DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For

Home , Alebrini, Dikraneurini, Dikrella, Forcipata, Kunzeana

THE ..TYPHLOCYBINAE OF MEXICO (HOMOPTEEA: CICADELLIDAE)

DISSERTATION

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University

ROBERT FRANK RUPPEL, B.S., M.Sc. The Ohio State University 1952

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* * 1 1 • i i v c t n *« n . J « » ' «* » • «•

Approved by:

Adviser ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This paper has been made possible through the generosity and cooperation of several people to whom the author owes a great debt of gratitude. The bulk of material for study was obtained from the collection of Dr. Dwight M. DeLong, and many additional specimens were borrowed from the U. S. National Museum through the cooperation of Dr. David A. Young, and from the Snow Museum through Dr. Raymond

H. Beamer. In addition, Professor Josef Knull extended the privi lege of examining the Osborn types in the museum of The Ohio State

University, and Dr. Young allowed the author to examine the Baker types from the Pomona College collection and furnished many illus trations of the Osborn types from the Carnegie Museum. To Drs.

Beamer and Young, the author is also indebted for comparing many of the Mexican specimens with type material.

To Dr. DeLong, Mrs. Grace M, Ruppel, Mr. Paul Ludwig, and Mr.

G. Mallory Boush for their aid in the preparation of manuscripts and to the many others who reviewed, aided, and encouraged the work, the author expresses his warmest thanks.

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£ 004:83 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

Introduction ------1

Subfamily Typhlo cybinae ------6

Tribe Alebrinae ------9

Tribe Empoascini ------2 2

Tribe Typhlo cybini - - 33

Tribe Dikraneurini ------4 Q '

Tribe Erythroneurini------~---- 13 4

Bibliography ---- -136

Glossary ------142

I n d e x --- 144

Illustrations ------145

Autobiography ------177

ii THE TYPHLOCYBINAE OF MEXICO (HOMOFTERA: CICADELLIDAE).

INTRODUCTION

The subfamily Typhlocybinae is composed of over fifteen hundred described species of small, delicate, leafhoppers with members of one or more of its genera found in every part of the world. America, north of Mexico, is known to be especially rich both in species and genera of these insects with its fauna becoming more complex as the southern and western portions of the United States are approached*

However, adjacent Mexico, as is true of the remainder of the Latin

Americas, has been but little explored with regard to its typhlocybine fauna. The present literature on the Mexican forms is restricted to the scattered descriptions of a few species. During the past two years, the author has had the privilege of examining the Mexican ma terial of this subfamily in the collections of Dr. D. M. DeLong, the

U. S. National Museum, and the Snow Museum of the University of Kan sas; and this paper is the result of this work. It is hoped that it will present a cleared picture of the leafhoppers of this region and facilitate further work on this group.

As the check lists of DeLong and Khull (191)5) and Oman (191$) list completely the insects of this group from the southwestern United

States which may be found in the northern portion and highland areas of Mexico, the species considered in this paper have been limited to

1 those -which have been recorded from Mexico and adjacent Central Amer

ica. The works cited above and, especially, the generic revision of

Young (1951) should be consulted to determine the relationship of the

Mexican fauna to that of the remaining New World areas. At the time

of this writing, the Erapoasca and Erythreneurini of Mexico ■were being

studied by Dr. D. M. DeLong and Dr. H. H. Ross respectively and some

of the other genera were being studied by the author. This has neces

sitated the inclusion of manuscript names for large numbers of species

and the limiting of fuller taxonomic treatment to those genera which have been more c ompletely worked.

Previously, wing venation and head-shape have been primarily used

to differentiate tribes and genera of the typhlocybines, and these

characteristics still serve as excellent bases for the separation of

these groups. Recently, Young (195>1) has shown that patterns of the male genitalia are correlated with these characteristics, and that by the use of genital structures, certain anomalies of previous generic and tribal arrangements could be clarified. These genital structures, as well as the other body features, are subject to specialization, reduction, and ornamentation and their use separately, without the con sideration of other morphological features, would also create a number of anomalies. The present arrangement is, therefore, based on a con sideration of the whole insect with particular emphasis given to the discreet differences of the male genitalia.

As the species treated in this paper represent but a small frac tion of the world's fauna, the synonomy of super-specific groups has been considered beyond its scope. In the main, the genera and arrange

2 ment of genera presented by Young (l9f?l) have been accepted. In ad dition, species within a genus which seem closely related have been placed into species-groups without taxonomic status.

The derivation of the typhlocybines is a matter of dispute.

Thus, Gillette (l8

RLrlcaldy's view that the reduced venation is a reliable indication of relationship with the maerostelines, as the reduced venation could have been arrived at from any number of venational patterns. The long face of Typhlocybinae is unique as is the stridulatory apparatus.

These latter features remove them from too close a relationship with the Deltocephalinae. The author, then, would place them as a highly specialized group of the deltocephaline line.

In the arrangement of the tribes within the subfamily, the author is in disagreement with the views of Dr. Young with reference to the tribe ESmpoascin (sensu the present paper). This tribe is placed by

Dr. Young into the Typhlocybini. The oblique posterior branch of the cubital vein, the definite submarginal vein at the apex of the hind- wing, the presence of a preapical lobe in the style (except in Empoasca) 3 and the slender plates of the ISnrpoascini stand in contrast to the features of Typhlocybini. These characteristics are common to the

Alebrini and, to this author, the tribes Empoascini and Alebrini are very closely related with the chief difference being the absence or presence respectively of the appendix of the elytron.

The Alebrini and Empoascini also lack the costal extension of the submarginal vein, the dorsal processes of the pygofers, and the well-developed preapieal lobe of the styles seen in the Dikraneurini and Erythroneurini. While the venation of the hind-wing of Typhlo- cybini is evascent apically, it shares the genital features of the alebrine leafhoppers and perhaps represents a specialized line from that stock*

The Dikraneurini and Erythroneurini have the costal extension of the submarginal vein (although the venation of the latter tribe is evascent near the apex of the wing), dorsal pygofer processes and well- developed preapieal lobes of the styles which separate them from the

Alebrini. These two tribes, therefore, seem to constitute a distinct line from the basic stock. The differences between these tribes are very decided (see the tribal descriptions below) and they probably represent rather divergent lines. The author would, thus, place the

Alebrini, Empoascini, and Typhlocybini into one division with the last tribe quite removed from the other two, and the Dikraneurini and

Erythroneurini as separated tribes of a second division.

In this paper, the name, synonomy, description, distribution, and some remarks are given for each tribe or genus, followed by a key to the Mexican genera or species of the group. In addition, reference

k is made to the larger papers dealing -with each genus. This general plan is followed in the presentation of each species. The descrip

tion given of a genus or species is of the diagnostic characteristics, which separate that genus or species from the others in the group; features common to several species or genera being presented in the discussion of the tribe or genus. The species described here in as new are to be published later and the type specimens, unless otherwise indicated, placed in the DeLong Collection.

During this work, an attempt was made to correlate the distribution of the various groups with the biotic zones of Mexico. However, the information available (principally Goldman and Moore 19hS, Leopold

1950, Goldman 1951, and the unpublished notes of Dr. Dampf and Mr,

E. Good) was inadequate to place many localities in any particular zone. The distributions given for many of the species are, thus, cita tions from the locality-labels* It is hoped that a more extended study of the ecology of these animals can be made enabling their ecological, as well as their geographical, distribution to be plotted.

5 THE SUBFAMILY TYPHLOCYBINAE

Description: Antennae located in shallow antennal pits close to

anterior comer of 'the eye; antennal ledges indistinct. Face long and

slender; anteclypeus extending below genae; post-clypeal sutues extend

ing to anterior margin; clypeal suture straight, indistinct; ocelli

when present located on anterior margin between the eyes. Elytra

long and narrow; the s ectors unbranched; the b ases of the sectors and

the claval veins obscured; cross veins anterior to the transverse veins

absent; appendix absent and venation of the hind-wing reduced in many forms. These insects are fragile in appearance, generally less than

U am. in length, always macropterous, and extremely variable in color ation.

A variety of names have been applied to this subfamily. The name used here, the Typhlocybinae of Kirschbaum (1868:16), is apparently the earliest super-generic term applied to the group, clearly ante dating the Eupteryginae of Kirkaldy (l$*06:3£6). The name Cicadellinae

(American auctt., nec Van Duzee) applied to the group through the aeept- ance of Cicadella Dumeril as the type genus of the family is rejected here with the assumption that the law of priority applies to super generic categories. Under Article £ of the International Rules of

Zoological Nomenclature and Opinions 133 and li|l, the name of a family must change when the name of its type genus is changed. Thus, the family Cicadellidae based on Cicadella Latreille should be changed to

Tettigellidae (see China and Fennah 1 The name Tettigellinae is used by Evans (I9li7) and Oman (191:9) for the subfamily containing 6 Cicadella Latrielle* however, the former author uses the name Jassidae

based on common usage for the family name, liiile the latter uses the

family name Cicadellidae based on Cicadella Dumeril. Since there are

these differences of opinion as to the proper name and type g enus of

the family, the name Cicadellidae (sensu VanDuzee 1916) based on the

earliest super-generic name (the Cicadellae of Latreille 1825>jU2?) is

retained in this paper. China (1939) and Sabrosky (l9ij.7) point out that an agreement to retain accepted family names as nomina conservada would reduce the great confusion which is present now, a view which meets the complete agreement of the author.

The subfamily isworld-wide in distribution with the genera

Empoasca and Erythroneura, in their broadest senses, being cosmo politan. The tribes included within the subfamily are also wide spread. However, with the exception of Alebra. the alebrines are re stricted to the new world tropics, and other genera are limited to but one zone or portions of two zones. In general, the Palaeartic and Ne- arctic faunas are quite similar with the latter being much the richer both in species and genera, the Ethiopian and Australian zones display a paucity of forms,and the Oriental and Neotropical zones are rich in species and genera, many of which are limited to a single zone.

One hundred and sixty-eight species of his subfamily have been examined in the collections of Mexican material examined. Of these, sixty-four were previously described, twenty-six are described as new in this paper, and the remainder were named by the author in conjunction with Dr. D. M. DeLong. Many of these species fitted into the previous generic concepts or species grouping. Some (viz. Etapterella. Scinda.

7 and the popae- and rosea- groups of Kunzeana) were unique segregates,

and others should aid in establishing the relationship between known

groups.

The typhlocybine fauna of the arid northern and central regions

of Mexico is similar in great part to that of the arid western United

States with the genera Kunzeana. Alconeura. and Dikrella being typical

of these regions. At the higher elevations, the genera Dikraneura.

Zygina, and Eupterella appear while in the low costal areas and the

tropical regions of the south, genera more typical of the tropics (viz.

Idona, Par all axis. Joruma) are abundant. The distribution of these

groups, as the distribution of the vegetation (Leopold 19f?0), seems to

form a mosaic of temperate, arid, and tropical elements which inter

grade and overlap to a great degree. The fauna of this region is,

thus, very complex and while it is still in need of further study, the present knowledge of this fauna is given below.

Key to the Tribes of Typhlocybinae

1 Elytron with an appendix* ------Alebrini l1 Elytron without an appendix. ------2.

2 Hind-wing with the submarginal vein present at the apex of the wing (except Typhlocybella which has the diamond shaped second apical cell of the elytron enclosing the entire apex of the elytron). — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3 *. 2 1 Hind-wing with the submarginal vein absent at the apex of the wing. ------i*.

3 Submarginal vein fusing with the longitudinal veins at the apex of the wing. ------Empoascini 3* Submarginal vein extending around the apex of the wing to ward the costal margin. ------Dikraneurini it 8 -m cross vein absent, second apical cell of the elytron triangular or pedunculate. ------Typhlocybini it' R-m cross vein present, the second apical cell of the elytron quadrangular. ------_ Erythroneurini TRIBE ALEBRINI (Plates II & III)

Alebrini McAtee 1926:11*2

Description: Appendix present; venation of the elytra variable.

Submarginal vein of the hind-wing fusing with the longitudinal veins

near the apex of the wing, not continuing around the apex of the wing

toward the costal margin, often confluent with the apical margin of

the wing; vannal vein forked; first cubitus appearing branched, its

posterior branch extending obliquely to the submarginal vein; R and M

veins remain separate to their apices. The male valve short; the

plates long and slender- pygofers variable, without dorsal hooks but

often with ventral or apical processes; anal hooks absent. Style

variable, but the preapieal lobe is generally poorly developed, and

the first extension is moderately long and slender; apical extension

absent; connective obscured or T-shaped. Ocelli generally present.

Alebrini is a small, tribe of about fifty species which, except for the few species of Holarctic Alebra. are restricted to the American tropics. The tribe is largely known only through the original des cription of the species, the literature is scattered, and the species display a wide array of variations in head shape, wing venation, and genital structures. They are, thus, in need of an extensive, criti cal revision. The species from Mexico described below as Protalebra

Baker (1899:1*01) should undoubtedly be separated into several genera.

Specimens of this group are well represented in the collections ex amined, and twelve species are described below.

9 ‘4 ■ ■

Key to the Species of Protalebra

1. Cell R of the elytron enlarged toward its apex; coloration black with cream spots. ------maculata 1* Cell R not enlarging toward its apex; colora tion variable. ------2 2. Broad, robust species with the vertex scarcely produced. 2 1 Slender species; vertex produced in front of the eyes. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — JU

3. Vertex with a black spot on each side near the apex. ------variata 3' Vertex with an orange stripe bordering each eye. ------signata

h. Pro no turn marked with a transverse red band. - - 5 k' Pronotum without red markings. ------8

5. Vertex with a transverse red band extending across its disk between the eyes. ------aureocosta 5' Disk of the vertex Immaculate. ------5 6. Elytra marked with transverse brown bands. - - plummeri 6' Elytra marked with spots or longitudinal bands. 7

7. Fftce with a black spot in each antennal pit; apex of clavus red. ------decorata 7' Antennal pits cream; apex of clavus yellow. - - sanguinolinea 8. Vertex and pronotum immaculate. ------9 8 * Vertex and pronotum marked with brown. - - - - 11 9 . Elytra with an orange spot and a brown band near the transverse veins. caldwelli 9' Elytra marked with smoky bands or spots. - - - 10 1 0 . Elytra immaculate except for a single brown spot in their third apical cells. ------pallida 1 0 ' Elytra cream with transverse brown bands near the transverse veins. ------njcaraugensis 1 1 . Pronotum uniformly brown. ------sobrina 11' Pronotum cream with vermiculate brown markings. 12 12. Vertex rounded at its apex, immaculate. - - - - braziliensis 1 2 * Apex of vertex angulate; with a pair of longi tudinal, brown jfcines on the disk of the vertex, coniea

10 Protalebra maculata Baker (fig. 8 and 9 )

Protalebra maculata Baker 1903c:6

A compact species with the median length of its vertex about two-

thirds as great as its basal width between the eyes; apex of vertex bluntly angled. The R and M veins of the elytra diverge making the

cell between them clavate. Length 2»b ram*

Colors The vertex is black with a spot at the anterior and post erior comer of each eye and a spot near its apex yellow. The pro notum is black with its posterior margin bordered with a fine yellow band and with paired, median and lateral spots on its anterior margin and disk yellow. The scutellum is cream with its basal angles and a median spot on its anterior margin black. The elytra are black with the veins of the apical cells and scattered spots on the clavi and coria, cream. The face is black variously marked with cream and the venter is black with the valve cream.

Genitalia: The pygofers of the male are rather slender and bear a pair of recurved processes on their ventral margins which appear to be segmented at their bases. The styles have their first extension slender and hooked at their apices. The dorsal processes of the aedeagus are long and thin and the phalicata is long, thin, and flattened.

This distinctly marked species was described from Nicaragua and has been taken in Arizona in the United States. Many specimens from

Jal., Oax., Hex., G*ro., Pue., and V.C. have been examined.

11 Protalebra signata McAtee CfigTio)

Protalebra signata McAtee 1926b :lU8

A broad, depressed species, eyes large- median length of vertex nearly equal to its basal width; vertex rounded anteriorly. Length

3.0 mm.

Color: The vertex is cream with the region along each eye orange.

The pronotum is cream with a pair of longitudinal, lateral, orange vittae extending across it and with a short, median, black line ex tending across its disk. The scutellum is cream with a median, longi tudinal line black. The elytra are golden with their distal halves hyaline and with their apical cells eribrowned. The commissural mar gins, and a longitudinal stripe on each clavus and along each corium black; the latter stripes are joined near the center of the corium.

The face and venter are cream with an orange stripe extending along the sides of the thorax.

Genitalia: The genital capsule is similar to that of maculata but the ventral processes of the pygofers are long and slender, ex tending beyond the apices of the pygofers. The style is long with the preapieal lobe broad and the first extension short and hooked. The dorsal processes of the aedeagus are short and the phalicata is broad, tapers to a sharply-pointed apex and is curved dorsad.

This species, described from Honduras and Panama, is represented in the DeLoilg collection by a male specimen from D.F.

12 Protalebra variata n.sp. (fig. 11)

A large, robust species with a rounded vertex which resembles

omega VanDuzee except for its color pattern and genital structures.

Length 3*3 mm.

Color: The vertex is ivory with a pair of large, round, black

spots near its apex. The disk of the pronotum is orange, its ante

rior margin is yellow, and its posterior margin is broadly bordered

with an ivory band. The scutellum is light yellow with its apex

black. The elytra are light tan with their apices and transverse

veins enbrowned and with a hyaline band extending transversely across

the middle of each clavus to the center of the corium. The anterior

portions of the apical cells are hyaline, a fine brown line extends

from the middle of each costal margin to the apex of each clavus, and

a similar line borders the anterior margin of the hyaline band on the

clavus. The face and venter are immaculate cream.

Genitalia: The pygofers are long with their apices pointed and

with sickle-shaped processes arising on their ventral margins. The

plates are long and very slender. The styles are long and slender

with their apices curving sharply ventrad. The dorsal processes of

the base are slender and pointed at their apices, and the phalicata

is slender and long and bears a sharp spine near the base of its ventral margin.

Holotype male collected at Cutzamala, G'ro., Aug. 20, 1930

(MF 1768) by J. Parra; male paratypes Zincauro, G*ro., Sept. 2, 1930

(MF 1789), J. Parra.

13 Protalebra nicaraguensis Baker (fig. 13)

Protalebra nicaraguensis Baker 1903c:6

A smoky-marked, pallid species with the vertex conically pro

duced and angulate; eyes appear large. Length 3.2 mm.

Color: The vertex and pro no turn are ivory with their disks some

times golden or orange. The scutellum is cream with its apex and, in

some specimens, longitudinal lines on its disk black. The elytra are

translucent golden with a round spot near the base of each corium, a

spot near the middle of each commissural margin, a transverse bar at

the apex of the clavi, and a bar along the transverse veins, smoky*

The face and venter are cream.

Genitalia: The genital capsule is similar to that of maculata

but the ventral processes of the pygofers are long, curled inwardly,

and their apices are slender and pointed. The dorsal processes of the

aedeagus are slender and divergent apically, the base bears a broad

ventral process, and the phalicata is very slender.

This species is known from Nicaragua and the states of Oaxaca

and Guerro in Mexico.

Protalebra sanguinoline a (Baker) (fig. Ik)

Alebra sanguinolinea Baker 1903c;5

Protalebra sanguinolinea (Baker), in Young 1951

Resembling nicaraguensis Baker in general form and appearance but the eyes not so large and with distinctive coloration and genitalia.

I k Length 3.2 ram.

Color: The vertex is ivory with its margins bordered by a thin

red arc. The pronotum and scutellum are ivory with the anterior mar

gin of the pronotum bordered with a broad red band. The elytra are

translucent white with their apical cells enbrowned and the apices

of the clavi and the adjacent portions of the coria yellow. The pro

ximal half of the claval suture, a transverse band across each clavus,

an oblique band extending from the base of the corium to the center of

each corium, and a similar band from the mid-costal margins to the apex

of each clavus are red. The f ace and venter are ivory with a red spot on each side of the pronotum.

Genitalia: The genital capsule of the male is similar to that of nicaraguensis but the ventral processes of the pygofer are slender, spine-like. The dorsal processes of the aedeagus are long and very slender, the phalicata is very slender and pointed, and the ventral process of the base is broad, tapering evenly to a sharp apex.

This beautiful species has been collected at Tehuantepec, Oax.

Protalebra plummeri n.sp.

Resembling s anguinoline a (Baker) in general form and appearance but with a distinctive coloration. Length 2.6 mm.

Color: The vertex is an immaculate light cream. The pronotum is ivory with its lateral margins and the anterior portion of its disk red. The scutellum is orange-tan with its basal angles yellow and its apex black. The elytra are translucent white with their apical cell hyaline and enbrowned and with their bases orange-brown edged poster-

15 iorly by a fine scalloped brown line. This brown line extends ob

liquely from the costa to the apex of the clavus and then tran

sversely back to the middle of the costal margin. The centers of the

coria are smoky and the disks of the clavi are golden. Ths sides of

the pronotum are red, the face and venter are ivory with the first two

abdominal stemites and the centers of the pygofers and ovipositor black.

Holotype female collected at Chilpancingo, G'ro., Oct. 25, 191*1 by DeLong, Good, Caldwell, and Plummer* paratype female collected by the same collectors at Iguala, G*ro., same date.

Named for Mr. Charles Plummer who has aided in the collection of many of the specimens used in this study.

Protalebra decorata (Osborn) (fig. 1 ^)

Alebra decorata Osborn 1928:255

Protalebra decorata (Osborn), in Young 1951

Resembling s anguinoline a (Baker) in general form and appearance but with distinctive coloration and genitalia. Length 2 . 8 mm.

Color: The vertex is ivory, immaculate. The pronotum is ivory with a broad red band extending along its lateral margins and across the anterior portion of its disk. The scutellum is yellow with its apex black. The elytra are hyaline with their apical c ells enbrowned and with a small, oblique, black bar on the middle of the costal mar gin. A pair of large anastomosing, orange-red spots appear on the pro ximal two-thirds of the clavusj an interrupted red vitta extends from

16 the base to the center of each corium; and a transverse red stripe

extends across the apex of the clavus to the costal margins* The

face and venter are cream with the antennal pits black.

Genitalia: Male genitalia similar to that of sanguinolinea but

the ventral processes of the py gofer longer and slimmer and the

aedeagus without a ventral process.

Specimens from Fortin, F. C. and Tepotylan, Mor.

Protalebra aureocosta n.sp. Cfig. 18)

Resembling decorata (Osborn) in general form and appearance but with distinctive coloration and male genital structures. Length 2.8 mm.

Color: The vertex is ivory with a broad, red line extending across its disk between the eyes. The pronoturn is ivory with its lateral margins and the anterior portion of its disk bordered with a broad red band. The scutellum is golden. The elytra are white with three large, anastomosing orange-red spots on each clavus, a pair of similar spots on the disk of each corium, and an elongate golden spot on the proximal third and middle of each costal margin. The face is golden with the genae and lorae ivory, the venter is ivory to cream.

Genitalia: Male genitalia similar to those of decorata but the processes of the pygofers are slender, rather short, and extended ventrad to near their centers where they bend abruptly dorso-caudad.

Holotype male collected at Iguala, G'ro., Sept. 11, 1939 by

D. M. DeLong; paratypes collected at Iguala and Chilpancingo, G'ro.,

17 Oct. 25>, 195>1 by DeLong, Good, Caldwell, and Plummer- paratype

Jiutepee, Mor., Sept. 6 , 1939 by DeLong and Plummer.

Protalebra caldwelli n.sp. (fig. 19)

A beautifully colored species which resembles decorata (Osborn)

in general form but which has distinctive genitalia and strikingly

different coloration. Length 3.0 mm.

Color: The vertex, pronotum and scutellum are ivory, immaculate.

The elytra are translucent shaded with gold on the disks of the coria and clavi and with a large orange spot and a brown band on the tran

sverse veins.

Genitalia: The genital capsule is similar to that of decorata except that the pygofer processes are much longer, slimmer, and straighter. The dorsal processes of the aedeagus appear clavate and the phalicata bears a thin, elongate spine at its apex.

Holotype male colie,cted at Santa Engracia, Mex., Nov. 1 1 , 1938 by J- S. Caldwell^ male paratypes collected at Tamazunchale, S.L.P.,

Dec. 23, 19h9 by R* H. Beamer. The paratypes are deposited in the

Snow Museum.

Protalebra sobrina n.sp. "Tfig. 17)

A somber colored species which resembles decorata (Osborn) in general form but which has distinctive coloration and genitalia.

Length 3 . 0 mm.

18 Color: The vertex is light yellow with a median and a pair of longitudinal short, brown lines on the posterior portion of its disk* these lines fusing on the posterior margin* The pronotum and scu tellum are brown. The elytra are brown with their costal margins broadly bordered with yellow and with a few hyaline areoles scattered across them. The face and venter are immaculate cream.

