Rawlsian and Marxist Perspectives on the Content of Social Justice

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In PartialIn Fulfillment theof requirements f Rawlsianand Marxist Perspectives ontheContent of Property Owning Democracy, Socialism Justice: and Department ofPolitical Science, Central European University Social Justice Valentin Stoian Stoian Valentin BUDAPEST, HUNGARY Prof. Prof. Janos Kis SUPERVISOR: February2014 B

or theor degree Doctorof in Philosophy

CEU eTD Collection

CEU eTD Collection formthe ofbibliographical reference. published by another person, except where appropriate acknowledgment is made in other institutions. The dissertation contains no materials prev Valentin Stoian The dissertation contains materialsno accepted for any otherdegrees in any

iously written and/or CEU eTD Collection new strands Thirdly, pr theory rebutted and thattheliberalfram Rawlsian framework againstthat most them.The is isheld conclusion ofthese objections be can socialism withthe property Alternatively, market a system reformed Rawlsian isthepreferred solution. system at both the ofdemocraticcoordination, levellevel oftheat firmofthe the andeconomy. the chapterrejects theclaim thattheproperty democracy overwelfare the his principle ona stateinterpretation proper isbased ofall and coop democracy.It isasystem it amarket, fair arguesby that around populated built bothhierarchical structureinstitutional embodying theprinciples. coupled world with joint ownership. form Ademocratic socialism of ispresented works,main his according towhich ofas tenets self form alimited interpreted are valid at an account moralityand according towhich justicebothhistoricallyMarx, are, for dependent and quotes bearing ofmobilized. The justice view are chapter onhis alsoconcludes by arguingan for andMarx justice. The mainfocus oft The istodefenda aim the non first chapter of defended politico them ofthe acritique field toconstruct latest of work Rawlsian inthe political theory. The aimsThis thesis of forrevival a analyticalMarxism,majorchallenge left no from hasbeen the tothe liberal posed dominance. dominate andbroadly political is theory shared among practitioners.Since its thecollapse of question intheLiberal positive. especially i egalitarianism, denominated property contemporary It liberalism. Rawlsian the politico whether inquires into

operty The chapter third analyzesthepolitico Thethe dissertation first chapters two of areopus. toan analysisMarxist dedicated ofthe Abstract The thesisbrings tothe literature. novelties three Thefinal fourth andstrands chapter brings a together these

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- economic called regime property it puts these two idealsthese putstogether thefull it two for first erative firms. Moreover,maintains thatRawls‘serative choice firms.property a italso for owning from democracy and proposals. it distinguishes capital other distribution from the Marxistfrom critique. the y particulartime.defendschapter second The a left of liberalism. of liberalism.

- owning democracy can rebut the Marxist challengeowning the Marxist democracyrebut can and answersthe

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CEU eTD Collection Chapter Justice Theory 2:A of Marxian Chapter 1:Marx, Ideology Justice and Introduction 2.3. A Marxian theory2.3. AMarxian Justice of the building2.2. Marx: blocks 2.1.Introduction 1.4. Conclusion against1.3. Marx justice Literature1.2. review 1.1. Introduction 2.3.3. Aleft theories2.3.2. Marxian of justice 2.3.1. Preliminaries 2.2.4 The forms ofprofit 2.2.3. The theoryalienation of 2.2.2. The labor value theory of 2.2.1. The twospheres against1.3.2. Marx justice 1.3.1. The theory ofideology 2.3.3.4. Marx‘salienation premises normative 2: absence of 2.3.3.3 Adefense self oflimited 2.3.3.2. resources ownership). world (joint 2.3.3.1. Marx‘ premises normative 1:self limited

