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DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For THE ..TYPHLOCYBINAE OF MEXICO (HOMOPTEEA: CICADELLIDAE) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University % ROBERT FRANK RUPPEL, B.S., M.Sc. The Ohio State University 1952 :■ # . : : it **,•*«: .**.* > ;> » 11 i ••• * * 1 1 • i i v c t n *« n . J « » ' «* » • «• Approved by: Adviser ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper has been made possible through the generosity and cooperation of several people to whom the author owes a great debt of gratitude. The bulk of material for study was obtained from the collection of Dr. Dwight M. DeLong, and many additional specimens were borrowed from the U. S. National Museum through the cooperation of Dr. David A. Young, and from the Snow Museum through Dr. Raymond H. Beamer. In addition, Professor Josef Knull extended the privi­ lege of examining the Osborn types in the museum of The Ohio State University, and Dr. Young allowed the author to examine the Baker types from the Pomona College collection and furnished many illus­ trations of the Osborn types from the Carnegie Museum. To Drs. Beamer and Young, the author is also indebted for comparing many of the Mexican specimens with type material. To Dr. DeLong, Mrs. Grace M, Ruppel, Mr. Paul Ludwig, and Mr. G. Mallory Boush for their aid in the preparation of manuscripts and to the many others who reviewed, aided, and encouraged the work, the author expresses his warmest thanks. - i £ 004:83 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number Introduction -------- 1 Subfamily Typhlo cybinae --- - - - 6 Tribe Alebrinae ------- ------- -------- 9 Tribe Empoascini ---- ----------------------- - 2 2 Tribe Typhlo cybini - - 33 Tribe Dikraneurini -----------------------------------4 Q ' Tribe Erythroneurini------ ~---- 13 4 Bibliography ---- -136 Glossary -------- -142 I n d e x --- 144 Illustrations -------- 145 Autobiography ---------------- -177 ii THE TYPHLOCYBINAE OF MEXICO (HOMOFTERA: CICADELLIDAE). INTRODUCTION The subfamily Typhlocybinae is composed of over fifteen hundred described species of small, delicate, leafhoppers with members of one or more of its genera found in every part of the world. America, north of Mexico, is known to be especially rich both in species and genera of these insects with its fauna becoming more complex as the southern and western portions of the United States are approached* However, adjacent Mexico, as is true of the remainder of the Latin Americas, has been but little explored with regard to its typhlocybine fauna. The present literature on the Mexican forms is restricted to the scattered descriptions of a few species. During the past two years, the author has had the privilege of examining the Mexican ma­ terial of this subfamily in the collections of Dr. D. M. DeLong, the U. S. National Museum, and the Snow Museum of the University of Kan­ sas; and this paper is the result of this work. It is hoped that it will present a cleared picture of the leafhoppers of this region and facilitate further work on this group. As the check lists of DeLong and Khull (191)5) and Oman (191$) list completely the insects of this group from the southwestern United States which may be found in the northern portion and highland areas of Mexico, the species considered in this paper have been limited to 1 those -which have been recorded from Mexico and adjacent Central Amer­ ica. The works cited above and, especially, the generic revision of Young (1951) should be consulted to determine the relationship of the Mexican fauna to that of the remaining New World areas. At the time of this writing, the Erapoasca and Erythreneurini of Mexico ■were being studied by Dr. D. M. DeLong and Dr. H. H. Ross respectively and some of the other genera were being studied by the author. This has neces­ sitated the inclusion of manuscript names for large numbers of species and the limiting of fuller taxonomic treatment to those genera which have been more c ompletely worked. Previously, wing venation and head-shape have been primarily used to differentiate tribes and genera of the typhlocybines, and these characteristics still serve as excellent bases for the separation of these groups. Recently, Young (195>1) has shown that patterns of the male genitalia are correlated with these characteristics, and that by the use of genital structures, certain anomalies of previous generic and tribal arrangements could be clarified. These genital structures, as well as the other body features, are subject to specialization, reduction, and ornamentation and their use separately, without the con­ sideration of other morphological features, would also create a number of anomalies. The present arrangement is, therefore, based on a con­ sideration of the whole insect with particular emphasis given to the discreet differences of the male genitalia. As the species treated in this paper represent but a small frac­ tion of the world's fauna, the synonomy of super-specific groups has been considered beyond its scope. In the main, the genera and arrange­ 2 ment of genera presented