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Primates of the Far Eastern Himalaya PRIMATES OF THE FAR EASTERN HIMALAYA 1 2 PRIMATES OF THE FAR EASTERN HIMALAYA This book is dedicated to generations of conservationists who have fought to preserve wildlife and their habitats in the face of ever-increasing pressures. PRIMATES OF THE FAR EASTERN HIMALAYA 3 Copyright © 2021 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial, No Derivatives 4.0 Published by International License International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development GPO Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Note ISBN 978-92-9115-944-4 (print) This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part 978-92-9115-945-1 (online) and in any form for educational or nonprofit purposes Production team without special permission from the copyright holder, Samuel Thomas (Senior editor) provided acknowledgement of the source is made. Rachana Chettri (Editor) ICIMOD would appreciate receiving a copy of any Sudip Kumar Maharjan (Graphic designer) publication that uses this publication as a source. No Kabir Uddin (Geospatial and Remote Sensing specialist) use of this publication may be made for resale or for any Jitendra Raj Bajracharya (Photo editor) other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior Anil Kumar Jha (Editorial assistance) permission in writing from ICIMOD. The views and interpretations in this publication are Cover photo those of the author(s). They are not attributable to Peng Jiansheng (China) ICIMOD and do not imply the expression of any opinion Citation concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city ICIMOD (2021). Primates of the Far Eastern Himalaya. International Centre for Integrated or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation Mountain Development. of its frontiers or boundaries, or the endorsement of any product. This publication is available in electronic form at www.icimod.org/himaldoc Primates of the Far Eastern Himalaya Nawraj Pradhan, Dilip Chetry, Frank Momberg, Lily Shrestha, Naw May Lay Thant, Huang Zhipang, Nakul Chettri, and Yi Shaoliang Table of contents PAGE viii PAGE i Foreword Flagship species PAGES 1–5 PAGE ii Acknowledgments Loris PAGES 7–37 PAGE iii About ICIMOD Macaques PAGES 39–79 PAGE iv Landscape Initiative for the Far Eastern Langurs Himalaya (HI-LIFE) PAGES 81–98 PAGE v Gibbons Global status of primates PAGE 99 PAGE vi Conservation to policy actions: About primates Species discovery to protection (China) PAGE 100 PAGE vii Primates in the myths, folklore, and cultural Status of primates in Far Eastern practices of the region Himalaya PAGE 104 Challenges and opportunities for transboundary collaboration PAGE 105 About the authors PAGE 106 Photographers PAGES 107–108 Notes PAGES 109–113 References PAGE 114 Partners Foreword The Far Eastern Himalaya Landscape, situated at the confluence of three globally important biodiversity hotspots, is a vast area stretching from northwest Yunnan of China, through northern Myanmar, to northeast India. It is home to a number of unique and endemic primate species, including some that have been discovered in recent years. Our Landscape Initiative for the Far Eastern Himalaya (HI-LIFE), implemented with national partners in China, India, and Myanmar, aims to promote transboundary collaboration for more effective conservation of biodiversity, including primates, which are key species in the landscape. HI-LIFE works with and supports research institutions, protected area managers, forest departments, conservation organizations, and local communities to enhance conservation outcomes through academic exchange, joint conservation management, experience and information sharing, and co-development of knowledge products. It also works to raise general awareness on the need for biodiversity conservation and for greater and more effective transboundary collaboration in conservation. In 2018 and 2020, HI-LIFE supported primatologists, protected area staff, and nature photographers to participate in the biannual symposiums of the Asian Primate Society and organized specific technical sessions, training activities, and a photo contest. These activities led to the idea of developing a picture series on the primates of the Far Eastern Himalaya by drawing on the resources and expertise of the network. This book, which features 16 primate species from the landscape, as well as information on their conservation status, is aimed at general readers and specialists alike. It is hoped that readers will appreciate the diversity and beauty of the primates in the region, be informed of key aspects of their ecology, their place in the ecosystems and in folklore, the threats to their survival, and ongoing conservation efforts. I hope that these remarkable