Genitalia: The pygofers of the male are very slender, their ventral margin is strongly rolled inward, and their thin processes arise on the ventral margin and are abruptly bent near their middles.

The styles are rather short with their first extensions short and curving laterad. The aedeagus has its dorsal processes erect and its phalicata slender and tapering to a sharp apex.

Holotype male and male paratypes collected at Iguala, G*ro.,

Sept. 11, 1939, by D. M. DeLong; male same locality, Oct. 25, 19l|l by DeLong, Good,' Caldwell, and Plummer.

Protalebra pallida n.sp. Cfig. ±6)

A pallid species which resembles sobrina in general form but which has a rounded head and unique coloration and genitalia.

Length 2.8 mm.

The head is distinctly narrower than pronotum, produced for about one-half of its length in front of the eyes, and with its forward mar gins rounded.

Color: The dorsum is golden-yellow marked with but a round, brown spot in the base of the third apical cell of each elytron. The

19 face is ivory while the venter is immaculate cream.

Genitalia: The male genital structures are similar to those of sobrina but the pygofer processes are long, slender, and slight ly recurved. The phalicata is very slender and sharply-pointed.

Holotype male collected at Iguala, G'ro., Sept. 11, 1939 by

B. M. DeLong.

Protalebra braziliensis Baker (fig. 7 and 1 2 )

Protalebra braziliensis Baker l899:l;05>

This species, described from Brazil, has been recorded from

Florida and Texas in the United States, Sinaloa in Mexico, Boliva,

Hondoras, Trinidad, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica by McAtee (1926:15>0).

In addition, the author has examined specimens from Panama and the states of Guerro, Morelos, and Chiapus in Mexico. Its known dis tribution is, thus far, greater than any of the other alebrines.

The median length of the vertex is about two-thirds as great as its basal width between the eyes and the vertex is bluntly • angled.

Length 3.2 mm.

Color: The vertex is an immaculate light yellow. The pronotum is ivory with vermiculate brown lines on its anterior margin and disk*

The scutellum is ivory with its basal angles and a pair of median, longitudinal lines brown. The elytra are yellow with the proximal por tion and center of the clavus, a broad band extending from the proximal third of the costal margin to the spex of the clavus, and the apical cells brown; while areoles are scattered across the brown margins. The

20 face and venter are cream.

Genitalia: The pygofers are short with i2ieir apices truncate

and with long, slender, recurved processes arising on their apices

and extending ventrad. The phalicata is broad at the base and tapers

to a slender apex. The dorsal processes of the base are slender and

a rather short, slender ventral process arises on the base and extends parallel to the phalicata.

Protalebra conica n.sp*

Resembling braziliensis Baker in general form and appearance but with a more angulate vertex and a distinctive coloration. Length

3.2 mm.

Vertex conically produced, bluntly angulate at its apex, its median length equal to its basal width.

The coloration is similar to that of braziliensis but the vertex has a pair of short, median, brown lines near its apex, and the hyaline

areoles on the elybra are much larger.

Holotype female and paratype females El Naranjo, S.L.P. Jan. 2,

195>0, paratype female Tamazunchale, S.L.P. Dec. 23, 1 &h9t all collected by R. H. Beamer. Types in the Snow collection.

21 TRIBE EMPOASCINI (Plate III, IV, & V)

Snpoascaris Distant 1908:399 ]o.£. Dlkraneurini McAtee 1925b:l53 Jorurnini McAtee 1926b: 165 £•£.• Typhlocybini, in Young 1951

Description: Venation of the elytra variable; appendix absent.

Submarginal vein present at the apex of the hind-wing, not continuing around wing apex but fusing with the longitudinal veins; posterior branch of cubitus, when present, extending obliquely to the submarginal vein; vannal vein forked. Valve short, concave; plates long and slender; anal hooks generally present; pygofers without dorsal processes, ventral processes may be present. Styles with the first extension elongate, its preapieal lobe poorly developed or absent, without an apical extension. Ocelli present in many forms.

As noted by the variety of names assigned to this tribe, its placement in the subfamily is difficult. Dr, Young places these genera in the Typhlocybini, dividing the tribe into two groups com parable to the Typhlocybini and Empoascini of this paper. To the present author, the groups are distinct on the bases of both venational and genital features^, The tribe as here defined would include the neotropical genera Paulomanus and Beamer ell a of Young which, with

Eualebra Baker, have a venation characteristic of the tribe but which display unique variations in male genital features. The genus

Empoasca is cosmopolitan, while the remaining genera are restricted to the New World,

22 Key to the Genera of Empoascini

1. Veins R and M 1/ 2 of the hind-wing fusing near their apices, hind-wing with but one apical cell. - -Bmpoasca 1 1 Veins R and M 1/2 remaining separate, hind-wing with more than one apical cell. ------2

2. Submarginal vein extending to R of the hind-wing, all apical cells thus closed. ------Eualebra 2* Submarginal vein extending to the M vein, the first apical cell of the hind-wing thus open to the margin of the wing. ------3

3. Vertex rounded, its median length less than its basal width betweenthe eyes. ------Neojoruma 3* Vertex conically produced, its median length greater than its basal width between the eyes.- - - -Joruma

Bmpoasca Walsh (fig. 20 and 21)

Bmpoasca Walsh 1862:ll# genotype: Bmpoasca viridescens Walsh

Description: Length of the vertex variable; vertex and anterior margin rounded or bluntly-angulate; ocelli generally present. Pro- notum longer than the vertex and about equal in width to the head.

First apical cell of the elytron long, the first cross vein located anterior to the other cross veins; the second apical cell rectangular to pedunculate. First cubitus of hind-wing not appearing branched;

R and M 1/2 fusing near the cross veins; with one closed apical cell.

Anal hooks present; ventral processes of the pygofer present, long and slender,; plates long and slender. Styles with their first exten sion elongate, preapical lobes and apical extensions absent; con nective straight or plate like; phalicata short and cylindrical; base of aedeagus elongate. While the color pattern of species of this genus varies from a uniform pale green to heavily spotted with red and

23 yellow, the apices of the tibia (as noted by Ribaut 1 9 3 6 ) are green.

This is a cosmopolitan genue which is badly in need of a criti cal revision from a world viewpoint. The segregates Kybos Fieber,

Chlorita Fieber, and Hebata DeLong have been recognized as distinct by some authors and placed in synonomy with Empoasca by others. Too,

species-groups within the genus are recognized but their limits are poorly defined and the affinities of many species hav.e not been deter mined. The synonomy of the genus and the grouping of the species with in it are, thus, not presented here.

The nearctic species of this genus have been reviewed by DeLong

(1 9 3 1 ) and species have been described subsequent to this work by

■Wheeler (1937, 1939, 19Uo), Oman (1937), Oman and Wheeler (1938), Poos

(1933), DeLong (1932), DeLong and Caldwell (193U), DeLong and Davidson

(193!? * 1936) and-Davidson and DeLong (l938-19itU) . At the time of this writing, the Mexican species of the genus were being studied by Dr.

D. M. DeLong and thus, only a check list of the species is presented 1 here. acantha Davidson and DeLong 19b3:2l6 G»ro., D. F. adexa Davidson and DeLong 19U3i2l6 Mich., G ’ro. alboneura Gillette 1898:7U3 Hil. arater Davidson and DeLong 19 UO:610 D. F., Mich., V. c. aspra Davidson and DeLohg 19U3:2l8 D. F., G'ro. bispinata Davidson and DeLong 19U3:2l6 Chia. bulba Davidson and DeLong 1943s218 V. C., Mich. caldwelli Davidson and DeLong 1943:215 D. F. oanalis~~T6 sborn 1928:282) Joruma Panama C. Z. caraba Davidson and DeLong 1943:214 Mich., D. F. cerata Davidson and DeLong 1943:215 cothurna Davidson and DeLong 1944:639 Mich., Pue. crocostigmata Davidson and DeLong 1942b;124 Coah., S.L.P. crocovjttata Davidson and DeLong 1942b:124 Mor., G*ro. dampfi Davidson and DeLong 1940:6p 8 D. F., Mex. diacumanis Davidson and DeLong 1944:638 Pue., D» F. 24 duodens Davidson and DeLong 19U0:611 Mex. fabae (Harris 181*1:186) Tettigonia D. F. gigantic a Davidson and DeLong 19i*3:220 D. F. goodi Davidson and DeLong 191*3:220 Mich., D. F. guatemalana (Osborn 1928:282) Joruma Guatemala ingena Davidson and DeLong 19i*2a: 106 V. C. irrita Davidson and DeLong 19l*l*:636 Mich. lineata Baker 1903:7 Nicaragua obstipa Davidson and DeLong 19i*2a:108 V. C. omani var. iguala Davidson and DeLong 19l*2b:12l* G'ro. panamana (Osborn 1928:272) Dikraneura Panama C. Z. prona Davidson and DeLong 191*0:610 Chia., S.L.P., G'ro., Costa Rica quintapunctata Davidson and DeLong 19l*l*:638 Mich., D. F. resupina Davidson and DeLong 191*0:611 Chia. rumexa Davidson and DeLong 191*3:216 G'ro. semanta Davidson and DeLong 191*3:215 G'ro. serpula Davidson and DeLong 191*3:218 G'ro,, D. F. serrula Davidson and DeLong 191*0:608 Mex. stalsisa Davidson and DeLong 191*3:211* G'ro., Mex. suffusa (Osborn 1928:273) Dikraneura Guatemala tectona Davidson and DeLong 191*1*: 639 Hil. tripunctata Davidson and DeLong 19l*l*:636 Jal., G'ro., Mich., D. F. zonal!s (0sborn 1928:283) Joruma Panama G. Z.

Eualebra Baker

Eualebra Baker 1899:1*02 genotype Eualebra smithii Baker

Description: Median length or vertex equal to its basal width i between the eyes, bluntly angulate anteriorly; ocelli absent. Pro- no turn slightly wider and longer than the vertex. Anterior margin angulate; -the vertex in lateral view flat, the face nearly straight.

Elytra broad; second apical cell triangular; anterior transverse vein extending obliquely to the costal margin; cell R broad near its apex.

Veins R and M 1/2 of the hind-wing remain separate to their apices; the submarginal vein extends to the R vein, the anterior apical cell thus closed; cubitus appearing branched, its posterior branch extend ing obliquely to the submarginal vein.

25 The description above was made from the Mexican species of this genus which differs from the other described species of Eualebra in that it is not depressed and the lateral margins of the vertex are straight. The genus is Neotropical and contains, in addition to the species described below, the species smithii Balcer (1899*U02) and reticulata (Osborn 1928:279)*

Eualebra .ialapai (DeLong and Ruppel), new combination (fig. 22, 23, and 2h)

Par all axis ,j alapai DeLong and Ruppel 19f>lb:308

Color: Vertex cream with a round black spot at its apex. The pronotum is cream with its disk.tinged with red and with a median and a pair of lateral black spots on its anterior margin. The scutellum is cream with its basal angles black. The elytra are translucent with their apical cells enbrowned and with a black spot at the apex of each clavus and on the proximal quarter and middle of each costal margin.

The disk of the clavus is tinged with yellow and a red band exterids transversely across each clavus.

Known only from the female; collected at Jalapa, V. C.

Neojoruma Young

Neojoruma Young 1951 genotype; Joruma adusta McAtee

Description: Vertex short and rounded, its median length about one-half as great as its basal width between the eyes; ocelli present.

Head broader than the pronotum; pronotum longer than the vertex, its lateral margins nearly parallel. The anterior margin is rounded and the vertex and face are convex in lateral view. The venation of the wings is similar to that of Joruma presented below.

The genus is known only from its genotype -sdiich was described

from Brazil, and is represented in the collections of Mexican mater

ial by a pair of female specimens.

Neo.ioruma adusta (McAtee) frig. 25>)

Joruma adusta McAtee 192U:35

Neo.joruma adusta (McAtee), in Young 1951

Color: Vertex tan with its apical portion shading to black.

The pronotum is black. The scutellum is tan with its basal angles black, and the elytra are a translucent smoky brown. The face is

cream with a median, longitudinal line brown. The venter of the

thorax is cream while the venter of the abdomen is black.

Female specimens from Chiltepic, Oax., and Vergel, Chia. have been examined in the DeLong collection.

Joruma McAtee

Joruma McAtee I 9 2 I4.OU genotype; Joruma pisca McAtee

Description; Vertex with its median length as great as its basal width between the eyes; bluntly angulate; ocelli present; eyes large. Pronotum equal in width and length to the head, its lateral margins divergent posteriorly. Anterior margin bluntly angled; the vertex slightly sloping; the face convex. Anterior transverse vein

of the elytra indistinct; the second apical cell quadrate, the r-m

27 cross-vein present. Veins R and M 1/2 of the hind-wing remain se

parate to their apices; submarginal vein extending to vein M, the

anterior apical cell open to the wing margin; posterior margin of

the wing serrate. Anal hooks present; pygofers without processes,

their apices rounded; plates long and slender; style short, the first

extension slender, preapical lobe poorly developed.

The genus, as presently defined, includes the subgenera Jorumella

McAtee (l93U:113) which has the cubitus of the hind-wing appearing

branched, and Jorumidea Young (l9S>l) which has the preapical lobe of

the style spine-like. The type of the first group, Joruma ascripta

McAtee (1926:167) was described from Costa Rica but has not beer, re

corded from Mexico, while the latter group is represented in the area

by minuta Lawson (1930:136) from Texas, and krausi from Mexico. The

genus is Neotropical with one species, pisca McAtee, being recorded

from Maryland in the United States. The bulk of the species in the

genus have been described by McAtee (1926b) and Osborn (1928). Speci mens of this genus are scarce in the collections examined, and four* new species of the genus have been examined from Mexico.

Key to the Species of Joruma

1. Pronotum ivory or cream; face with red or orange markings. ------2 1* Pronotum olive or black; face marked with tan or black. ------3

2. Vertex ivory with a red patch next to each eye. - - aurea 2' Vertex cream with its anterior margin tinged with red. clavata

3. Vertex black, its posterior margin olive. ----- orizabae 3* Vertex cream marked with tan. ------krausi

28 Joruma aurea n.sp. (fig. 29)

An ivory-colored species which stands in contrast to the somber colors of the remainder of the species; with unique male genital structures. Length 3.2 mm.

Colors The vertex is ivory with a small orange patch on its disk next to each eye. The pronotum and scutellum are ivory with the basal angles of the pronotum yellow. The elytra are ivory with their com missural margins golden. The ventral half of the face is orange, while its dorsal half and the venter of the body are ivory.

Genitalia: Anal hooks short, with their apices turned inwardly.

The pygofers are short and rounded apically, and bear a tuft of long hairs on their apical margin. The first extension of the style is very slender and- its ventral margin is serrate. The base of the aedeagus appears clavate in ventral view, its dorsal processes are slender, and the phalicata is broad, depressed, and expanded at its apex into a pair of flap-like lateral lobes.

Holotype male labeled Mexico (MB llj.8) without further information.

Joruma clavata n.sp. (fig. 31)

Strongly resembling de scrip ta McAtee in general appearance, but the cubitus of the hind-wing is unbranched and the male genitalia are unique. Length 3.2 mm.

Color: The vertex, pronotum, and s cutellum are cream with the lateral margins of the vertex tinged with red. The elytra are golden

29 with their bases and apical cells smoky. The face and venter are cream with the dorsal portion of the face red.

Genitalias The apices of the pygofers are turned up into small, sharp points. The anal hooks are long and straight and extend ventro- anteriorly. The base of the aedeagus is depressed and long, appearing clavate in ventral view. The phalicata is slender and curves dorsad with its apex bearing a pair of short, triangular lateral processes.

Holotype male collected at San Jacinta, D. F., June 23, 1932

(MF 2589), by Dr. Dampfj male paratype collected same place, same collector, May 16, 1932 (MF 2£f?l)j paratypes Mexico City, D. F., June

12, 1922* (MB 62), Dampfj same locality, Sept. 5, 1939, E*. M. DeLong;

Vergel, Chia., May 19* 1935 (MF i*20l), Dampfj Tamazunchale, S.L.P.,

Nov. 2, 19U5j DeLong, Herschberger, and Elliott.

Joruma orizabae n.sp. ("fig. 32)

A somber colored species which superficially resembles Neo.joruma adusta (McAtee) but which has the conical head characteristic of

Joruma. Length 2.8 mm.

Colors The vertex,, is black with its posterior margin bordered with a fine olive line which broadens toward the eyes. The pronotum and scutellum are olive with the anterior margin of the pronotum bord ered with black. The elytra are a translucent olive-green with their bases and their apical cells smoky* The dorsal half of the face is black, while the ventral half is olive*

Genitalias The anal hooks of the male are long, rather broad, and

30 curve sharply caudad near their apices. The base of the aedeagus is broad and clavate in ventral view, the dorsal processes are thick, and the phalicata is very slender and recurved,

Holotype male labeled Mexico (MF li239) without further data; para types collected at Orizaba, V.C., Oct, 17, 19Ul, by DeLong, Good, Cald well, and Plummerj Finca Prusia, Chia., Dec. if., 1932 (MF 28U3), Dampf.

Joruma krausi n.sp. (fig. 26, 27, 28, and 30)

A small cream and tan colored species which resembles curvata

Osborn in general form but which has distinctive coloration and genit alia. Length 2.6 mm.

Colors The vertex is cream with a median, longitudinal line, a pair of spots at the apex, and a spot near the anterior corner of each eye brown. The,pronotum is dark olive with its lateral margins pale and with a pair of median, indistinct, brown spots on its disk. The scutellum is tan with its basal angles brown. The elytra are hyaline with their commissural margins golden and their apical cells and costal margins smoky. The face is tan flecked with brown between the eyes.

The venter is completely black.

Genitalia: The plates are broad at their bases and narrow abrup tly near their centers to long, slender apices. The anal hooks are long and slender and curve mesad. The style is short with its pre apical lobe spine-like and the first extension rather broad and short.

The base of the phalicata is long and cylindrical and the phalicata is long, slender, curved dorsad, and evenly tapered to a pointed apex, 31 Holotype male, allotype female, and paratypes collected at

Cuernavaca, Mor., April, 19k5>, by N. H. L. Krausj paratypes, Chil- tepec, Oax., Aug. 10, 1937 (MF 6338), Dampfj Cordoba, V. C., Aug.

19, 192U, A. Dampf. The Cuernavaca specimens are in the U. S. Nat ional Museum while the others are deposited in the DeLong collection.

32 TRIBE TIPHLCCYBINI (Plate V, VI & VII) I Typhlocybaria Distant 1908:U08 Eupterygini McAtee 193U:109 Cicadellini auctt., nec Van Duzee 1916:65

Description: R and M veins of the elytron fusing and then re- separating, thus the r-m cross vein is absent and the second apical cell is triangular or pedunculate; appendix absent. Submarginal vein absent at the apex of the hind-wing; vannal vein forked; cubitus appear ing branched, the posterior branch meeting the submarginal vein at nearly a right angle. First extension of the style long and slender; preapical lobe absent; apical extension present with the heel dis tinct in most forms; valve short; pygofers generally broad and trun cate without dorsal processes, the apex of the pygofer often extended into processes; plates moderately long, widest near their middles; anal hooks absent.

Typhlocybini is primarily a Holarctic tribe which is poorly re presented in Mexico. Four genera with but few species are known to occur in the region and some species of a fifth genus, Typhlocyba. may be present in the northern Sierra Madre Occidental.

Key to the Genera of Typhlocybini

1. Veins R and M 1/2 of the hind-wing remaining sepa rate; hind-wing with three apical cells. - - - - 2 1' Veirs R and M l / 2 of the hind-wing fusing near the cross veins; hind-wing with two apical cells. U

2. Apical cubital vein of the elytron arising from the fused portion of the R and M veins, extending at right angles to the wing,margin. ------Eupterella

33 2' Apical cubital vein of the elytron arising from the transverse veins, extending obliquely to the wing margin. --_-.----___---.--3

3. Apex of the elytron notched; depressed in form. - Scinda 3' Apex of the elytron Smoothly rounded; not depressed in form. ------Cjcadella i}.. Median length of vertex greater than its basal width} ocelli present and conspicuous. ----- Henribautia U 1 Median length of vertex less than its basal width; ocelli absent. ------Typhlocyba

CJCADELLA DUMERIL

Cjcadella Dumeril 806:266 genotype Cicada vittata L.

Description; Median length of vertex less than its basal width between the eyes, vertex rounded* anterior margin rounded* face and vertex in lateral view convex. Pronotum slightly longer and wider than head. Apical cubital vein arising from the transverse veins re mote from the base of the fused R and M of the slytron. R and M l/2 of the hind-wing separate to their apices} three apical cells present in the hind-wing. Pygofers of the male long, terminating in apical processes; base of aedeagus ring-like; dorsal processes long and erect; phalicata straight, generally bearing some form of apical processes.

Cjcadella is a Holarctic genus with an involved synonomy. fhe genus was described by Dumeril (1806:266) and its type fixed as Cicada vittata L. by Froriep in the German translation of Dumeril's paper.

Curtis (1833:192) later described Eupteryx with the type Cicada picta

Fab., and this name was used instead of Cjcadella until quite rec ently. Other names have been applied to species-groups included with in Cjcadella. the fixation of vittata as the type of Cjcadella has been

3 h questioned (wagner 1950) on the basis that it violates the original

description, and the name Cjcadella was used by Latreille (l825:i+27)

to designate a different group of leafhoppers. Young (1951) has an

extended discussion of the synonomy of this genus and reference should be made to this paper for clarification of synonomy and grouping with

in the genus.

The bulk of the Nearctic species of this genus is restricted to

the forested northeastern United States with a few species known to occur in the western areas. The Nearctic forms have not been reviewed

as yet. Only a single species, Cjcadella cordoba, is now known from

Mexico*

Cjcadella cordoba DeLong and Ruppel (fig. 33, 3k, 35, and 36)

Cjcadella cordoba DeLong and Ruppel 195la:95

Color: Vertex pale tan with its disk brown. Face pale yellow, immaculate. Pronoturn and scutellum uniformly dark brown. Elytra brown with hyaline spots on the middle of its commissural margin, at the apex of its clavus, and on the costal margin near the transverse veins.

Genitalia: Apices of pygofers produced into a long, slender, pointed processj phalicata long and slender* a pair of spindle-shaped lateral processes about one-half the length of the phalicata arise at the apex of the phalicata and are directly nearly laterad.

TJhis species is quite closely related to vittata (L.) of Europe and its singular appearance in Mexico presents a problem in distribu-

35 tion of species* It has been swept from ferns on the banks of the Rio

San Anton near Cordoba, V. C.

Eupterella DeLong and Ruppel (Plates )

Euterella DeL. and Rup. 19^0s239 genotype Eupterella mexicana

DeL. and Rup.

Description; Median length of vertex much less than its basal width between the eyes; vertex sharply-to bluntly-angulate* anterior margin angulate; vertex in lateral view slightly sloping and straight; face in lateral view straight, Pronotum much longer and wider than head. Apical cubital vein of the elytron arising on the fused portion of the R and M veins and extending at nearly a right angle to the mar gin of the elytron. R and M l/2 of the hind-wing remain separate; wing with three apical cells. Pygofers of the male broad and truncate at their apices; connective plate-like; base of the aedeagus swollen, its dorsal processes short and with a slender, looped ventral process; phalicata without dorsal processes.

These species are rather variable in coloration with the mottlings of some specimens condensed into dark markings, while other specimens of the same species are but flecked with color. Most of the species have a pair of transverse black bars at the apex of the vertex and a similar pair of bars on the face just below the anterior margin; these often fused and enlarged to form prominent black areas on the vertex and face. The sexes often differ in coloration in that the male may have an entirely black face, while the markings of the female may 36 be restricted to a spot of each gena and the dorsal black bar on the

face. The spots on the pronotum may be absent or so enlarged as to

cover the anterior margin and disk with black pigmentation.

This genus is found in the pine-oak regions of the higher ele

vations of this region and, as far as known, is restricted to Mexico

and the adjacent United States with Eupteryx huachucae Lawson (1930:

135) from Arizona representing this genus in the United States. The

species from Mexico have been described by DeLong and Ruppel (1950).

Key to the Species of Bupterella

1. Genae immaculate, face below eyes uniformly white or cream, length 3 mm. ------2 I 1 Genae with a black spot or face below eyes hea vily marked with brown or black; length 3.5 - 3.8 mm. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1*.

