sunami T and 2002-2003. US$45,000. 3. Biological Science Club 4. Skephi Enforcement in Indonesia. Swadaya Sinode GKMI Etnobotanical Development. 4. Telapak Development of Farming for Environment Earthquake. 2003-2004. US$50,000. Community-based Brown Sugar Industry. 1998-2000. US$1,000. Coastal Abrasion Prevention Program. Gunung Halimun National Park. GEF-SGP Multi Stakeholder Workshop. Conservation. Awe Kecil, Simeleu, Aceh, Sumatra. 4. Wisnu 2000-2002. US$16,000. 1993-1996. US$18,680. 15. Tirta Wahana Jepara. 1998-2000. US$9,299. 1993-1996. US$41,262. 2003-2004. US$2,000. 2004-2005. US$35,000. Towards Food and Energy Sustenance Developing Local Variety Demplots to Community-based Sustainable Natural Conservation of Natural Water Source with 4. BCI Resources Management. 17. JKPM 4. Center for Regional Planning & Through Village Ecotourism Network. Equal Imported Species. Local Plant Culturing. 2. Yayasan Konservasi Lingkungan Community-based Biodiversity Information on Conservation Application. 2000-2002. US$24,521. Energy Efficient Stove as Climate Change Development Study - IPB 2002-2003. US$35,000. 1998-2000. US$19,658. 1998-2000. US$6,743. Conservation through Ecofarming. Post-sunami T Documentation and Ujung Kulon National Park. Project Location Solution and Community Welfare. 5. PPLH Bali 1998-2000. US$4,934. 5. Konphalindo 16. Sekar Tiara 2000-2002. US$23,500. Dissemination on Panglima Laot Planning . 2000-2002. US$15,125. Protecting Southeast Aru Sanctuary as Donor Meeting to Map Interests/Activities West Java Increasing the Bargaining Power of Flower Project Location 2003-2004. US$6,000. Project Location Turtle Habitat through Demand Reduction and Seek Cooperation Opportunities. 1. YPBB Growers with Direct Marketing. 3. RACA Bengkulu, Sumatra Solution of Dry Farming Land through East Java 5. Lembaga Hukom Adat Panglima Laot in Bali 1998-2000. US$8,947. Community Empowering of People around 1998-2000. US$16,182. Mangrove Rehabilitation and Economic 2000-2002. US$5,788. 1. Kanopi Indonesia Biodiversity Forum. 17. Warkop LSM PA Local Mechanisms as Farmer Organization 1. YCBI Conservation Area through Alternative Democratization. Organic Waste Composting. Recovery Post-Tsunami. 6. KUB Sumberklampok Developing Community-Based Forest 2000-2002. US$6,000. Economic Solutions. Partners Meeting for Network Weh Island, Aceh, Sumatra. Partner Workshop: 10+ GEF-SGP 2002-2003. US$22,000. Planting Highly Economic and Ecological Management Model. Mount Gede Pangrango National Park. Development and Information Sharing. 2. YBLS 2003-2004. US$17,000. Valued Species in Limiting Zone to Increase 2003-2004. US$2,000. Indonesia Partnership With Communities 2000-2002. US$19,000. 1998-2000. US$14,370. 4. PMPCL Comunity Empowerment in Community- to Strengthen Global Environmental 6. Forum LSM Aceh Community’s Income and to Support 2. Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Bengkulu 18. Yayasan Sadagori Development of Coastal Rehabilitation based Forest Management through Local Significance through Local Actions. 2. Yayasan Pribumi Alam Lestari Green Conference & Expo: Practices for Delineation. Developing Customary Institution to Micro Hydro Power Plant. Education and Training Institute for Planning. Durian Sprcies Conservation. The Reconstruction of the Tsunami- 1998-2000. US$1,000. 2003-2004. US$45,000. 2003-2004. US$2,000. Preserve Local Wisdom Based on Simpang Nature Reserve. Farmers. 3. Yaseru Wrought Areas . Conservation Village Development. Sustainable Natural Resource Management 6. Mitra Usaha 2003-2004. US$44,338. 