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CEU eTD Collection Chapter democracysocialism 4:Democratic propertyowning and compared ProChapter 3:The 4.4. Can theproperty owning democracy(and rebut criMarxian socialism) liberal the 4.3 Political institutions 4.2. Economic institutions 4. 3.7. The property capital/stakeholding. What3.6. Property not is What3.5. Property not is Why3.4. Property Owning D 3.3 Several Rawlsian concepts Literature3.2. review 3.1. Introduction differences2.4. Conclusion: and defenses ...... 1. Introduction 4.4.4 The self 4.4.3 The self 4.4.2. The objection rights political 4.4.1. The objection negativerights suggestions2.3.4. Principles and institutional 4.4.5. The marketobjection 2.3.4.3. Minimum necessary inequalities processes political 2.3.4.2 Equalcontrolover economic2.3.4.1.Equal controlover processes - - realization at work objection atwork realization (inprivate activities) objectionrealization

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218 212 211 208 205 205 200 191 189 189 183 179 1 165 159 137 135 135 132 130 128 124 123 71

CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion 4.5. Conclusion

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227 222 220

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- blown comparison ofblown comparison socialism CEU eTD Collection 2 morality isdeterminedeconomicin whichindividuals are by butthat this the structure immersed, described ofa bymoral Geras that is realist. basetextual for The supposed Marx‘s moralsecond reading relativism. possible ofMarx argument gi is moral standardwe by actions which can individual orsocial Their judge relations. strongest realist. Thosetothefirst committed view maintain believed that Marx thatthere universal isno According Geras,are toNorman there twoways of justice and ideology, a exploitative‖ He maintainsthat asociety being might―fundamentallywhile,nevertheless just be pervasively famously, claims AllenWood of capitalism workings, andits offeringMost someand explanation wrong predictions. claimed writings that Marx‘s they at sayare about the nothing analysis justice: attempt an merely come afteractually capitalism,would aju more be thesocietymoral thathebelieved thatcommunism, capitalism, condemnationwhich would of jus

Allen Wood, ―Exploitation‖, ―Exploitation‖, Wood, Allen tice, authors were divided in This chapter has several aims:This chapter has several tryingWhen works the toanswer questionofcan Marx‘s whether be r 1. Ideology Chapter and Justice Marx, 1: 1. 1. Introduction central pillar 2

2. ven by ven

to offer an alternative to offer otherreading seemingly ―anti to

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in the argumentwho of those Social Philosophy and Policy and Philosophy Social

that exploitation that exploitation is not amoral unjust. isnot that it category and

two camps. On the one hand several claimed that Marx offeredtwo camps. onethatMarx handOn the a several claimed The 1.

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to read Marx: asa read oras moral amoral relativist to Marx:

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theory of at CEU eTD Collection moralby standardseconomic created the structure that according to standards are indeedoneconomic evolve dependent structures,both through Kis time. claims interpretation morebut is complex, realism ofmoral resolves inconsistency. this appearwriter,as thisdoesno aninconsistent else thestructure butthein of expression position hisown class relations. of Isaiahparadox presented Berlin ofbeing whether byasked standard moral hisown isnothing morally doesnotrealize but he capitalism, condemns isdoing so. but alsooffersa moralcondemn standardhe which capitalism. usesto p are own. except formulated, his believed whichMarx in they thatall moral onthe economicconditions statements dependent are offered w Geras by Norman arguments ofthoseas whoseeMarx relativist. amoral read t oneideology butdoesnotprovide a for isamorally detailed it. relativist argument worksinterpretGeras thetheory accordingly. that of ofMarx‘ allthe denies rest himself asserts, theirmain interpretive fa crucialto its importancefor seeks dosobya to of thorough analysis confusionMarx‘s todoes Marx commit not denying resent showingexplanatoryeconomic an thatmorality isdependentonthe structure, principle, hea ofideology sweeps theory morally one,this asrealist of thestrongest away one There are two ways of possibly understanding Marx asThere amoralare that realist. ofpossiblyis twoways Thefirst Marx understanding

Marx, communism would represent communism Marx, which the historical thespecific period in . Thischapter begins arguing by hile thesecond by supported Kis.According tothe is first, Janos those who deny that Marx hadthose whoa Marx deny theoryGeras AsNorman that ofjustice. On this view, Marx isaninconsistentwriter: view,On this Marx he proffers to llacy ideology thetheory isthatthey and take to betrue of that universal, transhistorical morality exists. It moralityexists. transhistorical universal, only The German Ideology.The German t commit him to being to him relativist. a moralt commit 10

for thesec as well asinterest individual

ond interpretation. Moreover,ond it This work has beenThis work due chosen This e

