Non-native Invasive (NNIS) Report for USDA, FOREST SERVICE, SOUTHERN REGION KISATCHIE NATIONAL FOREST WINN RANGER DISTRICT

Mendenhause Project Compartments 51, 52 & 56

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ...... 2 SURVEYS ...... 2 EFFECTS OF NNIS PLANTS BY SPECIES ...... 3 Brazilian Vervain ...... 3 Chinese Privet ...... 4 Chinese Tallow ...... 4 Japanese Climbing Fern (JCF) ...... 6 Japanese Honeysuckle ...... 6 Johnsongrass ...... 7 Mimosa ...... 8 Sacred Bamboo ...... 9 Sericea Lespedeza ...... 10 SUMMARY ...... 11 REFERENCES ...... 12

INTRODUCTION

The proposed project’s description, locations, alternatives, and existing conditions are included in the botanical biological evaluation written for the project.

USFS, SOUTHERN REGION, KNF INVASIVE SPECIES

Presidential Executive Order 13112, issued February 3, 1999 and amended by the National Invasive Species Management Plan of 2001, states: “A species is considered invasive if it meets two criteria: 1) it is nonnative to the ecosystem under consideration, and 2) its introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human, animal, and plant health.” The latter phrase contains recent modifications recommended to the National Invasive Species Council (USDA Forest Service Southern Regional Task Force).

The Southern Region of the USDA Forest Service lists 384 plants as invasive exotic species of management concern (Nonnative Invasive Species in Southern Forest and Grassland Ecosystems). The Kisatchie National Forest maintains its own list of non-native invasive plants. The 1999 FEIS (Final Environmental Impact Statement) for the Forest’s (Kisatchie National Forest’s) Revised Forest Plan lists seven non-native invasive plants as occurring on its lands. The Forest’s invasive plant list was expanded to thirty-seven species in 2010 (Appendix C).

SURVEYS

Shannan Sharp, zone botanist for the Catahoula and Winn Ranger Districts, conducted field surveys of the project area from March 2012 to June 2012. A list of plants found during the field surveys is included in the project record. She found infestations of several invasive plant species. Invasive plants found within the proposed project area are listed in Table 1.

Table 1. NNIS Plants Within the Mendenhause Project Area Common name Scientific name habit

Brazilian vervain brasiliensis forb

Chinese privet Ligustrum sinense shrub

Chinese tallow Triadica sebifera tree

Japanese climbing fern Lygodium japonicum vine

Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera japonica vine

Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense grass

Mimosa Albizia julibrissin tree

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Common name Scientific name habit

sacred bamboo Nandina domestica shrub

sericea lespedeza Lespedeza cuneata forb

EFFECTS OF NNIS PLANTS BY SPECIES

Brazilian Vervain

Description and Threat

Brazilian vervain (Verbena brasiliensis) is a perennial herb that has spread into the United States from South America (Godfrey & Wooten). It blooms and fruits from May to October (Diggs et al. 1999). This plant usually grows in disturbed, open sites such as old fields, waste places, fields, roadsides, ditches, as well as in coastal prairies (Correll & Johnston, Godfrey & Wooten, and Radford et al.). Brazilian vervain is common along roadsides, ditches, and fields in the KNF.

Brazilian vervain grows throughout most of the southeastern states of the United States, as well as in Missouri, California, Oregon, and Hawaii (USDA, NRCS). This species has been found in every Louisiana parish (Thomas & Allen). Although it is a common invader of southwestern Louisiana prairies, it disappears over time (Allen & Thames).

Project Area Locations

There are 13 mapped locations of Brazilian vervain in the Mendenhause project area, with a total size of 0.43 acres. Locations of these infestations are shown in Appendix C.

Effects Analysis

If Alternative 1 is implemented, Brazilian vervain should not increase in numbers within the project area. Because disturbance will not increase, this species will remain confined to roadsides and other right-of-ways. Although this species will spread and form new infestations, the old infestations will eventually die out.

If Alternative 2 is implemented, the spread of Brazilian vervain is likely to decrease due to the use of herbicides for its control. Herbicide treatments of Brazilian vervain would also help preserve the native vegetation, including any sensitive and conservation plant populations, in the project area.