by Young (l9f?l) have been accepted. In ad­ dition, species within a genus which seem closely related have been placed into species-groups without taxonomic status. The derivation of the typhlocybines is a matter of dispute. Thus, Gillette (l8<?8) placed them as the basic stock of the cica- dellids, Lawson (1920) considered them to be the most advanced sub­ family within the family, while Kirkaldy (l<?06) thought of them as but a special branch of the Macrostelini. To this author, the latter two views have merit. The reduced venation and specialized genital struc­ tures seem to indicate their advanced position while the presence of the ocelli on the anterior margin and the termination of the post- clypeal sutures at the ocelli serve to establish their relationships to the deltocephaline leafhoppers. The author cannot concur with RLrlcaldy's view that the reduced venation is a reliable indication of relationship with the maerostelines, as the reduced venation could have been arrived at from any number of venational patterns. The long face of Typhlocybinae is unique as is the stridulatory apparatus. These latter features remove them from too close a relationship with the Deltocephalinae. The author, then, would place them as a highly specialized group of the deltocephaline line. In the arrangement of the tribes within the subfamily, the author is in disagreement with the views of Dr. Young with reference to the tribe ESmpoascin (sensu the present paper). This tribe is placed by Dr. Young into the Typhlocybini. The oblique posterior branch of the cubital vein, the definite submarginal vein at the apex of the hind- wing, the presence of a preapical lobe in the style (except in Empoasca) 3 and the slender plates of the ISnrpoascini stand in contrast to the features of Typhlocybini. These characteristics are common to the Alebrini and, to this author, the tribes Empoascini and Alebrini are very closely related with the chief difference being the absence or presence respectively of the appendix of the elytron. The Alebrini and Empoascini also lack the costal extension of the submarginal vein, the dorsal processes of the pygofers, and the well-developed preapieal lobe of the styles seen in the Dikraneurini and Erythroneurini. While the venation of the hind-wing of Typhlo- cybini is evascent apically, it shares the genital features of the alebrine leafhoppers and perhaps represents a specialized line from that stock* The Dikraneurini and Erythroneurini have the costal extension of the submarginal vein (although the venation of the latter tribe is evascent near the apex of the wing), dorsal pygofer processes and well- developed preapieal lobes of the styles which separate them from the Alebrini. These two tribes, therefore, seem to constitute a distinct line from the basic stock. The differences between these tribes are very decided (see the tribal descriptions below) and they probably represent rather divergent lines. The author would, thus, place the Alebrini, Empoascini, and Typhlocybini into one division with the last tribe quite removed from the other two, and the Dikraneurini and Erythroneurini as separated tribes of a second division. In this paper, the name, synonomy, description, distribution, and some remarks are given for each tribe or genus, followed by a key to the Mexican genera or species of the group. In addition, reference k is made to the larger papers dealing -with each genus. This general plan is followed in the presentation of each species. The descrip­ tion given of a genus or species is of the diagnostic characteristics, which separate that genus or species from the others in the group; features common to several species or genera being presented in the discussion of the tribe or genus. The species described here in as new are to be published later and the type specimens, unless otherwise indicated, placed in the DeLong Collection. During this work, an attempt was made to correlate the distribution of the various groups with the biotic zones of Mexico. However, the information available (principally Goldman and Moore 19hS, Leopold 1950, Goldman 1951, and the unpublished notes of Dr. Dampf and Mr, E. Good) was inadequate to place many localities in any particular zone. The distributions given for many of the species are, thus, cita­ tions from the locality-labels* It is hoped that a more extended study of the ecology of these animals can be made enabling their ecological, as well as their geographical, distribution to be plotted. 5 THE SUBFAMILY TYPHLOCYBINAE Description: Antennae located in shallow antennal pits close to anterior comer of 'the eye; antennal ledges indistinct. Face long and slender; anteclypeus extending below genae; post-clypeal sutues extend­ ing to anterior margin; clypeal suture straight, indistinct; ocelli when present located on anterior margin between the eyes. Elytra long and narrow; the s ectors unbranched; the b ases of the sectors and the claval veins obscured; cross veins anterior to the transverse veins absent; appendix absent and venation of the hind-wing reduced in many forms.
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