2. Disk of vertex and pronotum tinged with red* face without a transverse black bar just below anterior margin. ------acuminata 2* Disk of vertex and pronotum black or cream; face with a transverse black bar just below anterior margin. ------3

3. Disk of vertex black; clavus predominately black.- bifasciata 3* Disk of vertex and the clavus cream. ------bicolorata

U. Ventral process of the aedeagus compressed and en larged near its base; posterior margin of the seventh sternite of the female roundly, evenly produced. ------mexicana it' Ventral process of the aedeagus depressed and enlarged toward its apex, not compressed near its base. ------5

5. Ventral process of the aedeagus appearing diamond shaped in ventral view; seventh sternite of female conically produced. ------— ----- frigida 5' Ventral process of aedeagus appearing nearly parallel-sided to near its apex in ventral view; median portion of seventh sternite of female round ly produced, ------gladia

37 Eupterella mexicana DeLong and Ruppel (fig. 37, 38, 39, and Uo)

Eupterella mexicana DeL. and Rup. 19f>0:239

Color: Vertex cream with a pair oD black stripes which enlarge

laterally extending from its apex to the eyes. Face cream with a

round black spot on each gena and a transverse black bar near the

anterior c o m e r of each eye* in the male the ventral half of the face

may be dark tan or brown. Pronotum cream with paired, lateral and

medial, brown spots on its anterior margin and a similar pair of spots

on the anterior portion of its disk; these spots small, indistinct

in 3ome specimens and greatly enlarged and fused in others. Scutellum

light yellow with its basal -angles tan. Elytra pale white, mottled

with brownish-red and flecked with red* the extent and color of these

markings variable.

Genitalia: Female seventh sternite with its posterior margin

slightly, roundly produced. Male pygofers broad with their apical

margins truncate and without processes. The phalicata short a nd

cylindrical; the ventral process of the aedeagus compressed and en

larged on its proximal third, its apical portion slender.

This species has been recorded from Mich., Mor., and D. F.

Eupterella frigida DeLong and Ruppel (flgT la)

Eupterella frigida DeL. and Rup. 19^0:2l±0

This species closely resembles the paler-colored specimens of mexicana and is quite variable in coloration. The markings are similar

38 to those of mexicana, but the pronotum is generally darker yellow or

reddish-brown and the markings on the elytra are smaller, lighter in

color, and fewer in number than in most of the specimens of mexicana.

Genitalia: The posterior margin of the seventh sternite of the

female strongly, conically produced. The male genitalia are similar

to those of mexic ana except that the ventral pro cess of the aedeagus

has its apical portion depressed, appearing diamond-shaped in ventral

view.

This species has been taken in pine woods near Rio Frio, D. F,

Eupterella gladia DeLong and Runpel (fig. h2)

Eupterella gladia DeL. and Rup. ±9$Oz2kO

Eupterella gladia var. limba DeL. and Rup* 19SOz2h2

This species is very darkly colored with markings similar to

those of mexicana. However, the anterior black bars on the vertex are

fused at tie apex, the ventral half of the face of both sexes is dark

ened, the spots on the disk of the pronotum are fused medially, the

scutellum is dark tai , and the markings of the elytra are darker and larger than those of mexic ana. The specimens described as the variety limba are apparently deeply pigmented specimens of this species which differ from the typical forms in having the enitre face darkened and in having the other markings larger and much darker, nearly black.

Genitalia: Lateral portions of the posterior margin of the seventh

sternite of the female nearly transverse, its median portion roundly produced. The apical portion of the ventral process of the male

3 9 aedeagus depressed as in frigida but appearing nearly parallel-mar gined to near its apex,.

This species has been taken in D. F. and at the state border of

Mexico and Mich,

Eupterella bifasciata new status

Eupterella gladia var. bifasciata DeL, and Rup. l?50:2ij.2

Color: Vertex black with a transverse white spot on its post erior margin. Face white with the black spots in front of the eyes fusing medially to form a black bar just below the anterior margin,

Pronotum black with a pair of sppts on its disk and its posterior mar gin white, Scutellum white with its basal angles and apex black.

Elytra translucent white with their anterior portions heavily marked with dark !browni

"While this species has female geiitalia similar to that of gladia, its coloration, particularly its immaculate face, readily separates it from gladia. Known only from the female which was collected in

Chiapus ,

Eupterella bicolorata DeLong and Ruppel

Eupterella bicolorata DeL, and Rup, 195>0:2U2

Color: Vertex cream with its anterior margin bordered with black. Face cream with a single black line between the eyes just below the anterior margin, Scutellum cream with its basal angles black. Elytra black with their cjlavi cream and with their costal

Uo margins and apical cells smoky.

Genitalia: Posterior margin of the seventh sternite of theJfemale

strongly, triangularly produced, the lateral margins of the sternite

very short. Known only from the female.

A strikingly marked species which has been taken in Michoican.

Eupterella acuminata DeLong and Ruppel CfigT h3)

Eupterella acuminata DeL. and Rup. 1?£0:2ij.O

A pale, reddish-colored species which strongly resembles

huachucae (Lawson), differing from this species i n details of the male

genitalia.

Color: Vertex cream with its disk tinted with red and with its

lateral margins broadly bordered with black. Face pale cream, im

maculate in both sexes. Pronotum cream with its disk tinged with red

and with two, median black or brown spots on its anterior margin.

Scutellum yellow with its basal angles and apex dark brown. Elytra

white with the basal halves of the coria and the posterior portions

of the clavi mottled and flecked with red and brown.

Genitalia: The posterior margin of the seventh sternite of the

female concavely then convexly produced to form a narrow, rounded lobe.

The ventral process of the male aedeagus slender and cylindrical, tap

ering evenly to its apex.

This species has been collected in V. C., Pue., and Coah.

hi Scinda DeLong and Ruppel, new status

Cjcadella (Scinda) DeL. and Rup. 19S>la:9i? genotype Cjcadella

scarlatina DeL. and Rup.

Description: Median length of vertex less than its basal width between the eyes; vertex bluntly- to sharply-angulate; anterior margin angulate. Head depressed; vertex in lateral view concave; face in lat eral view slightly convex, nearly parallel to the line of the vertex.

Pronotum slightly wider and longer -than head. Apical cubital vein of the elytron arising from the transverse veins near the base of the fused R and M veins, extending obliquely to the w ing margin; second apical cell short, its preduncle long; apex of the elytron notched.

Hind-wing and genitalia similar to those of Eupterella.

Scinda is composed of a distinctive group of depressed, strikingly marked leafhoppers which are found in the pine-oak regions of Mexico.

Their placement in the tribe poses a problem, however. 'While the com bination of characters given above is unique to the genus, the ven ation of the elytra is similar to that of Eupteroidea Young, the male genital features are similar to that of Eupterella DeL. & Rup., and the depressed form is seen in Eurhadina Haupt. The species have been described by DeLong and Ruppel (1951a)

Key to the Species of Scinda

1. Dark brown and white in colar; apex of male pygofer with a sharp, dorsally-directed process. ----- cochlea 1* Predominately white and red in color. ------2

2. Vertex with a reddish transverse band between the eyes; apex of plate with a '^pine-like process. - - circula

h 2 2 1 Vertex without a reddish band between the eyes; apex of plate rounded. ------scarlatina

Scinda scarlatina (DeLong and Ruppel) (fig. UUj U5, U6, and t7)

Cjcadella scarlatina DeL. and Rup. 1951a:95

Vertex bluntly angled at its apex, its median length about three- fourths as great as its basal width. Length ij. mm.

Color: Vertex cream with its lateral margins bordered by a fine, brown line. Face yellow with a black bar extending between the eyes just below the anterior margin. The anterior portions of the pronotum

and scutellum red and their posterior portions ivory. The elytra are white with their apical cells smoky and with the following red mark ings; a broad band across the bases of the clavus and corium, a broad band across the‘middles of the clavus and corium which extends distad

along the costal margin, and an evate spot near the apex of the clavus*

Genitalia: The posterior margin of the seventh sternite of the female triangularly-produced -with its apex bluntly angled and its basal-lateral margins very short. The ventro-apical margin of the male pygofer rolled inward; the apices of the plates rounded; the ventral process of the aedeagus slightly depressed, its apex obliquely trun cate; phalicata very broad and flat, its apex truncate and serrate.

This brilliantly colored species has been collected in Mor. and

V. C.

Scinda circula (DeLong and Ruppel) Ifig^ h9) W Cicadella circula DeL. and Rup. 195la:96 1*3 An ivory and red colored species -which resembles scarlatina, but

the markings and genitalia of circula are distinctive. Length 3 mm.

Color: Vertex white with a pair of narrow brown lines extending from its apex to its eyes and with the anterior portion of the disk

tinged with red. Face ivory with a small black spot above each an

tenna and on each gena. The anterior halves of the pronotum and

scutellum red with their posterior portions ivory. The elytra are white with their apical cells enbrowned and with a black, longitudinal line extending from the middle of the costal margin to the transverse veins. The bases of the clavus and the corium and the proximal third of the costal margin are red, and the distal half of the clavus is red with a central ivory spot in this red marking.

Genitalia: The male genitalia are similar* to those of scarlatina except the apices of the plates bear spine-like processes, the apices of the pygofers are not rolled inward, the phalicata is slender and cylindrical, and the ventral process of the aedeagus is cylindrical and slightly thickened near its apex.

Known only from the male holotype which was collected at Necaxa,

Pue,

Scinda cochlea (DeLong and Ruppel) (fig. 1*8)

Cjcadella cochlea DeL, and Rup. 195la:96

A black and -white species which resembles Eupterella bicolorata in its color pattern but with venation and form of Scinda, Length li 3 mm, u* Color: Vertex and face are white, immaculate, Pronotum white with its posterior and lateral margins broadly bordered with black.

The scutellum is white with its anterior half black. The elytra are white with their apical cells smoky and with bases and the portions distad of the clavi black.

Genitalia: The'male genitalia are similar to those of scarlatina, but the apices of the pygofers are produced into spine-like, dprsally- directed processes, the phalicata is slender and cylindrical, and the ventral process of the aedeagus is very slender and tapers evenly to its apex.

Also known only from the male collected at Necaxa, Pue.

Henribautia' Young and Christian

Henribautia Young and Christian (in Young 19S>1) genotype

Typhlocyba nigricephala Beamer

Description: Median length of vertex greater than its basal width

: between the eyes; apex sharply-angulate; anterior margin angulate. Ver tex in lateral view nearly flat; face in lateral view slightly convex and strongly sloping from line of vertex. Ocelli present and conspi cuous. Pronotum slightly longer and wider than head. Male genitalia as in Eupterella, but with the elongate phalicata which bears apical processes seen in Cjcadella. Apical cubital vein of the elytron arising from the transverse veins remote from the fused portion of the R and M veins and extending obliquely to the wing margin. The R and M veins of the hind wings fusing near the apex, thus the r-m cross vein is absent Vi" and the wing has but two apical cells. Two species of this genus, hubbardi (McAtee) and nigricephala

(Beamer), have been described from the southwestern United States; and a new species from Mexico is described below. The U. S, species are figured and described by Beamer (l9U3a). The black and white coloration and smooth form of these insects make them among the most striking of the leaf hoppers,

Henribautia aureolinesta n.sp, (fig. 50 , 51, and 5>2)

A beautifully marked species which resembles hubbardi (McA.) in general form and appearance but with distinctive coloration. Length

2.8 mm.

Color: Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum are a uniform black, The dorsal half of the face and the pygofers are black while the ventral half of the face, the sides of the pronoturn, and the venter are white.

The distal half of the corium, except for scattered hyaline spots, and the anterior margin of the clavus are black. The clavus and the anterior half of the corium are white crossed by a broad, transverse, metallic-golden band.

Known only from the female. Holotype female collected at Valles,

S.L.P., Nov. 7, 19^2, by DeLong, Good, Caldwell, and Plummer; paratype female collected at Santa Engracia, Mex., Nov. 8, 1938, by J. S.

Caldwell. Types in the DeLong collection.

Typhlocyba Germar (fig. $3, 5k, and

\ ■ Typhlocyba Germar 1893:180 genotype; Cicada quercus Fab.

k6 Bnrpoa Fitch 1851:63 genotype; Empoa querci Fitch

Anomia Fieber i860:509 genotype; Cicada quercus Fab,

Edwardsiana Zakhvafkin 1929:262 genotype; Cicada rosae L.

Description: Median length of vertex less than its basal width between the eyes, vertex rounded anteriorly; anterior margin rounded.

In lateral view, both face and vertex are convex, Pronotum wider and longer than the head; lateral margins of the pronotum divergent post eriorly. Ocelli absent. The venation and genitalia are similar to those of Henribautia.

The species of this genus are tree or shrub feeders, distributed throughout the forested areas of the Holarctic region. While it has not been recorded from Mexico, a few species of the genus have been collected in the southwestern United States and may occur in the north ern Sierra Madre Occidental. The Nearctic species have been reviewed by McAtee (1926a) and species have been described since this paper by

DeLong andJohnson (1936), Ossianilsson (1936), Medlar (19U2), Beamer

(l9U3a), and Knull (19UI|., 19U5). At the time of this writing, Mr.

Paul J. Christian was revising the genus and his paper will undoubtedly aid in the identification of the Typhlocyba from the New World. TRIBE DIKRANEURINI

Dikraneurini McAtee 1926b:1^3

Description: Venation of the elytra variable; appendix absent.

Submarginal vein present at the apex of the hind-wing, continuing around apex and extending to the costal margin; vannal vein simple or forked; first cubitus appearing branched or unbranched, when branched

■with its posterior branch extending obliquely to the submarginal vein;

R and M veins fused near the cross veins. Style of the male with the preapical lobe broad, first extension rather short and hooked, with out apical lobe or second extension; connective and aedeagus variable; pygofers without ventral processes, dorsal hooks present; valve long, generally convex posteriorly; plates broad at their bases.

This tribe is found in all but the Australian and Ethiopian zones.

Both the Neotropical and Oriental zones have a fauna rich in genera and species of the dikraneurine leafhopperswhile the Holarctic fauna is relatively poor in both genera and species. Representatives of the tribe are abundant in the collections examined, far outnumbering the other tribes in the number of genera, species, and individuals col lected. The species of this tribe recorded from the United States are described in the publication of Ball and DeLong (192£), DeLong and Caldwell (1937a), and Beamer (l9l|3b).

Key to the Genera of Dikraneurini

1. First cubitus of hind-wing appearing branched. - - 2 l 1 First cubitus of hind-wing not appearing branched. 7

2. Sectors of the elytra connected by cross veins anterior to the transverse veins; cell R and M enlarged at their apices. ------Parallaxis

h e Sectors of the elytra not connected anterior to the transverse veins; cells R or M not enlarged apically. ------3 Second apical cells of the elytra nearly parallel sided; all apical cells of nearly equal -width at their bases. ------U Second apical cells of the elytra widening toward the wing apex; apical cells of unequal widths at their bases.

Transverse veins of the elytra arranged in a straight line across the elytra. ------Kunzeana Transverse veins not in a straight line, the anterior vein located closer to the base of the wing than the other veins. ------Dikraneura

Posterior apical cell more than twice as wide at its base than the adjacent apical cell; r-m cross vein present on the elytron. ------Dikrella Posterior apical cell nearly equal to the adjacent cell in the wisthat their bases; second apical cell triangular or pedunculate. - - 6

Depressed in form; vertex sharply angulate. - - - Hyloidea Not depressed in form; vertex rounded or bluntly-angulate. ------Alconeura

Venation of the hind-wing evascent toward the apex; second apical cell of the elytron diamond- shaped. ------Typhlocybella Venation of the hind-wing distinct at the apex of the wing. ------8

Depressed in form; plates of the male without a prominent spine on their lateral margins. - - - - Hyloidea Not depressed in form; plates with prominent spines on their lateral margins. ------Idona

Dikraneura Hardy

Dikraneura Hardy I85>0si*23 genotypes Dikraneura variata Hardy

Chloroneura Walsh 1862:lU9 genotype: Chloroneura abnormis Walsh

Notus. in DeLong and Caldwell 1937a

Descriptions Length of vertex variable, bluntly-angulate; median

h9 length less than basal ■width between the eyes. Head equal in width to the pronotum and shorter in length than the pronotum. Vertex in lateral view nearly flat; anterior margin bluntly angled; face straight or slightly convex. Anterior transverse vein situated proximal to the adjacent transverse vein; apical cells of elytron long and of nearly equal width. Vannal vein of hind-wing forked; first cubitus appearing branched, with two apical cells. Genitalia as in the tribal descrip tion; aedeagus with dorsal processes spine-like and phalicata generally erect and ornamented.

Dikraneura is a Holaretic genus which appears in Mexico only at the high altitudes (over 7,000 feet in the central region). The genus is poorly represented in the collections examined both in number of specimens and in species. The closely allied genera, Forcipata and and Notus, from - the more boreal Holaretic regions, have not been re corded from this region.

Key to the species of Dikraneura

1. With a pair of red vittae extending longitudinally across the vertex and pronotum. ------stonei I 1 Without such vittae, immaculate green or tan. - - 2

2. More than 3*0 ram. in length; pygofers of the male with dorsal hooks. ------arizona 2' Less than 2.5 mm. in length; pygofers of the male without hooks. ------luna

Dikraneura arizona DeLong and Caldwell : ' (fig. 57)

Dikraneura arizona DeL. and Cald. 1937a:26

A long, slender species which was described from the south

50 western United States and has been taken in the states of Mexico,

Michoacan, and D. C. in Mexico (specimens in the DeLong and United

States Natural Museum collections). Length 3.5 mm.

Color: The vertex, pronotum, and scutellum are light yellow,

Immaculate. The elytra are golden to light green with their apices smoky. The face and ~venter are tan to golden yellow. As noted above, there is variation in coloration of the specimens examined. This may be due to fading after death, true of many light green colored leafhoppers, or to individual variation.

Genitalias The pygofers are rather long and narrow and bear a large process on each dorso-caudal anglej this process is directed caudally on its basal half, bent abruptly near its middle with its distal half extending nearly dorsad. The valve is long and the plates are rather short. The connective is U-shaped and arched ventro- anteriorly. The aedeagus is long with its ventral margin expanded laterally and bears a pair of spur-like lateral processes near the middle of its ventral margin and a pair of spindle-shaped processes at its apex.

Dikraneura stonei n.sp. T f i i T S S } ----

Resembling arizona in general form and appearance but with unique coloration and genitalia. Length 3.6 mm.

Color: The vertex, pronoturn, and scutellum are light yellow, the former pair crossed by paired, median, longitudinal, red vittae which extend from the apex of the vertex to the posterior margin of the pro-

51 no turn. The elytra are translucent golden with a pair of thin* long itudinal red stripes on each clavus, and a broader, brown, longi tudinal stripe on each corium. The face is light tan while the venter is a darker tan.

Genitalia- The genital capsule resembles that of arizona but the pygofer hooks are broader and bear a dorsal point near their middles and at their apices and a ventral point at their apices. The aedeagus is very long, compressed, and recurved* it bears a pair of bifurcate processes near the middle of its ventral margin and a pair of lat eral, reflexed processes at its apex.

Holotype male collected at Mexico-Cuernavaca Rd., Hex., Aug. 20,

1936 by Ball and Stone.

Dikraneura luna DeLong and Caldwell Tfig. 59) Dikraneura luna DeL. and Cald. 1937:2li

Resembling arizona in general appearance but with a distinctive head shape and genital structures.

Median length of the vertex about two-thirds as great as its basal width between the eyes; eyes large; head distinctly wider than the pronotum. Length 2.5 mm.

Colors The vertex, pronotum, and scutellum are light yellow while the elytra are greenish-yellow. The face is light tan marked with brownish arcs on the postclypeus.

Genitalia; The pygofers are short and rounded, without hooks. U ' The base of the aedeagus is long and slender, and the phalicata tapers

52 evenly to a sharp apex.

This species, which Dr. Young places in the separate subgenus,

Delongia, is represented in our collections by a series of specimens from Mexico, D. F.

Far all, axis McAtee

Par all axis McAtee lS?26b:l5U genotype; Par all axis vacillans

McAtee

Median length of vertex about one-half as long as its basal width between the eyes; scarcely produced; nearly parallel-margined.

Vertex sloping; anterior margin rounded; face convex. Head equal in width to the pronotum and about one-half of its length; humeral angles of the pronotum rounded posteriorly; posterior margin of the pronotum truncate. Elytra rather broad, sector divergent near the transverse veins, cells R and M thus clavate; sectors appear connected by a cross vein proximal to the transverse veins; apical cells short. Vannal vein forked, first cubitus of the hind-wing appearing branched, hind- wing thus with two apical cells. Pygofers of male short and rounded at their apices; style with elongate first extension and slight preapical lobe; aedeagus similar to that of Dikraneura.

Parallaxis is a tropical genus which extends northward into the lower regions, of Mexico. The species are known only from their orig inal descriptions; although from the amount of material collected, they seem to be abundant. Two of the five described species and one new species have been found in Mexico.

53 Key to the species of. Par all axis

1. Pronotum and elytra marked -with red. ------ornata l 1 Pronotum and elytra marked with brown and tan. - - 2

2. Genae and lora black; coloration on clavus condensed into tan spots outlined with brown. - - guzmani 2 • Genae and lora cream; coloration of clavus consisting of brown and tan mottlings. ------diffusa

Par all, axis ornata Osborn (Tig. 6 2 )

Parallaxis ornata Osborn 1928:266

Color: The vertex is cream with a pair of thin, transverse, lines on its disk and a small arc near each eye brown. The pronotum

is ivory with a few flecks of brown along its anterior margin and a pair of large, triangular areas on its disk orange-red. The scutellum is yellow. The elytra are translucent white flecked with brown and with a pair of large, round spots on each clavus and on each corium orange-red. The face and venter are black with the dorsal portions of

the face tan.

Genitalia; The pygofers of the male are concave on their apical margin. The plates are broad and rounded, and the posterior margin of

the valve is concave* .The first extension of the style is very long while the preapical lobe is narrow; connective nearly straight. The

aedeagus is erect and slender and bears a pair of long, reflexed pro cesses at its apex. These processes enlarge toward their apices and are bifurcate at their apices*

This colorful, robust species is well represented in the collec tions of Mexican leafhopper by many specimens from Chic., G'ro., Mor., Mex., and S.L.P.

Par allaxis guzmani (Baker) Cfig. 6l)

Erythria guzmani Baker 1903b:U

Parallaxis clathrata McAtee 1926b:l57

In form and markings, this species strongly resembles ornata

Osborn, but the coloration on the pronotum and elytra is brown and the

genitalia are strikingly different. Length 2.1* ran*

Color: The vertex is cream with its anterior margin ivory and with a fine, transverse, brown line extending between the eyes. The pronotum is cream with its anterior margin flecked with brown and with

a pair of large, triangular patches on its disk tan. The scutellum is yellow. The elytra are white with a pair of large, round, dark brown ringed tan spots on each clavus and corium. The veins are yellow

and the apical cells are enbrowned. The postclypeus is tan while the remainder of the face and the venter are black.

Genitalia: The genital capsule is similar to that of ornata but

a long, slender, recurved, caudally-directed process arises on the apex of the pygofer. The preapical lobes of the styles are broad and the first extension is short and strongly c urved. The base of the aedeagus is rectangular with a slender process arising from its dorso-caudal point and with a pair of long processes arising from the ventral portion and extending dorsad*

Numerous species of this species from Chiapus and Oaxaxo have been examined in the DeLong collection.

$$ Parallaxis diffusa n.sp. (fig.' 6 3 )

Resembling guzmani in general form and appearance, but the color

ation on the pronotum and elytra is not condensed into spots but rather

forms mottling of light and dark brown. The face and venter are light

cream to tan. Length 2.5 ram.

Genitalia: The genital capsule and styles resemble those of orn<*

ata but the apices of the pygofers are produced into triangular, small

lobes* The aedeagus is slender and erect and bears a pair of lateral

and a medial, reflexed processes at its apex.

Holotype male and para type males Santa Engracia, Mex., Nov. 5,

1938, Caldwell; paratypes El Mante, Tamaul., Aug. 9, 1930 (MF 1734)

Dampf; Iguala, G*ro., Sept. 11, 1939, DeLong and Plummer* Valles,

S.L.P., Sept. 24, 1941* DeLong, Good, Caldwell, and Plummer; same col

lectors, Tamazuhchale, S.L.P., Sept. 25, 1 9 4 1 .

Typhlocybella Baker

Typhlocybella Baker 1903a:3 Genotype; Typhlocybella minima Baker

Description: Median length of vertex slightly less than its

basal width between the eyes; bluntly-angulate anteriorly, canically produced in front of the eyes. Head about equal in length and breadth to the pronotum. Vertex in lateral view straight and sloping;

anterior margin blunt; face slightly convex, the anteclypeus tumid.

Anterior transveres veins of the elytron evascent; second apical

cell long pedunculate, diamond-shaped, enclosing entire apex of wing

56 apical cells slender. Vannal vein forked, first cubital vein of hind- wing unbranched, with but one apical cell5 submarginal vein evascent at the apex of the wing. Male pygofer short and rounded, style with preapical lobe narrow and first extension elongate; connective T-

shaped.