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Chinese Privet

Description and Threat

Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) is a semi-evergreen shrub that was introduced as an ornamental from China in 1852. It is still widely sold in nurseries, especially in the southern United States (Miller et al., and Urbatsch). This shrub produces numerous flowers from April to June and abundant fruit from July to March (Miller et al.). Chinese privet colonizes disturbed habitats and tolerates a wide variety of conditions. It prefers mesic soils with abundant sunshine, but can grow in shade. This shrub is found in fields, along fences, at forest edges, along streams and bayous, and in bottomland forests (Miller et al., and Urbatsch).

Chinese privet is widespread throughout the southeastern United States, and also occurs in Missouri and in states along the Atlantic coast as far north Massachusetts (USDA, NRCS). This species spreads through seed dispersal by birds and other animals, and can also colonize by root sprouts. Chinese privet can form dense thickets that crowd out native vegetation. It is particularly destructive to riparian forests (Miller et al., and Urbatsch).

Once established, Chinese privet is very difficult to control. In order to eradicate existing plants, the entire plant, including the roots, must be killed or it will resprout. The use of prescribed fires to control this plant has been ineffective. Fires kill large stems, but plants resprout vigorously afterwards. Even if plants are destroyed, this species produces large seed banks that can recolonize sites. It is much easier to control Chinese privet at early stages of infestation. Mechanical removal and herbicide treatment can effectively eliminate this species in small areas (Munger 2003).

Project Area Locations

There are nine mapped locations of Chinese privet in the Mendenhause project area, with a total size of 9.9 acres. Locations of these infestations are shown in Appendix C.

Effects Analysis

If Alternative 1 is implemented, Chinese privet will continue to spread slowly in the Mendenhause project area. The level of disturbance will remain relatively low, so this shrub should not spread very rapidly.

If Alternative 2 is implemented, the spread of Chinese privet is likely to decrease due to the use of herbicides for its control. Herbicide treatments of Chinese privet would also preserve the sensitive and conservation plant populations in the project area.

Chinese Tallow

Description and Threat

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Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera) is a deciduous tree that was introduced to the United States in the late eighteenth century from Asia. The USDA actively promoted the planting of this species to establish a local soap industry in Gulf Coast states in the early twentieth century. Chinese tallow is still sold and planted as an ornamental. Plants typically flower from April to June and produce abundant fruit from August to December (Meyer 2005, and Miller et al.). Chinese tallow tends to invade wet, open sites such as ditches, stream banks, and river banks (Miller et al.). It can grow in both fresh water and saline conditions and tolerates flooding. Once established, it will also tolerate arid conditions (NWRC USGS). It grows rapidly in full sun, but can persist and spread under shade (Bogler 2000). It appears to be limited in its spread by long- term cold weather, although it will tolerate hard frosts that do not last long (Bogler 2000, and Meyer 2005).

Chinese tallow has naturalized throughout most of the southeastern United States and is reported to be invading California (Bogler 2000, and NWRC USGS). It is widespread in Louisiana, having been found in 58 parishes (Allen et al.). It spreads through seed dispersal by birds and by water, as well as through prolific root sprouting (Bogler 2000, Meyer 2005, and Miller et al.). Chinese tallow grows and reproduces rapidly, outcompeting and shading out native, riparian trees. This species can alter the soil chemistry of sites it invades. It drastically alters ecosystems that it invades, often converting vegetation to essentially one species. This tree can come to dominate bottomland forests. It can also invade marshes and wet prairies, changing them from ecosystems dominated by herbs to woody plant ecosystems (Bogler 2000, Meyer 2005, and NWRC USGS).

Chinese tallow is very difficult to control. It is listed as a noxious weed in 45 states including Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida (NWRC USGS). In early stages of invasion when plants are small, mechanical removal and prescribed fire can be used effectively to remove it. However, larger, more mature infestations of this species become resistant to burning, and prescribed fire becomes a less effective tool for control. Trees may be top killed, but can resprout rapidly and prolifically. Seed banks also allow this species to re-establish itself. Herbicide treatments combined with other methods seems to be fairly effective, but removal of extensive stands can be costly and labor intensive (Bogler 2000, and NWRC USGS).