On this view, Marx this On xposes Marx tothe Marx xposes While makingWhile Marx are congruent While moralWhile If one can The second

shows CEU eTD Collection 5 4 3 whyTuckerexplains be he and in andMarx Engels.‖ just toseveral out points passages, especiallyin showsaMarx ―superficialcase plausibility‖. denies the But, is and thatthis merely Tucker condemning criticizes thetermMarx ―justice‖from we and this can infer interpretati shown that major misinterpretation have andmisquotations used been a toimpute also inwhichMarx will analyzeIt be quotations is said to speaking justice. other against be will literature. conceptions justice of morality isuseful inorder and thecontroversy toexplain the present in the main differences themand todefend between with those of general, universal morality.

the value power. day labour day's usecreatesduringaworking whichistwice thevalue its ofa and that neverthelessand that powercanlabour entire work foran day, the working resultthat the with Karl Marx, Marx, Karl Tucker, C. Robert communication personal Kis, Janos ice. He affirms thatthere negative cascade explicit the pens is―a testimonyofboth of from So much purchaser,is thebetterbutit the for 1. Marginal Notes on Wagner on Marginal Notes Finally,several refers passages to Tucker inthe other Robert C.Tucker‘s begins a rather and thesis uncomplicated from statement: simple that 2. 2. Literature review 'It is true thatthe daily istrue maintenance'It powercosts oftheonlyhalf labour After the rejection ofthe theAfter rejection on Capital Capital capitalism. Tuckera to the texts. to the texts. Philosophy and myth in Karl Marx, myth and Philosophy volume 1, quoted in Tucker Tucker in volume 1,quoted 4

Tucker thefollowing controversial pointsto passagein

lieves that ―the ideal of distributive justice distributive isa completelieves that―the stranger of ideal in

dmits thatthe thesisofthosewho admits impute moral theory to in which Marx ridiculesin whichMarx Later talkabout justice.inthe book,

relativist inter 3 Philosophy and myth in Karl Marx myth and Philosophy

This paper C apital

11 (New York : Cambridge University Press, c1961), 19 c1961), University Cambridge Press, : York (New

pretation of the

the second nowise aninjusticenowise (Unrecht) tothe seller

where denies a transhistorical Marx value to

see ks to present both account present both ks to

. An interpretation of Marx‘s . Aninterpretation that he has no moral theory no forthat he has Critique oftheGotha Programme Critique

theory of ideology, chapter theory this of

Capital a day's labour, labour, a day's n

s, todelineate : anti

- justice . 5

CEU eTD Collection Husami‖, 8 7 6 relativist, whobelieved justice isonly understands for Wood that ―justice Rather, somebody‖. and justice.relationship Onthe between Marx as will. on it ofindividual thedirect expression look atthebackgroun un of justice. According capitalist ofavers, conception justice,labor Wood tothe the contract an is are justice, slavery feudalof conceptions historicalwhich one periodofproductionone lives which and works: in onthemode under there sawcapitalism claims thatMarx tocondemnjustice works,butnot Wood it. a dependent onthe andalienationunderstood exploitation as merelyto expl descriptiveconcepts, used argument view,Wood that,inMarx‘s transhistorical believes is does exist. not thatMarx justice cannot beinterp humans‘reign. interests would Tuckerclaim believes thatharmony Marx would communism thatin insidemanand between separation abolishing between manby theseparation within la betweenthe same human of thetwoparts being. T that labor and capital representhimselfand against thatnobalance man‘s division can struck be the competingclaims oflabor and as interprets Marx claim capitalcan balanced. be Tucker the mental universe ofMarxism‖

Allen Wood Allen Robe Tucker, C. Robert - coercedThe capitalist of transactionbetween conception justice twoindividuals. does not rt C. Tucker, Tucker, C. rt The second Wood beginsWood Philosophy & Affairs, Philosophy Public

