TAUP 2009 Rome July 1-5 2009

UndergroundUnderground LaboratoriesLaboratories

Eugenio Coccia INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso and Università di Roma Tor Vergata [email protected] Thanks to Alessandro Bettini, Fabrice Piquemal, Sean Paling, Neil Spooner, Vladimir Gavrin, Naba Mondal, Yoichiro Suzuki, Kevin Lesko, Tony Noble, Agnieszka Zalewska, Timo Enqvist, Romul Mircea Margineanu, Vuk Mandic.

28-Aug-09 Dedicated to Julio Morales 1 Underground Laboratories

QuickTime™ and a Photo - JPEG decompressor are needed to see this picture.

Very high energy phenomena, such as proton decay and neutrinoless double beta decay, happen spontaneously, but at extremely low rates. The study of neutrino properties from natural and artificial sources and the detection of candidates requires capability of detecting extremely weak effects.

Thanks to the rock coverage and the corresponding reduction in the cosmic ray flux, underground laboratories provide the necessary low background environment to investigate these processes. Tiny signals = fight against background

These laboratories appear complementary to those with accelerators in the basic research of the elementary constituents of matter, of their interactions and symmetries.

28-Aug-09 2 The sites

CUPP Soudan SNOlab

ILIAS DUSEL project

Boulby SUL

LSM All sites are in the BNO Kamioka Northern LSC LNGS Y2L hemisphere Oto

EU Labs coordination: APPEC, ASPERA, ILIAS INO project

28-Aug-09 3 Facilities range from simple underground sites to full laboratories and observatories And have important differences:

Depth (µ flux, spallation n flux - determines a fraction of the background sources)

Size of the halls, limiting the size of the experiments (and thickness of the shields)

Distance from accelerator

Horizontal vs. vertical access

Support infrastructures, personnel (quantity and quality)

Scientific Committee: international vs. local (or national), degree of internationality of the community

Safety and security policy

Other science (geology, biology, engineering, etc.)

28-Aug-09 4 28-Aug-09 5 Highlights from the Gran Sasso underground laboratory

28-Aug-09 6 INFN Gran Sasso National Laboratory. Italy

1979 A. Zichichi proposes to the Parliament to build a large underground laboratory close to the Gran Sasso freeway tunnel, under construction 1982 the Parliament approves the construction, finished in 1987

•1400 m rock overburden (3.2 km w.e.) •Flat cross-section •Neutron flux = 3.8±0.3 10–2 m–2s–1 –[1.08 (0-0.05 eV); 1.84 (0.05 eV-1 keV); 0.54 (1 keV-2.5 MeV); 0.32 (>2.5 MeV)] • µ flux = 3 x 10–4 m–2s–1 (angular depend. measured) • γ flux= 1× 104 m–2s–1 •Volume 180 000 m3, area 17 300 m2 •Ventilation: 1 lab volume/3.5 h •Radon in air 50-120 Bq/m3 (less @ experiments) •Support facilities on the surface ƒDrive in to the experiments ƒThe largest international scientific community ƒPermanent staff = 80 permanent +23 28-Aug-09 7 Solar ν ν from Supernovae Borexino LVD

ν beam from CERN: OPERA ICARUS

ββ decay and rare events Dark Matter Cuoricino DAMA/LIBRA; CRESST CUORE; GERDA WARP; XENON

Nuclear astrophysics LUNA 28-Aug-09 8 Physics

MODULAr perspective •LAr TPC - ICARUS @ 20 kt scale • new facility at shallow depth (1.2 km w.e.) •10 km off axis the CNGS beam line 28-Aug-09 •new neutrino source at CERN 1.6 MW beam power 9 The scientific community Experiments are approved by the Director, with advise of International SC. Approval allocates underground area for defined duration Turnover of the experiments

394 from 25 LNGS FOREIGN USERS IN 2006 Countries + 358 from Italy USA Russia Germany France Tot. Users Poland UK Japan Switzerland 752 Ukraine Brazil China Croatia Korea India Israel Others

80 73 70 67 60 60

50 44 40 The contributions of the 26 30 23 cultures of different 22 21 21 20 Countries are the 8 10 6 6 5 4 4 4 fundamental component of 0 1 the scientific vitality of LNGS A ia e n il ia a ia el rs S ss any nc and UK pa and ine az na at re ra e U u m ra ol Ja rl ra r hi ro o Ind Is th R er F P ze k B C C K O G t U Swi