Project Area Locations

There are two mapped locations of Chinese tallow in the Mendenhause project area, with a total size of 0.1 acres. Locations of these infestations are shown in Appendix C.

Effects Analysis and Treatment Priority

If Alternative 1 is implemented, Chinese tallow will continue spreading moderately rapidly on the District. This tree is fairly common on the District. Some infestations are near project stands, and it possible some are within project stands.

If Alternative 2 is implemented, the spread of sericea lespedeza is likely to decrease due to the use of herbicides for its control. Herbicide treatments of sericea lespedeza would also help

5 preserve the native vegetation, including any sensitive and conservation plant populations, in the project area.

Japanese Climbing Fern (JCF)

Description and Threat

JCF (Lygodium japonicum) is a perennial vine originating from Asia and tropical Australia. It was introduced to the United States in the 1930’s and is still planted as an ornamental (Miller et al.). This plant produces abundant spores from June to September (Weakley). It is found most often in disturbed, open, mesic areas such as roadside ditches and areas near bridges. This fern also occurs at forest road edges and swamp margins, and can invade open woodlands and riparian forests (Miller et al.).

In the Unites States, JCF has been found in the states of the southeastern coastal plain. It ranges from North Carolina south to Florida, then west to Texas (USDA, NRCS). Plants spread rapidly by tiny wind-borne spores. Vines persist and can spread by rhizomes. This species can invade open timber stands and plantations. Plants can grow very rapidly once established (Lott et al.), and vines can eventually form thick mats of vegetation that smother trees and shrubs (Miller et al.). JCF is becoming increasingly widespread on the Winn RD, as well as the rest of the Kisatchie National Forest (personal observations).

Project Area Locations

There are 18 mapped locations of JCF were found in the Mendenhause project area, with a total size of 0.5 acres. Locations of these infestations are shown in Appendix C.

Effects Analysis

If Alternative 1 is implemented, JCF will continue to spread at a moderate rate throughout the Mendenhause project area. It is already the most widespread of the invasive plants found in the project area, but its infestations are relatively small.

If Alternative 2 is implemented, the spread of JCF is likely to decrease due to the use of herbicides for its control. Herbicide treatments of JCF would also help preserve the native vegetation, including any sensitive and conservation plant populations, in the project area.

Japanese Honeysuckle

Description and Threat

Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) is a semi-evergreen, perennial, woody vine. It was introduced from Japan in the early nineteenth century as an ornamental. It is still planted in wildlife food plots and also for erosion control. This vine blooms from April to August and produces fruit from June to March. Japanese honeysuckle occurs in a wide variety of forest

6 types and is shade tolerant (Miller et al.). However, it becomes established most easily in disturbed areas with sufficient light and moisture (Munger 2002).

Japanese honeysuckle is widespread throughout most of the continental United States and Hawaii, except in the northwest and in some northern states of the Midwest (USDA, NRCS). Plants persist through woody rootstocks, spreading by rooting at nodes and through seed dispersal by birds and small mammals. Seeds do not remain viable for very long, and plants are not easily established. Plants can mature and reproduce in as early as two years, and they fruit prolifically. This plant is difficult to eradicate once established (Miller et al., and Munger 2002).

Fire suppression appears to have contributed to the spread of Japanese honeysuckle. Plant communities, in which fires occur frequently and repeatedly, such as Upland Longleaf Pine Forest, have been observed to have fewer and smaller infestations of this species. Japanese honeysuckle can resprout and proliferate after fire, but repeated burning appears to severely limit its regrowth. Additionally, this species seems less likely to establish itself in areas having abundant grasses (Munger 2002).

Project Area Locations

Japanese honeysuckle is prevalent throughout the project area. It is kept in check primarily by the low light conditions in most stands. However, it is expected to spread in areas where the canopy is thinned, and in calcareous prairies that are not burned regularly.

Effects Analysis

If Alternative 1 is implemented, Japanese honeysuckle will continue to spread slowly in the Mendenhause project area. The level of disturbance will remain relatively low, so this vine should not spread very rapidly.

If Alternative 2 is implemented, the spread of Japanese honeysuckle is likely to decrease due to the use of herbicides for its control. Herbicide treatments of Japanese honeysuckle would also help preserve the native vegetation, including any sensitive and conservation plant populations, in the project area.