Typhlocybella is a small tropical genus which, due to the absence of the submarginal vein at the apex of the wing, was placed in Typhlo- cybini. However, the characteristic style definitely placed this genus in the Dikraneurine series. The genotype was described from Nicaragua

and has been recorded from Florida in the United States. This species

and a new species have been found in Mexico.

. Key to the species of Typhlocybella

1. Aedeagus with dorsal process greatly enlarged. - - - minima 1 * Dorsal process of aedeagus slender. ------parva

Typhlocybella minima Baker '(fig.“S S T " Typhlocybella minima Baker 1903a:3

A slender, cream and ivory species which is found in Florida and

Texas in the United States, the states of G'ro., Chia., and Vera Cruz in Mexico, and Nicaragua* Length 2.5 mm.

Color: The vertex is ivory with the sides of its disk tan and with a fine, brown line bordering its margins. The pronotum and scut ellum are ivory or cream with indefinite areas of cream or brown on them. The elytra proximal to the apices ox the clavi are golden, be yond that they are hyaline with <,their apical cells enbrowned. The

£7 face and venter are dusky tan.

Genitalia: The pygofers of the male are rather broad and their

apices are produced into blunt lobes; the valve is nearly quadrate;

the plates are turned dorsad toward their apices. The styles are long with their preapical lobes very narrow and their first extensions long

and strongly arched. The dorsal processes of the aedeagus are large

and quadrate, the phalicata short and slender and bears a pair of appressed, lateral, wing-like processes along its margins.

Typhlocybella parva n.sp. (fig* 65)

Strongly resembling minima in general form and appearance but with distinctive genitalia. The coloration of both species is nearly identical but the elytra of parva has flecks of brown along the veins which are lacking in minima. Length 2.L. mm.

Genitalias The genital capsule and styles resemble those of minima. The dorsal processes of the aedeagus are short and slender, the phalicata is nearly straight, and a median ventral process arises on the base and extends parallel to the phalicata.

Holotype male and rattle para types collected at 24-30 km. S. of Mexico

City, G'ro., Dec. 27, 19h9 by R. H. Beamer. Types in the Snow Collec tion.

V-1

58 Kunzeana Oman

Kunzeana Oman 19U9i83 genotype Dikraneura kunzei Gillette

Description: Vertex well-produced in front of the eyes; length

variable; angulate. Head narrower than the pronotum^ the length of

the head in comparison to the pronotum variable. Vertex straight and

slightly sloping; the anterior margin angulate to nearly rounded; face

straight. Sectors of the elytra straight, apical cells long, of nearly

equal width; transverse veins arranged in a straight line. Vannal

vein of the hind-wing simple; first cubitus appearing branched, with

two apical cells. Pygofers rather short and rounded at their apices,

with dorsal hooks; first extension of style slender and sharply curved;

connective broadly U-shaped; dorsal processes of aedeagus divergent,

with dorsal and ventral lobes; phalicata variable; base of aedeagus

ring-like*

Kunzeana is a large genus which occurs throughout the south

western United States anql Mexico. There appears to be four groups

within the genus; a short, angulate-headed series (the popae group)

which is found at the higher altitudes in Mexico; the long-headed

surulenta group from tropical Mexico and the United States; the round- headed kunzei group which occurs in the more arid regions of both

countries; and the dark, long-headed rosea group.

Key to the species of Kunzeana

1. Median length of vertex equal to its basal width between the eyes; head angulate. ------2 . 1 1 Median length of vertex less than its basal width between the eyes, head angulate to rounded. - - - 3 Vi"

59 2 . Vertex dark tan bordered with ivory; aedeagus without reflexed processes,- - - (the rosea group) h 2* Vertex cream or ivory mottled with golden-tan; aedeagus with reflexed process, (the aurulenta group) 6

3, Vertex angulate; color of vertex olive to red bordered with cream or ivory, flecked with red. - - - - (the popae group) - - 1 0 3 1 Vertex rounded; colors of vertex cream to ivory mottled with orange. - - - (the kunzei group) - - lit

It. Genae and lora cream, postclypeus dark tan. - - - - rosea It* Face entirely black. ------5

5. Processes of aedeagus shorter than the phalicata. ------parrai Processes of the aedeagus longer than the phalicata. ------ebeaa

6. Aedeagus with but one pair of processes. ----- sandersi 6 1 Aedeagus with two pair of processes. ------7

7. Basal aedeagal processes, thickened on their proximal two-thirds. ------feeta 7 1 Basal aedeagal processes slender. ------B

8. Distal aedeagal processes spindle-shaped, its apex acuminate. ------tamazella 8' Distal aedeagal processes not spindle-shaped. - - 9

9 • Phalicata broad; apices of aedeagal processes re flexed. ------scimetara 9 ’ Phalicata slender, apices of distal aedeagal pro cesses with anterior ally-directed processes. - - - vomerella

10. Vertex and anterior margin of pronotum ivory flecked with red. ------11 10 * Vertex olive or red margined with cream; anterior margin of pronotum yellow to tan, without red flecks. ------12

11, Aedeagus with two pairs of processes. ------tessellata 111, Aedeagus with one pair of processes. ------versicolora

12. Aedeagus without processes. ------acaciae 121 Aedeagus with processes. ------13

13. Aedeagus with one pair of caliper*iike processes, semiluna

60 13* Aedeagus with two pair of processes which are closely appressed to the phalicata. ------popae

lU. Phalicata with apical processes. ------spinosa lit1 Phalicata without apical processes. ------15

15. Phalicata depressed, its lateral margins flap like. ------16 15' Phalicata cylindrical or compressed, its lateral margins not flop-like. ------18 1 6 . Aedeagus with slender, lateral processes. - - - - hebea 1 6 * Aedeagus without lateral processes. ------17

17. Expanded margins of phalicata directed nearly laterad. ------raia 17* Expanded margins of the phalicata directed caudally, their apices curving laterad. ----- usitata

18. Aedeagus with a single ventral process. - - - - - 19 1 8 * Aedeagus with paired ventral processes. ----- 20

19. Ventral process tongue-like, nearly sheathed by the phalicata. ------lenta 19* Ventral process slender, free of the phalicata. - gabana

20. Ventro-lateral processes of the aedeagus closely appressed to each other. ------21 2 0 * Ventro-lateral processes of the aedeagus separate. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 21*. 21. Ventro-lateral processes separated from the phalicata* phalicata slender.------c airmen ae 2 1 * Ventro-lateral processes of the aedeagus appressed to the phalicata. 22 22. Apices of the processes of the aedeagus straight or slightly curved. ------youngi 2 2 * Apices of the processes of the aedeagus recurved. 23

23. Apices of the aedeagal processes directed ventrad. ftireata 23' Apices of the aedeagal processes directed anter- iorally. ------texana

2h. Aedeagal processes nearly as long as t?he phalicata, their apices directed dorsad. ------25 2U* Aedeagal processes about one half as long as the phalicata, their apices directed caudal. ----- 26 V' 61 25. Aedeagal processes slightly longer than the phalicata* ------caldwelli 25* Aedeagal processes shorter than the phalicata. - - deserta

26. Apices of the aedeagal processes in ventral view notched on their lateral margins. ------flavella 26’ Apices of the aedeagal processes in ventral view parallel-sided. ------eburata

The rosea group.

"Vertex with median length equal to its basal width between the eyesj head angulate* anterior margin sharply angulate. Vertex red dish-brown bordered anteriorly by an ivory band, pronotum, scutellum, and elytra reddish, the anterior margin of the vertex bordered by a cream to tan band. The face is dark brown to black.

Kunzeana rosea (Osborn) (fig. 73) Dikraneura (Eybidea) rosea Osborn 1928:278

Kunzeana rosea (Osborn), in Young 195>1

Aedeagus depressed, its lateral margins produced into narrow lobes which are foot-shaped at their apices. Fygofer hooks nearly straight.

This species was described from specimens collected at Guadala-

3ora and specimens have been examined from Iguala, G'ro.

Kunzeana parrai Ruppel and DeLong (fig. 7U)

Resembling crocea in general form and coloration but with a distinctive aedeagus. 62 Aedeagus with a pair of ventro-lateral processes which are

slightly shorter than the phalicata, their apices abruptly turned

dorsad. Phalicata trumpet-shaped, its apex threetimes as broad as

its base.

The type series of this species was taken in G ’ro.

Kunzeana ebena Ruppel and DeLong ------(fig. 75)

Resembling parrai in general appearance. The aedeagal processes

are longer than the phalicata and curve gently dorsad. The aedeagus

is more slender than that of parrai with its apex about twice as broad

as thewidth at its base.

This species is known from many specimens collected in S.L.P.

and G'ro.

The aurulenta group.

Vertex with its median length equal to its basal width between

the eyesj head and anterior -margin bluntly angulate. Aedeagus with a pair of reflexed lateral basal processes and (except sandersi) with a pair of lateral processes of the phalicata. The coloration is cream with tan mottlings on its v ertex and ivory spots along the anterior margins of the pronotum.

This group is distrubed from Arizona and Texas in the United

States (curiosa Beamer 1915:83 and aurulenta Lawson 1930:ijl) to

Panama (senders± Ball and DeLong 1925:332). In Mexico, five species of this group are known to occur.

63 Kunzeana sandersi (Ball and DeLong) ----- OTg.-^, ^3V and 84) Dikraneura sandersi Ball and DeLong 1925s332 Kunzeana sander si Ball and DeLong, in Oman 1949

Phalicata slender, nearly parallel sided, its apex rounded. The aedeagus bears a single pair of slender, reflexed processes which arise on the base, loop under the aedeagus and then extend parallel to the phalicata. This pale species was described from Panama and specimens have been examined from the states of Mexico and Guerro in the Republic of Mexico.'

Kunzeana scimet* * el and DeLong ms.

This species resembles aurulenta (Lawson) in the form of its male genital structures and in its coloration. The phalicata is very broad and its apex is pointed. The proximal processes of the aedeagus are similar to those of sandersi. In addition, the aedeagus of scimetaria bears a moi^e distal pair of processes which broaden and are recurved at their apices* Collected in S.L.P. and G*ro.

This species resembles scimetaria in coloration and form but the male aedeagi of these species are very different* The phalicata is slender and bears a pair of spindle shaped lat eral processes. The proximal processes of the aedeagus are similar to those described above* 64 Known from the types series from. S.L.P. and G*ro.

Kunzeana vomerella Euppel and DeLong ms. 0?Tg. 85)

This species resembles scimetaria in its form and coloration but

has v e r y peoular aedeagal processes.

The phalicata is slender and truncate at its apex. The proximal aedeagal processes are the slender type described in sandersi. The distal processes widen near their middles and are sharply bent an- teriorally near their middles; from, this bend distad they taper to sharply pointed apices. Specimens of this species have been collected in V. C. and GTro.

Kunzeana meta Rupp el and DeLong ms. : (fig. 88)

Meta has a very long, sharply-angulate head similar to desohoni (B aker 1903bs5) from Nicaraguay. TJnfortunatly, the type of deschoni is in very poor condition and could not be compared to the type series of meta. It is possible that the names may be synonomous or the species are very closely related.

The phalicata is moderatly broad. The proximal processes are broad to near their distal thirds where they narrow abruptly to pointed apices. The distal pair of aedeagal processes are boomerang-shaped with their proximal halves directed dorsad and their apical halves dorso-caudally directed. Known only from the type series which was collected iin S.L.P.

The popae group. V< Median length of the vertex about one-half as great as its basal 65 width between the eyesj head bluntly-angulatej anterior margin an gulate* Coloration olive or rust red with the margins of the vertex and pronotum bordered with tan, or with the vertex and anterior margin of the pronotum ivory flecked with red* This group has been found only in the highland regions of Mexico* It appears to be closely related to the kunzei group from whioh is can be separated with certainty only by its coloration*

Kunzeana popae Ruppel and DeLong ffig. 78) Kunzeana popae Rup. and DeL* 1951sl87

Color: The vertex is light tan with Its anterior margins bord ered by a cream band. The pronotum and scutellum are olive with the anterior margin of the pronotum bordered by a tan band. The elytra are light green with hyaline stripes between the sectors and a hyaline stripe along the claval suture. The face is tan with the genae and lora light yellow. Genitalia: The phalicata is rather depressed and bears two pair of ventro-lateral processes; a pair of long processes whioh arise near its base, and a pair of short, closely-appressed processesw hich arise near its middle. The pygofer hook is slender and hook-shaped. This species is known to occur in D. F., Mex., Pue., and V. C. and has been collected on corn.

Kunzeana acaciae Ruppel and DeLong

Resembling popae in general'appearance and coloration but with distinctive coloration. Length 3.5 mm. 66 Genitalias The pygofer hooks are very long, slender, and curved. The aedeagus is -without processes^ somewhat compressed, and is bent near its middle with the distal half extending nearly dorsad. This species has been collected from Acacia sp. in Chiapus and specimens are known from G*ro., D. F., and S.L.P.

Kunzeana semiluna Ruppel and DeLong ------HTg. '76' and 77) Kunzeana semiluna Rup. and DeL. 1951;191

Resembling popae in general form and coloration but with dis tinctive coloration. Length 3.25 mm. Genitalias The pygofer hooks are broad at their bases, taper to pointed apices, and curve gently ventrad. The phalicata is depressed

and bears a pair of short, ventro-lateral processes at its apex. The base of the aedeagus bears a pair of slender lateral processes which appear forcips-like in ventral view. Known from the type series collected at La Guarda, D. F.

Kunzeana tessellata Rup. and DeL. 1951?190

Resembling popae in general form but with distinctive coloration and genitalia. Length 3.25 mm. Colors The vertex is light cream flecked with red and with an brange spot on each side near its apex. The pronotum is olive with its anterior margin margined with a cream band which is flecked with red. The scutellum is orange. The elytra are olive to dull red. The dorsal portion of the face is tan flecked with red while its

67 ventral portion is cream.

Genitalia,: The aedeagus is very similar to that of popae. The pygofer hooks are short, broad at their apices, and slightly curved. Known from the type series collected at Puebla, Pue.

Kunzeana versicolora Ruppel and DeLong ------:------(TTgT 81) Kunzeana versicolora Rup. and DeL. 1951:190

This species closely resembles tessellata in coloration but has a unique aedeagus. Length 3.25 mm* Genitalia: The pygofer hook is similar to that of popae. The phalicata is slender, curves gently dorsad, and is without processes. A pair of recurved, ventro-lateral processes arise on the base and extend to near the middle of phalicata. Many specimens of this species have been collected in the Distrito Federal.

The kunzei group

Median length of the vertex about one-half to two-thirds as great as its basal width between the eyesj head bluntly-angulate to roundedj anterior margin bluntly-angulate. Pygofer hooks short, spine-like; aedeagus variable, without reflexed processes. The coloration of all of the species of this group is of one pattern with minor individual variations. The head is cream mottled with orange and has a pair of orange spots located near its apex. The pronotum is light green bordered anteriorly by an ivory band which is marked by several orange spots. The scutellum is golden-tan. The elytra are translucent light green. The face is tan wit'k the genae and lora cream to ivory.

68 The male aedeagus appears -fco be -the most reliable characteristic of the individual species.

Kunzeana lenta (McAtee) ------CfTgT~89 ) Dikraneura kunzei lenta McA. 1926:160 Dikraneura lent a- MoA. , in Eeamer 1943b Kunzeana lent a (MoA.), in Oman 1949.

Aedeagus -with a single, median, tongue-like, ventral process nearly equal in length to the phalicata. The phalacata is somewhat depressed, curves gently dorsad, and nearly sheathes the ventral aedeagus process* This species was originally described by McAtee from specimens collected in Durango in Mexico. It has since been recorded in Fexas and specimens have been examined from San Tuis Pot o si.

Kunzeana galbana Ruppel and DeLong ms. 9Q^

The phalicata is compressed, broad, and rounded at its apex. A single, ventral process arises from the base and is curved gently caudad.

Known from the -types series in the DeLong collection; Gueno and Morelos.

Kunzeana carmene Ruppel and DeLong ms. __ {-fig. 9 1 )

The phalicata is slender with its apex obliquely truncate. A pair of ventro-lateral processes arise on the base. These processes are closely appressed to each otbler, obliquely-truneate apically, and

69 extend nearly parallel to the phalicata. Known only from the specimens collected in Campeche.

Kunzeana texana (Beamer) (fig. 6S',~'6"9' "and 70) Dikraneura texana Beamer 1943bs61 Kunzeana texana (Beamer), in Oman 1949

The aedeagus is moderatly broad and rounded apically. The -ventro lateral process of the aedeagus are closely appressed to each other and to the phalicata and have their apices curving sharply toward the front.

This species was described from Texas in the "United States. It is represented in the collections of Mexican leafhoppers by specimens from Mex., Mor., and Mich.

Kunzeana furcata (Beamer) ------Trig." 7i) Dikraneura furcata Beamer 1943b:62 Kunzeana furcata (Beamer), in Oman 1949 T—II I I m }

The aedeagus of this species closely resembles that of texana. It is distinguished from texana by the caudally concave apices of the ventro-lateral processes of, the aedeagus. This species, too, was described from Texas. It appears to be numerous in Mexico with many specimens in the collections examined from Michoican.

Kunzeana youngi Ruppel and DeLong ms. “Tfig. 72)

This species resembles texana^ furcata, and tenera (Beamer) in the

70 general shape of its aedeagus and in having the processes of the aede agus closely appressed to the phalicata. It differs from the others in having the processes slender and nearly straight ith their apices pointed. Known only from the type male collected in Coah,

Kunzeana caldwelli Ruppel and DeLong ms, ------OTg. 94)

This species and the following three species, deserta, flavella, and eburata, have a slender, parallel-sided phalicata, and a pair of slender, ventro-lateral processes of the aedeagus which are free of the phalicata. The processes of caldwell! arise near the middle of the phalicata and extend above the apex of the phalicata. They are slender and nearly straight. Known from the types series collected in S.L.P.

Kunzeana deserta Rupnel and DeLong ! (Tig. 93)

The phalicata is similar to that of caldwelli. The aedeagal pro cesses arise near the base of the phalicata. They are straight and slender and parallel the phalicata to just below its apex,

Kunzeana-'eburata Ruppel and DeLong ms. — -jfz~ 92^

The ventro-lateral processes of the aedeagus are about two-thirds as long as the phalicata. They are slender with their apices pointed and their distal portions are directed nearly caudad. This species is, to date, known only from its type series < from \ ■- the states of Mor, and G*ro. '

71 Kunzeana flavella Ruppel and DeLong ms, ------(Tig. 96)

The aedeagus of this species resembles that of eburata. In flavella, however, the lateral-apical margin of the ventro-lateral processes of the aedeagus are notched, their apices slender. Known only from the type series collected in the states of Colima dad Guerro.

Kunzeana hebea Ruppel and DeLong ms, (fig. 99)

This species and raia and usitata described below have depressed aedeagus similar to that of rosea (Osborn). Their heads are the short, bluntly-angled type of the kunzei group, however. Hebea has the lateral margins of its flattened phalicata with processes which .have their tips directed caudad. In ventral view the phalicata appears elongate-elliptical. This species has been collected in G*ro.

Kunzeana raia Ruppel and DeLong ms. Cfig. 98)

The phalicata is depressed, its lateral margins are extended al most directly laterad. The aedeagus is without processes and appears rectangular in ventral view. The pygofer process is recurved. Specimens of this species have been examined from V.C. and G* ro.

Kunzeana usitata Ruppel and DeLong ms. ------OTg. 97)

Aedeagus flattened without processes. The flop-like margins of the phalicata curve caudad and then laterad to give them a gull-wing 72 appearance. The pygofer hook is straight, spine-like. The holotype male is from G* ro, , and only one other specimen of this species has been seen*. The latter was taken by Quarentine inspectors off of a banana boat in Philadelphia in the United States,

Kunzeana spinosa Ruppelg5) and DeLong ms,

Phalicata cylindrical and erect, bearing a pair of s hort, pointed, lateral processes at its apex. These processes are slender, slightly curved, and extend caudal* This unusual species has been taken in the State of Vaxaca,

Alconeura Ball and DeLong Alconeura Ball and DeLong 1925s334 genotype Alconeura rotundata Ball and DeLong

Descriptions Median length of vertex about two-thirds as great as its basal width between the eyes; well produced in front of the eyes; rounded. Head shorter and narrower than the pronotum. The vertex is near flat; the anterior margins rounded, and the face is quite convex. Sectors of the elytra straight; second apical cell pedunculate; apex of the wing nearly truncate. Vannal vein of the hind-wing simple; first cubitus appearing branched, submarginal vein distinct at the apex of thewing. The, male pygofers are short and rounded; dorsal hooks generally present; first extension of the style long, nearly straight, and bearing a long fringe of hairs along its margins; connective Y— or lyre—shaped; aedeagus variable. There is a round, black spot in the third or base of thef ourth apical cell of almost all of the species in this g enus, 73 This genus is widespread throughout the southwestern United States and Mexico and extends southward into Columbia and Bolivia* They vary in general form from rather slender to robust and in coloration from dull olive to gaudy red and orange. They occur in all of the zones of Mexico, and, while they are divisible into taxonomic groups, the correlation of grouping and distribution is doubtful. Specimens and species of Alconeura are plentiful in the collections examined. Griffith's (1936) monograph of this genus serves as an excellent guide to the determination of the species from the United States. There appear to be four species-groups in the genus. These are: the glauca-group in which the c olor pattern is olive and white or black and white and the aedeagi are mitten-shaped; the dereota- group with red or orange markings and a diversity of aedeagal pat terns; the speckled, robust osborni group; and the ressi-group in which the aedeagus is Sigmoid. The former three groups intergrade and contain a number of anomalous species, which prohibits their separation into reliable taxonomic units. The latter species, rossi and sigmiformia, however, have distinctive genital structures and may deserve a generic name.

Key to the species of A lconeura 1. Pronotum and vertex crossed by longitudinal, orange or red vittae. ------2 1' Pronotum and vertex variously immaculate, spotted, or crossed by transverve bands; without longi tudinal vittae across them. ------12 2. Round, black spot in the third apical cell remote from the transverse veins. ------3 2' Round, black spot in the fourth apical cell or near the transverse veins. ------6

74 3. Pygofer hooks arising from the dorso-caudal angles of the pygofers; aedeagus mitten-shaped. ------derecta 3* Pygofer hooks arising from the dorsal margin or apex of the pygofers; aedeagus slender. ------I4

lu Phalicata with apical processes; pygofer processes large, lobe-like. r u t m vitta I).1 Phalicata without apical processes; pygofer hooks spine-like.

5. Aedeagus with short, spur-like basal processes. - - - macra 5' Aedeagus without spur-like basal processes. - - - - cornigera

6« Pygofer hooks C-shaped; ventral processes of aedeagus thickened. ------albavulta 6* Pygofer hooks simple; ventral processes of aedeagus slender. ------7

7. Apex of the pygofer hook flattened and bifurcate. - dodpnana 7* Apex of pygofer hook pointed. ------B

8. Phalicata with apical processes. ------torosa 81 Phalicata without apical processes.

9. Base of aedeagus short; phalicata very short. - - - bicornella 9' Base of aedeagus elongate; phalicata moderately long. 10

10. Aedeagus without ventral processes. ------griffithi 10* Aedeagus with ventral processes. ------11

11. Ventral processes of the aedeagus recurved. - - - - rubella 11' Ventral processes of the aedeagus nearly straight. - micropunctata

12. Vertex golden or tan bordered anteriorly by an ivory band. ------13 12* Vertex variously immaculate or spotted, not golden or tan. ------17

13. Round, black spot in third apical cell. ------lU 13* Round, black spot in fourth apical cell. ----- lU. Scutellum tan; pronotum brown with its lateral margins ivory. ------dorsalis lU* Scutellum black; pronotum uniformly tan. ------nigroscuta

15. Corium with many white areoles. ------simjlis 13* Corium without white areoles. ------l5

16. Pygofer hooks slender, spine-$.ike. ------glauca 3.6* Pygofer hooks broad, sabre-like. ------fulminea

75 17. Elytra flecked and mottled with brown or tan spots.- 18 171 Elytra variously marked, not flecked with brown or tan. 19

18. Pygofer hooks C-shaped. osborni 181 Pygofer hooks simple. asymetrjca

19. Without round, black spots in the apical cells. 20 19* With a round, black spot in one of the apical cells. ------21

20. Vertex immaculate. ------cintella 20’ Vertex with an orange spot next to each eye. - - - - separata

21. With a round, black spot in the fourth apical cell.- 22 21' With a round, black spot in the third apical cell. - 2h

22. Aedeagus sickle-shaped* vertex and pronotum with orange spots on their disks. ------rubranota 22' Aedeagus sigmoidj vertex and pronotum not spotted. ------23

23. Pronotum marked with a transverse, red band. - - - - sigmaforma 23T Pronotum golden, mottled with tan, without red markings. ______rossi

2h• Elytra white with black markings or immaculate. - - dimorpha 2ii' Elytra with orange or yellow spots. ------25

25. Pygofer hook short and broad. ______eborea 25* Pygofer hook slender, spine-like. ------colimae

Alconeura glauca Ruppel and DeLong ms. — 112)

Alconeura languida DeL. and Rup. 193>lc:5l

(homonym of A. languida Griffith)

Color: Disk of the vertex tan with its margin and a median, longi

tudinal vitta white. Pronotum and scutellum olive with the anterior

margins of the pronotum bordered with a tan band. Elytra olive-green

with a round, black spot in the base of thef ourth apical cell. Face \ < and venter pale tan.