28-Aug-09 10 Training 17000 visitors/yearOutreach

17000 visitors/year Alta Formazione

28-Aug-09 11 Seismic shower in the region since January

Largest event 6.3 Richter Mag. On April 6th

300 deads; 15 000 injured; 60 000 homeless 28-Aug-09 12 The QUAKE caused an average 25 cm lowering of the ground surface 12x12 km2 around L’Aquila

28-Aug-09 13 28-Aug-09 14 Top event acceleration

Underground lab 0.03 g External lab 0.15 g L’Aquila 0.64 g

April 6th to 29th • Limited access • Inspections by LNGS Staff, Civil Protection Engineers, Experts on Structures, Geology and Idrogeology

• Agibility / Accurate monitor of the underground site needed

May 4th Restart of the normal access and activity

28-Aug-09 15 L’Aquila April 6 2009 The QUAKE (MW 6.3)

28-Aug-09 16 Offices of the Physics Department Faculty of Science L’Aquila (April 6 2009)

28-Aug-09 17 Most of the LNGS staff is homeless

INFN actions:

• Accomodations inside the Lab and in nearby hotels

• Travel expenses reimbursement

• Special financial help

• Flexible worktime

• Children garden

28-Aug-09 18 LNGS hosts since may 11 the teaching activity of the Physics Department

28-Aug-09 19 Plan for the realization of the Gran Sasso Institute, An advanced research and teaching center in Assergi, nearby the Lab (the model is SISSA)

LNGS

The Gran Sasso Institute idea has been presented in the OECD WORKSHOP in Rome on July 3 28-Aug-09 20 StatusStatus andand TheThe BoulbyBoulby UndergroundUnderground ScienceScience FacilityFacility (UK)(UK) PlansPlans 20092009 28-Aug-09 21 Science Facility •Boulby isa working potash mine in the North East of England. Operated by Cleveland Potash Ltd – a major local employer. • 1100m deep (2805 mwe giving ~106 reduction in CR muons). • Surrounding rock-salt = low activity giving low gamma and radon backgrounds.

JIF facilities - 2003 . Peterlee

Hartlepool > 1000 m2, fully

wton Aycliffe MiddlesborRedcar Billingham oughStocktonMiddlesbrough Staithe arlington equipped underground Inverness s Whitb ‘Palmer lab’ y Edinburgh > Surface support Newcastle Belfast facility. Yor k Boulby Mine Dublin Liverpool

Birmingham

London

Plymouth

28-Aug-09 22 Science @ Boulby

Dark Matter Searches @ Boulby Now... Completed NaIAD (NaI – Scint. PSD) Dual Phase Underway ZEPLIN-II

ZEPLIN I ZEPLIN-III Future aims? • Continued rare event / low background (Liq Xe – Single Phase) R&D studies: Dark Matter (DRIFT, ZEPLIN?), Nuclear astrophysics (ELENA)? • Future large scale detectors? (LAGUNA) DRIFT-II • Centre of excellence for low background DRIFT-I material screening? R&D • Multidisciplinary Underground Science? (TPC - Directional)

Also... SKY-ZERO – Ongoing Danish/UK. Cosmic Rays & ILIAS climatology study •JRA1 •N2 Misc Low Background Studies •TARI • Neutron Background measurements (NUTs) • Muon-induced neutrons (Z-II veto study) Active contributor in both • High sensitivity Ge detector measurements ILIAS and ILIAS-next EU • Radon emanation Measurements lab programmes 28-Aug-09 23 Future Expansion?

Boulby compares WELL with EU and world sites: depth, backgrounds, local support, running costs and expansion potential.

The potential for expansion @ Boulby is excellent

Space available in existing lab & lots of existing tunnels to exploit. New tunnels cheap to cut. New and deeper rock types available (harder rock – bigger labs)

Tried and tested as a site for supporting science (from 1988 – today)

STRONG local support CPL (the mine owners) are supportive of pursuing expansion of physics and science hosted.