Johnsongrass

Description and Threat

Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) is a warm-season, perennial grass (FNA Vol. 25, and Howard). It is native to the Mediterranean region of Europe, Asia Minor, and Africa. It was introduced to the United States as a forage crop in South Carolina in the 1830’s, becoming established in Alabama by the 1840’s (Howard, and ISSG). In Louisiana, this grass blooms and fruits from April to November (Allen et al. 2004), setting seed from May to March (Miller et al.). Johnsongrass can survive in a wide variety of habitats, but is best established in areas that are warm, moist, and disturbed. It is most likely to invade agricultural lands or old pastures in areas such as ditches, canals, and washes. However, it can invade natural areas such as floodplains,

7 prairies, and savannas (Howard, ISSG, and Newman). On the KNF, this plant usually is found along roadside ditches. It has also been found along roadsides in calcareous prairies of the Winn RD (personal observations).

Johnsongrass has escaped cultivation across most of the United States and is most invasive in the southeast, California, New Mexico, and Hawaii. It also has been found in 53 countries worldwide. Plants spread through seed dispersal by planting, animals, wind, water, and agricultural equipment. Colonies of plants form extensive systems of underground rhizomes which make infestations difficult to eradicate. This grass can self-pollinate and is a prolific seed- producer, so seed banks can also make it hard to control (Howard, ISSG, and Newman). It can out-compete native herbs and small trees, eventually excluding native vegetation (Miller et al.).

Fires top kill Johnsongrass, but its rhizomes usually survive fire. It appears to be affected by the timing of fires. In Georgia, a late winter prescribed burn increased the proliferation of Johnsongrass. In Texas, a natural mid-spring fire increased growth of little bluestem and reduced growth of Johnsongrass (Howard, and Newman). Johnsongrass does not tolerate hot and dry conditions, and drought can destroy plants. It is also generally not tolerant of prolonged cold temperatures, although a few ecotypes can survive colder weather (Newman).

Project Area Locations

There are three mapped locations of Johnsongrass in the Mendenhause project area, with a total size of 1.5 acres. As is usually the case, the infestations are located along roadsides. Locations of these infestations are shown in Appendix C.

Effects Analysis and Treatment Priority

If Alternative 1 is implemented, Johnsongrass will continue spreading along roadsides and other disturbed corridors. So far, this species does not appear to have invaded timber stands or rare plant habitats unless they happen to be crossed by roads.

If Alternative 2 is implemented, the spread of Johnsongrass is likely to decrease due to the use of herbicides for its control. Herbicide treatments of Johnsongrass would also help preserve the native vegetation, including any sensitive and conservation plant populations, in the project area.

Mimosa

Description and Threat

Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin) is a small, deciduous tree that was introduced to the United States from Asia as an ornamental in the eighteenth century. It flowers from May to July. Its flowers have numerous, bright pink filaments that look like pom-poms. Abundant seeds are produced in beanlike pods from June to February. This tree prefers open conditions at dry to wet sites, but can persist in shade (Miller et al.).

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Mimosa has become widespread in the United States. It is found throughout the southeast, but is also found in most of the eastern, midwestern, and southwestern states (USDA, NRCS). This species reproduces by forming colonies from root sprouts, but it can also spread its seeds along waterways or through animal dispersal. Seeds can remain viable for years. (Miller et al.). On the Catahoula RD, Mimosa is common at scattered locations, usually along roads and right-of- ways (personal observations). Few studies have been done on fire effects to Mimosa. However, existing evidence suggests that this tree is not suppressed by fire and that seed germination and resprouting increase after burning (Meyer 2009).

Project Area Locations

There are five mapped infestation in the project area. The locations of these infestations are shown in Appendix C.

Effects Analysis and Treatment Priority

If Alternative 1 is implemented, Mimosa will continue to spread as usual. It will spread rather slowly along roads, firelines, and ROW’s (right-of-ways) and will invade disturbed sites

If Alternative 2 is implemented, , the spread of Mimosa is likely to decrease due to the use of herbicides for its control. Herbicide treatments of Mimosa would also help preserve the native vegetation, including any sensitive and conservation plant populations, in the project area.