, Karl Marx reted as a theorist ofjusticereteda The has AllenWood. as been mainthrustofthe Philosophy and myth in Karl Marx myth and Philosophy in Karl Marx, myth and Philosophy

au his argumentation bygivinghis argumentation generala the view onhow he understands thor

d conditions under which suchconditions a contractd undertaken, is

(New York: Routledge, 2004), 2004), Routledge, York: (New t o focus onthefocus topic ofMarxand j

6 Vol. 8, No. 3 (Spring, 1979), pp. 267 pp. 3 (Spring,1979), 8, No. Vol.

by believed showingthatMarx way thatthereisno inwhich - based conceptio based , 223 223 , one was claims hand, thatMarx a Wood not

8 12 20

Allen W. Wood, ―Marx on Right and Justice: A Reply to ReplyA to Justice: and Right on ―Marx Wood, Allen W.

ucker aimed toabolish argues thatMarx

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ing this this es CEU eTD Collection 11 10 9 seems asociety claimwouldsee to thatas need Marx which communism does justice, not have a society: nevergoods claims thatthese ought ―ButMarx be because to provided topeople they better societywouldprovide moregoods, because nonmoral itofthese rather thana just more of lifeMoreover,not unjust. are regrettablebelieves Wood but tha understands as Marx sayingand powers thatthelossofcreative ofa theabsence decent standard absence self povertyand human of capitalismgenerating wide for allowing their creative criticizes themtodevelop argues He powers. indeed, Marx that, as ofthe workerexploitation isjust.‖ Moreover, tosaying: thisthinking Wood Marx leads ―Given trulyslaveryare and serfdom relationships under just the prevailing clashes relative mode, which orisdysfunctional it toit.‖ with performs transaction,function Anunjust relative toit. by a which one contrast,is transaction or is ―‗corresponds‘ inter production can inWood‘s assessed, be under the is just differently.Marx reallyit arelationship as if HeMarx saying that ortransaction isjust described

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a human systemwhich beings theminpoverty fundamentallystunts bykeeping and not Another argumentattempts ofWood‘s toexplain descriptionsaway ofcapitalism Marx‘s

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currentmode of production.

, 133 , , 138 , 138 ,

- spread poverty and alienation.and However,spread claims poverty Wood ‗ justice justice adequate 10 - reali

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The justice ofaThe any transactionunder modeof 13

their respective modes ofproduction. their respective modes ‘ s concept capital ofjustice, t communism wouldbe a t communism

to whether to this er words, er Wood 9

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CEU eTD Collection 121 pp. 11979), (Mar., No. 9, 51 pp 1982, 13 244 12 claiming transhistorically. hypocritical, unjust is not thatcapitalism it but According to does Jewish Question representative democracy r and human transhistorical perspect objective society communist capitalism Buchanan has.Moreover, asserts capitalismis arguingunjust in is according isthatthe distribution tothe veryconcepts ofjustice justice. as Buchanan offering Marx interprets only denies moral offers thatMarx a criticismofcapitalismfrom atranshistorical conception o wouldnotsayHowever, unjust. Marx is Buchanan exploitation o been abolished: because and ofjustice circumstances donotexist the theexistence ofconflicting has interests

Allen E. Buchanan, E. Buchanan, Allen of Justice‖ Critique Marxian ―The Wood, W. Allen principles conflict." Marxprinciples conflict." between believed,capitalthe antagonism andlabor however, that according toTucker, because rejected unjust and is Marx view capitalism "justice" that the - 282, 272. 272. 282, should notbecompromisedshould aharmony, orturned the into abolished through butrather not need rights anymore. similar notions connote "a rightful balance connote "arightful inasituation notions where ormoresimilar two parties An internal mean criticismofcapitalismwould could thatMarx beinterpreted as Allen Buchan Marx sou - - see below)see 61 and Allen Buchanan, ―Exploitation, Alienation, and Injustice‖ Injustice‖ and Alienation, ―Exploitation, Buchanan, Allen and 61