76 Genitalia: Base of the aedeagus is nearly quadrate with the phall

cata long, parallel-sided and rounded at its apex. A short, ventral

process is closely appressed to the phalicata and a pair of lateral

processes arise on the base and extend dorsad to near the apical third

of the phalicata. The pygofer hook is slender and curves mesad.

This species is well represented in the collection examined by

many specimens collected in G*ro., Mich., and Mor.

Alconeura fulminea Lawson (fig. 107, 108, 109 and 110)

Alconeura fulminea Lawson 1930:UU

Resembling glauca in general appearance but with the lateral mar

gins of the pronotum and the claval suture whiteand with distinctive

genitalia. Length 2.7 ram.

Genitalia:' The phalicata is parallel-sided with its apex trun

cate 1 aedeagus without processes. The pygofer hook is broad and 1 slightly curved, sabre-like•

Several specimens of this species have been examined in the Delong collection. Collected at Iguala, G'ro.

Alconeura similis DeLong and Ruppel (fig. 11U)

Alconeura similis DeL. and Rup. 195lc:62

Resembling glauca in general appearance but with the margins of the pronoturn and the claval suture -white, and with white areoles scattered across the clavus and corium. Length 2.7 mm*

77 Genitalia: The aedeagus is similar to that of fulminea but the phalicata is very slender and rounded at its apex. The pygofer hook is slender, spine-like.

The male holotype was collected at Valles, S.L.P.

Alconeura dorsalis DeLong (fig. Ill)

Dikraneura unipuncta dorsalis DeLong 192li:6?

Alconeura unipuncta dorsalis (DeL.), in Ball and DeL. 1

Alconeura dorsalis (DeLong), in Griffith 1936

This is a dark species which resembles fulminea in its markings but the olive color is replaced by a dark brown and the ivory bands on the head, pronotum, and claval suture are much broader. The spot on the elytra is located in the third cell. Length 2.5 mm.

Genitalia: The aedeagus is similar to that of fulminea but the phalicata is broad and rounded apically and the base is short. The pygofer hook is as long as the aedeagus and bears a short spine on its ventral margin.

This strikingly marked species is represented in the DeLong col lection by a series of specimens from G'ro. and D. F.

Alconeura nigroseuta Euppel and DeLong ms. (fig. 115)

This species is similar to dorsalis in having the spot in the third apical cell. However, it has distinctive coloration and gen italia. Length 3.0 mm.

78 Color: The vertex is cream with its anterior margin ivory and

•with a pair of obscured, orange-red, longitudinal lines on its disk.

The face is ivory. The pronotum is light yellow with its anterior margin cream and with paired, lateral and medial, obscured, longi tudinal, light-orange stripes crossing its disk. The scutellum is black. The elytra are translucent pale-yellow with the transverse veins and the apical portions of the longitudinal veins golden-yellow and with a large, round, black spot in the center of the third apical cell. The transverse veins are enbrowned and the apices of the elytron, the apices and bases of the clavus, and a broad interrupted band extend ing from the middle of the costal margin to the middle of commissural suture are brownish black.

Genitalia: The pygofer hooks arise on the dorso-caudal angles of the pygofers, are moderately long and broad, curve slightly ventrad, and are bluntly pointed at their apices. The base of the aedeagus is short and moderately broad with the dorsal processes of

■(die base long and very thin. The phalicata curves gently dorsad, is rather broad and long and is deeply, medially notched at its apex.

This species known from specimens collected in Morelos by Dr.

R. H. Beamer

Alconeura dimorpha Ruppel and DeLong ms. Trig. 113)

This species strongly resembles nigroscuta in general appearance, but has a distinctive coloration and unique male genital structures.

Length 3.2 mm.

79 Vertex ivory to light tan with a pair of faint, cream spots on

its disk. Face ivory to cream. Pronotum ivory with faint, paired,

lateral and medial, longitudinal, yellow vittae crossing from its

anterior to its posterior margin. Scutellum ivory to dark cream with

the basal angles and apex yellow to brown. The elytra are translucent

white with the veins of the apical cells embrowned and with a large,

round, black spot near the center of each third apical cell. In the

famale, the elytra are marked with but a small, smoky spot near the

center of each corium while the males have a brown spot on each clavus

near the middle of the commissural suture and an oblique, brown hand

extending from the middle of each costal margin to the apex of each

clavus.

Genitalia: The pygofer hooks arise on the.dorso-caudal angles of

the pygofers, are slender, rather long, and have their tips turned

sharply mesad. ' The base of the aedeagus Is very heavy, its ventral margin is smoothly curved, and its dorsal processes are rather short t and thick. The phalicata curves gently dorsad and bears a pair of triangular, flap-like, lateral processes at its apex.

This species is known from the type series which was collected in

San Jacinta, D.F. by Dr. Dampf.

Alconeura derecta Griffith Cfig. 1 1 6 )

Alconeura derecta Griffith 1936:325>

While thie species closely resembles fulminea in the form of its aedeagus, it has a coloration distinct from the Alconeura described

80 above. The color pattern described for this species is very similar

to the remaining species in this genus except for asymetrica and

osborni which form a distinct group and rossi and sigmaforma which

also appear to be separate.

Color: Vertex and pronotum cream with a pair of orange vittae

extending from the apex of the vertex to the disk of the pronotum and

with a second, more lateral, pair of orange vittae on the pronotum.

Scutellum cream with its basal angles golden to orange. Elytra white

with the apical cells enbrowned and with a round, black spot in the

third apical cell. A pair of large spots on each clavus, a stripe

between the sectors, and a stripe extending from the apical third of

the costal margin to the cross veins are orange.

Genitalia: The aedeagus is very similar to that of fulminea but

the jopex of the. phalicata is oblique and t he base of the aedeagus is

short. The pygofer hooks are slender and straight.

Specimens of this species have been collected in the state of

G ’ro. in Mexico.

Alconeura rutilivitta Ruppel and DeLong ms. ------T H i T 129)

Resembling derecta in general form and coloration but with dis

tinctive genitalia. Length 3.2 mm.

Genitalia: The pygofer hooks arise on the dorso-caudal angles of

the pygofers, are flap-shaped, and extend dorsad above the apices of the pygofers. The base of the aedeagus is short and cylindrical with I, > its dorsal processes long and very slender. The phalicata is long, 81 cylindrical, and curved gently dorsad with its apex prolonged into a long slender process. A pair of bifid, slender, lateral processes arise on the apical fourth of the phalicata and extend dorso-anteriad$ the ventral aims of the processes are two-thirds as long as the dorsal arms.

Known from specimens collected at Pandancuarco, G*ro.

Alconeura aiacra Griffith (fig. 1210

Alconeura macra Griffith 1936:137

Resembling derecta in coloration and form but with distinctive male genital structures. Length 3.0 mm.

Genitalia: The pygofer hooks arise on the dorsal margin of the pygofers and are straight and spine-like. The base of the aedeagus is short and bear/s a pair of short, straight lateral processes and a se cond pair of processes which are nearly the length of the phalicata.

Numerous specimens of this species have been examined from G*ro.,

D.F., Mich., S.L.P. and Mor.

Alconeura coraigera. Griffith (fig. 123)

Alconeura cornigera Griffith 1936:332

This species resembles macra in general appearance but has dis tinctive genitalia. Length 2.8 mm.

Genitalia: Pygofer hooks arising on the dorsal margin of the py gof ers, short, nearly quadrate. 'u The base of the aedeagus bears a med-

82 ian, -tongue-like ventral process ihich is nearly sheathed by the phalicata, and a pair of slender ventro-lateral processes -which are

reflexed at their tips.

Specimens of cornigera from G'ro. and Nor..have been examined in

the DeLong collection.

Alconeura eborea Ruppel and DeLong ms. ^ f i g . 127)

While this and the following species have a different coloration than macra and cornigera. they are similar to these species in having

■fcihe pygofer hooks arising on the dorsal margin of the pygofer. This character is unique to these species (other species from the United

States are similar in this respect) and may rate in the formation of a species-group.

Color: The vertex is ivory with an obscured, orange spot next to the middle of each eye. The face is light tan with -the genae and lorae ivory. The pronotum is ivory with paired, lateral and medial, longi tudinal, short, orange lines on its disk. The scutellum is ivory with its apex and basal angles cream-yellow. The elytra are white with the veins of the apical cells enbrowned, with a small, round, black spot near the center of the third cell, and with an interrupted fine brown line extending transversely from the apical third of the costal mar gin to the second sector of each elytron. Two ovoid spots on each clavus, three spots along each second sector, and a spot near the cen ter of each elytron are orange-yellow.

Vi ' Genitalia: The small, tooth-like pygofer hooks arise on the dorsal

83 margins of the pygofers. The base of the aedeagus is moderately broad

and bears a pair of dorsally-directed, slender, ventro-lateral pro

cesses, The phalicata is slender, obliquely truncated apically and

sheathes a median, tongue-like process which is slightly shorter than

the phalicata.

Known from specimens Collected at Saltillo, Coah,

Alconeura colimae Ruppel and DeLong ms, Tflg. 128)

Similar to eborea in coloration and general form but with dis

tinctive genital structures. Length 2.7 mm.

Genitalia: The pygofer hooks arise on the dorsal margins of the

pygofers, are broad at their bases, taper to blunt apices and are

slightly hooked* The base of the aedeagus is moderately long and

bears a pair of thin, sharply-pointed, lateral processes which curve

gently dorsad to near the apex of the phalicata. The phalicata is

slender, sharply-pointed, and curves dorsad nearly paralleling the

lateral processes of the base.

Known from specimens collected at Huerta Alverez, Colima.

Alconeura albavulta Rupoel and DeLong ms. (fig* 131)

Resembling derecta in coloration but with the bifid pygofer hooks

seen in insulae Griffith and in osborni Rup. and DeL. This species seems to connect insulae and the osbprni-group with the typical species of the genus. Length 3.2 mm. \

8U Genitalia: The pygofer hooks arise on the dorso-caudal angle of the pygofers and are claw-shaped, their dorsal and ventral processes of equal length. The base of the aedeagus is rather long and thick and bears a broad ventral process which is deeply notched apically.

The tips formed by the notch are divergent and sharply pointed. The phalicata is thick, about equal in length to the ventral process of the base, and its dorso-caudal margin is truncate and thickened.

Specimens collected at Joiutla, Mor.

Alconeura dodonana Beamer (fig. 125)

Alconeura dodonana Beamer 193l+:17

Resembling derecta Griffith in general form and appearance but with the spot of the elytron in the base of the fourth apical cell and with distinctive male genital structures.

Genitalia: The genital capsule and styles are similar to those of derecta. The base of the aedeagus is ring-like and bears a pair of long, slender ventro-lateral processes which parallel the parallel sided, slender phalicata to near its apex. The pygofer hooks are flat tened and bifurcate at their apices.

This species was originally described from specimens collected on

Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia. Represented by a single male spec imen collected in the State of Mexico.

Alconeura bicornella Ruppel and DeLong ms.

Resembling dodonana Beamer in general form and coloration but with

85 unique male genital structures. Length 2.5 mm.

Genitalia: The pygofer hooks arise on the dorso-caudal angles of

the pygofers and consist of two processes* a caudally directed process which bears a short, dorsal barb at its apex, and a ventrally directed

slender, sharply-pointed process. The base of the aedeagus is very broad, the dorsal processes of the base are rather short and slender,

and the phalicata is very short. A pair of broad, ventral processes

arise on ‘the base, extend caudad for about one-half of their length,

then curve sharply dorsad to extend above the apices of the pygofers.

Known from species collected at Vejuco, G'ro.

Alconeura griffithi Ruppel and DeLong ms. (fig. 117)

Resembling dodonana Beamer in general appearance but with dis tinctive male genital structures. This species and the following three species; rubella, micropuncta. and rubranota have a long-based aedeagus which separates them from the species previously described and may re late them to the group torosa. cinctella. separate described below.

Genitalia: The pygofer hooks are very long, slender, and blunt at their apices, arise on the dorso-caudal angles of the pygofers and extend slightly beyond the apices of the pygofers. The base of the aedeagus is long and rather broad with its dorsal processes rather short. The phalicata is slightly longer than the base, curves gently dorsad, and has its dorso-lateral margins expanded into small, lat eral flaps.

Specimens collected from Balsas, G'ro. 86 Alconeura rubella DeLong and Ruppel (fig. 1 1 8 )

Alconeura rubella DeL. and Rup. 15?£lc:6l

Resembling griffithi in general coloration but with distinctive

male genitalia. Length 2.5 mm.

Genitalias The base of the aedeagus is bent nearly at right

angles near its proximal end, the proximal portion broad and the erect

distal portion cylindrical; a pair of long, slender ventral processes

arise at the bend of the base, these curve dorsally near their bases

and then extend straight dorsally exceeding the rest of the aedeagus

by one-fourth of its length; the dorsal processes of the base are short

and narrow; the phalicata curves gently dorsally, and tapers to one-

half its basal w idth at the bluntly rounded apex. The apex of the

style is pointed with the lateral margins of the distal portion, in ventral view, appearing almost straight. The pygofer hooks arise on

the dorso-caudal angles of the pygofer, taper from a thick base to

sharply pointed apices, which curve ventrally near their bases.

Known from specimens collected at Vejuco, G'ro.

Alconeura mi ~ 1 ” pel and DeLong ms.

Strongly resembling griffithi in general appearance but with the ventral processes of the aedeagus recurved. Length 2.5 mm.

Genitalia: The pygofer hooks arise on the dorso-caudal angle of the pygofers, are recurved, broad at their bases, and taper to sharply- pointed apices. The base of the aedeagus is long and very thin in

87 lateral view, very broad in ventro-caudal view; with its dorsal pro

cesses slender and rather short* A pair or slender, ventro-lateral

processes arise on the proximal portion of the base and extend dorso-

caudad. The phalicata is slender, curves gently dorsad, and is equal

in length to the base.

Specimens collected at El Dorado, Sinaloa.

Alconeura rubranota DeLong and Huopel (fig. 1 2 1 )

Alconeura rubella DeL. and Rup. 19£>lc:59

This is an unusual species in that the pygofer hooks of the male

arise on the inner walls of the pygofers and extend dorsad. Rubranota

resembles griffithi in coloration and in having a cylindrical aedeagal base. Length 3.0 ram.

Genitalia: The base of the aedeagus is bent dorsally near its center, the horizontal proximal portion swollen and the vertical dis tal portion cylindrical; the dorsal processes of the base are reduced to slight knobs; a ventral process arises at the bend of the base and curves dorsally, this process is about as long as the base; the pha licata is long, slender, and sickle-shaped (concave anteriorly) and tapers gradually to a blunt apex. The distal portion o±' the style in ventral view is narrowed rapidly to a pointed apex, with its lateral margins convex, and with a fringe of long hairs arising on the lateral margins. The pygofer hooks arise on the median interior surface of the pygofer and are divided near their bases into dorsal and ventral processes which are subequal in length; the dorsal processes thicker

88 at the base than the ventral processes*

Known from specimens collected at Finca Frusta, Chiapis.

Alconeura torosa Ruppel and DeLong ms. (fig. 1 2 2 )

■While similar to albavulta Rup. and DeL. in possessing G-shaped pygofer hooks, this species resembles griffithi in coloration. The genital features of this species seem to relate it to both separata and cinctella described below and, less closely, to griffithi.

Genitalia: The pygofer hooks arise on the dorso-caudal angles of the pygofers, are thick at their bases, and are C-shaped, their ventral arms being half again as long as their dorsal arms. The base of the aedeagus is rather long and narrow with its dorsal processes sharply pointed, rather short. A pair of very thin, sharply-pointed, ventro-lateral processes arise at the base and extend along the caudal margin of the phalicata to near the apex of the phalicata. The phali cata is broad, nearly parallel sided, and obliquely truncated apically.

A pair of lateral, curving, spindle-shaped processes arise on the apex of the phalicata and extend ventro-laterad to near the proximal third of the phalicata.

Specimens collected at Tehuacan, Pue.

Alconeura separata DeLong and Ruppel (fig. 1 2 0 )

Alconeura separata DeL. and Rup. 195lc:£8

Resembling torosa in the broad features of its genital pattern but

89 with distinctive coloration and genitalia. Length 3*0 nun.

Color: The vertex and pronotum cream, marked along each side

with a reddish-orange area which covers all but the posterior margin

and a broad median region of the pronotum and which extends onto the

vertex as a broad rectangular area next to each eye; a small stripe

on the pronotum next to the posterior corner of each eye orange—red.

The face is c ream, unmarked. The scutellum is orange-red with the

basal angles outlined with cream. The elytra are white with a broad

transverse stripe on the proximal quarter of the clavus, a broad

stripe extending transversely from the proximal third of the costal margin to the middle of the claval suture, and a broad stripe extend

ing from the middle of the claval suture, and a broad stripe extend

ing from the middle of the costal margin to the apex of the clavus,

orange-red; the cross veins and the veins of the first two apical

cells are bordered with fuscous.

Genitalia: The female seventh sternite has the posterior margin

concavely then convexly rounded to form a produced lobe vhich is round ed at the apex. The base of the aedeagus of the male is long, straight,

and erect; the dorsal processes of the base are long, thin, and promi nent, the phalicata is as long as the base, and curves slightly toward the dorsum, narrowing to one-third its basal width at its rounded apex; a pair of deflected, diverging, processes about one-third the length of the phalicata arise laterally at the apex of the phalicata.

The styles in ventral view are bulbous near the tip, the apex is pro duced to form a long pointed process, and the outer margin of the dist

90 al portion bears a row of long hairs. The pygofer hooks are thick and

heavy* they divide near the apex into sharply pointed dorsal and ven

tral processes, the dorsal process is directed caudally while the ven

tral process is directly ventro-caudally.

Specimens collected at Iguala, G'ro.

Alconeura cinctella DeLong and Ruppel (fig. 126)

Alconeura separata DeL. and Rup. 1951c:58

Resembling torosa in the broad features of its genital pattern

but with distinctive coloration and genitalia. Length 3.0 mm.

Color: The vertex is ivory and unmarked. The pronotum is white

with the anterior margin and a pair of small, round spots on the disk,

orange-red. Scutellum light yellow with the basal angles and apex

orange. The elytra white, with a band at the base of the clavus, a

broad stripe extending from the middle of the commissural suture

across the clavus to the middle of the c orium, and a small stripe on

the proximal third of the costa, orange-red* a transverse stripe ex

tending from the mid-costal margin to the apex of the clavus black;

the area on the corium next to the apex of the clavus light orange;

the apical veins bordered with fuscous. The color markings of the

females are smaller and lighter than in the males.

Genitalia: The seventh sternite of the female with the median

third strongly produced to a narrowly rounded apex. The base of the male aedeagus short and thick; the dorsal processes of the base long, prominent, and reflexed at the apex; the pair of ventral processes of

91 the base are long, thin and curve toward the dorsum, projecting for

one-fourth of their length above the rest of the aedeagus; the pha-

licata thick, curving toward the dorsum and but little wider at the

base than at its truncate apex; a pair of wing-like processes arise

on the dorso-posterior margins at the apex of the phalicata, extend

ventro-laterally and “are about one-third the length of the phalicata.

The apex of the style sharply rounded, its lateral margins in ventral

view tapering toward the apex and bearing a row of long hairs on the

outer margin. The pygofer hook bifid, with the dorsal and ventral

processes widely separated and about equal in length.

Known from specimens collected at Iguala, G ’ro,

This species, with osborni, differ from all the other Alconeura

in having a color pattern formed of brownish flecks and mottlings on

an ivory background. Ip form, they most closely resemble albavulta

Rup, and DeL, and may be related to both albavulta and insulae

Griffith,

Colors The vertex is ivory with a triangular, red spot on its disk next to each eye. The face is cream with the genae and lorae ivory. The pronotum is ivory with four yellow spots along its ante rior margin and with a pair of median, orange round spots on its disk.

The scutellum is ivory with its basal angles and apex orange. The elytra are white with the veins of their apical cells eribrowned and are heavily speckled with orange to dark-brown, small, round spots which

92 coalesce to form larger spots or lines. The coloration in the series

at hand is extremely variable as to the size and color of the mark ings.

Genitalia: The pygofer hooks arise on the dorso-caudal angles of

the pygofers, extend c audad, are blunt at their apices, and have their dorsal-apical margin expanded dorsally. The base of the aedeagus is moderately broad and bears a ventral process which is expanded near its middle to form a flattened projection with a serrated anterior margin.

This ventral process extends to the left of and above the parallel sided phalicata.

Specimens collected at Cutzamala, G ’ro.

Alconeura osborni Ruppel and DeLong ms. ~------Cfig. 132)

Resembling asymetrica in coloration but with distinctive genit alia. Length 2,b mm.

Genitalia: The pygofer hooks arise on the dorso-caudal angles of the pygofers and consist of a slender, sharply-pointed, caudally-directed, dorsal process and a longer heary, ventrally-directed, ventral process. The base of the aedeagus is thin and broad and bears a pair of long, thin, cuadally-directed, ventro-lateral processes. The phali cata is thick, truncate apically, and its caudal margin is laterally expanded.

Known from specimens collected at Iguala, G'ro.

V.i 93 Alconeura rossi Ruppel and DeLong ms, (fig. 133)

This species has both unique coloration and genitalia which

makes its placement in the genus difficult. It, with the following

species, may form a distinct segregate based on their sigmoid aedeagi

but their general form and venation are those of Alconeura.

Color: The vertex is cream with its lateral margins ivory and

with a pair of median, orange-tan lines extending from its apex to its

posterior margin. The face is ivory with its dorsal portion cream.

The pronotum is cream with its disk, a few spots along its anterior

margin, and a pair of lateral, longitudinal, irregular stripes, orange

ban. The scutellum is cx-eam with its basal angles, apex, and a pair

of small spots on its disk, orange-tan. The elytra are golden with

their apical cells hyaline and with a small, black spot in the basal

corner of the posterior apical cell.

Genitalia: The pygofer hooks arise.on the dorso-caudal angles of

the pygofers, are broad’ at their bases, taper evenly to sharply- pointed apices, and curve mesad for their entire length. The base of

the aedeagus bears a pair of short, straight, ventral processes and a pair of short, lateral processes are closely appressed to the apex of

the phalicata.

Specimens collected at Iguala, G'ro.

Alconeura sigmaforma Ruppel and DeLong ms, (fig." 13U)

<>, Strongly resembling rossi in its genital structures but with

9h distinctive coloration and genital details. Length 2.6 mm.

Color: , The vertex is dull red with its lateral margins, a median spot at its apex, and a spot next each eye ivory. The face is tan with its dorsal portion, genae, lorae, and a median, longitudinal line ivory. The pronotum is dull red with the central portion of its ante rior margin cream and its posterior margin broadly bordered with ivory.

The scutellum is dull red with its margins finely bordered with cream.

The elytra are translucent white with the veins of the apical cells embrowned and with a round, black spot in the basal corner of the pos terior apical cell. Each clavus is marked with three, transverse, red bands; a narrow band at its base, a broad band across its center, and a broad band near its apex. A pair of anastomosing, large spots on the corium along the claval suture, a broad, transverse band across the corium just anterior to the transverse veins, and a broad bar ex tending from the middle of the costal margin to the center of each elytron are red.

Genitalia: The male genitalia of this species closely resembles those of rossi. but the pygofer hooks are abruptly curved mesad near their apical third, the ventral processes of the aedeagus are longer and slightly recurved, and the apical processes of the phalicata thinner and curved.

Known from specimens collected at Tetela del Rio, G ’ro.

Hyloidea McAtee, new status

Dikraneura (Hyloidea) McAtee l£26b:l62 genotype Hyloidea

depressa McAtee 95 Dikraneuroidea Lawson 1929:307 genotype Dikraneuroldea beameri

Lawson ,

Alconeura (Hyloidea) McAtee, in Xoung (19^1)

Description: Median length of vertex greater than its basal

width between the eyes3 sharply angulate. Head longer and slightly

wider than the pronotum. Vertex flat, anterior margin sharply angled;

face straight; head and body depressed. Sector of the elytra straight

second apical cell triangular or with a short peduncle; apex of wing

rounded, Vannal vein of the hind-wing simple; first cubitus appearing

branched (unbranched in beameri); submarginal vein distinct at the

apex of the wing. Male pygofers short, with dorsal hooks; plates

rather short with their apices obliquely truncate; styles similar to

Alconeura; aedeagus with apical process; genital orifice preapical.

