8.0 Appendices
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Processing Tomato Enterprise Management Plan Tomato Potato Psyllid Processing Tomato Enterprise Management Plan
Processing tomato Enterprise management plan Tomato potato psyllid Processing tomato enterprise management plan CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 UNDERSTANDING PEST AND PATHOGEN BIOLOGY AND THEIR IDENTIFICATION 2 IDENTIFYING RISK PATHWAYS 5 APPLYING CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 6 BIOSECURITY AWARENESS AND IMPLEMENTATION 12 MOVEMENT OF FRUIT TO PROCESSING FACILITY 13 PERMIT 14 APPENDIX 1 — Preliminary results 15 APPENDIX 2 — Biological control results 19 APPENDIX 3 — Chemical control results 23 MY NOTES 27 Tomato potato psyllid Processing tomato enterprise management plan 1 INTRODUCTION Tomato potato psyllid (TPP) is supporting ongoing efforts to renew and a serious pest of Processing maintain market access, as well as underpin tomatoes. TPP is the vector certification and assurance schemes. of the bacterium Candidatus Our aim is to build on current best practice Liberibacter solanacearum* to include the management of TPP, without (CLso) which is associated with creating unnecessary additional work. a range of symptoms that affect the production and economic THIS PLAN INCLUDES FIVE KEY performance of your crop. COMPONENTS: TPP WAS FIRST DETECTED TPP was first detected on mainland Australia UNDERSTANDING PEST AND in Western Australia (WA) in February 2017. ON MAINLAND AUSTRALIA PATHOGEN BIOLOGY AND THEIR This prompted a comprehensive biosecurity IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA IN response to minimise the impact of TPP on IDENTIFICATION FEBRUARY 2017. Australian businesses. After national agreement TPP could not be IDENTIFYING RISK PATHWAYS * As at October 2018, surveillance eradicated, efforts focussed on developing the confirms that CLso is not present science, biosecurity and business systems to in WA improve the capacity of growers and industry to manage TPP. APPLYING CONTROL AND An essential component of transition to MANAGEMENT OPTIONS management is the development and implementation of enterprise management plans for affected industries. -
Key Native Ecosystem Plan for Raroa-Pukerua Coast 2018-2021
Key Native Ecosystem Plan for Raroa-Pukerua Coast 2018-2021 Contents 1. Key Native Ecosystem plans 1 2. Raroa - Pukerua Coast Key Native Ecosystem site 2 3. Parties involved 2 4. Ecological values 3 5. Key threats to ecological values at the site 6 6. Objectives 8 7. Operational activities 8 8. Operational delivery schedule 10 9. Funding summary 11 Appendix 1: Site maps 12 Appendix 2: Threatened species list 17 Appendix 3: Regionally threatened plant species list 19 Appendix 4: Ecological Weeds 20 References 25 Raroa - Pukerua Coast 1. Key Native Ecosystem plans The Wellington region’s native biodiversity has declined since people arrived and the ecosystems that support it face ongoing threats and pressures. Regional councils have responsibility for maintaining indigenous biodiversity, as well as protecting significant vegetation and habitats of threatened species, under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). Greater Wellington Regional Council’s (Greater Wellington) Biodiversity Strategy1 sets a framework that guides how Greater Wellington protects and manages biodiversity in the Wellington region to work towards the vision below. Greater Wellington’s vision for biodiversity Healthy ecosystems thrive in the Wellington region and provide habitat for native biodiversity The Strategy provides a common focus across the council’s departments and guides activities relating to biodiversity. The vision is underpinned by four operating principles and three strategic goals. Goal One drives the delivery of the Key Native Ecosystem (KNE) Programme. Goal One Areas of high biodiversity value are protected or restored The KNE Programme is a non-regulatory voluntary programme that seeks to protect some of the best examples of original (pre-human) ecosystem types in the Wellington region by managing, reducing, or removing threats to their ecological values. -
ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects
NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000). -
Monitoring Bactericera Cockerelli and Associated Insect Populations in Potatoes in South Auckland