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Kai Nielsen, ―On the Poverty of Moral Philosoph Moral of Poverty ―On the Nielsen, Kai Ziyad I. Husami, ―Marx on Distributive Justice‖, Justice‖, Distributive on ―Marx ZiyadHusami, I. Moralism‖ Marxist and Immoralism Marxist Justice: about ―Arguing Nielsen, Kai - 64 However, although he asa describes thewhole―tempest discussion a in teapot‖

, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Feb., 1987), pp. 147 pp. 1987), No.2 (Feb., Vol. 33, , 28

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Nielsen implicitly criticizes Wood taking for ofideology thetheory (as as fixed ‖ 31 Critique oftheGotha Programme Critique s were to bemorals were relativists

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Nielsen concludes by denying Mind,

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Vol. 92, Vol. , Nielsen showsthatHusam is ,

No. 367 (Jul., 1983), pp. 440 pp. (Jul.,1983), No.367 according to Nielsen andaccording Husami, toNielsen

as alienating and exploitative, but andas exploitative, alienating ationship asationship arobberyand theft. , they in

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CEU eTD Collection 37 36 35 301, c1988) Press, University 34 33 Moreover, account has with his from his tobe thisfinal read ofexploitation remark together Finally, unjust, allexploitationis even that w concludes it though he income isapalliativewhat for truly is ofproduction. means thedistribution morally wrong, aim for the rights, maximizesfreedom rather but respects rights. andalso criticizessocial He when a sayingis not way thatsocializingproduction means todecrease freedom of ortoviolate has therightownprivately‖. to objection tocapitalismthat―itallowsprivate which is ofproduction noone ownership means provides welfarepoor because the ofhumanitarian for concern. is central for Marxists. collection ofLabourentitled articles ―History, Freedom‖ and argues and the belief injustice that not realize is. thathe it thinks capitalism betreated robbery aswho thinkscapitalism is is someone even must unjust, ifhe does that: ― possibility believing ofjust theft existingand of theft Marx exists. thatjust Cohen to groundhe reject must statement, ambiguity this leads the another into: Wood himself which believedthat Marx thata capitalist conception Therefore, of astheft mean justice. must actions thecapitalist‘s describing

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abolish local communism.abolish Empirically,asthe isonly possible act thedominant communism of reality [will] havereality [will] toadjustWe itself. the call communism Marx, Marx, this, (1)this, communismonlyexist asalocal could event; (2) intercourse of theforces themselves from capital or from even a limited satisfaction and, satisfaction from evenfrom capitaloralimited merely therefore, nolonger temporarily could have not asuniversal, have hence developed powers:they remained intolerable would peoples whichpresupposes simultaneously, development ―all the atonce‖universal and of (universal makes competition), dependent nation onthe revolutions each the others,and of competition. can onlyexist The thus proletariat wh filthy business would necessarily businessfilthy would beand furthermore, because this reproduced; onlywith depriv present state of things. Thepresent ofthings. movement state this conditions of nowin fromthe premises result - ich produces in all nations simultaneously theich produces simultaneously phenomenon nations ―propertyless‖ in all mass ofthe The German Ideology German The The argumentagainst having Marx relies a ofjustice theory onquotingde the byconditions surrounded a superstition; bred

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who actually are but but the are actually who 104 Theories of Surplus Value Surplus of Theories establish his ownempirical ofvalue premise theory creation: the labor ofvalue.

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CEU eTD Collection formed‖ been has labourers free class of which, the ofin comfort degree habits and the consequentlyon and which, conditions under the a to therefore depend and development, so his accordin vary housing, and fuel, clothing, as food, such wants, natural His asa individual. labouring normal state his himin maintain to sufficient be must therefore means of subsistence His strength. and health asregards conditions ― from passage following 107 amount isequal thatrequired to forworker tosatisfy hissocially a transf flour was thespinning usedtomake is faster. Theof mulesdepreciation work value this ancillary alsoconsumed. materialis furnishes Marx examplesfrom the spinning process, where depreciates itse means Atevery ofproduction. cycle, production single valuebeing or might it by not, sold labor ofthe determinesOn the commodity. market,commodity thevalue realize the might anything withthehave desire for it.Only thedemand specifically todowith other for it, people specificallyUnlike otherMarx deny economists, seeks the to that createdis not asthecommodityalready inthe market, tothe avaluewhenmarket. comes has it production of thecommodity at the social l thevalueto Marx, of some commodity by isdetermined average the labor commodity might had valuablea bemore work taken lazierAccording man onit. if more to time