These insects are strikingly marked with an extremely flattened

form which separates them readily from the other typhlocybines. They

are tropical in distribution with depressa McAtee know from Cuba, beameri (Lawson) from Arizona in the United States; and montealegrel

(Baker) from Nicaragua and Mexico, The last species and four new spe cies have been found in Mexico,

Key to the species of Hyloidea

1, Marked with orange and purple; elytra without small red spots, ------2 1* Marked with red cream, and orange; elytra marked with small, red spots. ------3

2, Face black; pygofer hook but slightly curved, length 2.6 mm. ------montealegrei 2* Face light tan to cream; pygofer hook recurved; length 3 mm, ------bakeri

96 3. Croium with a round, black spot anterior to transverse veins, markings of pronotum longitudinal. ------longitudina 31 Coria without black spots; pronotal markings transverse. ------It

U. Vertex marked with small, red spots; aedeagus with a pair of ventro-lateral processes. ------praeclara it' Vertex without red spots; aedeagus without ventro-lateral processes. - - Candida

Hyloidea montealegrei Baker (fig. 105)

Erythria montealegrei Baker 1903bzh

Alconeura (Hyloidea) montealegrei Baker, in Young 19S>1

Color: Vertex orange-red with its lateral margins yellow and with a narrow, arched, purple band extending across its disk between

the eyes. The pronotum is orange with its lateral margins yellow

and with a series of anastamosing, purple spots extending across the

anterior portidn of its disk. The scutellum is purple with its basal,

angles and apex orange. The basal two-thirds of the elytra are orange while the apical third is hyaline tinged with yellow. A spot at the base of each clavus, a pair of anastomosing spots on each clavus near

the claval suture; a broad transverse band across the middle of each corium, and a nanorver: arched band and the proximal half of the nostal margin, are purple. The face is black with its dorsal edge yellow.

Genitalia: The plates, pygofers, styles, and connective are

similar to those described above. The pygofer hook is broad, nearly straight, and is directed caudo-ventrad. A broad, flat, ventral U ' 91 process arises on the base of the aedeagus and curves gently dorsad- its apex is deeply cleft medially forming a pair of thin apical pro cesses. The phalicata flares slightly near its middle, its apical margins are expanded slightly, and it curves gently dorsad.

Described from Champerico, Guatemala, and Managua, Nicaragua by

Baker; specimens are at hand from Iguala, G ’ro. and El Dorado, Sina

Loa.

Hyloidea bakeri n. sp. (fig. 101, 102 and 103)

Resembling montealegrei (Baker) in general form and appearance but with distinctive coloration and genitalia. Length 3.0 mm.

Color: The vertex is reddish-orange shading to deep yellow toward its apex with its lateral margins cream and with a round, med ian spot on its disk and a transverse, elongate spot next each eye purple. The face is light tan with the genae and lora cream. The pronotum is reddish-orange, with its lateral margins cream and with a series of fine, large coalescing, purple spots extending across it just behind its anterior margin. The scutellum is reddish-orange with the central portion of its anterior margin and a triangular spot near the middle of each lateral margin purple. The proximal half of each elytron is reddish-orange with each distal half translucent white, the color areas separated by a row of small, purple spots which continue along the costal margin to the base of the wing. A series of purple markings are arranged on the orange portion of each elytron; a large, round spot at the base of each clavus, a spot near the center of each

98 clavus, a small spot near the base of each commissural suture, a large

spot on each clavus near the middle of the claval suture, a. small

elongate, transverse bar near the apex of each clavus, a large spot

on each corium near the proximal quarter of the claval suture, a tran

sverse bar arising near the proximal third of the costal margin and

extending to the inner branch of the first sector, and a series of

four, round spots arranged in a transverse row across the center of

each elytron.

Genitalia: The pygofer hooks arise on the dorso-caudal angle of

the pygofers, extend ventrad, are recurved, and are sharply pointed

at their apices. The base of the aedeagus bears a broad, flat, ven

tral process which is medially bifurcate at its apex, the processes

thus formed divergent. The phalicata is rather broad and parallel

sided with its caudal margin extended into a broad lobe at its apex.

Holotype male, allotype female, male and female paratypes col lected at Iguala, G'ro., Oct. 25, 191+1 by DeLong, Good, Caldwell, and

Plummer. Named for Charles F. Baker whose work pioneered the study of the neotropical cicadellines.

Hyloidea praeclara n. sp. Tfig7 loll)

Resembling montealegrei in general form and appearance but with distinctive coloration and genitalia. Length 3.3 mm.

Color: The vertex is ivory with an inverted V-shaped, orange mark which expands laterad to touch each eye and with a few, small, red spots on its disk. The face is cream. The pronotum is ivory

99 with its posterior margin bordered -with orange and with scattered,

small, red spots on its disk; four, round, yellow to orange spots

are located just behind the anterior margin of the pronotum. A

fine, longitudinal, reddish-orange stripe is located on the side of

the pronotum just behind each eye. The scutellum is ivory with its

basal angles yellow, its apex reddish-orange, and with small, round,

red spots scattered across it. The elytra are translucent white with

the proximal half of the costal margin, the area along the claval

suture, and the apical cells pale yellow, A reddish-orange band ex

tends transversely across the elytron near the base and small, red,

round spots are located between this band and the base of the elytron,

A broad, orange to red band which is broken to form spots along its proximal margin extends from the middle of the costal margin to the

apical third of the clavus and a small red spot is located on each branch of the first sector near the transverse veins.

Genitalia: The pygofer hooks arise on the dorso-caudal angles of i the pygofers, extend ventrad, and are rather thick. A pair of long,

slender, sharply-pointed, ventro-lateral processes arise of the base

and extend nearly caudal to near the apices of the plates. The apex of the phalicata is extended into a curled elongate, slender process,

Holotvpe male collected at Chilpancingo, G'ro,, Oct, 25, 19l|l by

DeLong and Good; paratype female collected 10 km. north of Cuernavaca,

Mor., Dec. 28, 19h9 by R. H. Beamer. Holotype in the DeLong collection paratype in the Snow collection.

100 Hyloidea Candida n.sp. (fig7 106)

Resembling praeclara in general form and appearance but with dis

tinctive coloration and genitalia. Length 3.3 mm*

Color: The vertex is pale cream with a broad, inverted V_shaped,

orange mark on its disk. The face is light tan. The pronotum is

ivory with its posterior margin broadly bordered with orange, small,

round red spots scattered across its anterior portion, and with a few,

large, yellow spots along its anterior margin. A small, orange bar

is located on the side of the pronotum behind each eye. The scutellum

is ivory with its basal angles yellow and with a few, scattered, red

spots and its apex red. The elytra are translucent white with the

area along the transverse veins and a transverse stripe across the

apical cells smoky. A transverse, orange stripe extends across each

elytron near its base, a triangular orange mark is located on the

corium near the middle of the claval suture, a small, orange spot is i near the apical third of the commissural suture, and an oblique,

orange stripe extends on the corium from the middle of the costal mar

gin to the apex of the clavus. A few red, round spots are scattered

on proximal half of each elytron and a red spot is located on each longitudinal vein just anterior to the transverse veins.

Genitalia: The pygofer hooks are rather long, slender, and sharp ly pointed and bear a short, blunt, tooth near the middle of their dor

sal margins. The phalicata widens toward its apical third and then tapers down to an alternate apex. A reflexed process which is expanded

1 0 1 near its apex is borne on the ventral margin near the apex of the

phalicata.

Holotype male collected at Cuernavaca, Mor., Sept. 8, 1939 by

DeLong and Plummer; allotype female 10 km. north of Cuernavaca, Mor.,

Dec. 28, 19li9, R- H. Beamer. Holotype in the DeLong collection and

allotype in the Snow collection.

Hyloidea longitudina n.sp*

Resembling Candida in general form and appearance but with a dis

tinctive color pattern and with the base of the third apical cell but

one-fourth as wide as the base of the posterior apical cell. Length

3.U mm*

Color: The vertex is orange with its lateral margins, a median,

longitudinal line on its disk, and a small spot next each eye cream.

The face is light tan with its anterior portion light orange and with

a fine, red, line above each antennual pit. The pronotum is cream

with a few, small, red spots along its posterior margin and with

paired, lateral and medial, longitudinal, broad, orange vittae ex

tending across it, the medial vittae fusing together on the disk. An

orange line is located on the sides of the pronotum just behind each

eye. The scutellum is red with its basal angles yellow and with its margins and a spot near its center cream. The elytra are translucent

white with the veins of the apical cells slightly enbrowned and with a round, black spot between the sectors near the base of the posterior

apical cell. The area along the commissural suture and the apical

10 2 cells are light yellow and small, round red spots are scattered across the clavus and the proximal two-thirds of* the corium. A large, wedge- shaped, orange mark is located near the base of each clavus, a small, rounded, orange spot is present near the apex of each clavus, an oblique, orange band extends from the proximal third of the costal margin to the claval suture, and an interrupted, orange band extends from the middle of the costal margin to the apex of each clavus.

Holotype female collected 10 km. north of Cuernavaca, Mor., Dec.

28, 19h9 by R. H. Beamer. Pype in the' Snow collection.

Djkrella Oman

Dikrella Oman 19 h9:83 genotype Dikraneura cockerelli Gillette

Description: Vertex conically produced; its median length vari able, generally equal to its basal width* angulate equap in length and width to the pronotum. Vertex straight and sloping; anterior margins bluntly-angled; face slightly convex. Sectors of the elytra straight; second apical cell with r-m cross vein present at base; posterior ap ical cell three times as broad at its base as the third cell. Vannal vein of the hind-wing simple; first cubitus appearing branched; sub marginal veins distinct at the- apex of the wing. Pygofers of male rather broad and long; plates broad at their bases, narrowing near their middles to slender apices; style short, sinuate at their apices; preapical lobe broad; first extension rather short; connective straight to V-shaped.

This genus is distributed throughout the southwestern United

States and Mexico, and extends southward into Bolivia in South America. 103 The many species of the group display a wide variation in male geni

tal structures which make grouping within the genus difficult. Dr.

Young divides those with their plates separated basally into the sub

genus Beadionia, some of which are described below, and separates

several more tropical species into different genera. The Readionia

closely resemble Idona in their genital structures and the feature

that separates them, the presence or absence respectively of the post

erior branch of the first cubitus of the hind-wing, varies in individ ual specimens necessitating a careful checking of the specimens.

Key to the species of Dikrella

1. Elytra marked with red or orange. ------2 1' Elytra immaculate or with but brown or black spots in the apical cells. ------10

2. Pronotum immaculate. ------3 21 Pronotum marked with orange or red. ______Jj.

3. Elytra with.a red, transverse band across their middles. ------cockerelli 3' Elytra with a red spot near the middle of each costal margin. ------rubranota it. Vertex and pronobum crossed by parallel, longi tudinal, orange or red vittae. _---.----.--5 Vertex and pronotum marked with spots or transverse lines. ------~--_-7

Pygofers with long, slender, recurved dorsal hooks, apex of pygofer round. ______rubrapuncta 5' Pygofers without dorsal hooks, apex of pygofer produced into processes. ------6

6. Ventro-lateral processes of aedeagus longer than the phalicata; dorsal processes slender. ----- rubralineata 6* Ventro-lateral processes of aedeagus shorter than the phalicata* dorsal processes thick. ------duplica

7. Face marked with red or orange. ------8 7* Face immaculate cream. - - _ _

lOij. 8 . Vertex marked with fine, transverse red lines5 marking on elytra orange spots outlined with red flecks. ------unica 8 ' Vertex marked with short, median stripe or spot; markings on elytra orange or red stripes. - - scarlatina

9 . Corium with many small, red spots; apex of clavus cream. crocea 9 1 Corium with one or two red spots; apex of clavus red. ebumea 10. Lateral margins of plates with prominent spines on their proximal third. ------11 1 0 ' Lateral margins of plates without spines. - - - - - llj.

1 1 . Apex of pygofer process bifurcate. ------nigrinota 1 1 * Apex of pygofer process simple. ------12 1 2 . Processes of the aedeagus slightly shorter than the phalicata; dorsal hook spine-like. ------mella 1 2 ' Processes of the aedeagus over twice as long as the phalicata; dorsal hooks bent near their middles. ------______13

13. Aedeagus with one pair of processes, a pair of long, slender, ventro-lateral processes. ----- dentata 13' Aedeagus with a pair of long, moderately thick ventro-lateral processes and a pair of slender processes appressed to the phalicata. ------bimaculata 1U. Pygofers-without hooks. ------15 lit' Pygofer with h o o k s . 17

15. Aedeagus barrel-shaped, with a pair of apical processes. - angustella 15* Aedeagus slender, without apical processes. - - - - 16

16. Lateral margin of plate with a large, truncate process on its proximal third; aedeagus without ventral processes. ------scinda 16' Lateral margins of plate without processes; aedeagus with ventral processes. ------exila

17. Aedeagus with a single ventral process. ------gilva 17' Aedeagus with a pair of ventral processes. - - - - lB-

18. Ventral processes of the aedeagus crossing each other at their bases; phalicata broad. ------albidula 18* Ventral processes of aedeagus,paralleling one another* phalicata various, not broad. ------19

105 19, Pygofer with a spine-like process at its apex. - - aureocosta 19’ Apex of pygofer without processes. ------20

20. Pygofer hook long and recurved; ventral process of the aedeagus thick. ------lurida 201 Pygofer hook short, slightly curved; ventral processes of aedeagus slender. ------opala

Dikrella cockerelli (Gillette) (fig. 136)

Dikraneura cockerelli Gillette 1898: lit.

Dikrella cockerelli (Gillette), in Oman 19h9

Median length of vertex nearly equal to its basal width between

the eyes; head narrower than the pronotum; vertex sloping, anterior

margin bluntly angled, face slightly convex. Length 2.8 mm.

Color: The dorsum is cream with a small, brown spot in the

fourth and in the first apical cell, and with a broad, red band ex

tending transversely across the middles of the elytra. The face and

venter are cream.

Genitalia: The pygofers are long, rounded at their spices, and

bear a long, nearly straight, sharply-pointed hook on each dorso cau

dal angle. The valve is long, and the plates are broad and long. The

preapical lobe of the style is broad and the first extensions are

strongly curved. The base of the aedeagus is long and cylindrical, and

the phalicata is short, nearly at right angles to the base, and has a

pair of slender processes appressed to its caudal margin.

Specimens of this beautiful species have been taken in the states

of Coah. and G'ro.

106 Dikrella rubranota Ruppel .and Delong ms. (fig. lijJ-i-)

Resembling cockerelli in general form and appearance but with a

single red spot near the middle of each costal margin, without the red transverse band. Length 3.0 mm.

Genitalia; Male pygofers elongate, with their apices bluntly angled. Thin, dorsally curved pygofer hooks arise on the dorso-caudal angles of the pygofer. The anterior margin of the valve is concave with its posterior margin convex. The plates are broad and separated at their bases. The styles are widened toward their apices and their apical lobes are rather long. The connective is Y-shaped and thin.

The base of the aedeagus is short and bears three processes, a pair of short, thin ventro-lateral. processes and a singly, long, caudally directed, dorsal process.

Specimens of this species have been collected in D.F.

Dikrella exila Ruppel and DeLong ms. (fig. 137)

Resembling cockerelli in general form and appearance but without red markings on its dorsum. Length 3*1 mm*

Genitalia; The pygofers are long, narrow, and rounded at their apices, and lack hooks. The plates are long, their lateral margins are produced into a rounded lobe near their bases, and their apices are rounded. The styles are long with their lateral- and mesal-apical lobes sharp at their apices. The connective is a broad, flat, trian gular plate. The base of the aeddagus is a narrow shaft which bears

107 the curved, parallel-sided phalicata at its apex. Two pairs of pro

cesses arise near the middle of the shaft at the base. There is a

pair of long, thick, ventro-lateral processes which extend above the

apex of the phalicata and a shorter, more lateral pair which is about

one-fourth the length of the first pair.

Thie species has been collected at Chilpancingo, G'ro.

ffikrella angustella Ruppel and DeLong ms. (fig. IIS)

A large, pale species tiiich resembles exila in general form and

appearance but with distinctive male genital structures. Length

3.S mm.

Genitalia: Female seventh sternite with posterior margin broadly-

rounded and produced. Male pygofers rounded at their apices and with out hooks. The anterior margin of the valve is concave while its post erior margin is convexly produced on its median half. The plates are rather broad and separated at their bases with their apices upturned and rounded. The styles are moderately heavy with their mesal apical lobes long and thick and their lateral apical lobes short and sharply pointed. The connective is U-shaped and thick. The aedeagus is thick and cylindrical and tapers from near its middle to its narrowed rounddd apex. A pair of long, curved, lateral processes arise at the apex of the aedeagus and extend laterad*

This species is known from the type series collected in D. F. and in the highlands of Chiapus•

108 Dikrella opala Ruppel and DeLong ms. ------

Resembling exila Rup. and DeL. in general form and appearance but -with distinctive male genitalia. Length 2.7 mm.

Genitalia: The pygofers are short, bluntly angled at their api ces, and bear slender, sharply-pointed hooks on their dorso-caudal angles. The plates are broadly expanded at their bases, narrowed distally, and are widely separated at their bases. The styles are short, their lateral—apical lobes are wanting, and their mesal-apieal lobes are long and pointed. The connective is a broad, triangular plate. The base of the aedeagus is short with its dorsal processes extended into long, thin, straight rods. The phalicata is very short and bears a pair of short, lateral processes which are expanded sharply at their apices.• A pair of long, thin, ventro-lateral processes arise on the base and extend caudad beyond the apices of the plates.

Known from holotype male collected at Oax.

Dikrella scinda Ruppel and DeLong ms. Cfig. 138)

An immaculate species resembling exila in general form and ap pearance. Length 2.5 mm.

Genitalia: The pygofers are elongate, slender, and rounded at their apices. The plates are rather long, rounded at their apices, and deeply, roundedly notched on the basal third of their lateral mar gins. The styles are short with their mesal-apical lobes very long

109 and slender* The connective is a flat, triangular plate. The aedeagus is composed of a triangular base, elongate dorsal processes, and a long, thin, sharply-pointed phalicata.

Known from specimens collected in Chiapus.

Dikrella gilva Ruppel and DeLong ms. (fig. 139)

Resembling exila in general appearance but with distinctive genitalia. Length 2.5 mm.

Genitalia: The pygofers are broad, slightly recurved hooks at their dorso-caudal angles. The plates are broad and rounded at their apices. The styles are rather long with their mesal-apical lobes broad. The connective is V-shaped and broad. The base of the aedeagus is long, cylindrical, and bears a long, slender, ventral pro cess which extends to near the apices of the pygofers. The phalicata is broad, parallel-sided, and truncate apically.

This species is known from numerous specimens collected in S.L.P. and G'ro.

Dikrella albidula Ruppel and DeLong ms. (fig. iho)

This species, as exila, is an immaculate white except for the round spots in the anterior and posterior apical cells. Length 2.5 mm.

Genitalia: Male pygofers broad, with their apices nearly trun cate. Thin curved pygofer hooks arise on the dorso-caudal angles of the pygofers. The anterior margin of the valve is sharply concave

110 with its posterior margin convexly produced on its median third. The

plates are broad and narrowly separated at their bases and taper to

rounded apices. The styles are deeply, roundedly notched on the apical

third of their lateral margins. The mesal apical lobes of the styles

are long and thin with their lateral apical lobes thick and pointed.

The connective is Y-shaped and thick. The base of the aedeagus is

short and thick with its dorsal processes long and slender. A pair of

long, recurved, ventro-lateral processes arise on the base,c ross each

other near their bases and extend laterad. The phalicata is broad,

nearly parallel-sided, and truncate at its apex.

Males of this species are known: from Iguala, G'ro.

Dikrella aureocosta Ruppel and DeLong ms. (fig. 11*1)

Resembling exila in form and general appearance, pale in color

and with distinct male genitalia. Length 2.£ mm.

Genitalia: Male pygofers broad with their apical margins trun

cate. Short, sharply pointed spines arise at the apices of the py

gofers and tapering, pointed pygofer hooks arise on their dorso-caudal

angles. The anterior margin of the valve is trunca.te with its post

erior margin convexly produced on its median third. The plates are broad and separately at their bases with their apices rounded. The

styles are broadly, roundedly notched near the apical third of their lateral margins and their mesal-apical lobes are long and slender.

The connective is Y-shaped and slender. The base of the aedeagus is

short and slender with its dorsal processes long and rather thick.

I l l A pair of long, recurved ventro-lateral processes arise on the base

and extend dorsad above the apex of the pygofers. The phalicata is

long, slender, and rounded at its apex.

Known from specimens collected at Iguala, G'ro.

Dikrella lurida Ruppel and DeLong ms. ' Cfig. Ilt2)

Resembling aureocosta Rup. and DeL. in general form but more

golden in color and with distinctive genitalia. Length 2.5 mm.

Genitalia: The pygofers are short, rounded at their apices, and

bear long, slender, strongly recurved hooks on their dorso-caudal

angles. The plates are long and slender. The styles are short and

with their mesal and lateral-apical lobes long and pointed. The con

nective is nearly V-shaped. The base of the aedeagus is rather thick

and bears a pair of broad, sharply-pointed, slightly recurved, ventro lateral processes. The phalicata is slightly recurved and about two-

thirds the length of the, ventro-lateral processes.

Holotype male collected at Iguala, G'ro.

Resembling cockerelli in general form with a blunter head, two red lines on vertex and pronotum, and with distinct male genitalia.

Length 2.7 mm.

Color: "White, a pair of broad longitudinal orange bands extend ing from each side of apex of vertex across vertex, near eyes, pro notum and onto base of s cutellum. An orange spot at apex of scutellum. 112 Elytra with large orange reddish spots on clavus. The basal spot is

elongate, the other three or four are more rounded. The costal and

corium areas of the elytra have a series of small, bright red, cir

cular spots scattered from base to apex, usually about nine in num

ber, two near base along costa, three about middle of wing between

costa and corium, three in a row before apical cross-veins and one

on second apical vein. Face yellow with an orange spot next each eye.

Genitalia: Male pygofers broad, with their apices produced into

sharp, nearly eredt points. The posterior margin of the valve is

.almost truncate while its anterior margin is concave. The plates are narrow and separated at their bases with their apices narrow and blunt.

The styles are moderately broad with their lateral apical lobes short and blunt and their mesal apical lobes elongate and narrow. The con nective is T-shaped, with its arms curving ventrad. The base of the aedeagus is short and cylindrical with its dorsal processes long and thin. A pair of long, flat, lateral processes arise on the base and

! sheath the thin, elongate phalicata for most of its length.

Known from specimens collected at Iguala, G'ro.

Dikrella rubrapuncta Ruppel and DeLong ms. (fig. Iit6)

Resembling rubralineata in form and general appearance but paler in color and with distinct male genital structures. Length 2.5 mm.

Color: White vertex with a pair of rather broad, yellowish lines extending from apex of vertex across vertex, pronotum, and the basal

113 angles of scutellum. A yellow spot on the apex of the scutellum.

Elytra subhyaline tinged with yellow. A small round spot at apex

of clavus and a series of four on the medius vein. A jfew are found

irregularly on the corium or apical cells.

Genitalia: Male pygofers short, and broad with their apical margins rounded. Thickened, oblique folds divide the pygofers into pigmented basal portions and hyaline apical portions. Long, thin, recurved pygofer hooks arise on the dorso-caudal angles of the py gofers. The anterior margin of the valve is nearly truncate with its posterior margin convex. The plates are rather broad and separated at their bases with their apices narrow and bluntlyangled. The styles are broad with-their mesal and lateral apical lobes long and pointed.

The connective is Y-shaped with the base of its shaft produced into abroad, flat dorsal lobe. The base of the aedeagus is long and thick with its dorsal"processes short and broad. A pair of thin-ventro lateral processes arise on the base and curve dorsad to near the apex of the broad, apically-rounded phalicata.

Specimens collected at Iguala, G'ro.

Dikrella duplica Ruppel and DeLong ms. (fig. 150)

Resembling rubralineata Rup. and DeL. in general form and appear ance but with distinctive coloration and genitalia. Length 2,f? mm.

Color: The pronotum and vertex are cream, marked by a pair of parallel, longitudinal, orange vittaewhich extend from the apex of the vertex to the posterior margin of the pronotum. An orange spot is

lilt located on the anterior margin of the pronotum proximal to the outer

angle of each eye. The face is dull cream becoming ivory on its

dorsal portion. The scutellum is cream with its apex red and its

basal angles light orange. The elytra are hyaline marked with red

and orange spots. Three orange spots are located on each clavus and

one orange spot is present on each corium near the middle of the

claval suture. The red spots are scattered on the corium and are

larger and fewer in number than those of rubralineata.

