University of Hail Design of a Hybrid Wind and Solar Electric System
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Department of Electrical Engineering University of Hail Design of a Hybrid Wind and Solar Electric System Senior Design Project Final Report 1 University of Hail Department of Electrical Engineering Design of a Hybrid Wind and Solar Electric System Essam Raed Gaffar Ali 201316466 Mohammed Mohsen Fadhel Salem 201316502 Anas Taha Salem Fadaaq 201316468 Under the supervision of Dr. Ahmad Alzamil Feb/2019 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENT At the very beginning, we thank Almighty God for his guidance and protection throughout our whole life. Then, we want to express deep gratitude to our parents for their help, support, and love. During the period of our study at the university, we have received great help from many doctors and professors at the university, whom we would like to put on record here with deep gratitude and great pleasure, we would like to thank UOH staff for boosting our ideas by giving us the chance to transfer such thoughts into reality. Moreover, we want to spotlight on our supervisor Dr.Ahmed AL-Zamil and thank him for his assistant, time and effort which were very precious and helpful to fulfill our project. Finally, during these days which we spent preparing our project, we have exposed ourselves to a different electrical aspect which is the green energy as well as gaining and learning many skills that definitely will add something to our career. 3 Content Page ACKNOWLEDGMENT 3 ABSTRACT 11 INTRODUCTION 12 Chapter 1 General Introduction of Project 13 1.1 Background 14 1.2 Our Objectives 16 1.3 The Mythology 16 Chapter 2 Solar System 17 2.1 Solar Energy 18 2.2 Major PV System Components 18 2.3.1 Photovoltaic (PV) Cells 19 2.3.2 Photovoltaic Modules and Arrays 20 2.3.3 The controller of solar charge 21 2.3.4 Inverter 21 2.3.5 Batteries 21 2.4 Types of Solar PV Systems 21 2.4.1 Off-Grid System ( Stand-alone system) 21 2.4.2 Grid-Tied System(On-grid system) 22 2.4.3 Hybrid system 23 2.5 Factors That Affect Solar Panels 23 2.5.1 The Shading 23 2.5.2 High Temperatures 23 2.5.3 Dirt and Dusts 23 2.5.4 Snow Blocking Cells 24 2.6 Orientation 24 2.6.1 Fixed Tilt 24 2.6.2 Adjusting The Tilt Twice a Year 24 4 Content Page 2.7 Solar Resources - The Solar Components 25 2.7.1 Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) 25 2.7.2 Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI) 25 2.7.3 Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) 25 2.8 HOMER Calculations for Solar System 26 Chapter 3 Wind System 27 3.1 Introduction 28 3.2 Wind Power 28 3.3 Wind Speed 29 3.4 Air Density 29 3.5 Wind Turbines Functionality 29 3.5.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines 30 3.5.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines Components 30 3.8 HOMER Wind Turbine Output Power Calculation 31 Chapter 4 Solar and Wind Sites Analysis 34 4.1 Site Information(Hadramaut) 35 4.2 Site Information(Lahij) 37 4.3 Site Information(Aden) 39 4.4 Site Information(Sana) 41 Chapter 5 HOMER Optimization ( Residential Load ) 44 5.1 Introduction 45 5.2 The Description of the system 45 5.2.1 Metrological Wind and Solar Data 45 5.3 The Load Profile 47 5.4 HOMER Simulation Model 48 5.5 System Components 50 5.6 Simulation Results 50 5 Content Page 5.7 Electrical output 51 5.8 Cost Summary 52 5.9 Emissions 52 Chapter 6 HOMER Optimization ( Commercial Load ) 53 6.1 The Description of the system 54 6.1.1 Metrological wind and solar data 54 6.2 The Load Profile 56 6.3 HOMER Simulation Model 58 6.4 System Components 59 6.4.1 PV Array 59 6.4.2 Wind Turbine 59 6.4.3 Converter and Battery 60 6.5 Simulation Results 60 6.7 Electrical Output 62 6.7.1 Production results 62 6.7.2 Cost Summary 64 6.7.3 Compare Economics 65 6.7.4 Grid 65 6.7.5 Emissions 67 Conclusion 68 References 70 6 Figure Content Page Fig 1.01 Republic of Yemen Map 14 Fig 1.02 Yemen Electric Power Generation by Fuel Type 15 Fig 2.01 PV Cell 19 Fig 2.02 Series and Parallel Connection 20 Fig 2.03 Off-Grid Solar System 21 Fig 2.04 On-Grid Solar System 22 Fig 2.05 Hybrid System 23 Fig 2.06 The Solar Components 25 Fig 3.01 Horizontal and Vertical Wind Turbines 30 Fig 3.02 Wind Power Curve 32 Fig 4.01 Hadramout Wind Speed & Power Density Curves at 36 Different Height Fig 4.02 Lahij Wind Speed & Power Density Curves at 38 Different