Sacred Bamboo

Description and Threat

Sacred bamboo (Nandina domestica) is an evergreen shrub introduced as an ornamental to the United States in the early 1800s. It is native to China, Japan and India (FNA Vol. 3, Miller et al., and Stone 2009a). It blooms from May to July and produces bright red berries September through April. Sacred bamboo is shade tolerant and is most often found under forest canopies and near forest edges. Sacred bamboo has been recorded in 24 Louisiana parishes, including Grant Parish (Allen et al. 2002, and Thomas and Allen 1996).

Sacred bamboo has escaped cultivation and spread within the coastal plain states of the southeastern Unites States, from Virginia, south to Florida and west to Texas (FNA Vol. 3, Miller et al.). It spreads through root sprouts and by animal dispersed seeds (Miller et al., and Stone 2009a). It is most common near residences and old home sites, but mature plants have been found far from where they have been cultivated (FNA Vol. 3). In Florida, this plant has formed dense groves at some sites that have displaced native vegetation. However, seeds are not easy to propagate and take from several months to two seasons to germinate (Stone 2009a).

Project Area Locations

There is one mapped infestation in the project area. The location of this infestation is shown in Appendix C. 9

Effects Analysis and Treatment Priority

If Alternative 1 is implemented, sacred bamboo will continue to spread slowly. Only a few small infestations have been recorded on the District, but it is probably present elsewhere.

If Alternative 2 is implemented, , the spread of sacred bamboo is likely to decrease due to the use of herbicides for its control. Herbicide treatments of sacred bamboo would also help preserve the native vegetation, including any sensitive and conservation plant populations, in the project area.

Sericea Lespedeza

Description and Threat

Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata), is a perennial herb that was introduced the United States from Japan in the late nineteenth century. Widely planted for erosion control and wildlife plots, it has escaped cultivation. It blooms from July through September and sets seed from October through March. This species is found in open, dry to moist sites such as roadsides, fields, savannas, and forest openings (Miller et al.).

Sericea lespedeza is widespread in the eastern and central United States (USDA, NRCS). This species spreads slowly, but persists in a wide variety of habitats. Reproduction is through seeds that have a low germination rate. However, seeds remain viable for decades (Miller et al., and Munger 2004). Although there is no published information about fire effects specific to sericea lespedeza, it has been observed that established plants resprout after fire and that seed germination may be enhanced by fire if temperatures are not too hot. Once established, this species can crowd out native grasses and can persist for many years, even when becoming shaded by woody vegetation (Munger 2004).

Project Area Locations

There are nine mapped infestations totaling 4.1 acres in the project area, and all of these infestations are along roadsides. Locations of the infestations are shown in Appendix C.

Effects Analysis

If Alternative 1 is implemented, sericea lespedeza will continue to spread slowly primarily along the roads. Vegetation is relatively dense near most of the infestations, so this species is unlikely to spread very fast without much disturbance.

If Alternative 2 is implemented, , the spread of sericea lespedeza is likely to decrease due to the use of herbicides for its control. Herbicide treatments of sericea lespedeza would also help preserve the native vegetation, including any sensitive and conservation plant populations, in the project area.

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SUMMARY

Nine NNIS plant species were found within the proposed project area. The effects of the alternatives are summarized in the table below:

Table 2. Effects of Alternative on Invasive Plant Spread in the Mendenhause Project Area Common name Alternative 1 Alternative 2

Spread will be lessened due to use of herbicides Brazilian vervain Will remain at roadsides and ROW’s for its control.

Spread will be lessened due to use of herbicides Chinese privet Continued slow spread for its control.

Spread will be lessened due to use of herbicides Chinese Tallow Continued moderate spread for its control.

Japanese climbing Spread will be lessened due to use of herbicides Continued moderate spread fern for its control.

Japanese Spread will be lessened due to use of herbicides Continued slow spread honeysuckle for its control.

Spread will be lessened due to use of herbicides Johnsongrass Continued slow spread for its control.

Spread will be lessened due to use of herbicides Mimosa Continued slow spread for its control.

Spread will be lessened due to use of herbicides Sacred bamboo Continued slow spread for its control.