Genitalia: The pygofers are rather broad and truncate at their

apices. An oblique, thickened fold extends across each pygofer from

its base to its apex. The plates are long and felunt apically. The

styles are short with their mesal- and lateral-apical lobes pointed.

The connective is V-shaped, The base of the aedeagus is long and

cylindrical with' its dorsal processes prominent. A pair of slender,

ventro-lateral processes arise on the base of the aedeagus and ex

tend parallel to the slender, curved phalicata to near its apex.

Known from specimens collected at Iguala, G'ro,

Dikrella crocea Ruppel and DeLong ms.

Resembling rubralirieata Rup. and DeL. in general form and appear

ance but with distinctive coloration and genitalia. Length 2.0 mm.

Color: The vertex is cream with a pair of broad, longitudinal, median orange stripes which widen laterally near each eye. The face

is pale tan with a median and paired lateral, elongate, orange bar on

its dorsal portion between the eyes. The pronotum is light cream with

115 a pair of large, orange marks on the center of its disk. The scutellum

is pale cream. The elytra are semi-hyaline marked with red and orange

spots. Three large, orange spots appear on each clavus and one or two

small red spots are located near the apex of each clavus. Two large,

orange spots are present on the corium near the claval suture and

small red and orange spots are located on the corium and apical cells.

Genitalia: Female seventh stemite with the posterior margin conically produced, its basal angles rounded, and its median fourth is produced into a blunt lobe. The male pygofers are short with their apices pointed. The plates are rather long, slender, and blunt at'their apices. The styles are short, broad, and their mesal-apical lobes are long and pointed. The connective is T-shaped and slender. The aedeagis is composed of a short, thick base and a long, thin phalicata which appears bifurcate apically in ventral view.

Dikrella eburnea Ruopel and DeLong ms. {fig. Iii8) i

Resembling rubrapuncta Rup. and DeL., in general form and appear ance but with distinctive coloration and genitalia. Length 2.3 mm.

Color: The vertex is ivory with a narrow, transverse, orange band extending between the eyes. The face is ivory. The pronotum is ivory with a pair of large, orange spots on the center of its disk.

A small, red spot is located on the side of the body near each lateral angle of the pronotum. The scutellum is ivory with a small, red spot at its apex. The elytra are ivory, semi-hyaline withtwo orange spots on each clavus, the posterior spot large and the anterior spot is 116 rather small. Three orange spots are located on the corium near the

claval suture, an anterior, small pair and a large, posterior spot.

A pair of small, red spots are located near the costal margin of each

elytron. The transverse veins are infuseated.

Genitalia: The pygofers are broad with their apices turned up

into short, thin, curved processes. The plates are long and rather

slender. The styles are broad with their mesal- and lateral-apical

lobes long and blunt. The connective is a broad, triangular plate.

The base of the aedeagus is long and cylindrical and bears a pair of

long, thin, ventro-lateral processes which cross each other near their bases. The phalicata is broad, parallel-sided, and truncate apically.

Holotype male collected at Pandaneuarco, G *ro.

Dikrella unica Ruppel and DeLong ms. (fig. lU?)

Resembling rubralineata Rup. and DeL. in general form and appear ance but differing in coloration and male genitalia* Length 2.5 mm.

Color:.... The vertex is ivory marked with two pairs of scarlet lines near its apex and a pair of orange-red lines on its disk. The apical lines consist of a pair of short, median, oblique lines and a pair of longer, more lateral lines which parallel the margin. The discal lines of the vertex are transverse and extend from the middle of the vertex to near each eye. The face is dull brown with its genae dull gray, and with its dorsal portion ivory. A pair of irregular, transverse, scarlet stripes extend between the eyes on the ivory colored portion of the face. The pronotum is ivory with scattered,

1 1 7 small, red spots on its disk, and with a pair of indistinct orange areas on the central portion of its disk. The scutellum is ivory with its apex and basal angles orange. The elytra are semi-hyaline with round, scarlet spots scattered over their surfaces, and with two large, orange spots which are bordered by small, red spots on each clavus and corium.

Genitalias The pygofers are broad, nearly truncate apically, and bear long, strongly-curved hooks on their dorso-caudal angles.

The plates are rather short and bear a rounded lobe on the proximal third of the lateral margins and a short, thick spine at their apices.

The styles are short with their mesal-apical lobes long. The con nective is Y-shaped. The base of the aedeagus is short, its dorsal processes are rather thick, and it bears a pair of slender, ventro lateral processes which extend parallel to the thick, short, truncate phalicata.

Holotype male collected at Chilpancingo, G ’ro.

The following species, similar to the Readionia of Young, differ from the typical species, of Dikrella described above in having their heads more triangular and slightly broader, and in having a prominent spine on the lateral margin ,of their plates. The coloration, and venation are similar to those of the other Dikrella and their separa- . tion is not definite. They are, thus, retained here as a species- group.

U ■ \ \ 118 Dikrella bimaculata Ruppel and DeLong ms, (fig. 151)

Resembling mera in general appearance, with distinct male gen

ital structures. Length 3 mm.

Color: Dull yellowish without markings except at apex of elytra.

The elytra are marked with a round black spot on anterior apical cell which is near base and on costal margin. The posterior apical cell has

a round black spot at about its middle.

Genitalia: The male pygofers are broad with their apices nearly truncate. Short, slender, bent pygofer hooks arise on the dorso- caudal angles of the pygofers. The anterior margin of the valve is truncate with its posterior margin convexly produced on its median half. The plates are broad and separated at their bases. A paif* of heavy, short spines arise on the proximal third of the lateral mar gins serrate and their mesal apical lobes long and curved. The con nective is Y-shaped and thick. The base of the aedeagus is short and slender with its dorsal processes long and moderately thick, A pair of parallel, long, thin, ventro-lateral processes arise on the base and extend dorsad to near the apices of the pygofer. The phali cata is slender and nearly parallel-sided. A pair of thin ventro lateral processes arise at the base of the p halicata and extend to near its distal third.

Holotype male collected at Chilpancingo, G fro.

Dikrella nigrinots Ruppel and DeLong ms. (fig. 1$3£

Resembling bimaculata in general form but smaller and with dis-

119 tinct genitalia. Length 2.5 mm.

Color: White tinted -with yellow. Elytra yellowish subhyaline with a large round black spot in the anterior apical cell and another in the posterior apical cell.

Genitalia: Female seventh sternite with posterior margin broad ly roundedly produced. Male pygofers broad with their apices rounded.

Flat elongate processes,bifurcate at their apices, arise on the inner walls of the pygofers and extend to the apices of the pygofers. The anterior margin of the valve is truncate with its posterior margin con vexly produced on its median half. The plates are broad and widely separated at their bases. A pair of stout spines arise near the mid dle of the lateral margin of each plate. The styles appear swollen near their apices and their mesal apical lobes are long and curved.

The connective is nearly T-shaped and broad. The base of the aedeagus is short and broad and bears two pair of processes, a pair of long, appressed processed ventrad to the phalicata and a pair of shorter, diverging processes brone on a thin shaft dorsad to the phalicata. Known from specimens collected at Chilpancingo, G'ro.

Dikrella mella Ruppel and DeLong ms. 'Tfig. 151;)

Resembling bimaculata in general form and appearance but with distinct male genitalia. Length 3.5 mm.

Color: White tinged with yellow which is condensed on the median portion of the vertex and in two irregular longitudinal stripes across pronotum. Elytra subhyaline witri. yellow veins. The anterior and pos-

120 terior apical cells each containing a large round black spot.

Genitalia: Female seventh stemite with posterior margin forming

a pair of short, rounded, median lobes and a rounded, more produced

lobe next each lateral margin, Male pygofers elongate, with their

apices produced into sharply pointed projections, the ventral edges of

which are thickened, ~ Short, spine-like pygofer hooks arise on the

dorso-caudal angles of the pygofers. The valve is truncate on its an

terior margin and convex on its posterior margin. The plates are

narrow and widely separated at their bases, a pair of stout spines a-

rise near the middle of the lateral margin of each plate. The styles

are broad with their lateral apical lobes broad and relatively long

and with their mesal apical lobes long, thin, and curved. The con

nective is X-'shaped with its arms broad. The base of the aedeagus is

long and cylindrical. It bears two pairs of processes, a pair of long

appressed processes ventrad to the phalicata, and a shorter diverging

pair dorsad to the phalicata.

Known from specimens collected at Cuernavaca, Mor.

Dikrella scarlatina Ruppel and DeLong ms, --- TfIg7TF5)

Resembling mera:in general form with vertex more pointed,

brightly marked with red and with distinct male genitalia. Length

2.7 mm.

Color: ‘White, vertex with an elongate, reddish spot on disk be

tween the eyes. Pronotum with a rather broad, reddish curved band parallel to the anterior margin and protruding to the margin on each

121 side between the eyes. A large red spot on apex of scutellum and a t fainter spot in each basal angle. Elytra with an elongate reddish

spot on corium and a diagonal reddish band extending backward from

costa at about two-thirds the length of elytra which terminates on the

middle. Each elytron with a black spot on inner basal portion of

posterior apical cell. Face yellowish with a broad red band inter

rupted at middle, a little below margin and between the eyes.

Genitalia; Female seventh stemite with posterior margin broadly

angularly produced. The male pygofers are elongate and bluntly angled

at their apices. The thick pygofer hooks arise on the dorso-caudal

angle of the pygofer and appear somewhat clavate. The margins of the

valve are almost truncate. The plates are broad and narrowly se

parated at their bases. The styles are broad with their mesal apical

lobes long and curved dorsad. The connective is broad and T-shaped.

The base of the' aedeagus is long and cylindrical with its dorsal pro

cesses long and moderately thin. A pair of thin, ventro-lateral pro

cesses arise on the base and are closely appressed to the long, par

allel-sided phalicata to near its apex.

Specimens collected at Chilpancingo, G'ro.

Dikrella dentata Ruppel and DeLong ms. (fig. 152)

Resembling bimaculata Rup. and DeL. in general .form and appear ance but with distinctive male genitalia. Length 2.7 mm.

Color; The vertex, pronotum, and scutellum are ivory. The face * : is dull tan. The elytra are hyaline with a distinct, round, black spot

122 in the anterior and posterior apical cells.

Genitalia: The pygofers are long and nearly truncate apically.

The slender, pointed, pygofer hooks arise on t he dorso-caudal angles

of the pygofersj each extends ventrad on its proximal half and then

is bent sharply caudad. The plates are long and rather narrow, broad

ly separated at their - bases, and each bears a prominent tooth on the

basal third of the lateral margin. The styles are rather short and

narrow with their mesal-apical lobes long, thin, and strongly curved

and with their lateral-apical lobes short and blunt. The connective

is T-shaped and slender. The base of the aedeagus is long and cy

lindrical. The dorsal processes of the aedeagus are nearly as long as

as the short, parallel-sided phalicata. A pair of long, slender, ventro-lateral processes arise on the base of the aedeagus and curve

caudo-dorsad, extending beyond the apices of the pygofers,

Holotype irfale collected at Acapulco, Hd.

Xdona DeLong

Empoasca (Idona) DeLong 1931t50 genotype Empoasca minuenda Ball

Idona DeLong in DeLong and Caldwell 1937a

Description: Length of vertex variable, well-produced in front of the eyes, angulate. Head nearly as wide as pronotum and as long as pronotum vertex slightly sloping and convex; anterior margin bluntly angulate; face straight. Sector of elytron straight; second apical cell triangular or with a short peduncle; posterior apical cell three times as broad &s the adjacent apical cell. Vannal vein simple; first

123 cubital vein of the hind—wing appearing unbranched; with one apical cell; submarginal vein distinct at the apex of the wing. Pygofers of male long and slender, with dorsal hooks or apical processes; plates broad at their bases and slender apically, with a spine on their lat eral margins; apex of styles sinuate; aedeagus with base generally cylindrical and with a pair of ventro-lateral processes.

Idona is a rather small genus of arid or tropical species. Spe cies of the genus are found in Florida, the Gulf Coast and southwestern

United States, and in all but the temperate regions of Mexico. They are among the smallest of the typhlocybine and, by the venational and genital characteristics, appear closelyrelated to Readionia.. The genotype and seven new species are known from. Mexico.

Key to the species of Idona

1. Elytra marked with spots of red or orange. — — — 2 1* Elytra immaculate or marked with brown or black. ------— - --- ___ — 5

2. Face heavily marked with black; marking on elytra rust-red. ------ferruglna 2' Face mostly cream or ivory without ‘ black mark ings; marking on elytra orange-red. ------3 3. Aedeagus without ventro-lateral processes; apex of pygofer C-shaped. ------eborolora 3' Aedeagus with ventre— ,ateral processes. - - - - 4 4. Apex of phalicata with a short, reflexed process, phalicata swollen on its ventral margin. - - - - reflexa 4 1 Apex of phalicata without an apical process, phalicata p arallel-sided. --- parallela 5* Elytra immaculate or with small, indistinct brown spots. --- 6 5' Elytra marked with definite black spots. -- - - 7

6. Phalicata arising from between bases of ventro lateral process; pygofers without hooks. - - - - usitata

1 2 4 6 * Phalicata arising from base remote from ventro lateral processes; pygofers with hooks on the dorso-caudal angles. ------mimuenda

7. Basal angles of'scutellum black; length 2.6 mm. — — — — — — — — —— — — — —‘— — — — — . biforma 7• B asal'angles of scutellum cream; length over 3*0 mm. ------gigantica

Idona minuenda (Ball) (fig. 157 and 1 5 8 )

Empoasca minuenda Ball 1921:23

Empoasca (Idona) minuenda Ball, in DeLong 1931

Idona minuenda (Ball), in DeLong and Caldwell 1937a.

A fragile, small, pallid species with a well-produced, bluntly-

angled head. Length 2.4 mm.

Color: The vertex, pronotum and scutellum are cream with the disks of the former pair golden-tan. The elytra are hyaline with the disk of each clavus and coriura golden and with two or three small brown

spots on each .corium. The face and venter are cream.

Genitalia: The pygofers are. broad and rounded apically, and bear a small, sharp dorsal hhok on them dorso-caudle angle. The plates are long and have a prominent spine near the middle of their lateral mar gins. The styles are long with their first extensions strongly curved.

The base of the aedeagus is long and cylindrical, and bears a pair of compressed ventro-lateral processes on its proximal third. The phaH- cate is long and slender and is borne remote from to base of the pro cesses.

This species is reported as & pest of avacado in Florida, in the

United States, and of the same host in Mexico;(unpublished notes of 125 , Dr. Dampf). It and Empoasca fabae (Harris) are the only typhlocybine

plant pests to be recorded from Mexico as yet. Specimens from G'ro.

and Taumal.

Idona usitata n.sp.

A pallid species resembling minuenda (Ball) in general form and

appearance but with distinctive male genital structures. Length 2.2 mm.

Color: A nearly uniform golden-yellow with the disk of the

clavus and the costal margin of each elytron a darker, golden-tan.

Genitalia; Pygofer without hooks. The base of the aedeagus is

rather short and cylindrical and bears a pair of long, heavy,, caudally

directed, ventro-lateral processes vhich cross each other at their

bases and hook ventrad at their apices. The phalicata arises from the

base almost bettoeeri the ventro-lateral processes.

Holotype male and male paratypes collected at Vejuco, G'ro.,

Sept. 3> 1930 (M.P. .1790) by J. Parra; male paratypes El Mante, Tamaul.

Oct. 26, 1930 (M.F. 1775), A. Dampf.

Idona biforma n.sp. Tfig. 1 6 0 )

A variable species which resembles strongly the variety clavigera

(Ball) of minuenda but with distinctive genitalia. Length 2.6 mm.

Color: Of two forms which may be distinct species although their male genitalia are similar. The first form with the head and pronotum of the males an immaculate golden-yellow; the females with a pair of

round, black spots on the face between the eyes, a pair of median,

1 2 6 longitudinal, triangular black spots on the anterior portion of the vertex, a small, black spot next each eye, and paired, large black spots on the pronotum, one pair on its anterior margin and the other pair on its disk. The scutellum is golden-yellow -with its basal angles, a pair of small, median spots, and its apex black in both sexes. The elytra are translucent, gold with their transverse veins enbrowned and with a black spot on the disk and at the apex of each clavus and four similar spots on each corium. In the second form, the sexual dimorphism is not as striking. Head and pronotum golden with paired, median, longitudinal, black vittae crossing the vertex and with spots on the pronotum similar to those of the first form. In the males, the vertex marking are obscured and the spots on the pronotum are small; in the females, the vittae are very distinct and the spots are large and may fuse to form longi tudinal bands. The face of both sexes lacks the spots seen in the females of the first form. The scutellum is golden with the basal . angles, a pair of median spots, and the sides of the apex black. The elytra are translucent gold with the transverse vein enbrowned and with the black markings similar to those of the first form except that the clavi along the commissural margin anterior to the discal spot are black. Genitalias pygofers, pygofer hooks, valve, plates, and styles similar to those of minuenda. Base of aedeagus short, thick, cylin drical; ventro-lateral processes of the base long, sharply-pointed, cylindrical; phalicata rather sh^rt, thick, arising from the base slightly above the ventro-lateral processes. 127 The first form represented by the holotype male, allotype female, male and female paratypes from Chilpancingo, G'ro., Oct. 25, 1941, collected by DeLong and Good; female paratypes Tres Cumbres, D. F.,

Oct. 21, 1941 (K 52) and Pueblo, Pue,, Oct. 18, 1941, DeLong, Good,

Caldwell, and Plummer. The second form represented by paratype males,

10 Km. north of Cuernavaca, Mar., Dec. 28, 1949, R* H. Beamer; para type females, Chilpancingo, G'ro., Oct. 25, 1941, DeLong and Good.

The Chilpancingo paratypes in the Snow Museum.

Idona pggantica n.sp. (fig. 16 3 )

The largest of the species in the genus, resembling minuenda

(Ball) in general form and appearance but with distinctive coloration and genitalia. Length 3.2 mm.

Color: Vertex, face, and pronotum an immaculate cream. The scutellum cream with its apex black and, in the male, with a small longitudinal, black stripe on its disk. The elytra translucent gold with a small, round, spot near the comer, a large spot on the disk, and the apex of each clavus black, similar black spots near the base of each corium and on the proximal quarter and middle of each costal margin.

Genitalia: Pygofers with long, slender, sharply-pointed pygofers arising on their dorso-caudal angles and directed caudad. The apices of the pygofers produced into slightly, curved hooks which are broad and their bases taper to sharply-pointed apices. Aedeagus with parallel slender, dorsally-directed, ventro-lateral processes with extend

1 2 8 slightly above the apex of the phalicata. The phalicata is long, parallel-sided, and nearly truncate apically, and is curved dorsad. Holotype male collected at Cuernavaca, Mbr., Oct. 21, 1941 (K 57) by DeLong, Good, Caldwell, and Plummer; paratype females collected at Mexico City, D. F., in Canyon, Oct. 20, 1945 by D. M. DeLong.

Idona eborolora n.sp. (fig. 1 6 2 )

A highly colored species which resembles minuenda (Ball) in general form and appearance but which has distinctive coloration and genitalia. Length 2.6 mm. Color: Vertex golden with its anterior margin broadly bordered with ivory and with a pair of round, black spots near its apex. Face cream with its,dorsal portion, genae, and lora ivory; immaculate in the male and with a small, black spot near the anterior corner of each eye and a larger black spot just below each antenna in the female. The pronotum translucent white with irregular spots of ivory and orange along its anterior margin and with paired, lateral and medial, round, black spots on the anterior portion of the disk. A black spot is located on each side of the pronotum. The scutellum is cream with the basal angles and a median, longitudinal stripe orange and with the apex and a spot on the middle of each lateral margin black. The elytra are translucent white with the transverse veins enbrowned and with round black spot on the middle of the each commissural suture, at the base of each c orium and on t'hle proximal quarter and on the distal

1 2 9 quarter of each costal margin. The disk of each clavus is light-orange, the apex of each clavus is black, and four, long, anastomosing, dark- orange spots are located on the disk of each corium. A pair of the females of the series, perhaps teneral forms, have the markings

i darker and larger, a black spot on the posterior margin of the ver tex and on the disk of the pronotum, and the anteclypeus and apex of the postclypeus black. Genitalias SLmilar to minuenda in pattern but pygofers -without hook; the apices of the pygofers produced into caudally-directly C- shaped processes, the dorsal arms of which are much longer and broader than the ventral arms. The aedeagus without ventro-lateral processes, its dorsal processes long and pointed; the phalicata broad, cylind rical, reduced in width abruptly at its center, the apical process thus formed, bent nearly caudal near its center and tapering to a sharply-pointed apex, Holotype male, allotype female, and female paratypes collected at Jacala, Hil., Jan. 2, 1950 by R- H. Beamer. Types in the Snow collection.

Idona paralleal n.sp. (fig. 160)

Resembling eborolora in general form and appearance but with dis tinctive coloration and genitalia. Length 2,2 mm. Colors The vertex is cream with paired, anterior and posterior, medial, black spots on its disk; the spots joined in the specimen at hand by an irregular, brown median band. The face cream with a pair

1 3 0 . of small spots next to the anterior corner of each eye and a spot be low each antenna black* The pronotum is cream with the central por tion of its disk and spots along its anterior margin cream, and with paired anterior and posterior, and paired lateral spots on its disk black* The scutellum is c ream with its basal angles and a medial spot orange, and with the tip of its apex-black. The elytra are translucent white with the t ransverse vein enbrowned and with black spots on the commissural margin and apex of each clavus, at the base, proximal quarter, and middle of each costal margin. The base and disk of each clavus are marked with orange spots and four orange spots, one near the base, one near the center, and a pair near the transverse vein, are located on each corium* - Genitalias Pygofers without hooks, their apices produced into smell, C-shaped, medially-directed processes* The base of the aedeagus short, broad, and cylindrical with the ventro-lateral processes rather heavy and strongly curved dorsad and with the phalicata rather short, thick, and nearly parallel sided* Holotype male collected at Iguala, G'ro., Sept. 11, 1939 by D. M. DeLong.

Idona ferrugina n.sp* («ig. i Ssj

This and the following species, while they resemble minuenda in venation and general form, differ from the rest of Idona in having a longer head, second apical cell of the elytaron pedunculate, and in having the male plates short and broad* Length 2*5 mm* 131 Vertex vdth its median length about as long as its basal width between the eyes; second apical cell pedunculate. Color: The vertex is ivory with a short, transverse, black line on the anterior margin at its apex and with a pair of black spots at its apex and similar spots, one next to each eye and one on the middle of its posterior margin. The dorsal portion of the postdypeus is cream with its ventral half dark brown and with the anteclypeus dark brown bordered with ivory; the genae and lora are dark brown with a horizontal band across the g enae and the portion bordering each eye ivory. The pronotum is ivory with the central portion of its disk light brown and with £ur spots on its disk and anastamosing spots alorg its anterior margin brown. The sides of the thorax are black with a broad, ivory line across the middle. The elytra are t ranslucent with the clavi and disks of the coria flecked and mottled with reddish brown; the major portion of the costal margin and apical cells brown, and a costal plaque yellow. . t Genitalia: The plate is broad being widest at its middle, the lateral spine-bearing tubercul remote from the base of the plate; apex angulate. Pygofers narrowing distally to a spine-like, mesally-directed apex which in the holotype bears a pair of short, dorsal spines, absent in the paratypes male. The ventro-lateral pro cesses of the base arise near its proximal end and are rather heavy; the base above the ventro-lateral processes is erect, long, and very slender; the phalicata is a short, broad tube. Holotype male, allotype femal^, male and female paratypes col lected at Chilpancingo, G'ro., Oct. 25, 1941 by DeLong and Good. 132 Idona reflexa n.sp. frig. 164)

Resembling ferrugina in general form and appearance but lighter in color and with unique male genital structures. Length 2.2 ram. Color: The vertex is ivory with its basal half light tan and with a pair of large spots on the middle of its posterior margin black. The face is tan with its genae and lora ivory and with a black spot next to the anterior angle of each eye and a similar spot below each antenna. The pronotum is tan with four spots on its disk and the central portion of its disk black. The scutellum is cream with its basal angles tan* and with its apex and a spot on the middle of each lateral margin black. The disks of the clavi andcoria are nettled with orange, the apical cells are enbrowned, and the apex of each clavus, a spot on each humeral angle, and a pair of spots on the costal margin are black. Genitalia: The external male genitalia are similar to those of ferrugina. The apices of the pygofers terminate in blunt, mesally- directed processes. The apices of the styles are senuate. The ventro lateral processes of the base are long and slender; the dorsal processes s ~ ■ * V are small knobs; the phalicata is broad, its caudal margin is rounded, and it is extended at its apex into a thin, curved apical process. Holotype male collected at Mazat'an, Chiapus, Nov. 12, 1932 (MF 2757) by Dr. Dampf j paratype females collected at Orizaba, V. C., Oct. 17, 1941 (K 28) by DeLong, Good, Caldwell, and Plummer. U ft "

133 TRIBE ERYTHRONEURINI (Plate XVI) Erythroneurini Young (1951)

Description: The r-m cross vein of the elytron present, R and M remaining separate to the margin of the wing* second apical cell quadrangular ; first apical cell short and rounded posteriorly, appendix absent. Submarginal vein absent at the paex of the hind-wing, the portion of the submarginal vein which parallels the costa present; vannal vein simple; cubitus appearing branched, its posterior branch extending obliquely to the submarginal vein. The R and M veins of the hind-wing fusing near the cross veins, the wing thus with but two apical cells. Preapical lobe of the style present, first extension long and slender, apical extension present with the heel distinct in many forms; pygofers moderately long and broad, with dorsal hooks and some forms with apical processes; valve long, its posterior margin convex; plates moderately long and broad; anal hooks absent* Coronal suture reduced, entirely absent in some species. This tribe is a cosmopolitan and is well represented in the Nearqtic region.- Young (1951) recognizes the genera gy^ina Fleber. Hymetta McAtee and Brythroneiira Pitch and further'divides the latter genus into several subgenera. The specimens of this tribe which the auther has examined from Mexico have belonged to the genus Zygina (the westera-obliqua group of Erythroneura). However, species of the other segregates are known to occur in the southwestern United States and in the Republic of Panama and Should be found in Mexico. The

134 literature on the Nearctic species is extremely scattered, the most

comprehensive papers being those of Robinson (1926), and Beamer (1929, 1930, 1931-32, 1936).

