Archaeological Investigations at the Vance Site on the University of North Carolina Campus, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE VANCE SITE ON THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA CAMPUS, CHAPEL HILL, NORTH CAROLINA by Mary Elizabeth Fitts Ashley Peles and R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr. Research Report No. 34 Research Laboratories of Archaeology The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2012 ABSTRACT The Research Laboratories of Archaeology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill conducted data-recovery excavations at the Vance site (RLA-Or467, 31OR638) during November 2011. This work investigated nineteenth-century features exposed during the installation of a stormwater drain for the Battle-Vance-Pettigrew building. The project area was located on the east side of Vance Hall and lies within the Chapel Hill Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. During the nineteenth century the excavated area was located at the boundary between University property and Lot 11, a privately-held parcel auctioned off by the University Trustees in 1793. Excavations revealed that the modern storm- drain trench had cut through a nineteenth-century storm drain and cellar pit. Artifacts from a prehistoric American Indian occupation of the area sometime between 3,000 and 300 years ago were also uncovered. Although the nineteenth-century stone-lined drain and cellar pit had been disturbed by twentieth-century activities, intact portions of these features yielded significant information concerning antebellum Chapel Hill. In particular, a large quantity of kitchen and dining debris in the form of animal bone and historic ceramics were recovered. The analysis of these materials, in combination with archival information, provides unprecedented information about mid-nineteenth-century foodways in Chapel Hill. In addition, the stone-lined drain can be identified as part of an engineering project designed by UNC professor Elisha Mitchell and built by slaves in the early 1840s. Future archaeological work to identify and assess outbuildings and other deposits associated with such border spaces would significantly contribute to our understanding of the history of the relationship between the University and Chapel Hill. Such deposits remain intact less than a foot below the modern ground surface and should be considered during the planning stages of ground-disturbing activities on campus. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people contributed to this project, and their efforts have enabled us to develop a more detailed understanding of daily life in antebellum Chapel Hill. Archaeological endeavors tend to be logistically complex undertakings that require planning, archival research, fieldwork, laboratory work, analysis, and dissemination of results. All of these aspects of the Vance site project were accomplished with the assistance of UNC staff, faculty, and student employees and volunteers, as well as other researchers off site who generously contributed resources to this project. We are grateful to Wendy Hillis, formerly of UNC Facilities Planning, for reviewing the proposal for this project and securing funding for mitigation work at the site. We would also like to thank Todd Snyder, Progressive Contracting Co., Inc., Sanford, NC, for coordinating the installation of the Battle-Vance-Pettigrew stormwater drainage system with our archaeological assessment activities. Although the Vance site excavations were relatively small in extent, they revealed a set of complex stratigraphic relationships that were revealed by the diligent work of Brett Riggs, Steve Davis, Anna Agbe-Davies, Lindsay Bloch, David Cranford, Duane Esarey, Mary Beth Fitts, Elise Duffield, Bouran Mozayen, Andy Valiunas, Isaac Warshauer, and Hunter Riddick. The excavation units were protected from the elements by a shelter engineered by Steve Davis, who also maintained total station data and took documentary photographs. All of the excavators are grateful to Tom Bythell and Tom Sudderth of UNC Grounds Services for arranging for the completed excavation units to be filled in with mechanical equipment. The artifacts and soils collected during excavations at the Vance site were cleaned and processed by a bevy of undergraduate students including Isaac Warshauer, Hunter Riddick, Marisa Hobbs, Jonathan Branch, and Shane Hale. Elise Duffield ran the water screen and processed flotation samples. When all materials were cleaned and processed, Steve Davis compiled the artifact catalog. Artifact analysis was completed with the assistance of undergraduate and graduate archaeology students. Elise Duffield and Marisa Hobbs worked with Steve Davis to conduct window glass analysis, and Bouran Mozayen examined the button assemblage. Graduate student Lindsay Block assisted with the analysis of the ceramic assemblage, and Ashley Peles conducted an analysis of the faunal remains and wrote a report of her findings. Dr. Walter Klippel of the University of Tennessee graciously allowed Ashley access to his comparative faunal collection. Mary Beth Fitts examined macrobotanical samples in the laboratory of Dr. Margaret Scarry, who also assisted with species identifications. Archival research for this project was conducted by Mary Beth Fitts, who benefitted from the attentiveness and patience of the staff of UNC Archives and the North Carolina Collection. Robert D. Hohertz of the American Society of Check Collectors provided information regarding nineteenth-century patent medicine tax stamps. This report was compiled by Mary Beth Fitts. Finally, this project would not have been possible without Lisa-Jean Michienzi and Vin Steponaitis of the Research Laboratories of Archaeology, who provided behind-the-scenes organizational support. ii CONTENTS Chapter Page Abstract……... ............................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... ii 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 Project Background .......................................................................................................... 1 Research Design ............................................................................................................... 4 2. Context ..................................................................................................................................... 7 History of Lot 11 .............................................................................................................. 7 Mercantile Foundations, 1793–1837 .................................................................... 8 Strife and Grace, 1837–1847 ............................................................................... 9 Boomtimes, Crisis, and Recovery, 1847–1882 .................................................... 11 Home Away from Home, 1882–1968 .................................................................. 13 Previous Archaeological Excavations .............................................................................. 14 Nineteenth-Century Sanitation History ............................................................................ 16 Antebellum Sanitation on Campus ....................................................................... 17 Modern Conveniences of a Gown Town .............................................................. 22 Materiality of Public-Private Boundaries ......................................................................... 24 3. Archaeological Fieldwork ........................................................................................................ 27 Excavated Contexts .......................................................................................................... 31 4. Artifact Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 49 Prehistoric Artifacts ......................................................................................................... 49 Historic Artifacts ...............................................................................................................50 Foodways ............................................................................................................. 51 Botanical Analysis ............................................................................................... 53 Faunal Analysis .................................................................................................... 54 Storage and Cooking ............................................................................................ 61 Drinking and Dining ............................................................................................ 66 Architecture and Furniture ................................................................................... 82 Adornment and Ablution ..................................................................................... 85 Occupations .......................................................................................................... 93 Summary and Interpretation ............................................................................................ 94 5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 97 References Cited .........................................................................................................................