1993-1996. US$13,993. 5. Patra Pala Traditional Wisdom Conser vation. Aceh, Sumatra. Bali Barat National Park. Planting Sea Weed to Increase 2003-2004. US$2,000. 19. Bidara Community Economic Empowering through Bromo Semeru Tengger National P ark. 2004-2005. US$35,000. 2000-2002. US$22,815. Community-Based Economy. 3. Yayasan Mandiri 3. Gemini Improvement of Environmental Sustainable Farming Management Local Plant Species to Reduce the Threat 1998-2000. US$3,405. 7. Kelompok Pencinta Burung Kokokan 1998-2000. US$10,784. against Borobudur Temple World Heritage. Sustainable Mountain Farming System . Local Durian Conservation. Conservation through Aren Sugar Industry Development. Evaluation of Balinese Myna Rehabilitation 1998-2000. US$9,710. 7. Konfiden and Firewood Cultivation. 1998-2000. US$12,044. 1998-2000. US$23,709. Bromo Semeru Tengger National P ark. Plan. DocumentingEcological Changes Through 2002-2003. US$2,000. 1993-1996. US$41,262. 20. Bina Desa 6. Mitra Dieng Taman Nasional Bali Barat. Community’s Eyes, Collaboartion for Planning on Participation Program of 2000-2002. US$1,082. Knowledge Management. Community Empowerment through Development of Environment Friendly Dieng Community 2003-2004. US$45,000. Farming. 2000-2002. US$1,096. 1998-2000. US$10,370. 4. Solidaritas Masyarakat Desa 5. YSAM 3. Yayasan Tembak Maris 8. PSP-NTB Project Location 13. Yayasan Pelopor Perjuangan Rakyat 3. SWAMI Project Location Critical Land and Energy Conservation for Organic Farming with LAMP Method. Development of Local Fruit Garden to Community-based Economic Support to South Sulawesi Participatory Planning on Mountain Area Local Economic Empowerment through the W est Sumatra Community Welfare. 1998-2000. US$6,318. Support Ecotourism. Decrease Local Community’s Dependency Conservation and Alternative Livelihood. Use of Solar Thermal Dryer for Cacao Post 1. Yayasan Waru Mutahhar 1. Sekretariat Pengembangan Kawasan 2003-2004. US$2,000. 6. Pokja LKMD 1998-2000. US$9,710. on the National Park. Community-based Lake Management. 2003-2004. US$2,000. Harvest Processing. Mentawai 1998-2000. US$8,092. 2000-2002. US$25,000. 5. Paguyuban PLTM Kali Maron Seloliman Land Reclaiming to Increase Water Project Location Lake Sidenreng & Lake Tempe. 14. Yayasan ASA Nusantara Conservation with the People. Community Empowerment through Penetration and Biodiversity Conservation. Lampung, Sumatra 9. YLKMP 2002-2003. US$2,000. Community-based Water Management. 4. Yayasan Hijau Sejahtera 1993-1996. US$28,641. Riverine Management. 2000-2002. US$24,172. Conservation of Local Plants for Traditional 2002-2003. US$2,000. Community-based Montane Forest 2. Yayasan Konservasi Laut Project Location 2003-2004. US$27,000. 1. Watala Handicraft through Sustainable Farming Management and Conservation. Project Location Supporting Village Role in Community- Sustainable Community-based Mangrove 15. Yayasan Aktualita Amanah Hidup South Sumatra 6. Madina for Biodiversity Conservation. Development Plan on the Management of Nipa-nipa. West Kalimantan based Natural Resources Management in Management. Community Capacity Building in 1998-2000. US$8,504. Bauluang & Tanakeke, Takalar . Horse as Local Transportation and Organic 2000-2002. US$2,000. 1. YPD 1. Yayasan Karya Banua P ulanggana Buffer Zone. Maintaining Local Fish Population through Biodiversity Enrichment Program through 10. PSPSDM 2000-2002. US$22,000. Fertilizer. 5. Yayasan Mooniana Resources Management through Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. Nursery and Minimizing Dependency to Integrated Farming. 