CPL hosting gives the UK a WORLD CLASS facility at relatively low cost 28-Aug-09 24 Laboratorio Subterraneo de Canfranc. LSC •850 m rock overburden (2.4 km w.e.) •Neutron flux = 2×10–2 m–2s–1 •µ flux = 2-4 × 10–3 m–2s–1 (site dependent) • γ flux= 1.9±0.2 × 104 m–2s–1 •Radon 50-80 Bq/m3 •Ventilation: 11 000 m3/h (one volume in 40’) •Underground area 1000 m2 •Support facilities on the surface under construction •Scientific programme being defined ƒHorizontal access, drive-in to the experiments ƒStaff (being hired) = 12 positions •Works to recover from anomalies of the original project being TAUP 2003 done (Saragossa University) 1986 A. Morales creates the first Canfranc Laboratory (≈100 m2) close to a non-used railway tunnel 2005 Morales compeltes the new laboratory between the new free way tunnel and the railway tunnel

Old lab (since 1986) ANAIS. DM. Modulation with NaI ROSEBUD. DM. R&D for EURECA Other R&D, low radioactivity 28-Aug-09 measurements 25 Experimental halls A, B and C

600 m2 (40x15x12) Hall A

150 m2 (15x10x7)

Hall B

Depth: 800 m

Muons: 0.47 μ x 10–2 m m–2 s–1 Hall C Ventilation: 11.000 m3/h

RECONSTRUCTION/REINFORCEMENT CIVIL WORKS STARTED IN JUNE. 28-Aug-09FORESEEN DURATION = 10 MONTHS 26 Objectives Create a world-class underground multi-disciplinary laboratory with experiments and observatories leading in: •Dark matter searches •Neutrino nature (Majorana vs. Dirac) and mass •Nuclear astrophysics (building a new hall) •Physics of system near absolute zero •Extreme low background techniques •Sub-surface geo-dynamics (instrument existing tunnels) •Environmental ultra-low background studies •Life under extreme conditions

Consider options for long term development (LAGUNA)

28-Aug-09 28/08/2009 A. Bettini. LSC 27 Scientific Programme Physics

- Approved experiments (3 years running) on proposal of the International Scientific Committee

9 EXP-01-2008 (ANAIS) Dark Matter (NaI, Annual modulation) Direct check of DAMA/LIBRA result 9 EXP-02-2008 (ROSEBUD) Dark Matter (Scintillating bolometers) Integrated in the European EURECA project 9 EXP-03-2008 (BiPo) 0ν2β decay (extra-low surface background meas.) Ancillary to Super-NEMO 9 EXP-04-2008 (ULTIMA) Super-fluid 3He physics To be screened by muon background 9 EXP-05-2008 (NEXT) 0ν2β decay (Enriched 136Xe TPC)) Majorana vs Dirac neutrinos CUP Consolider 9EoI-02-2005 (ArDM) EoI on Dark Matter (Liquid Argon TPC) In risk analysis phase

28-Aug-09 28 CUNA, Canfranc Nuclear Asrtophysics facility

•New dedicated hall & Accelerator (about 3 MeV) •Develop synergic program with LNGS •Dedicated scientific Workshop in Barcelona 19-20 Feb 2009

28-Aug-09 29 GEODYN Facility •Two LASER interferometers •Broad-band and strong-motion seismometers •GPS surface stations •Integrate in the TOPO-IBERIA Consolider

Different locations in existing tunnels under study

28-Aug-09 30 Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane

Main hall 30 x 10m2 (h 11m) 2 smaller halls (18 m2 and 21 m2)

gamma hall (70 m2) Operators CEA/DSM & CNRS/IN2P3

Location Fréjus Tunnel (Italian-French border)

Excavation 1983 Underground area 1 main hall (30m x 10m x 11m) + gamma spectroscopy hall (70 m2) + 2 secondary halls of 18 m2 and 21 m2

Depth 1700 m (4800 mwe) Surface > 400 m2

Permanent staff 8

Scientists users 100

28-Aug-09 31 LSM and future projects

IN2P3 (CNRS) and DAPNIA (CEA) run the Modane Underground Laboratory (LSM) The Lab Facilities are composed by:

LSM Project for a 60’000 m3 extension to be constructed according to on-going A cavity of about 3’500 m3 at middle of projects (safety tunnel) Fréjus Road Tunnel in French Territory

External LSM buildings (construction 2008) Project for Large scale underground laboratory (1’000’000 m3) 28-Aug-09 32 Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane

DBD NEMO-III (tracking + calorimeter - 100Mo) Dark Matter EDELWEISS-II (10 to 35 kg Ge heat+ion - 9kg in 2005) D e- cap TGV-II (Ge with sheets of DBD candidates) Heavy elemts SHIN (super heavy elements in nature + s/c, Z=108)

Low background measurements: 13 Ge detectors 3 neutrons detectors to measure and to monitor the neutron flux Test benches for logical failures tests

EDELWEISS-II

NEMO-III

28-Aug-09 33 New building

New infrastructure for offices, workshop, outreach space

28-Aug-09 34 Laboratoire Subterrain de Modane (LSM). France

28-Aug-09 35 ULISSE project

28-Aug-09 36 ULISSE project

Safety galery parallel to roadway tunnel

Digging from October 2009 to end 2011

Possibility to dig extension end 2011. Would be ready for 2013.