Tomato-potato psyllid 269 Monitoring Bactericera cockerelli and associated insect populations in potatoes in South Auckland G.P. Walker1, F.H. MacDonald1, N.J. Larsen1 and A.R. Wallace2 1he New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169 Auckland 1142, New Zealand 2he New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Bactericera cockerelli (the tomato-potato psyllid; TPP) and associated insects were monitored weekly in unsprayed potatoes at Pukekohe by using yellow sticky traps and sampling plants from late July 2009 until mid March 2010. TPP adult catches and egg and nymphal infestations were absent or low until mid December. Other exotic and native psyllid species dominated trap catches until TPP populations increased markedly in mid January and peaked at 120 adults per trap in late February, with egg numbers reaching 520 per plant a week later. TPP nymphs peaked at 260 per plant in early February. Micromus tasmaniae (brown lacewing) was common in spring and summer, but Melanostoma fasciatum (small hover fly) became the dominant predator, peaking at 162 eggs and 35 larvae per plant in mid January. Naturally occurring predators appear to be important biological control agents of aphids, small caterpillars and probably TPP on potatoes at Pukekohe. Keywords tomato-potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, sticky traps, plant sampling, potatoes, Melanostoma fasciatum, Micromus tasmaniae. INTRODUCTION Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), (Liefting et al. 2009). It has been associated with most commonly known in New Zealand as foliar symptoms similar to those of zebra chip but tomato-potato psyllid (TPP), is a new invasive the insect vector in potatoes is unclear. -
Pollination in New Zealand
2.11 POLLINATION IN NEW ZEALAND POLLINATION IN NEW ZEALAND Linda E. Newstrom-Lloyd Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand ABSTRACT: Pollination by animals is a crucial ecosystem service. It underpins New Zealand’s agriculture-dependent economy yet has hitherto received little attention from a commercial perspective except where pollination clearly limits crop yield. In part this has been because background pollination by feral honey bees (Apis mellifera) and other unmanaged non-Apis pollinators has been adequate. However, as pollinators decline throughout the world, the consequences for food production and national economies have led to increasing research on how to prevent further declines and restore pollination services. In New Zealand, managed honey bees are the most important pollinators of most commercial crops including pasture legumes, but introduced bumble bees can be more important in some crops and are increasingly being used as managed colonies. In addition, New Zealand has several other introduced bees and a range of solitary native bees, some of which offer prospects for development as managed colonies. Diverse other insects and some vertebrates also contribute to background pollination in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. However, New Zealand’s depend- ence on managed honey bees makes it vulnerable to four major threats facing these bees: diseases, pesticides, a limited genetic base for breeding varroa-resistant bees, and declining fl oral resources. To address the fourth threat, a preliminary list of bee forage plants has been developed and published online. This lists species suitable for planting to provide abundant nectar and high-quality pollen during critical seasons. -
Crown Pastoral-Tenure Review-Beaumont-Conservation
Crown Pastoral Land Tenure Review Lease name : BEAUMONT STATION Lease number : PO 362 Conservation Resources Report - Part 2 As part of the process of Tenure Review, advice on significant inherent values within the pastoral lease is provided by Department of Conservation officials in the form of a Conservation Resources Report. This report is the result of outdoor survey and inspection. It is a key piece of information for the development of a preliminary consultation document. Note: Plans which form part of the Conservation Resources Report are published separately. These documents are all released under the Official information Act 1982. December 10 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT APPENDIX 5: Plant Species List – Beaumont Pastoral Lease Scientific name Plant type Family Abundance Localities Threat ranking Common at site name Abrotanella caespitosa DICOTYLEDONOUS HERBS Asteraceae Local Wetlands Not threatened Abrotanella inconspicua DICOTYLEDONOUS HERBS Asteraceae Local Ridgetops Not threatened Abrotanella patearoa DICOTYLEDONOUS HERBS Asteraceae Local Tops Naturally Uncommon Acaena anserinifolia DICOTYLEDONOUS HERBS Rosaceae Occasional Throughout Not threatened bidibid Acaena caesiiglauca DICOTYLEDONOUS HERBS Rosaceae Occasional Tussockland Not threatened bidibid Acaena inermis DICOTYLEDONOUS HERBS Rosaceae Rare Gravels Not threatened bidibid Acaena novae-zelandiae DICOTYLEDONOUS HERBS Rosaceae Rare Lower altitudes Not threatened bidibid Acaena tesca DICOTYLEDONOUS HERBS Rosaceae Rare Rock outcrops Naturally Uncommon bidibid -
Looking Beyond Glacial Refugia ⇑ Katharine A