Continued slow spread along roads & Spread will be lessened due to use of herbicides sericea lespedeza ROW’s for its control.

//Shannan Sharp on March 12, 2012

Initial preparationd by Shannan Sharp, Zone Botanist for the Catahoula and Winn Ranger Districts,on March 8, 2012.

Final preparation by David Moore, Forest Botanist, on February 11, 2014

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REFERENCES

Allen, Charles M., D. A. Newman, and H. Winters. 2002. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of Louisiana. Allen’s Native Ventures, LLC, Pitkin, Louisiana, 333 pages.

Allen, Charles M., D. A. Newman, and H. Winters. 2004. Grasses of Louisiana, 3rd edition. Allen’s Native Ventures, Pitkin, Louisiana.

Allen, Charles M., and S. Thames. 2007. Observation of Vegetation Change on Cajun Prairie, a Coastal Prairie Flora in Southwestern Louisiana. Journal of Botanical Research of the Institute of Texas. 1(2): 1141-1147.

Correll, Donovan S., and M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Texas Research Foundation, Renner, Texas.

Bogler, David J. 2000. Element stewardship abstract for Sapium sebiferum. The Nature Conservancy. Arlington ,VA. Available at http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/sapiseb.html [Accessed December 12, 2013 Bogler, David J. 2000. Element stewardship abstract for Sapium sebiferum. The Nature Conservancy. Arlington ,VA. Available at http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/documnts/sapiseb.html

Diggs, George M., Jr., B. L. Lipscomb, and R. J. O’Kennon. 1999. Shinners & Mahler’s illustrated flora of north central Texas. Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT), Fort Worth, Texas

Diggs, George M., B. L. Lipscomb, M.D. Reed, and R. J. O’Kennon. 2006. Illustrated flora of east Texas, Volume 1: introduction, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and monocotyledons. Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT), Fort Worth, Texas.

Godfrey, Robert K., and J. W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic and wetland plant of the southeastern United States, dicotyledons. University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia

Gucker, Corey L. 2009. Phyllostachys aurea. In: Fire Effects Information System [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).

Kisatchie National Forest FEIS. 1999. Final environmental impact statement, revised land and resource management plan, Kisatchie National Forest. U.S. Government Printing Office, available from the Kisatchie National Forest, Pineville, Louisiana.

Lott, Michael S., J. C. Violin, R. W. Pemburton, and D. F. Austin. 2003. The reproductive biology of the invasive ferns Lygodium microphyllum and L. japonicum (Schizaeaceae): implications for invasive potential. American Journal of 90: 1144-1152.

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Meyer, Rachelle. 2005. Triadica sebifera. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Meyer, Rachelle. 2009. Albizia julibrissin. In: Fire Effects Information System [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available:

Miller, James H., E.B. Chambliss, and N.J. Lowenstein. 2010. A field guide for the identification of invasive plants in southern forests. Forest Service Southern Research Station General Technical Report SRS-119. Asheville, North Carolina.

Munger, Gregory T. 2002a. Lonicera japonica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Munger, Gregory T. 2003. Ligustrum spp. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Munger, Gregory T. 2004. Lespedeza cuneata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Radford, Albert E., H. E. Ahles and C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council (SE-EPC) Invasive Plant Manual. Golden Bamboo. Accessed at http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/PHAU1.html

Thomas, R. Dale, and C. M. Allen. 1998. Atlas of the vascular flora of Louisiana, Vol. III: dicotyledons, Fabaceae-Zygophyllaceae. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

Urbatsch, Lowell. 2000. USDA NRCS Plant Guide, exotic weed species, Chinese privet Ligustrum sinense. Available from the USDA NRCS PLANTS Database at http://plants.usda.gov.

USDA Forest Service Southern Regional Task Force. 2008. In: Nonnative Invasive Species in Southern Forest and Grassland Ecosystems [online]. Available at http://www.invasive.org/south/taskforce.html.

USDA, NRCS. 2007-2011. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov,). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

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Vincent, Michael A. 2005. On the spread and current distribution of Pyrus calleryana in the United States. Castanea 70(1): 20-31.