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At time At - called necessary wants, as also the modes of satisfying them, are themselves the product of historical historical of product the are themselves them, of satisfying modes also the as wants, necessary called erred Theelement second capital, variable wages is bycapitalist or theworker. paid to the g to the climatic and other physical conditions of his country. On the other hand, the number and extent of extent and number hand, the other the country. his On conditions of physical and climatic other g to the

Value isdeterminedaccording presented above. tothe formula ownsthe capitalist The Newcreated value accordi is Marx usestheMarx term ―sociallyavoid necessary‖ the easy labor to o s Marx has been interpreted as claiming that wages are paid for mere subsistence. But this is wrong, as as the wrong, is this But subsistence. merefor paid wages are that asclaiming interpreted been has sMarx to the final product. Also, this depreciationincumbent this is Also, onthe capitalist. product. to the final lf. For example,lf. For aisdepreciateduse. Moreover, spinning through machine - power works to works power

Capital

volume 1, pg 119 shows.: shows.: 1, 119 pg volume

- day,to

great extent on the degree of civilisation of a country, more particularly on country,particularlyon a of more civilisation degreeof the on extent great or not. But, remains value or a not. propertyindependent ofprice. ng to Marx inthe processng of toMarx - morrow he must again be able to repeat the same the repeat able to mustbe again he morrow evel. evel. 60

some part of the means ofproductionsome part means of the

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CEU eTD Collection 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 something equivalent without from the workeristh giving any whatever‖ equivalent of hi the values exchangegave he whichhe were inthat notvalues circulation originally putinto out Ithe value ofof surpluscapital subsistence formcapacity, for labour but ofmeans inthe living value, surplus labour, certaingratis from toappropriateamount theworkers amountand a oflabour certain ofsurplus certainmoney ofvaluesrepresentedmakes toextract […] sum commodities possible a in or it simply costs thelabourer it unpaid because labour‖ portion ofthe commodity worked 3days others‖ appropriates capitalist] ―[the materializedportion ofthe withoutequivalent previouslylabor a of surplus value: element conception of Marx‘s capitalist in production valueinitial isC=c+v, at while to the already products.existing claims thatat Marx the beginning theprocess, production of the processsurplus value iswhat created is and through intheproduction adding new unpaid labor

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‖ 113 , ―True, in order toc , ―True, inorder -

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CEU eTD Collection 117 product‖ the in are preserved ofproduction means values of the original the ― 116 birth his of life, necessaries ofthe price the for verywork, for his capacity activelife. of his whole sell the to conditions, by social compelled ‖ 115 consumes labour the unpaid labor: ― ―absorbed‖, thevalueMarx, of according to breathes labor, life previous dead notallowing into todecay. it addition to production and theworker, being dispossessed the needs capitalist s to extra labor.exchange fact Thisunequal isaided by the ownsthe thatmeans the capitalist of imposes to pay laborbought.thecapitalist than thevalue powerless for of Asshownabove, labor spherecapitalist terms hisown Because theonworker, ofproduction. can impose isable he a priceC=c+v, for of makinghimself. no profit makescapitalist aprofit. still Only the invery capitalist situations sellthe commodity dire will at Surplus value, or acapitalistSometimes, can sellacommodity beloweven value its make and still a profit. inthesometimes, case monopolytheir of above prices,value profits. creating surplus arecommodities according sold, to saleable detaileda butnot above. particularproperty, commodity has Other mentioned cannot survive without selling herwork. hisor Moreover, labor It takes ce takes It By the simple addition of a certain quantity of labour, new value is added, and by the quality of this added labour, added labour, this quality byof added,and the is new value labour, quantitycertain of a addition of simple Bythe

