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Sustainable Blue Tourism Towards a Sustainable Maritime and Coastal Tourism in World Marine Regions

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Sustainable Blue Tourism Towards a Sustainable Maritime and Coastal Tourism in World Marine Regions Sustainable TOURISM BLUE SUSTAINABLE Blue Tourism Blue Tourism Study REPORT - DRAFT → ENGLISH June 2019 Promotor, developer and coordinator eco-union www.ecounion.eu Strategic support IDDRI Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations Funder ADEME Agence de l'Environnement et de la énergétique et de la Maîtrise de l'Énergie Authors Jérémie Fosse (coordinator), Debora Tonazzini (lead researcher), Eloïse Morales , Alejandro González, Salvador Klarwein, Karine Moukaddem, Oriane Louveau - Contributions: Julien Rochette (IDDRI), Anne-France Didier (MTES), Alicia Tsitsikalis (Ademe) Proof reading Mireia Reus Citation Tonazzini, D., Fosse, J., Morales, E., González, A., Klarwein, S., Moukaddem, K., Louveau, O. (2019) Blue Tourism. Towards a sustainable coastal and maritime tourism in world marine regions. Edited by eco-union. Barcelona. Copyright You can copy, download or print this content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from this publication in your own documents, presen- tations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of the source and copyright owner is given. Sustainable Blue Tourism Towards a sustainable maritime and coastal tourism in world marine regions 4 INDEX INDEX LIST OF ACRONYMS 5 Implication of Paris Agreement for tourism 25 Executive Summary 7 Financing sustainable tourism 26 Planning, management, and monitoring tools 28 GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF COASTAL & MARITIME TOURISM 8 Definition, main issues and key trends of coastal COASTAL AND MARITIME TOURISM IN MARINE REGIONS 31 and maritime tourism 8 Mediterranean Sea 31 Overview of the coastal & maritime tourism Industry 11 Geographic profile 31 Tourism global value chain 11 Institutional governance of Socio-economic overview of tourism 12 Mediterranean tourism 32 Environmental impacts of coastal and Table X: Key tourism regional actors maritime tourism activities 15 in the Mediterranean 33 Governance of coastal & maritime tourism 17 Table X: Summary of policy and regulatory tourism framework in the Mediterranean 34 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM: CONCEPTS, Tourism in the Mediterranean: between FRAMEWORKS, STAKEHOLDERS, TOOLS 21 world record and territorial imbalances 35 Key institutional frameworks related Caribbean Sea 38 to sustainable tourism 21 Geographic profile 38 The UNWTO and UN Environment Institutional governance of Caribbean tourism 38 sustainable tourism principles 21 Cartagena Convention 38 International landmarks 22 Table X: Cartagena Convention and its GSTC initiative 23 relations with tourism management 38 UNEP’s Regional Seas Programme 24 Table X: Key tourism regional actors in The relations between C&M tourism, the Caribbean Sea 39 SDG14 and the Paris Agreement 24 Table X: Tourism policy and regulatory SGDs 14 and Coastal and Maritime Tourism 24 framework in the Caribbean 40 Tourism in the Caribbean: a cornerstone to cruising 67 of the economy 40 Social pressures linked to cruising 69 Western Indian Ocean 41 Best practices 70 Geographic profile 41 Ecotourism 73 Governance of Tourism in the Western Perspectives on ecotourism 73 Indian Ocean 42 Nature-based tourism in coastal and Table X: Nairobi Convention and its relations with maritime areas 74 tourism management 42 Economic impacts 74 Table X: Key regional tourism actors in Western Tourism Management in MPAs: The Ecosystem approach 77 Indian ocean (TO BE COMPLETED) 42 Case studies 79 Table X: Tourism policy and regulatory framework in the Western Indian Ocean 43 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE TRANSITION TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE COASTAL AND Tourism in the Western Indian Ocean: an emerging destina- tion 44 MARITIME TOURISM 82 North East Atlantic Ocean 46 Guidelines for a comprehensive approach to sustainable Blue Tourism 82 Geographic profile 46 Support policy coherence and cooperation Governance of Atlantic tourism 46 mechanisms 82 5 Table X: The OSPAR Convention and its r Implement monitoring, mitigation INDEX elation with tourism management 46 and prevention tools 83 Table X: Key regional tourism actors in Promote sustainable business practices 83 Atlantic Ocean 46 Facilitate the financing of sustainable blue tourism 84 Table X: Tourism policy and regulatory framework in the Atlantic 47 Capacitate and empower the whole value chain and stakeholders 84 Tourism in the Atlantic: between traditional sea-sand-sun and new Arctic holidays 48 Sectorial recommendations 84 South Pacific Ocean 49 Hotels and Resorts 84 Geographic profile 49 Sustainability certifications 84 Governance of South Pacific tourism 49 Planning and management 85 Table X: Noumea Convention and its Environmental management schemes 85 relations with tourism