1993-1996. US$12,339. Sustainable Management of Local Gaharu 3. Walda 2003-2004. US$2,000. Local Technology for Fish Waste Processing. 2002-2003. US$2,000. Ecosystem Rehabilitation and Water Species. 2000-2002. US$2,000. Natural Stock. 1993-1996. US$16,392. Renewable Energy and Community Project Location Management. 1998-2000. US$8,858. 1998-2000. US$14,004. 7. KSM Peduli Seloliman 2003-2004. US$14,500. 2. Mina Jaya Welfare. Tana Toraja. Central Sulawesi 6. Yayasan Bina Insani Local Resources Alternative Energy for 11. JKSMP 1993-1996. US$21,786. Planning of Community-based 2. Kemasda 2. PPSHK Pancur Kasih Replacing Traditional Kerosene Lamp with 1. Yayasan Toloka Planting of Local Productive Species to Local Community. Solar Power. Alternative Livelihood for Fisher 2000-2002. US$40,285. Management and Conservation. 1998-2000. US$8,341. Planning on Public and Community Community. Stakeholders Empowerment in Buton. 2000-2002. US$2,000. Increase Village Welfare. 1998-2000. US$22,881. 2003-2004. US$28,090. Awareness on the Impact of Mercury to 1993-1996. US$14,703. Community-based Natural Resources 1998-2000. US$1,000. 8. Konsorsium Seloliman Human and Environment Health Program. Project Location 4. Swakarsa Kolaka Management. 7. Suluh Project Location Increasing the Micro Hydro Power Capacity Sekayam. 2002-2003. US$2,000. Project Location Institutional Building and Technology Togean. 2003-2004. US$2,000. Planning of Rattan Management. to Support Local Economic Development. Maluku Development to Increase the Quality of 2000-2002. US$2,000. North Sumatra Public and Community Awareness on the East Nusa Tenggara 2. Yayasan Sahabat Alam Indonesia 2000-2002. US$27,388. Impact of Mercury to Human and 1. Lus Doan Natural Honey. 8. Lappam 1. Yayasan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Revitalizing Traditional Medicine Practices 1. KMPH Watumbelar Hutan Lindung Ulu Iwoi. Community-based Natural Resources 9. Konservasi Alam Indonesia Lestari Environment Health. Community Empowerment in Interactive Management. Planning of Local Economic Empowerment Pedesaan with Replanting of Etnobotanical Species. 2004-2005. US$2,000. Development of Bioregional Strategic Sekayam. 2003-2004. US$33,849. Zone Management. Togean. 2000-2002. US$21,000. through Agroforestry. Mangrove Planting for Biodiversity Management Plan. 1998-2000. US$11,458. 5. PPLH Puntondo 2000-2002. US$2,000. Management. 3. PP-Bahuma Kalimantan Barat Manupeu Tanadaru National Park, Sumba. 3. Yayasan Palu Hijau 2003-2004. US$2,000. Indigenous Community Empowerment in 2. Arman 2002-2003. US$2,000. Program and Facility Building of Puntondo 9. Lakamali Lubuk Pakam. 1993-1996. US$18,675. Strategic Planning of Bioregional Community Capacity Building in Environment Education Center. Fish Farming and Marine Conservation. the Rehabilitation of Ex Small Scale Gold 2003-2004. US$43,000. Banggai Islands. Community-based Coastal and Marine 2. Yayasan Ekowisata Sumatera Management in Four National Parks. Integrated Farming. 1998-2000. US$11,334. Mining. 2. Yayasan Timor Membangun 2004-2005. US$2,000. Resources Management. Building Apiary as an Enterprise of Non- 2004-2005. US$38,000. Bengkayang. 2003-2004. US$2,000. 1998-2000. US$1,000. 6. LP3M 1998-2000. US$10,253 Communal Tenure and Sustainable 4. Yayasan Katopasa Indonesia timber Forest Product. 