Pre-study funded by LSM and UK in 2006. Preliminary design to host SuperNEMO and EURECA

Detailed studies funded by Savoie department and Rhone-Alpes Region

Call for letter of interest open in June,2009

Dedicated workshop in October,16 2009.

Review by an indepeandent Scientific Advisory Committee

28-Aug-09 37 IUS

Institute of Underground Science, Boulby Mine, UK LSM

Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane, France

LNGS LSC Laboratori Nazionali del Laboratorio Subterraneo Gran Sasso, Italy 28-Aug-09 de Canfranc, Spain 38 ILIAS Integrated Large Infrastructures for Astroparticle Science in EU •EU contribution (6th Framework Programme): 7.5 M€ in 5 years from April 2004 •Participants: ~800 scientists, 140 institutes, 23 countries •Gravitational Waves, Dark Matter, Double Beta Decay •Infrastructures: Underground Laboratories, Gravitational Waves observatories •“Networking” activities ⇒ Fostering links within and between communities •Underground Science Laboratories •Safety: exchange of experience, protocols, visits •Outreach: common open days, production of media, etc. •Direct Dark Matter Search •Improve collaboration: DM cryogenic collaboration EURECA •Neutrino-less Double Beta Decay •Gravitational Waves •Collaboration in theoretical Astroparticle Physics •Joint Research Activities (R&D projects) ⇒ R&D for best service to users •Low background techniques underground •Double beta decay European observatory •Noise in gravitational wave detectors •“Transnational” Access to Underground Laboratories •Helping foreign scientists in their work at the Laboratories (only from EU)

28-Aug-09 39 The management structure of ILIAS contains three levels: • the “Legislation” level with the Governing Council (GC) as the ultimate decision making body, advised by the Steering Committee (SC) and the Peer Review Committee (PRC); • the “Consortium-wide Executive Level” with the Co-ordinator , the Executive Board (EB) and the Management Team (MT); • the “Activities Executive Level” with the Deep Underground Labs Co-ordination and Management Committee (DUL-CoMag) and also boards and working groups monitoring the various JRA and Access activities.” 28-Aug-09 40 Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi CUPP. Finland

EMMA experiment at shallow depth with about 20 users Old mine Operational 1962-2001 Composition of atmospheric µ @ knee Cavities available at several Neutron flux being measured levels from 95 m to 980 m Personnel: 3 on site + 3 @ Oulu Offices, labs and guest rooms on surface Access via lifts or inclined road tunnel

New mine Lab facilities may be excavated @ 1440 m, 4 km w.e. 28-Aug-09 41 28-Aug-09 42 The Polkowice-Sieroszowice mine in Poland - one of the sites proposed for LAGUNA and ArDM

Geological cutoff – layers of anhydrite, Near Wrocław, south-west of dolomite and salt rocks at depths from Poland - easily accessible from the 600 till >1400 m below the surface Wroclaw airport and from the A4 motor-way, 950 km from CERN The Sieroszowice mine (178 km2 of underground excavation area), belongs to the KGHM holding of copper mines and metallurgic plants - 6th position in the world’s copper production A.Zalewska 28-Aug-09and 2nd position for silver. 43 43 Initial laboratory in salt

Existing big chambers in salt: • volume: 85 x 15 x 20 m3 • at a depth ~950 m from the surface (2200 m.w.e.) • very low humidity, temperature ~350

Very low natural radioactivity of the salt rock

U-238: 0.0165+-0.0030 Bq/kg Work together with the mine U-234: 0.0225+-0.0030 Bq/kg management staff is going on to Th-232: 0.008+-0.001 Bq/kg start the initial laboratory in K-40: 4.0 +-0.9 Bq/kg 2010. In a first instance this location is concidered for the ArDM experiment. It is also one of the proposed locations in the A.Zalewska DARWIN application to ASPERA. 28-Aug-09 44 44 Romanian underground laboratory in Unirea salt mine, Slanic Prahova-ROMANIA

