UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara From Tower to Bower: Constructions of Gender, Class, and Architecture in Middle English Literature A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in English by Shannon Rae Meyer Committee in charge: Professor Heather Blurton, Chair Professor L.O. Aranye Fradenburg Professor Carol Braun Pasternack December 2014 The dissertation of Shannon Rae Meyer is approved. ____________________________________________ L.O. Aranye Fradenburg ____________________________________________ Carol Braun Pasternack ____________________________________________ Heather Blurton, Committee Chair June 2014 From Tower to Bower: Constructions of Gender, Class, and Architecture in Middle English Literature Copyright © 2014 by Shannon Rae Meyer iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my committee, Heather Blurton, Aranye Fradenburg, and Carol Pasternack, for their unwavering support and general brilliance, without which this dissertation would never have come to fruition or become something that I can be proud to send out into the world. I would also like to thank my parents, Johnny and Nola Meyer, whose support and encouragement sustained me through the grueling process that is graduate school. Finally, I would like to thank the friends and colleagues who guided me, offered advice and comfort, and were truly the best people to embark on this process with. They are: Charlotte Becker, Paul Megna, Jessica and Shea Kenney, Megan Palmer Browne, Shannon Brennan, Timothy Gilmore, Lindsay Thomas, Kevin Kearney, Lara Rutherford Morrison, Julia Panko, Kris McAbee, Jonathan Forbes, Leah Frye, Shay Hopkins, Rachel Levinson-Emley, and Kristen McCants. iv VITA OF SHANNON RAE MEYER June 2014 EDUCATION Doctor of Philosophy in English, Department of English, University of Santa Barbara, California Dissertation: “From Tower to Bower: Constructions of Gender, Class, and Architecture in Middle English Literature” M.A., English Literature, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 2009 Fields of Specialization: Medieval, Renaissance, General Theory M.A. with Distinction, Medieval Studies, University of York, 2005 Dissertation: “Gender Ideologies and Class Identity: An Historical and Archaeological Investigation of the Paston Women in their Manor Houses” B.A., English and History, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 2004 PUBLICATIONS “Margaret’s Choice: Negotiating Space, Class Identity and Gender Ideologies in the Paston Letters,” forthcoming, New Medieval Literatures CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS “Chaucer’s Poetic Insinuations: Gendered Space and Aristocratic Aspirations in the Book of the Duchess,” Modern Language Association of America Annual Convention, January 2013 “Wanted Dead or Alive: ‘Woman,’ Women, and Chaucer’s Duchess,” The Eighteenth Biennial Congress of the New Chaucer Society, July 2012 “Literary Materialism and the Agency of the Text,” University of California, Berkeley: “What’s new about New Materialisms?”, May 2012 “Tours, Bours, Linens and Ladies: Accessing the Female Body in the Clerical Imaginary of Medieval England,” George Washington University: “Animal, Vegetable, Mineral: Ethics and Objects in the Medieval and Early Modern Periods,” March 2011 “‘Ye wote wele that I have ben affrayd there’: Reading Gender in Margaret Paston’s Architectural Environment,” University of California, Santa Barbara: “Emotion and Environment,” May 2008 ACADEMIC HONORS AND AWARDS Donald Howard Travel Grant, New Chaucer Society, April 2012 Graduate Collaborative Award, Interdisciplinary Humanities Center, February 2011 William and Marjorie Frost Memorial Critical Essay Award, Department of English, UCSB, June 2010 TEACHING AND RESEARCH INTERESTS Old and Middle English Literature, manuscript studies, theories of space and materiality, theories of gender and the body v TEACHING EXPERIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA TEACHING ASSOCIATE Responsibilities include: syllabus design, lectures, facilitation of class discussion, creating all exams and writing assignments, grading student work, two office hours per week, as well as other scheduled student meetings English 121: “The Art of Narrative,” Summer 2012 Writing 2: Fall 2009, Winter 2010, Spring 2010 English 105B: “Shakespeare’s Later Plays,” Summer 2010, Summer 2011 TEACHING ASSISTANT Responsibilities include: weekly facilitation of two discussion sections, guest lecturing, grading student papers and exams, attending weekly course meetings with instructor, holding two office hours per week as well as other scheduled student meetings English 101: English Literature from the Medieval Period to 1650, Fall 2007, Fall 2008, Fall 2010, Fall 2011 English 15: Introduction to Shakespeare, Winter 2009 English 104A: American Literature, 1900 to the Present, Winter 2012 English 105B: Shakespeare’s Later Plays, Spring 2009, Winter 2010 English 122SA: South Asia in the Popular Media, Winter 2008 English 122NW: Narratives of War, Spring 2008 English 150: Irish Literature, Spring 2012 SERVICE Session presider, May 2013, “Medieval and New Materialisms: Definitions and Methodologies,” 48th International Congress on Medieval Studies Chair, 2011 UCSB Medieval Studies Graduate Conference Planning Committee, “Senses and Sensibilities in Medieval Europe” Member, 2009 UCSB Medieval Studies Graduate Conference Planning Committee, “The Dynamics of Exchange and Identity” RESEARCH EXPERIENCE Project Co-Manager, English Broadside Ballad Archive, UCSB, Fall 2010-Spring 2014 Research Assistant, English Broadside Ballad Archive, UCSB, Fall 2008-Summer 2010 Research Assistant to Professor Heather Blurton, Book Project: Rethinking the South English Legendaries, September 2009-June 2010 LANGUAGES Old English, Middle English, Latin vi ABSTRACT From Tower to Bower: Constructions of Gender, Class, and Architecture in Middle English Literature by Shannon Rae Meyer Starting with the Biblical Song of Songs, architectural structures of the castle and tower have served as a metaphor for women’s bodies. Throughout the Middle Ages, this metaphor continued to stand in for the female body, emphasizing a desire in the cultural imagination that the female body should be impenetrable, their sexuality carefully controlled. With the advent of castle architecture in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the castle tower also became metonymically linked with the female body as women historically occupied this deepest—that is, the most architecturally inaccessible—space of the castle. This dissertation considers the trope of the female body entowered in romance, Middle English lyric, Geoffrey Chaucer’s Book of the Duchess, and in the Paston letters. The architectural theory of access analysis contends that the deepest spaces of architecture, those that take the most architectural steps to reach, are the highest status spaces in an architectural structure. Aristocratic women were placed in these spaces both historically and in the literature of medieval England. Gaining access to these spaces and to the female bodies that inhabited them thus conferred status on the men who were lucky enough to do so. Social status was highly fluid and often contested in high to late medieval vii England. The highly charged tower with its association with high status therefore became a site around which social status could be contested. In this dissertation, I examine how authors whose status was contested—the cleric and the civil servant—manipulated the trope of the entowered woman to negotiate their own status. I do so by first situating the tropes as part of a real, historical understanding of castle architecture, rather than as part of an allegorical program. I then build on New Historicist theories that imagine the text as entering contemporary social conversations, but I further those theories by following so-called New Materialists, who argue that objects can have material effects in the historical world. Following Pierre Bourdieu, I consider texts not just as art qua art, but commodities jockeying for status in an economic and social world. I bridge the divide between discursive, ideological “effects” theorized by New Historicists and the material effects of what I consider to be the complex assemblage of the text, which is not reducible to the physical material of the text or the discursive/linguistic “matter” of the text. I argue that texts are a special kind of commodity, one in which the labor of the maker, the author, is not abstracted in the exchange process. The text, as it circulates via manuscript, carries with it, in the linguistic signs on the page, the intention of the author. As male authors imaginatively accessed the high status space of tower and its female occupant in the literature they produced, they thus made a radical claim for increasing their own social status. The dissertation concludes with a consideration of the women of the historical Paston family, who serve as a counterpoint to the ubiquitous trope of the entowered woman, as they chose to live in the lower status architectural program of the gentry manor house, where women were not relegated to the inaccessible space of the castle tower. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 II. Bodies, Architecture, and Value in Medieval Romance ....................................... 33 III. Contesting Class in Middle English Lyric Poetry………………… ................ …86 IV. Chaucer's Poetic Insinuations……………………………………………..……147