10. SPMAA 4. Bio Damar Project Location Community-based Coastal Management. Community-based Development of Solar 10. Asasi Dolok Ginjang, Tapanuli. Women Participation in the Utilization of Energy Efficient Stove and Solar Dryer for Local Community Strengthening in the West Nusa Tenggara Timor. 2000-2002. US$33,653. Tunnel Dryer System for Marine and Planning on the Capacity Building of 2003-2004. US$2,000. Restricted Area for Biodiversity Farming Products. Fish and Crops Post Harvest Processing. Buffer Zone of Gunung Palung National 1. Yayasan Koslata Sustainable Community-based Coastal 2003-2004. US$15,955. Coastal Women to Protect and 3. Pusat Pengkajian & Pengembangan Conservation. 2000-2002. US$27,000. Rehabilitate Coral Reefs and Mangrove. Park through Alternative Income Participatory Spatial Planning. Management. Masyarakat Nelayan 1998-2000. US$5,837. Generating for Biodiversity Conservation. Timor. 1993-1996. US$22,09. 7. Lembaga Advokasi & Pengkajian 5. Yayasan Jambata 2000-2002. US$2,000. Capacity Building of Coastal Community in Gili Trawangan, Lombok. Partisipatory Planning on the Conservation 11. KSM Bima 2000-2002. US$20,000. Development of Village and Tourism 11. Cakrawala Foundation Community-based Mangrove Management 2000-2002. US$2,000. 3. Yayasan Haumeni Soe of Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo ). Conservation of Medicinal Plant Species 5. YSKM Forest Conservation and Rehabilitation through Alternative Energy in Brick Conservation through Economic, Capacity for Coastal Biodiversity Conservation. with Demonstration Plot and Community- 2. Samudra Pinjan Tanjung Matop Animal Reserve. Conservation of the Local Species of through Wind Energy. Industry. Building, Infrastructure Development and Asahan. 2003-2004. US$ 20,000. based Genetic Plasma Collection. Stakeholder Workshop: Local NGOs/CBOs Gowa, Takalar. 2002-2003. US$2,000. Tengkawang. Addressing National/Global Environmental 2000-2002. US$21,000 Village Law Enforcement. 4. Pesticides Action Network North Sumatra 1998-2000. US$1,000. 2003-2004. US$2,000. 6. Yayasan Bina Sains Hayati 2004-2005. US$2,000. 1998-2000. US$3,329. Problems in Local. Lombok. 4. Yayasan Baiturrahman Environment Management and Advocacy 12. RAT 8. Lakpesdam Etnobiological Study in Marine through Public Participation. Project Location 1998-2000. US$25,048. Traditional Wakaf Tenure Development. Conservation Area. Project Location Optimalization of Community-based Mangrove Rehabilitation to Reduce 1993-1996. US$17,924. South Kalimantan 3. Lembaga Solidaritas Bangsa 1993-1996. US$19,953. Togean. 1993-1996. US$46,602. North Sulawesi Agrobusiness Management. Abrassion. 5. Yayasan Suka Maju 1998-2000. US$15,039. Mangrove Conservation and Community 5. Yayasan Baha Eti 7. LPA Awam Green 1. Yayasan Napo 1. YCHI 1998-2000. US$8,562. Community Empowerment through Community-based Sustainable Forest Development. Sumbawa. Local Community Empowerment in Community-based Monsoon Forest Model Development of Integrated Small 13. Citra Bangun Indonesia 1993-1996. US$2,882. Sustainable Natural Resources 9. Konsorsium Pemerhati Kapopposang Advocacy and Integrated Farming. Management. Conservation. Island Management. Organic Waste Composting. 1993-1996. US$6,692. Management. Community Authority in Small Island 1993-1996. US$16,710. 2000-2002. US$28,471. 2. Cakrawala Hijau Indonesia Natural Resources Management. Lore Lindu National Park. Sangihe & Talaud. 4. Paramaloka 2000-2002. US$15,741. 2000-2002. US$15,000. 2002-2003. US$2,000. 6. Yapesda Project Location Local Community-based Sustainable Forest 1998-2000. US$2,929. Productive Land Management in Water Management. GEF SGP Success Story Documentation: Project Location 2000-2002. US$21,048. 