View of underground laboratory view from Unirea salt mine

The Underground Laboratory for Measurement in Ultra-low Radiation Background is situated in Unirea salt mine, in Slanic Prahova town, in Prahova County, Romania. Slanic town, Prahova County is situated in sub-Carpathians hills, about 100 km N from Bucharest and 150 km SE from Brasov. The town is placed in Slanic River valley, tributary of Varbilau River. In this environment, we have constructed the Low Background Radiation Laboratory situated at a depth of 208 m beneath the surface at water equivalent thickness of ~600 m. This mine consists of a hivelike structure composed of more galleries 32 or 36 meters wide, 52 to 57 m height and hundreds of meter long. Also it must be pointed out the remarkable stability of the microenvironment 28-Aug-09characterized by a constant temperature all over the years of 120 C and relative humidity of 60 to 65 %. 45 28-Aug-09 46 http://www.aspera-eu.org/

28-Aug-09 47 Solotvina Underground Laboratory. Ukraine

Initiated by Y. G. Zdesenko Operational since 1984

ƒIn NaCl mine ƒOverburden: 430 m ≈ 1 km w.e. ƒAvailable area≈1000 m2 (70% free) -2 –2 –1 ƒµ flux: φμ = 1.7 x 10 m s ƒRadon: 33 Bq/m3 ƒVery low gamma flux -2 –2 –1 ƒNeutrons: φn = 2.7 x 10 m s ƒHorizontal access ƒUsers 11 based at Kiev

Science 116 116 ββ of Cd. New 1-2 kg CdWO2, scheduled 2008 R&D for SuperNEMO R&D of radiopure crystal for ββ and DM 28-Aug-09 48 Baksan Valley and Mt. Andyrchi GGNT The oldest underground laboratory

“Andyrchy” EAS array

“Karpet-2” EAS array

BUST

Tunnel entrance 28-Aug-09 49 Baksan Neutrino Observatory. INR-RAS 1966. Under the action of M. Markov, Head of the Physics Division, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Karpet 2 array obtains a Decree of the Soviet Government for the construction of the Andyrchi array underground and surface facilities BNO (Neutrino village) Moissey Markov Scientific activity started under the Laser interf. leadership of GW antenna

1 km George Zatsepin and Alexander Chudakov

Geophysics Geophysics lab laboratory

GGNT Low backgr chamber

28-Aug-09 50 Baksan neutrino observatory Institute for Nuclear Research RAS Total volume ≈ 40 000 m3 Largest hall, 40 000 m3, construction stopped in 1992, when SU collapsed BUST. Since 1978 1st large LS neutrino telescope ready for SN explosion (smaller one @ Artemovsk since 1977) Exclude SN in Galaxy last 30 yr @ SAGE site ≈ 7 200 m3 lined with 60 cm of low background concrete ƒOverburden: 2000 m ≈ 4.8 km w.e. –5 –2 –1 ƒµ flux: φμ = 3.03±0.19 x 10 m s ƒVentilation: 60 000 m3/h ƒRadon: 40 Bq/m3 –3 –2 –1 ƒφn (>1 MeV) = 1.4 x 10 m s –4 –2 –1 SAGE ƒφn (>3 MeV) = 6.28±2.2 x 10 m s ƒDedicated horizontal access (4 km) Two tunnels, train transportation

28-Aug-09 51 Y2L. Korea Operated by Dark Matter Pumped Storage Power Plant Research Center of Seoul Horizontal access by car University in the YangYang

ƒOverburden: 700 m, ≈ 2 km w.e. ƒAvailable area≈100 m2 (possibly 800 m2 if funded) -3 –2 –1 ƒMuon flux: φμ = 2.7 x 10 m s ƒRadon: 40-80 Bq/m3 -3 –2 –1 ƒNeutrons: φn = 8 x 10 m s 1.5

Science KIMS, WIMP search with CsI(Tl) crystal detectors. Data taking ⇒ 100 kg in 2007 R&D for ββ HP Ge detectors

28-Aug-09 52 Oto Cosmo Observatory. Japan

ƒHorizontal access (unused railway tunnel) ƒOverburden ≈ 470 m (1.4 km w.e.) ƒAvailable area (Labs I, II, III)≈ 100 m2 -3 –2 –1 ƒµ flux: φμ = 4 x 10 m s ƒRadon: 10 Bq/m3 (in “Rn-free” containers) -2 –2 –1 ƒNeutrons: φn = 4 x 10 m s ƒUsers 20