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 59 (2011) 89–102 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Reconciling phylogeography and ecological niche models for New Zealand beetles: Looking beyond glacial refugia ⇑ Katharine A. Marske a,b, , Richard A.B. Leschen a, Thomas R. Buckley a a Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand b Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark article info abstract Article history: Mitochondrial DNA (cox1) sequence data and recently developed coalescent phylogeography models Received 19 July 2010 were used to construct geo-spatial histories for the New Zealand fungus beetles Epistranus lawsoni and Revised 12 November 2010 Pristoderus bakewelli (Zopheridae). These methods utilize continuous-time Markov chains and Bayesian Accepted 13 January 2011 stochastic search variable selection incorporated in BEAST to identify historical dispersal patterns via Available online 22 January 2011 ancestral state reconstruction. Ecological niche models (ENMs) were incorporated to reconstruct the potential geographic distribution of each species during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Coalescent Keywords: analyses suggest a North Island origin for E. lawsoni, with gene flow predominately north–south between Colydiinae adjacent regions. ENMs for E. lawsoni indicated glacial refugia in coastal regions of both main islands, con- Epistranus lawsoni Pristoderus bakewelli sistent with phylogenetic patterns but at odds with the coalescent dates, which implicate much older Maxent topographic events. Dispersal matrices revealed patterns of gene flow consistent with projected refugia, Coalescent phylogeography suggesting long-term South Island survival with population vicariance around the Southern Alps. -
Analysis of the Stick Insect (Clitarchus Hookeri) Genome Reveals a High Repeat Content and Sex- Biased Genes Associated with Reproduction Chen Wu1,2,3* , Victoria G
Wu et al. BMC Genomics (2017) 18:884 DOI 10.1186/s12864-017-4245-x RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Assembling large genomes: analysis of the stick insect (Clitarchus hookeri) genome reveals a high repeat content and sex- biased genes associated with reproduction Chen Wu1,2,3* , Victoria G. Twort1,2,4, Ross N. Crowhurst3, Richard D. Newcomb1,3 and Thomas R. Buckley1,2 Abstract Background: Stick insects (Phasmatodea) have a high incidence of parthenogenesis and other alternative reproductive strategies, yet the genetic basis of reproduction is poorly understood. Phasmatodea includes nearly 3000 species, yet only thegenomeofTimema cristinae has been published to date. Clitarchus hookeri is a geographical parthenogenetic stick insect distributed across New Zealand. Sexual reproduction dominates in northern habitats but is replaced by parthenogenesis in the south. Here, we present a de novo genome assembly of a female C. hookeri and use it to detect candidate genes associated with gamete production and development in females and males. We also explore the factors underlying large genome size in stick insects. Results: The C. hookeri genome assembly was 4.2 Gb, similar to the flow cytometry estimate, making it the second largest insect genome sequenced and assembled to date. Like the large genome of Locusta migratoria,the genome of C. hookeri is also highly repetitive and the predicted gene models are much longer than those from most other sequenced insect genomes, largely due to longer introns. Miniature inverted repeat transposable elements (MITEs), absent in the much smaller T. cristinae genome, is the most abundant repeat type in the C. hookeri genome assembly. -
Nakanomscthesis.Pdf
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Male mate choice in the stick insect Clitarchus hookeri: sexual vs. parthenogenetic females A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Zoology at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand Photo credit – Mary Morgan-Richards Mari Nakano 2018 i Abstract Learning about reproductive strategies in animals is an important step for understanding the evolution of species. New Zealand stick insect, Clitarchus hookeri include both sexual and parthenogenetic females, and parthenogenetic females occur in the distributional range where males are absent and have a limited capacity of sexual reproduction. Since C. hookeri exhibit a scramble competition mating system with distinctive sex roles where females and males co-occur, it is likely that parthenogenetic females do not exhibit traits that are related to the sex roles. Furthermore, due to limited capacity for parthenogenetic females to reproduce sexually, it is likely that C. hookeri males would benefit from discriminating between sexual and parthenogenetic females. The main purpose of this thesis was to explore the unique reproductive features of Clitarchus hookeri. Specifically, I identified morphological and chemical traits that are likely to be under distinctive sex roles in scramble competition; revealed whether morphological and chemical traits seen in sexual females are also seen in parthenogenetic females; and observed whether males can discriminate between sexual and parthenogenetic females for their pre- and post-copulatory choices. -
Vegetation of the North Cape Area, by J. M. Wheeler, P 63