images will make us pause and reflect on the biological richness of the Far Eastern Himalaya and the need to enhance conservation efforts, especially in transboundary landscapes. The recent discoveries also remind us of how little we know of the biodiversity and the need for more surveys, research, and conservation action. The danger is that we may be losing species even before we may have discovered and described them. Happy reading! Pema Gyamtsho Director General, ICIMOD PRIMATES OF THE FAR EASTERN HIMALAYA i Acknowledgments This photobook is a joint effort of the HI-LIFE team and its national partners in China, India, and Myanmar, and made possible by the generous contributions of many photographers, primatologists, and conservation professionals working in the Far Eastern Himalaya landscape. We sincerely thank the following photographers for allowing us the free use of their wonderful images: Awadhesh Kumar, Wang Bin, Binanda Hatibarua, Bi Zheng, Bidyut Sarania, Chen Yixin, Chirantanu Saika, Diana Amonge, Dilip Chetry, Dong Lei, Dong Shaohua, Gao Ge, Iftiaque Hussain, Peng Jiansheng, Laurie Hedges, Li Jiahong, Liao Shiqing, Huang Zhipang, Min Hein Htike, Ngwe Lwin, Nabajit Das, Nandini Velho, Nu Tao, Phub Dorji, Randall Kyes, Rubjyoti Rabha, Sabit Hassan, Udayan Borthakur, and Yi Zhilin. Their photographs are the heart and soul of this book and their passion for nature and wildlife is truly inspiring. Our thanks are also due to the photographers whose images we accessed from Shutterstock.com – Conservationist, Don Mammoser, Ezaz Ahmed, Fabio Nodari, Teekayu, and Wang Liqiang. We thank the following researchers for contributing to the text and descriptions: Fan Pengfei, Lwin Ngwe, Aung KoLin, Aung Lin, Min Hein Htike, Liu Rongkun, Randall Kyes, Nabajit Das, Yan Lu, and Yang Yin. We are extremely grateful to them for their review and inputs. We are also grateful to Bandana Shakya, ICIMOD; Min Hein Htike, Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar; Nabajit Das, Primate Research Centre, northeast India; and Diana Amonge, GBNIHE, North East Regional Centre, India, for their support. We thank the following institutions for their support: Aaranyak, India; Fauna and Flora International, Myanmar; Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar; Dali University, China; and the International Union for Conservation of Nature, Switzerland for their coordination and support. We thank Parimal Chandra Bhattacharjee (India) for reviewing our initial drafts. His insightful inputs greatly helped improve the book and strengthen its content. We are greatly indebted to all our ICIMOD colleagues who helped refine and shape this book, and thank HI-LIFE national partners for their support in programme implementation: Kunming Institute of Botany and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; GB Pant National Institute for Himalayan Environment (North East Regional Centre), India; and Forestry Directorate of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MONREC), Myanmar. ii PRIMATES OF THE FAR EASTERN HIMALAYA About ICIMOD ICIMOD is a regional knowledge development and learning centre serving the eight regional member countries of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) – Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan – based in Kathmandu, Nepal. Globalization and climate change have an increasing influence on the stability of fragile mountain ecosystems and the livelihoods of mountain people. We aim to assist mountain people to understand these changes, adapt to them, and make the most of new opportunities, while addressing upstream and downstream issues. We support regional transboundary programmes through partnerships with regional partner institutions, facilitate the exchange of experiences, and serve as a regional knowledge hub. We strengthen networking among regional and global centres of excellence. Overall, we are working to develop economically and environmentally sound mountain ecosystems to improve the living standards of mountain populations and to sustain vital ecosystem services for the nearly two billion people living in the mountains and downstream – now and in the future. PRIMATES OF THE FAR EASTERN HIMALAYA iii Landscape Initiative for the Far Eastern Himalaya The Landscape Initiative for the Far Eastern Himalaya (HI-LIFE) is a regional conservation and development initiative jointly implemented by ICIMOD and partners in China, India, and Myanmar in the Far Eastern Himalaya. The landscape, spread over 71,000 square kilometres, runs from the Nujiang–Gaoligongshan range of China, through northern Myanmar to Changlang district of northeast India. The landscape is at the confluence of three global biodiversity hotspots: the Indo-Burma, the Himalaya,
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