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Power Relations at the Cistercian Abbey of St. Mary at Rushen: with Special Interest in Connections at Furness and Influence Through the Kingdom of the Isles

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Power Relations at the Cistercian Abbey of St. Mary at Rushen: with Special Interest in Connections at Furness and Influence Through the Kingdom of the Isles Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 12-2015 Power Relations at the Cistercian Abbey of St. Mary at Rushen: With Special Interest in Connections at Furness and Influence through the Kingdom of the Isles Valerie Dawn Hampton Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the European History Commons, and the History of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Hampton, Valerie Dawn, "Power Relations at the Cistercian Abbey of St. Mary at Rushen: With Special Interest in Connections at Furness and Influence through the Kingdom of the Isles" (2015). Dissertations. 1175. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/1175 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. POWER RELATIONS AT THE CISTERCIAN ABBEY OF ST. MARY AT RUSHEN: WITH SPECIAL INTEREST IN CONNECTIONS AT FURNESS AND INFLUENCE THROUGH THE KINGDOM OF THE ISLES by Valerie Dawn Hampton A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy History Western Michigan University December 2015 Doctoral Committee: E. Rozanne Elder, Ph.D., Chair Paul Maier, Ph.D. Rand Johnson, Ph.D. Francis Swietek, Ph.D. POWER RELATIONS AT THE CISTERCIAN ABBEY OF ST. MARY AT RUSHEN: WITH SPECIAL INTEREST IN CONNECTIONS AT FURNESS AND INFLUENCE THROUGH THE KINGDOM OF THE ISLES Valerie Dawn Hampton, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2015 The Isle of Man is an island situated in the Irish Sea at the geographical center of the British Isles. During the Middle Ages, the Isle of Man, which was only two hundred and twenty-two square miles, surprisingly was the seat of an important Viking kingdom that controlled and patrolled the Irish Sea and Hebrides. Rushen Abbey, a Savigniac monastery, was founded in 1134 near Ballasalla, in the parish of Malew, in the southeast of the Isle of Man. This dissertation focuses on the influence that Rushen Abbey exerted on the ecclesiastical institutions and secular personas within the area of the Irish Sea and examines the external dignitaries which, in turn, influenced the abbey. Ecclesiastical issues include the relationship between Rushen and its motherhouse, Furness in Cumbria; the associations among monasteries situated in the Irish Sea region (Furness, Iona, Whithorn, Holmcultram, Inch, and Gray); the consequences of Rushen and Furness’ Savigniac heritage after the Congregation had been incorporated in 1147 into the Cistercian Order; and the abbey’s influence on the bishopric of the Isles. Secular issues explored include the importance of Rushen Abbey to the magnates and nobles in the Irish Sea region in social, political, as well as economical relations, particularly the king of the Isles. Finally, the dissertation examines the ways in which both Rushen and its motherhouse, Furness Abbey, both thrived in frontier regions and secured a place as the predominant religious influence on the Isle of Man. © 2015 Valerie Dawn Hampton ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I have been blessed and would like to mention my first supervisor at Western Michigan, Dr. Thomas Amos, who showed great support and gave me strength in spirit. I would also like to thank Dr. E. Rozanne Elder for taking on the mantle of my advisor and seeing me through this dissertation; it would not have been possible without her perseverance. I would like to express my gratitude to the rest of my committee—Drs. Francis Swietek, Paul Maier, and Rand Johnson—for their insightful comments, encouragement, and hard questions. I am grateful to Dr. Florin Curta for always having his opinion, time, and reassurance. I am now a Ph.D. alumna of WMU because of these people being in my life: Thank you. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks for the guidance of Dr. Marianne Di Pierro and the assistance of the Graduate College of Western Michigan, for which I am eternally grateful. I would also like to thank Dr. Marion Gray, Chair of the History Department, and Dr. Mitch Kachun, History Graduate Studies Director, for encouraging me to apply and obtain research grants such as the Judith Stone Award from the history department and research funding from the Graduate College in 2010. This funding allowed me to study in the PIMS library in Toronto, which is the closest holding of many works on Furness ii Acknowledgments—Continued without taking a trip across the pond, and the research grant also allowed me to digitize The Chronicle of Man. I am also indebted to Dr. Peter Davey at the Centre of Manx Studies, who allowed me access to his chapter “Medieval Monasticism and the Isle of Man c. 1130-1500,” in New History of the Isle of Man: Volume 3: The Medieval Period, 1000- 1406 before it was released. Dr. Davey also let me peruse the books he had taken out of the Centre. This dissertation would not have been possible without the assistance of the British Library Rare Books staff, holdings at the Manx National Heritage Library Archives, and the Center of Manx Studies. I owe my deepest gratitude to my parents, Jully and Leonard Hampton, who suffered through this dissertation with me; maybe Dad can retire now. I would also like to thank my grandparents. I want to mention the devotion of my service dog, Cinder, who was always my faithful companion, and Caligula, Claudius, Gabriel, Sam, and Dean, who cheer me up every day while writing and editing this dissertation. I would like to thank my siblings, Lenny, Kris, and Cheryl, for introducing me to reading and keeping me inspired. Lastly, I offer my regards and blessings to all those who supported me in any respect during the completion on this project. Valerie Dawn Hampton TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ ii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 Methodology and Statement of Sources ..................................................... 2 Manx Sources ............................................................................................ 4 Savigniac Studies ................................................................................... 14 Cistercian Sources .................................................................................. 21 Historical Significance and Thesis ............................................................. 24 Historical Context .................................................................................. 24 Statement of Thesis ................................................................................ 26 Structure of Dissertation ....................................................................... 29 II. NEW MONASTIC ORDERS............................................................................. 31 Brief History of Cîteaux .............................................................................. 32 The Congregation of Savigny’s History ................................................... 37 Savigniac and Cistercian Growth .............................................................. 40 Rapid Expansion .................................................................................... 40 First English Houses .............................................................................. 42 Cistercian and Savigniac Orders: Compared ........................................... 46 Similarities ............................................................................................... 46 Purported Differences ........................................................................... 48 iv Table of Contents—Continued CHAPTER The Merger of the Congregation of Savigny with the Cistercian Order .............................................................................................................. 51 Controversy over Merger, Particularly with English Houses ......... 54 Savigny as the Cause of the Supposed “Corruption” of the Cistercians ............................................................................................... 59 Contentions in the Incorporation of Savigny ..................................... 62 Rushen Abbey .............................................................................................. 65 III. BACKGROUND OF THE POLITICS AND EARLY HISTORY OF RUSHEN ON THE ISLE OF MAN FROM THE FIRST VIKING ARRIVAL TO THE END OF THE CROVAN DYNASTY (1079-1265)........................................................................................................... 67 Rapid Conversion of Viking Settlers to Christianity: First Viking Age in the Isle of Man .................................................................... 67 The Survival of Christianity in the First Viking Age .............................. 68 Stone Crosses .......................................................................................... 68 Viking Age Burials ................................................................................. 70 Second Viking Age: The Beginning of the Crovan Dynasty .................. 71 History of Rushen Abbey ........................................................................... 75 Foundation of Rushen Abbey (1134) ................................................... 75
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