8. Lembaga Masyarakat Adat Toro 2. Tangkoko Lestari Jogjakarta, Jawa Women and Mangrove. Catchment Area. Loksado. 2002-2003. US$45,000. Papua Documentation of Indigenous Knowledge & Conservation through Community Labuhan Mapin, Alas, Sumbawa. 10. Institusi Penelitian & Pengembangan 1998-2000. US$19,428. 1. Yaperindo 3. Aliansi Advokasi Meratus 1. YDPTB Masyarakat Policy Strengthening of Sustainable Empowerment and Economic Local Resources Management for 1998-2000. US$22,222. Natural Resources Management. Development. Project Location Community-based Natural Resources Community-based Sustainable Biodiversity Planning on Community-based Butterfly Integrated Farming Development. Management. 5. LP2M Management in Mangrove Area. Conservation. Ngata Toro, Lore Lindu National Park. Tangkoko. 2000-2002. US$27,642. East Timor 2002-2003. US$35,500. Dry Land Organic Farming to Improve 2003-2004. US$30,000. 2000-2002. US$21,714. Bintuni. 1998-2000. US$10,234. Bantimurung National Park. 3. LP2S 1. Pusat Latihan Wiraswasta Tani Farmers Organization Democratization. Project Location 2. Nawakamal project Location Project Location 2000-2002. US$2,000. Riverine Conservation through Conservation and Community Planning for Community-based Pond Pondok Pesantren Nurul Hakim. Community-based Sustainable Natural Community Empowerment through Southeast Sulawesi Development through Integrated Conservation. East Kalimantan Kediri, Lombok. Riau, Sumatra Resources Management. Agroforestr y. Butterfly Conservation with Semi Natural 1. Yayasan Cinta Alam 2003-2004. US$2,000. 1. Yayasan Padi Indonesia 2002-2003. US$9,398. 1. Yayasan Hakiki Breeding. Tondano. 2000-2002. US$12,471. 1993-1996. US$16,505. Community-based Pond Conservation. Micro Hydro Power Plant Development, 6. Lembaga Olah Hidup Community-based Natural Resources Training on Forest Management Bantimurung National Park. Investigation to Support Biodiversity 4. Wanuata Waya 2003-2004. US$41,867. Education for Forest Community, and Non- Community-based Natural Resources Management through Community Logging. 2002-2003. US$15,000. Women Participation in Sustainable timber Forest Product Marketing. Management. Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park. Conservation. 3. Kelompok Tani Cipto Makaryo 11. YCMI 2000-2002. US$4,270. Natural Resources Management. Integrated Organic Farming. Gunung Kidul. 2003-2004. US$45,767. Pulau Moyo, Sumbawa. 2000-2002. US$17,000. Mangrove Rehabilitation for Coastal Tondano. 2000-2002. US$17,635. Facilitating the Development of Women 2000-2002. US$34,274. Community Participation in Mangrove 2000-2002. US$27,318. Project Location Protection. Rehabilitation and Conservation. and Energy Program Workplan. 4. Cindilaras 7. Aliansi Tiga Gili West Sulawesi 1998-2000. US$7,054. Rawa Aopa National Park. 2003-2004. US$2,000. Community-based Sustainable Ecotourism. Capacity Building for Proposal 1. Yayasan Putra Mitra Masyarakat Desa 12. Yayasan Insan Cita 2000-2002. US$24,000. 2. Bioma Lombok. Development in GEF SGP’s Focal Areas. Discussion on Community Planning for Development of Basic Curriculum for 2. Yayasan Bahari 2000-2002. US$15,882. Development of Traditional Conservation 2000-2002. US$30,358. Forest Conservation. Environmental Awareness in Pesantren Community-based Coral Reefs Area and Community-based Ecotourism. Community. Hulu Mahakam. 2004-2005. US$2,000. Conservation Program. 1993-1996. US$4,190. 2002-2003. US$41,000. 2000-2002. US$20,000. 2004-2005. US$50,000.