Height Fig 4.03 Aden Wind Speed & Power Density Curves at 40 Different Height Fig 4.04 Sanaa Wind Speed & Power Density Curves at 42 Different Height Fig 4.05 Solar Sites Analysis 43 Fig 4.06 Wind Sites Analysis 43 Fig 5.01 The Chosen Location 45 Fig 5.02 Monthly Average GHI Data 46 Fig 5.03 Monthly Average Wind Speed 46 Fig 5.04 Daily Load Profile 47 Fig 5.05 Seasonal Load Profile 47 Fig 5.06 Schematic of Hybrid power system 49 Fig 6.01 Air Port Location 54 Fig 6.02 Monthly Average GHI 55 7 Figure Content Page Fig 6.03 Monthly Average Wind Speed 55 Fig 6.04 Daily Load Profile 56 Fig 6.05 Seasonal Load Profile 56 Fig 6.06 Schematic hybrid power system 58 Fig 6.07 Monthly Average Electric Production 62 Fig 6.08 PV output (kW) 63 Fig 6.09 Wind Turbine Output 63 Fig 6.10 Renewable Energy Output 63 Fig 6.11 Cost Summary 64 Fig 6.12 Energy Purchased from Grid 66 Fig 6.13 Energy Sold to Grid 66 8 Table Content Page Tab 2.01 Types of PV Cells 19 Tab 2.02 Tilt Adjustment 24 Tab 3.01 Surface Roughness 32 Tab 3.02 Air Density at (STP) 33 Tab 4.01 Solar Resources ( Hadramout) 35 Tab 4.02 Tab 4.02 PV OUT (Hadramout) 35 Tab 4.03 Wind Speed & Power Density ( Hadramout) 35 Tab 4.04 Solar Resources (Lahj) 37 Tab 4.05 PV OUT (Lahj) 77 Tab 4.06 Wind Speed & Power Density (Lahj) 37 Tab 4.07 Solar Resources (Aden) 39 Tab 4.08 PV OUT (Aden) 39 Tab 4.09 Wind Speed & Power Density (Aden) 39 Tab 4.10 Solar Resources (Sanaa) 41 Tab 4.11 PV OUT (Sanaa) 41 Tab 4.12 Wind Speed & Power Density (Sanaa) 41 Tab 5.01 Monthly Average GHI 46 Tab 5.02 Monthly Average Wind Speed 46 Tab 5.03 Electric Load Profile of One Year 48 Tab 5.04 System Components 50 Tab 5.05 Simulation Results 51 Tab 5.06 Tab System Components 51 Tab 5.07 Cost Summary 52 Tab 5.08 Emissions 52 Tab 6.01 Monthly Average GHI 55 9 Table Content Page Tab 6.02 Monthly Average Wind Speed 55 Tab 6.03 Electric Load Profile of One Year 57 Tab 6.04 PV properties 59 Tab 6.05 Wind Turbine properties 59 Tab 6.06 Converter and Battery properties 60 Tab 6.07 Simulation Results 61 Tab 6.08 Electrical Production results 62 Tab 6.09 Cost Summary 64 Tab 6.10 Compare Economics 65 Tab 6.11 Grid Data 65 Tab 6.12 Annual Emission 67 10 ABSTRACT The essential purpose of our project is to illustrate the notion of the hybrid solar-wind system and motivate the developing countries to reconsider consuming fossil fuel and start approaching the concept of green energy. This mid-report only contains four chapters. We are going to give a clue about Yemen geographical location in the first chapter as well as the objects and the methodology with we are going to follow an approach. Then, we will demonstrate the concept of solar energy, the basic principle of working and the components of it. Also, the pros and cons of using those panels, and the factors responsible for declining the efficiency percentage. In the third chapter, we are going to provide information about the wind turbine such as the principle of working, the components of the wind turbine and how it transfers the wind power into electricity and the elements which specify how much power we can get by considering some factors such as the altitude. Finally, we have assembled some data from four cities in Yemen regarding many to the amount of solar radiation and the wind blowing and we have analyzed these data to choose the best location. 11 INTRODUCTION Relying on Fossil Fuel (coal, oil, and gas) have been an issue which concerns many countries because they are finite. consume them for long enough will eventually run out. Yemen has been relying on such power in all its plant’s. During the last year’s most of the people didn’t have access to the electricity due to the difficulties of extracting the Oil and the global raising of Fuel prices which operate all the generations planets in Yemen as well as the dramatically increasing of inhabitants which cause more demands on electricity. Despite all the extracting issues, Coal, Oil, and Gas are the main elements which cause greenhouse effects and environmental pollution. Finding an alternative power source that people could actually rely on is the best solution to tackle such problem, so we have decided to use wind and solar energy due to the huge amount of solar radiation and wind blowing which my country exposed to almost all the year by designing wind-solar hybrid system and choosing the best place to implement our project.