Users ≈ 20 DBD ELEGANT V (100Mo) DM MOON-1 NaI DBD+DM 48 ELEGANT VI ( Ca)(CaF2)

28-Aug-09 53 Kamioka, Gifu, Japan

The largest underground experiment

28-Aug-09 54 . Japan In 1983 M. Koshiba established the Kamioka Masatoshi Koshiba Underground Observatory to host KamiokaNDE (NDE=Nucleon Decay Experiment later = Neutrino Detection Experiment) The present facilities of the Kamioka Observatory have been designed for Super- Kamiokande Recently a process of enlargement has been realized

• Overburden 1000 m ≈ 2.7 km w.e. •Users >200+KAMland • Horizontal access •Building for offices and -3 –2 –1 computer facilities on the surface • µ flux: φμ = 3 x 10 m s • Radon: few Bq/m3 (with ventilation) •Personnel: 13 scientists, 2 • Neutrons: thermal = 8.25±0.58 x 10-2 m–2 s–1 technical support non thermal = 11.5±1.2 x 10-2 m–2 s–1

28-Aug-09 55 28-Aug-09 56 28-Aug-09 57 28-Aug-09 58 28-Aug-09 59 28-Aug-09 60 India based Neutrino Observatory. INO

The Southernmost Underground Laboratory

• Aim: –Carrying out experiments in the area of neutrino physics. •Present plan : –To setup a 50 kton magnetised tracking detector to study atmospheric neutrinos. Can be expanded to 100 kton within available space. –May act as a far detector at magic baseline for a neutrino factory. •Other Experiments: –R & D for a double beta decay experiment is under progress.

28-Aug-09 61 India based Neutrino Observatory. INO 1964. (Co)-discovery of atmospheric νs Kolar Gold Mine Depth 2700 m = 7.5 km w.e. 2000 Create a world class underground lab Selected site Singara in Southern India

The southernmost Underground Laboratory Near PUSHEP hydroelectric pumping station station, with several useful infrastructures

28-Aug-09 62 Inco. Sudbury. Canada

28-Aug-09 63 SNOLAB. Canada

•3000 m2 building •Administration, operation, IT, quality assurance, offices, laboratories, clean room, chemistry lab., conference room, etc.

28-Aug-09 64 Muon Flux = 0.27/m2/day SNOLAB: A New International Facility for AstroParticle-Physics Research • Focus on dark matter, double beta decay, solar & SN

• Large scale expt’s = ktonne, not Mtonne

• Ready for occupancy now. First expts running.

• Strategy has been to provide a very deep facility, with entire lab in clean room condition. 5000 m2 floor space inside clean boundry.

• Still some new space available for occupancy now.

28-Aug-09 65 SNOLAB Underground facilities

Cryopit Cube Hall

Utilities Ladder

SNO 28-Aug-09 66 Approved program at SNOLAB Dark Matter: Noble Liquids: Deap I, DEAP 3600, & MiniClean: Superheated Liquids: PICASSO: COUPP (Under discussion) Solid State: SuperCDMS :

Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay: SNO+ : 150Nd → 150Sm + e- + e-..uses existing SNO facility

136 136 ++ - - EXOgas : Xe → Ba + e + e

As well as: SNO+: Solar (pep), Geo-neutrinos, Reactor-neutrinos, SN HALO: Dedicated Supernova watch (SNO NCD in lead) PUPS: Seismicity (non particle astrophysics) +… Several requests for space for prototyping 28-Aug-09 67 Experimental Program 2009: DEAP 3600, Unallocated MiniCLEAN 360 Cube Hall 2009 Halo Unallocated Cryopit Under Construction

Phase III Utility Stub Drift

2010-11: Unallocated SuperCDMS PICASSO-II Operational

DEAP-1 PUPS Operational Operational Ladder Labs Unallocated SNO Cavern South Drift 2009: SNO+ Personnel facilities Experiments expected to request space soon: Utility Area ÎEXO 200 Gas

ÎPICASSO-III

ÎCOUPP SNOLAB Schedule

• Construction (Cube Hall, Cryopit, Ladder Labs, Lab Entrance, Surface) – Excavation 100% complete. – Outfitting complete. – Spaces available now for experimental infrastructure installation.. – Commissioning and final cleaning started in November, 2008. Ongoing with installation of experiments. – Surface laboratories: Operational since 2005.