management 49 Cruises 85 Table X: Key regional tourism actors in Provide financial incentives for sustainable South Pacific Ocean 50 practices 85 Table X: Tourism policy and regulatory Leverage zoning to identify key areas framework in the South Pacific Ocean 50 of intervention and regulation 85 Tourism in the South Pacific: a cornerstone Limit impact in sensitive marine of the economy 50 protected areas 85 Antarctic Ocean 51 Intensify infrastructure provision Geographic profile 51 and environmental regulation on air pollution 85 Governance of Antarctic tourism 52 Manage and regulate passenger flow 86 Table X: Convention for the Conservation Eco-tourism 86 of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Monitor and regulate ecotourism initiatives 86 (CCAMLR) 52 Develop comprehensive planning and Table X: Key regional tourism actors in strategies 86 Antarctic Ocean 52 Maximise local revenues and benefits 86 Table X: Tourism policy and regulatory Enable self-determined development 86 framework in Antarctic 52 Promote sustainable ecotourism practices Tourism in the Antarctic: and knowledge 87 the “last-frontier destination” 53 Monitor ecotourism through data Summary assessment 54 collection and participatory science 87 STATE OF COASTAL & MARITIME TOURISM SUB-SECTORS 55 CONCLUSIONS 88 Hotels and resorts 55 REFERENCES 89 Socio-economic structure of the market 55 Critical issues 58 ANNEXES 99 Good practices 62 Annex I: Key impacts and pressures of Coastal Cruising Sector 65 and maritime tourism 99 Socio economic context and structure of Annex II: List of used abbreviations and acronyms 101 the market 65 Annex III: List of relevant regulations governing Critical issues 66 cruising operations 102 Economic impact of cruising 66 Annex IV: “Good/best practices” analysis: Environmental pressures linked Case studies template 104 LIST OF 6 INDEX 3S/ Sea, Sand and Sun ECF / Enterprise Challenge Fund AAPA / American Association of Ports Authorities EEA / European Environmental Agency ACS / Association of Caribbean States EEDI / Energy Efficiency Design Index AfT / Aid for Trade EEZ / Exclusive Economic Zone AOSIS / Alliance of Small Island States EFTA / European Free Trade Association APTA / Association for Promotion of Tourism to Africa EIB / European Investment Bank ASATA / Association of Southern African Travel Agents EIF / Enhanced Integrated Framework ASOC / Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition EMAS / Eco-Management and Audit Scheme ACRONYMSATA / Africa Tourism Association EMS / Environmental Management Systems ATCM / Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting EPA / Environmental Protection Agency ATS / Antarctic Treaty Secretariat ESA / Endangered Species Act ATTA / African Travel & Tourism Association ESG / Environmental, Social and Governance AU / African Union ESPO / European Sea Ports Organisation AusAID / Australian Agency for International Development’s ETIS / European Tourism Indicators Systems AWF / African Wildlife Foundation ETOA / European Tourism Association AWTS / Advances Water Treatment Systems EU / European Union / Barcelona Convention BC FAO / Food & Agriculture Organisation / Caribbean Marine Protected Area Management CAMPAM FCCA / Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association CANARI / Caribbean Natural Resource Institute FDI / Foreign Direct Investments CARICOM / Caribbean Community and Common Market FOC / Flags of Convenience / CBD / Convention of Biological Diversity GCET / Global Code of Ethics for Tourism CCAMCR / Conservation of the Antarctic Marine Living Resources GCRMN / Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network CCAMLR / Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic / Gross Domestic Product Marine Living Resources GDP CCAMLR / Convention of the Antarctic Marine Living Resources GES / Good Environmental Status CDB / Caribbean Development Bank GHG / Greenhouse Gases CEP / Committee for Environmental Protection GSTC / Global Sustainable Tourism Council CHTA / Caribbean Hotel and Tourism Association GVA / Gross Value Added CI / Conservation International GVC / Global Value Chain CLIA / Cruise Lines International Association HFO / Heavy Fuel Oil CMT / Coastal and Maritime Tourism IAATO / International Association Antarctica Tour Operators COMESA / Common Market of East and Austral Africa IATA / International Air Transport Association CROP / Council of Regional Organizations in the Pacific ICAO / International Civil Aviation Organization CSA / Caribbean Shipping Association ICOMIA / International Council of Marine Industry Association CSR / Corporate Social Responsibility ICZM / Integrated Coastal Zone Management CSTZ / Caribbean Sustainable Tourist Zone IDA / international development agencies CTO / Caribbean Tourism Organisation IDB / Inter-American Development Bank DFI / Development Finance Institutions IFC / International Finance Corporation EC / European Commission IGAD / Intergovernmental Authority on Development ECA / Emission Control Areas IHRA
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