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both the price labor and of the nturies ere the ―free labourer, thanks to the development of capitalistic production, agrees, agrees, production, ofcapitalistic development the to thanks labourer, ―free ere the nturies giving somethingcapitalist extra,theworker also the valorizeitself:it helpscapital al Volume 1, 178 1, Volume al

volume 1, 160 160 1, volume 140, 1, volume The time during works,The thetime thelabourer is time which capitalist during which the

s, might not be not realizeds, might doesdiminish fully,not this the but fact that the -

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CEU eTD Collection disease‖ or increases produces overcrowding which in degree protection adequate no been have will there ofweather inclemencies food than even scantier been fuel have clothingwill and comfort; material of utterly destitute been inte which carbon and nitrogen of grains the counting of would think physiologist the concern, before long hygienic matter of a is diet insufficiency of ―Longbefore 118 undereducated, dieearly. also poor, takes byand dirty,disease todelve plagued some time Marx among― working class the negative workers. consequences on the inability wagescapitalists toeducate and pay oneself which theinsufficient extremely have of these at time. the same people,example women for andstates thatthe children. capitalist generally system Marx does inamoresame employ means intenseAlternatively, fashion. ofproduction thecapitalists more production. either throughthe working extending day orthrough the increasing theproductivity means of of owners, there is who support the claim that hemorallycapitalism. condemns H heldthemselves view.The provethis work thatMarx isdone by mentioned premises above. the show thathe be deplorThe passages Marx inwhich the first of volume negativeproduction dedicatesfor also hasmajor theworkers. Marx a consequencesof large part owever, Marx‘sopinionsontheconsequencescapitalism argument lenda of powerful for those

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intellectual desolation artificially produced desolationimmature artificially convertingintellectual by human theory of alienation theory alienation of

getting with also morality complains abouttheinsexual degeneration capitalism which He describes the

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119

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64 on the situation of thesituation thechildrenon ofworkers who

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Marx, Marx, Marx, Karl Marx, ]. What asprice obtains is the he ].

individuality‖ , like Esau his birthright for a mess of pottage […] amess―What pottage for of , like birthright Esauhis […] exchanges the worker with man activityy life immediately distinguishes fromanimal

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of this divestiture[ of this he duration of theworkinghe time duration n alienation occurs.Moreover, whenn alienation individuals 65

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123 divests himselfofit divests -

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124

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126

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CEU eTD Collection 12.10.2012. 128 simply hisownership. invirtue of understandingMarxist theterm wh isthe compensation of Elster‘sInterest, purely entrepreneur onlyreceive capitalist ofenterprise. profit would the in accruesfunction his as in asupervisorand tothecapitalist In organizer of labor. other words, enterprise,that part profit commercial orwages is of supervision thesurplus or value wh of process thesin equation presented of of above (s=pe+gr+i). ofproduction, value Profitof supervision, interestg and C surp what compensation athosenotdirectly hebelieves inthe is forproduction legitimate engaged of Moreover, makes ontheformscommentsas discussion Marx to during several ofprofit, the value in isdivided but leads majorconsequences. to normative analyzing Bywhat sawtheway Marx as thatsurplus normative theory, nature, my humannature, communal nature. activityand therefore inmyI have would individual directly the individualexpression my of I life have would createdyour ofyo directly expression knowand consequently your myself andyourlove. bothin tobeconfirmed thought In 4) would you yourself aco as the corresponding theneed ofanother to having is,of objectifiedthat e man's have the apital apital