• Experimental Program – Initial assignments of space underground. – Current allocations to: PICASSO, DEAP I, SNO+, DEAP 3600, MiniCLEAN SuperCDMS, HALO. – Anticipated or under discussion: EXOgas 200, COUPP, 2-phase LAr, low background counters to measure 39Ar, future Cobra upgrade… Significant Recent Developments. • DEAP I demonstrates pulse shape discrimination technique works well in liquid argon: Paper Submitted • CFI announces full funding for DEAP 3600 and SNO+ • Full PICASSO detector installed and operational underground. • Demonstrated technique to discriminate between alpha and neutron recoils. Paper published. • New limits published (at TAUP 2009. B. Beltran) • SNO+ passes critical engineering review of AV hold down technique. • HALO begins construction onsite.

•EXOgas demonstrates good energy resolution for electroluminescence in prototype. • Accessible sources of argon depleted in 39Ar have been identified.

28-Aug-09 70 Soudan Underground Lab

http://www.soudan.umn.edu/

28-Aug-09 71 Soudan Mine Underground Lab • Soudan Iron Mine has been a state historical park since the 1960’s • Soudan I proton decay experiments started the science in the 1980’s – Soudan II, MINOS excavated new caverns • Operated by Univ. of Minnesota, main funding from Fermilab • 700 m (2070 mwe) deep – Vertical access – Good ventilation, low radon, strong old rock

28-Aug-09 72 Large Experiments • MINOS and CDMS will run through 2010-11 – Not certain that they will want to move out exactly on that schedule, but planning for that eventuality – Possibility of a LAr medium sized prototype to be replace MINOS to bask in the NuMI beam

28-Aug-09 73 Low Background Counting facility

• Inside Soudan-II muon veto shield • Clean room ready – Large water tank for neutron shielding planned • Related projects: – Two HPGe counting facilities • Solo, Gator – Neutron counting unit – Copper electroforming facility

28-Aug-09 74 Other Science • Extreme Microbiology – Plus large bat population • Geology – Precambrian Research Center active in mine as well as surrounding area • Small experiments: – Seismology – Microchip error testing

28-Aug-09 75 Outreach

• State Historical Park – ~20,000 people/year tour the old mine works each year • ~4000/year people tour the lab – Regular tourists – School groups • NSF funds a separate Education and Outreach grant to take advantage of this situation

28-Aug-09 76 The Homestake gold mine

28-Aug-09 77 Homestake, a mine Ray Davis Physics Beyond the First results 1968 Standard Model started before the Standard Model itself, in a mine of South QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor Dakota QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. For an historical recollection, are needed to see this picture. read: J. Bahcall. Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.), 118, 77, astro-ph/0209080. John Bahcall 2003 SSM since 1962

1995 After a long and complex process, in spring 2007, NSF has selected amongst several

QuickTime™ and a proposals the Homestake mine as the site in TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. which the Deep Underground Science (physics, biology, geology) and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL) should be designed See Lesko 28-Aug-09 78 28-Aug-09 79 28-Aug-09 80 28-Aug-09 81 28-Aug-09 82 28-Aug-09 83 28-Aug-09 84 •nucleon-decay ‘Megaton’ Detector •long baseline neutrinos from accelerator •SN neutrinos

Three water Cherenkov proposals ⇒≈ 10-20 times present (Super-K) Hyper-Kamiokande UNO in MEMPHIS the US at LSM

100 kt scale LAr ≈300 times present technology

50 kt scintillator ≈ 50 times present technology

LAGUNA R&D proposal to FP7:comparison of the techniques and possible sites in Europe 28-Aug-09 85 Gravitational wave Detectors Underground

28-Aug-09 86 Conclusions

• Physics beyond the Standard Model is the playing field (and the hunting ground) of Underground Laboratories

• The physics programme for the next decades appears extremely rich and challenging

• The interest of the scientific community is increasing (also in consideration of the disappearance of several accelerator facilities)

• New laboratories, and upgrades of existing ones, are being created.

• Existing ‘single-Institution’ facilities can still contribute with small-scale experiments, Training of the students, Low background measurements, R&D.

• Co-ordination actions are happening in EU. At a world wide level, avoid to launch sub-critical facilities.

28-Aug-09 87