Species of this tribe have not been previously recorded from

Mexico. However, Erythroneura elegantula Osborn (1929*289) was described from Panama,-specimen of Zyglna oculata (McAtee 192Us39) from Mexico (no locakity given with the specimens) have been examined, the species Dikrella venella DeLong and Ruppel from Michoican, Mexico belongs in Zyglna, and many undiscribed species have been examined. As noted in the introduction, Dr* Herbert H, Ross is studying the Mexican forms of Erythroneurini; and the group is, thus, not treated more in detail here. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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1 9 0 3 a A new genus of the Typhlocybini* Invert. Pac. 1:3* 1 9 0 3 b The genus Erythria in America. Invert. Pac. 1:3-5. 1903© New Typhlo cybini. Invert. Pac. 1:5-9. Ball, E. D. 1921 The smallest known leafhopper. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 34:23-24. Ball, E. D. and D. M. DeLong. 1925 The genus Dikraneura and its allies in North America. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 18:324-340. Beamer, H. H. 1929 Erythroneura (Homoptera, Cicadellidae) from the Southwest.. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 22:115-129. 1930 Some Erythroneura of the obliqua group (Homoptera, Cicadellidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 23:417-456.

1 9 3 1 - 2 Some Erythroneura (grape leaf hoppers) of the maculata group. (Hemoptera, Cicadellidae)• Can. Eht. (pulb. in sections) 63:127-135, 240-244, 268-270, 285-289; 64:12-17, 45-48, 69-7 2 , 82-88, 134-144, 158-162, 174-181. 1934 Notes on leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Can. Ent. 66:16-18. . 1936a Species of Erythroneura of the Comes group (Homoptera-Cicadellidae). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bui. 24:261-307* . 1936b Two new Dikraneura from the southwest. Fan- Pacific Ent. 12:7-8.

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Leopold, A. S. 1950 Vegetation zones in Mexico. Ecol. 31:507-518. McAtee, W. L. 1924 Notes on eupterygid leaf -hoppers with descriptions of a new form. Florida Eat. 8:33—39. ______• 1926a Revision of the American leafhoppers of the j as aid genus Typhlocyba. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 68:1-47* . 1926b Notes on neotropical Eupteryginae, with a key to the varieties of Alebra albostriella (Homoptera: Jassidae). Journ. New York Ent. Soc. 34:141-175* ______. 1934 Genera and subgenera of Eupteryginae (Homoptera: Jassidae). .Proc. Zoo. Soc. London 1934:93-117* Medler, J. T. 1942 The leafhoppers of Minnesota. Homoptera: dcadel- lidea. Univ. Minnesota Agric. Exp. St a. Tech. Bui. 155:1—196. Oman, P. W. 1937 New eupterygine leafhoppers from Puerto Rice (Homoptera—Cicadellidae). Journ. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico 21:567-572. . 1949 The nearctic leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) A generic classification and check list. Ent. Soc. Washington Msm. 3, 1-253, 44 1^. Oman, P. W. and N. H. Wheeler. 1938 The North American Empoascan leafhoppers of the aspersa group (Homoptera—Cicadellidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 40:133-147. Osborn, H. 1928 Neotropical Homoptera of the Carnegie Museum. Part 6. Typhlocybinae Ann. Carnegie Mus. 18:253—298. Ossiannilsson, F. 1936 A new North American species of Typhlocyba (Homoptera, d e a d e n idae). Ent. Tidskr. 57:10-11.

Poos, F. W. 1933 Four new species of Empoasca (Homoptera: Cicadel lidae). Proc. Eat. Soc. Washington 35:174-178* 140 Ribaut, H. 1936 Homopteres Auchenorhynque s. I Typhlocybidae. Faune de France 31*1-228.

Robinson, W. 1926 The genus Erythroneura north of Mexico. (Homoptera, Cicadellidae) Univ. Kansas Sci. Bui. 16*101-155.

Ruppel, R. F. and D. M. DeLong. 1951 Studies of the genus Kunzeana, I Five new species of Mexican Kunzeana. Ohio Journ. Sci. 51:187- 191* Sabrosky, C. W. 1947 Stability of family names: Some principles and problems. Amer. Nat. 81*153-160.

Snodgrass, R. E. 1935 The principles of insect morphology. McGraw- Hill, New York, ix, 1-667. Van Duzee, E. P. 1916 Check list of the Hemiptera of America, north of Mexico. New York Ent. Sco., New York, x, 1-111. Walsh, B. D. 1862 Fire blight. Two new foes of the apple and pear. Prairie Farmer 10*147-149. Wheeler, N. H. 1940 The North American empoascan leafhoppers of the alboneura group (Homoptera* Cicadellidae). Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 30*478-483. .' 1939 The North American empoascan leafhoppers of the radiata group (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 29:292-300. . 1937 Trap-light studies on leafhoppers belonging t© the genus Snpoasca (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), with descriptions of two new species. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 39:141-156. Young, D. A. 1951 A reclassification of Western Hemisphere Typhlocybinae (Homoptera, Cicadellidae) unp. dissertation. Grad. School, Univ. of Kansas. Zachvatkin, A. A. 1929 Description d'une nouvelle espece du genre Edwardsiana Jaz. 1929 (Hemoptera, Eupterygidae) des environs de Moscou. Rev. Russe d'Ent. 23:262—265.

1 4 1 GLOSSARY (Figures illustrating "these structures are on plate I),

aedeagus - the phallio organ of* the leafhoppers, anal hook - ventral projections of the tenth abdominal tergite, anal tube - the reduced posterior (the tenth and eleventh) abdominal segments of the leafhoppers. anteclypeus - the small, ventral, median plate of the face, anterior margin - the rounded or angulate area between the vertex and face. apex of the scutellum - the posterior point of the scutellum, apex of the vertex - the most anterior point of the vertex, apical cells - the areas enclosed between the cross veins and the margins (or submarginal vein) of the elytra and hind- wings. apical extension the foot-shaped process at the apex of the style, appendix - the small cell on the distal-posterior margin of the elytron. basal angles - the anterior-lateral corners of the scutellum. basal width - the width of the vertex between the eyes. base of the aedeagus - the proximal portion of the aedeagus which articulates with the connective, commissural margin - the ventral margin of the clavus. connective - a plate extending between the styles and articulating with the aedeagus. dorsal processes of the base - paired, lateral process on the distal. portion of the base of the aedeagus. elytra - (or tegmina) the fore-wihgs of the leafhoppers.

1 4 2 face - the oblique, ventral portion of the head, first extension - the mesal, apical lobe of the style, gena - the lateral plate of the face, genital capsule - a collective term for the external genitalia of the leafhoppers, median length - the distance between the apex and middle of the posterior margin of the vertex, phalicata - the free portion of the aedeagus which bears the gonoduct, plates - the triangular, distal lobes of the ninth abdominal sternite of the male, postclypeus - the large, medial plate of the face, preapical lobe - the flop-like, lateral lobe of the style, pygofer - the enlarged ninth abdominal tergite, second extension - the tooth-like projection on the apical extension of the style, sectors - the longitudinal veins of the eLytron. styles - the ventro-lateral clospers of the ninth abdominal sternite of the male. submarginal vein - the peripheral vein of the hind-wing. transverse veins - the cross veins of the elytron, valve - the basal plate of the ninth abdominal sternite of the mala, vertex - (or crown) the portion of the head visible from above.

143 INDEX TO TRIBES AND GENERA

Page

A1concura Ball and DeLong ------_ _73 Alebrini McAtee ------______9 Cicadella Dumerll — - — — - — — — — 34 Dikraneura Hardy — ------_ _ _ 49 Dikraneurini McAtee 48 Dikrella Oman - --- - 1 0 3 Empoasca W a l s h — --- ______23 Empoascini Distant 22 Erythroneurini Y o u n g --- 134 Eualebra Baker ------2 5 Eupterella DeLong and R u p p e l ------36 Henribantia Young and Christian ------43 Hyloidea McAtee ------95 Idona DeLong 123 Jormna McAtee — - - - 2 7 Kunzeana Oman ------59 NeoJoruma Young 26 Parallax! s McAtee — — — — - — — — — ------53 Protalebra Baker — ---- — ------— -- _ 9 Scinda DeLong and Ruppel ------42 Typhloevba Germar ------46 Typhlo cybella Baker ------56 Typhlo cybini Distant -- — ---- 33

144 PLATE I MORPHOLOGY fig. 1 Frotalebra sp., dorsal view fig. 2 Protalebra sp., face, antero-ventral view fig. 3 Female genital structures, diagram fig. 4 Male genital capsule, diagram fig. 5 Male internal genitalia, diagram fig. 6a Erythroneura sp., left style, dorsal view fig. 6b Dikraneura sp., left style, dorsal view

143 HE m

Oc.Hl

FIG. 1 Lorum

RnUtlyftiu F IG. 2 F IG. 3

FIG. 5

FIG. 4

PLATE I MOPPHOLOGY

E i Ih i Ih F I G . 6 ol FIG. 6 b

Ii*6 PLATE II ALEBRINI fig. 7 Protalebra braziliensis Baker, wings fig. 8 Pro talebra maculata Baker, elytron fig. 9Protalebra maculata, male genitalia, lateral view fig. 10 Protalebra signata McA., male genitalia, lateral view. fig. 11a Protalebra variata n.sp., male genitalia, lateral view fig. 11b Pro talebra variata. right pygofer process, ventral view fig. 12 Protalebra braziliensis. male genitalia, lateral view fig. 13a Protalebra nicaraugensis Baker, male genitalia, lateral view. fig. 13b Protalebra nicaraugensis, aedeagus, anterior view.

1 * 7 FIG. 9 F IG . 7

F IG . 8

F IG. 10

FIG. 11a FIG. lib FIG . 13b

FIG. 12 \-\ PLATE 13 ALEBRINI PLATE III ALEBRINI-EMPOASCA fig. Ik Frotalebra sanguinolinea (Baker), male genitalia, lateral view. fig. l£a Frotalebra deeorata (Osborn) aedeagus, lateral view. fig. l5b Protalebra deeorata, left pygofer process, caudo-lateral view. fig. 16a Protalebra pallida n.sp., aedeagus, lateral view, fig. 16b Protalebra pallida, pygofer process, lateral view, fig. 17a Protalebra sobrina, aedeagus, lateral view, fig. 17b Protalebra sobrina, left pygofer process, candal view, fig, 18a Protalebra aureocosta n.sp., aedeagus, lateral view, fig. 18b Protalebra aureocosta pygofer process, lateral view, fig. 19a Protalebra caldwelli, n.sp., aedeagus lateral view, fig. 19b Protalebra caldwelli, pygofer process, lateral view, fig. 20 Empoasc'a sp.. wings, fig. 21 Empoasca sp., male genitalia, lateral view. (After DeLong). FIG. 14 FIG. 15a FIG 16ou FIG. 16b

v / FIG. 17a FIG. 17 b FIG. IS a

FIG. 19k

FIG. 2 0

P L A T E HE FIG. 21 ALEBRINJI - EM P O A S C A 150 PLATE IV EMPOASCINI V fig. 22 Eualebra smithii Baker, wings (from Young 1951). fig. 2 3 Eualebra jalap a (DeL. and Rup), head and thorax, dorsal view. fig. 2h Eualebra jalapa, head, lateral view, fig. 25 Nepjoruma adusta (McA.), head and thorax, dorsal view. fig. 26 Joruma krausi n.sp., head and thorax, dorsal view. fig. 27 Joruma krausi, wings. fig. 28 Joruma krausi, head, lateral view. fig. 29a Joruma aurea n.sp., male genitalia, lateral view. fig. 29b Joruma aurea, aedeagus and left anal hook, candal view. fig. 30a Joruma krausi, aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 30b Joruma krausi, anal hook, lateral view. fig. 30c Joruma krausi, right style, dorsal.view.

151 FIG. 2 3 FIG. 2 4 FIG. 2 2

FIG. 2 5 F IG . 2 6 FIG. 2 7

F I G .2 8 FIG . 29b

, F IG .3 0 b

F IG .3 0 > ( EMPOASCINI V 152 PLATE V J ORUMA-TXPHLOCYBINI fig. 31a Joruma clay at a n.sp., male genitalia, lateral view, fig. 31b Joruma clavata, aedeagus, ventro-caudal view, fig. 32a Joruma orizabae n.sp., aedeagus, lateral view, fig. 32b Joruma orizabae, anal hook, lateral view. fig. 33 Cicadella cordoba DeL. and Rup., head and thorax, dorsal view* fig. 3h Cicadella cordoba, head, lateral view, fig. 35> Cicadella cordoba, elytron. fig. 36 Cicadella cordoba, male genitalia, lateral view, fig. 37 Eupterella mexicana DeL. and Rup., wings, fig. 38 Eupterella mexicana, head and thorax, dorsal view, fig. 39 Eupterella mexieana, head, lateral view.

153 F I 6. 3 2 F I G .3 2 b

FIG .3 lex

F IG . 3 5

F IG . 3 3 F IG . 3 4

FIG . 3 6

F IG . 3 9

F IG . 3 7 F IG .38 PLATE V JORUMA - TYPHL OCBINI

i - Y\

154 PLATE VI TYPHLOCTBINI fig. UO Eupterella mexicana, male genitalia, lateral view. fig, Ula Eupterella frigida DeL. and Rup., aedeagus, lateral view; ijlbaedeagal process, candal view. fig. U2a Eupterella gladia DeL. and Rup., aedeagus, lateral view; U2b aedeagal process, caudal view. fig. l;3a Eupterella acuminata DeL. and Rup., aedeagus, lateral view if.3b aedeagal ptocess, caudal view. fig. Uh Scinda scarlatina(DeL. and Rup.), elytron. fig. Scinda scarlatina, head and thorax, dorsal view. fig. h6 Scinda scarlatina, head, lateral view. fig. U7 Scinda scarlatina, male genitalia, lateralview. fig. U8 Scinda cochlea, aedeagus and apex of pygofer lateral views. fig. 1*9 Scinda circula, aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 3>0 Henribautia aur eoline at a n.sp., elytron. fig. 5l Henribautia aureolineata, head and thorax, dorsal view. fig. 52 Henribautia aureolineata, head, lateral view.

155 41b 43a. 4 3 b

4 0 4 6

4 5

4 7 4 9 4 0

5 2 51 5 0 PLA TE VI

\. \ • 156 PLATE VII TIPHLOCIBA-DIKHANEUHINI fig. 53 Typhlocyba sp., wings. fig. 5U Typhlocyba sp., head and thorax, dorsal view. fig. 55 Typhlocyba sp., head, lateral view. fig. 56 Dikraneura sp., wings. fig. 57 Dikraneura arizona DeL. and Cald., male genitalia, lateral view. fig. 58 Dikraneura stonei n.sp., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 59 Dikraneura luna Del. and Cald., aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 6o Par all axis sp., elytron. fig. 61 Par allaxis guzmani (Baker), male genitalia, lateral view.

157 5 5 53

5 6 5 7

5 9

5 0

6 0 61

p l a t e VII PLATE VIII DIKRANEURINI fig. 62 Par all axis ornata Osborn, aedeagus, lateral view, fig. 63 Parallaxis diffusa n. sp., aedeagus, lateral view, fig. 6U Typhlocybella sp., wings. fig. 65 Typhlocybella parva n.sp., aedeagus, lateral view, fig. 66 Typhlocybella minima Baker, male genitalia, lateral view, fig. 67 Kunzeana sp., wings. fig. 68 Kunzeana texana (Beamer), male genitalia, lateral view. fig. 69 Kunzeana texana, head and thorax, dorsal view* fig. 70 Kunzeana texana. head, lateral view. fig. 71 Kunzeana fur cat a (Beamer), aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 72 Kunzeana youngi Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view.

159 N

6 2 6 3

6 4

6 5

6 7 66

7 0 6 9

6 8

7 2 P L A T E VIII

160 PLATE IX DIKRANEURINI fig. 73a Kunzeana rosea (Osborn); aedeagus, lateral view; 73b same, ventral view. fig. 7h Kunzeana parrai Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 7$ Kunzeana ebena Rup. and DeL., aedeagus lateral view. fig. 76 Kunzeana semiluna Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, ventral view. fig. 77 Kunzeana semiluna, aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 78a Kunzeana popae Rup. and DeL. aedeagus and pygofer hook, lat*' eral view. fig. 79 Kunzeana acacial Rup and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 80 Kunzeana tessellata Rup. arid DeL., aedeagus, and pygofer hook,- lateral view. fig. 81 Kunzeana versicolora Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 82 Kunzeana sgndersi (Ball and DeL), head, dorsal view. fig. 83 Kunzeana sandersi, aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 81i Kunzeana sandersi, head, lateral view. fig. 85 Kunzeana vomerella Rup. and DeL., aedeagus,lateral view, fig. 86 Kunzeana scimetaria Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view, fig. 87 Kunzeana tamazella Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view, fig. 88 Kunzeana meta Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view.

161 8 7 8 6 P L A T E IX

042 PLATS X DIKRAMEURINI fig. 89 Kunzeana lenta (McA.), aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 90 Kunzeana g alb ana Hup. and ]J)eL., aedeagus, lateral view. fig* 93a Kunzeana carmenae Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view* 91b same, ventral view. fig, 92a Kunzeana eburata Rup. and DeL., aedeagus lateral view; 92b same, ventral view. fig. 93 Kunzeana deserta Rup., and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 9h Kunzeana caldwelli Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 95 Kunzeana spinosa Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 96a Kunzeana flavella Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view 96b same, ventral view. v« fig. 97 Kunzeana usitata Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 98a Kunzeana raia Rup. and DeL.. aedeagus, lateral view: 95b" same, ventral view. fig. 99a Kunzeana hebea Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view; 99b same, ventral view. fig. 100 Hyloidea sp., elytron. fig. 101 Hyloidea bakeri n.sp.,genital capsule,lateral view, fig. 102 Hyloidea bakeri, head andthorax, dorsal view.

163 6 9 9 0 91< 91b 9 2 . 9 2 b

9 3 9 6 o. 9 6 b

9 7 9 8 9 9 o. 9 9 b

i lOO

102

lO l P L A T E X PLATE XI DIKRANEURINI fig. 103 hyloidea bakeri n.sp., aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 10U Hyloidea praeclara n.sp., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 105 hyloidea moritealegrei (Baker), aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 106 Hyloidea Candida n.sp., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 107 Alconeura fulminea Lawson, head and thorax, dorsal view. fig. 108 Alconeura fulminea. male genitalia, lateral view. fig. 109 Alconeura fulminea, head, lateral view. fig. 110 Alconeura fulminea, elytron. fig. 111 Alconeura dorsalia (DeL.), aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 112 Alconeura glauca Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 113 Alconeura dimorpha Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. Ill* Alconeura slmilis DeL. and Rup., aedeagus and pygofer hook lateral view.

165 p

103 1 0 4 105

106

107 108

1 09 110 111

112 113 114

PLATE XI

m PLATE XII DIKRANEURINI fig. 115> Alconeura nigroscuta Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 116 Alconeura beamer, aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 117 Alconeura griffithi Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 118 Alconeura rubella DeL. and Rup., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 119 Alconeura micropuncta Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 120 Alconeura separata DeL. and Rup., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 121 Alconeura rubranota DeL. and Rup., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 122 Alconeura torosa Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer, hook, lateral view. fig. 123 Alconeura cornigera Griffith, aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 12k Alconeura macra Griffith, aedeagus and pygoder hook, lateral view. fig. 125 Alconeura dodonanna Beamer, aedeagus and pygoferhook, lateral view. fig. 126 Alconeura cinctella DeL. and Rup., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view.

167 116 117

115

119 120 121 110

1 2 3

124- 1 25 122

PLATE XII

126

16* PLATE XIII DIKRANEURINI fig. 127 Alconeura eborea Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 128 Alconeura colimae Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 129 Alconeura rutilivitta Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer process, lateral view. fig. 130 Alconeura asymetrica Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 131 Alconeura albavulta Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 132 Alconeura osborni Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 133 Alconeura rossi Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer process, lateral view. fig. 13U Alconeura sigmaforma Rup. and Del., aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 135 Dikrella sp., elytron. fig. 136 Dikrella eockerelli (Gillette), male genitalia, lateral view. fig. 137 Dikrella exila Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 138 Dikrella scinda Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view.

I V V'

169 1 2 7 1 2 8 1 2 9 1 3 0

1 3 2 133 131

1 3 5 136 134

PLATE XIII

137 13 8

XfO PLATE XIV DIKRANEURINI

f i g . 139 Dikrella gilva Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. lUO Dikrella albidula Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view, fig. llj.1 Dikrella aureocosta Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, pygofer hook, and apical pygofer process, lateral view. fig. llj.2 Dikrella lurida Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. lU3 Dikrella opala Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. Dikrella rubranota Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. Dikrella angustella Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view. fig. lU6 Dikrella rubrapuncta Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 1 )t7 Dikrella rubralineata Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and apex of pygofer, lateral view. fig. 1U8 Dikrella eburnea Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and apex of pygofer, lateral view. fig. lU9 Dikrella unica Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 1^0 Dikrella dupli.ca Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view.

171 139 14 0 141

1 4 2

146 147

/ ✓ 150

149 PLATE XIV

172 PLATE XV DIKRANEURINI fig. 151 Dikrella bimacula ta Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 152 Dikrella dentata Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 153 Dikrella nigranota Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer process, lateral view. fig. l5li- Dikrella mella Rup. and DeL., aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 155 Dikrella scarlatina Rup. and DeL., aedeagus and pygofer hook, lateral view. fig. 156 Idona sp., -wings. fig. Idona minuenda (Ball) genital capsule, lateral view (anal tube has been omitted). fig. 158 Idona minuenda. aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 159 Idona usltata n.sp., aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 160 Idona biforma n.sp., aedeagus, lateral view. fig. 161 Idona parallela n.sp., aedeagus, lateral view, and apex left pygofer, caudal view.

173 151 1 5 2 153

1 5 4 1 5 5 1 5 7

1 5 8

1 5 6 s 'P

159 160 161

PL A T E XV

174 PLATE XVI DIKRAI'IETJRIWI-ERYTI'IHCNEURIWI fig. 162 Idona eborolora n.sp., aedeagus and apex of pygofer, lateral view. fig. 163 Idona gigantica n.sp., aedeagus, pygofer hook, and apex of pygofer, lateral view. fig. 16U Idona reflexa n.sp., aedeagus, lateral view, and apex left pygofer, caudal view. fig. 16$ Idona ferrugina n.sp., aedeagus, lateral view, a. apex left pygofer, holotype, caudal view; b. apex left pygofer, paratype, caudal view. fig. 166 Zygina sp.. head and thorax, dorsal view. fig. 167 Zygina sp., head, lateral view. fig. 168 Zygina sp., wings. fig. 169 Zygina sp. t male genitalia, lateral view.

175 164 162 163

167

165

166

169

P L A T E XVI

17* AUTOBIOGRAPHY

I, Robert Frank Ruppel, was born in Detroit, Michigan, on 2 June 1925. I attended the public schools of that state, graduating from Highland Park High School in January of 1945. Upon grad uation, I joined the United States Marine Corps, serving with this service until December of 1945. After discharge from t he service, I enrolled in Michigan State College, receiving a B.S. in entomology in December of 1948. I married Grace M. Boulton in August of 1948. I enrolled in The Ohio State University, receiving my M^S. in entomology in March of 1950. From March, 1950 to the present, I was a Research Fellow of The Ohio State University whilew orking toward the Ph.D. degree*

177