HE VEGETATION OF THE NORTH CAPE AREA by J. M. Wheeler The vegetation of the North Cape district appears to have received little attention firstly because of its inaccessibility and secondly because of the general impression given in the early writings of Kirk and Cheeseman that the area is uninteresting from the botan• ical point of view. The area is of considerable ecological interest, however, and the present study was initiated with the following aims: (i) To describe the varied plant communities present within a relatively re• stricted area, (ii) To describe the remnants of the Kerr Point vegetation known to exhibit a number of unique features, (iii) To investigate the vegetation dynamics on the cliffs and other eroded areas, and (iv) To construct a vegetation map and species list for future reference. LITERATURE The area was first explored by Colenso in 1839 who travelled north from Kaitaia to Cape Reinga, Spirits Bay and North Cape and collected several plants peculiar to the area. Later, between 1865 and 1867 the area was visited by Buchanan and Kirk. Kirk (1868) published the first notes and species lists by Buchanan and Kirk (1869, 1870) followed. A more extensive description of the district north of Whangaroa was given by Cheeseman in 1896. Mason (1952) extends the notes on the area north of Awanui to Spirits' Bay and the present notes apply to the area lying further to the east of this. LOCATION The area under consideration may be defined as that lying to the east of Tom Bowling Bay, including the high promontory of Kerr Point, North Cape island and the immediately southern and extensive Waikuku flat and bordering sandhills as shown in Fig. -
BANKS & SOLANDER BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS TAI RAWHITI Ewen
BANKS & SOLANDER BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS TAI RAWHITI Ewen Cameron, Botanist, Auckland War Memorial Museum In 1769 Garden In Florilegium 1. TAONEROA (POVERTY BAY) FERNS 39: Pteridium esculentum (G.Forst.) Cockayne PTERIS ESCULENTA Ts 220; MS 1533 Pteris esculenta G.Forst. (1786) Fig.pict. (BF 568) Maori - e anuhe [aruhe] "the root is edible after being roasted over a fire and finally bruised with a mallet, serving the natives in place of bread. We have heard the roasted root called he taura by the New Zealanders." Hab. - extremely abundant on the hills - 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 AK 114337, 189113; WELT P9484 ANGIOSPERMS a. (a) Dicotyledons Aizoaceae 50: Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pallas) Kuntze Florilegium TETRAGONIA CORNUTA Ts 115; MS 687 Tetragonia cornuta Gaertn. (1791) Fig.pict. (BF 532) Hab. - in sand and along the seashore - 1,2,3,4,6,7 AK 100180-100181, 184590; WELT 63687 Apiaceae 53: Apium prostratum Labill. ex Vent. var. prostratum APIUM DECUMBENS α SAPIDUM Ts 71; MS 379 Fig.pict. (BF 460) Maori - tutagavai, he tutaiga [tutae-koau] Hab. - by the seashore, abundant throughout - 1-8 AK 189279; WELT 63736 57: Hydrocotyle heteromeria A.Rich. HYDROCOTYLE GLABRATA Ts 64; MS 338 Fig.pict. Maori - he totara, tara Hab. - damp shady places - 1,2,3,4,7 AK 104432; WELT 63735 60: Scandia rosifolia (Hook.) Dawson Florilegium LIGUSTICUM AROMATICUM Ts 70; MS 360 Ligusticum aromaticum Hook.f. (1864) Fig.pict. (BF 461) Maori - koerik [koheriki] Hab. - on forest margins and in meadows - 1,2,3,4,6 AK 189114; WELT 63739 Asteraceae 70: Brachyglottis repanda J.R.Forst. -
Otago Peninsula Plants
Otago Peninsula Plants An annotated list of vascular plants growing in wild places Peter Johnson 2004 Published by Save The Otago Peninsula (STOP) Inc. P.O. Box 23 Portobello Dunedin, New Zealand ISBN 0-476-00473-X Contents Introduction...........................................................................................3 Maps......................................................................................................4 Study area and methods ........................................................................6 Plant identification................................................................................6 The Otago Peninsula environment........................................................7 Vegetation and habitats.........................................................................8 Analysis of the flora............................................................................10 Plant species not recently recorded.....................................................12 Abundance and rarity of the current flora...........................................13 Nationally threatened and uncommon plants......................................15 Weeds..................................................................................................17 List of plants .......................................................................................20 Ferns and fern allies ........................................................................21 Gymnosperms ..................................................................................27