Weakley, Alan S. 2010. Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. (Working Draft of March 8, 2010). University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

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Appendix A NNIS Plants on the Kisatchie National Forest Kisatchie National Forest Non-Native Invasive Plants (NNIP) (Compiled by Dave Moore, Forest Botanist, September 2010)

common name scientific name control priority aquatic tree of heaven Ailanthus altissima low no Mimosa (mimosa) Albizia julibrissin medium no alligator weed Alternanthera philoxeroides medium yes King Ranch bluestem Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songarica low no water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes high yes thorny olive Elaeagnus pungens low no autumn olive Elaeagnus umbellata medium no weeping lovegrass Eragrostis curvula low no English ivy Hedera helix low no hydrilla Hydrilla verticillata high yes cogongrass Imperata cylindrica high no Japanese clover Kummerowia striata low no shrub lespedeza Lespedeza bicolor medium no sericea lespedeza Lespedeza cuneata high no Chinese privet Ligustrum sinense high no Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera japonica high no Japanese climbing fern Lygodium japonicum high no Chinaberry Melia azederach low no parrot feather water milfoil Myriophyllum aquaticum high yes sacred bamboo Nandina domestica low no Santa Maria feverfew Parthenium hysterophorus medium no dallisgrass Paspalum dilatatum low no Vasey’s grass Paspalum urvillei medium no chamber bitter Phyllanthus urinaria medium no golden bamboo Phyllostachys aurea medium no hardy orange Poncirus trifoliata low no kudzu Pueraria montana var. lobata high no scarlet firethorn Pyracantha coccinea low no callery pear Pyrus calleryana low no sawtooth oak Quercus acutissima low no Macartney rose Rosa bracteata high no Cherokee rose Rosa laevigata medium no salvinia (common) Salvinia molesta high yes Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense high no Chinese tallow Triadica sebifera high no Brazilian vervain Verbena brasiliensis low no tungoil tree Vernicia fordii low no wisteria Wisteria sinensis low no

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Appendix B NNIS Priority Treatment Lists

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LOUISIANA

High priority species Growth Scientific Name Common Name Aquatic Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Water hyacinth Solms Aquatic Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle hydrilla Aquatic Myriophyllum aquaticum parrot feather milfoil Aquatic Salvinia molesta D. S. Mitchell giant salvinia Grasslike Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. cogongrass Grasslike Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. johnsongrass Shrub Lespedeza cuneata sericea lespedeza Shrub Ligustrum sinense Lour. Chinese privet Shrub Rosa bracteata J.C. Wendl. Macartney rose Trees Triadica sebifera (L.) Small Chinese tallowtree, popcorn tree Vines Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honeysuckle Vines Pueraria montana var. lobata kudzu

Medium priority species Growth Scientific Name Common Name Aquatic Alternanthera philoxeroides alligatorweed Aquatic Sagittaria sagittifolia Linnaeus arrowhead Forbs/Herbs Parthenium hysterophorus L. Santa Maria feverfew Forbs/Herbs Phyllanthus urinaria L. chamber bitter Grasslike Paspalum urvillei Steud. Vasey's grass, Vasseygrass Grasslike Phyllostachys aurea golden bamboo Shrub Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. autumn-olive Shrub Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. shrubby lespedeza Shrub Rosa laevigata Michx. Cherokee rose Trees Albizia julibrissin Durazz. mimosa

Low priority species Growth Scientific Name Common Name Forbs/Herbs Verbena brasiliensis Vell Brazilian vervain Grasslike Hemarthria altissima limpograss, common velvetgrass Grasslike Paspalum dilatatum Poir. dallisgrass, Dallas grass Trees Ailanthus altissima tree-of-heaven Trees Melia azedarach L. chinaberry Trees Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. trifoliate orange Trees Pyrus calleryana Dcne. Callery pear (Bradford pear) Trees Quercus acutissima Carruthers sawtooth oak Trees Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy- tungoil tree Shaw Shrub Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. thorny olive Shrub Nandina domestica Thunb. sacred bamboo Vines Hedera helix L. English ivy Vines Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. Chinese wisteria

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Appendix C

Maps

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Figure 1. NNIS in Compartment 51.

Figure 2. NNIS in Compartment 56.

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Figure 3. NNIS in Compartment 52.

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