Karl Marx, Marx, Karl

mediator lus value and what is not. Thelus value not. are and is mainsources what thisdistinction thethirdvolume for of 2.2.4 Marx distinguishesMarx between of threeformsprofit ofenterprise/wages ofprofit: workAnother crucial theMarxist distinction to and tothe theAppendix

direct

The formsThe profit of Comments on James on Mill, Comments

between andthespecies, become you would recognisedandfeltby andtherefore

enjoyment both of being conscious of having satisfied a enjoyment ofbeingconscious both ofhavingsatisfied

is that between the forms of profit. Itbetweenforms is thatofprofit. the again, onceempirical distinction, is, an an mpletion of your essential nature of own andasanecessary ofyourself, part mpletion

econo round my,can onesociety whatwould envisionas see just. typehe of

- - Theories ofSurplus Value rent. All three are partrent. of threeare created thesurplus All value inthe just and unjust inequalities unjust just and

http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/james ssential nature,ssential anobject created andofhavingthus

man's

essential nature. 3) been I have would you for 67 128

, bu ich the ownergets capital of the t quite undert quite .

confirmed

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realised

need by work, my - mill/

my true , Accessed ,Accessed ur life, ur life, ich CEU eTD Collection 130 129 However, unlikesimple means such ofproduction, as special machines, a property: land has greatly as the wage into superintendence sometimesis now calledsimply separatedparts the independent the away that appearsinsuch expanding values[…] of ownership into andconsequentlyin itself, capital, assuchintoself commodities ormoney the ownershiptransforms of performs asentrepreneurorcommerce. inindustry thecapitalprocess in with reproduction, of hencehe particularlythosefunctionswhich ofenterprise, profit now as operations,or deriving solely fromthe as such. to the latte representedcapital is inrelatio proceeds hislabor ofsuper of meanswhen supervises heand both ofproduction, thecapitalist appropriates owns labor boththe price forconcludes ofhaving another‘sMarx productively capital a that used while.Afterwards, owns nothing beforeeverything theloan, thathe pays tot back investmentIn bank loan from as which the away ofborrowingtheborrower capital. thecase in is nothing else thanforreceives thebenefit whichone owning capital, he an sees because taking onathe commonargues, sense,loan.He ofbe interest to paid thebank to therefore,thatinterest

Marx, Marx, Marx,

average profit

wage . Thirdly,ground profit Industrial The ortrans further―ossification‖ represents profit, Interest, from the distinct as capitalistThe functioning here is assumed asanon 130

Theories of Surplus Value, Surplus of Theories Capital An ambiguitywhen Marx interest. he theterm emergesdiscusses Firstly, in in uses he As distinct from this, that portion of portion totheactive that this, profitfalls which from As distinct appears capitalist -

labour r thus appears as that portion of gross gross isdue of which tothe portion appears that profit r thus as ofcapital ownership - worker and is merely a more highly paid worker, just as in general worker,asin merely just vary wages highlyworker paid amore andis , Vol.3 Chapter 23, pg 256 256 pg 23, Chapter Vol.3 , from, or independent of, each other, namely, interest and industrial profit,from, orindependent which each namely, of, interest other, industrial and , etc , , into wages, into thecapitalist,who case for inthis isplaced thesame into category

based on the equalisation ofcapitals on theequalisation based .

[…] -

rent anothe is is resolved notinto labour, into

money vision and the advantages he gets and owning he vision theadvantages from capital.

Appendix Appendix

n to him byn tohim themoney profit

(of a sum of values, commodities,(of asumofvalues, whatever theformmay be)

r form of profit. Itr form emerges ofland. ofprofit. from the ownership or acquires new names suchas

formation of the of formation

profit oneveryprofit single 68

129

valuecapi ofmere of ownership capitalist capitalist —

unpaid is split ordivided componentis split two into

- division of division owner of capital. Ownershipofthe owner ofcapital. he bankelsenothing isbutthe

l ,the lender. The interest,the lender. hepays abour of otherpeopleabour of but

capital

functions, whichhefunctions, performs

wages of labour of labour of wages profit into something into profit — and therefore also

tal — i.e., it - CEU eTD Collection 132 131 and laborbevalued thenskilled would higher intelligent andor while supervision valuable. Tocompare believedthatthey Marx all differentcan be reduced labor labors, to simple the production organization andthat and these deserve supervision wheneven people rewards notengaged in problem: hewas thatsome aware people canproduction determinea by largeamount of groundrent arenot. he,that thecapitalist,owes himself―rent‖ asalandowner. capitalist himself notas fashion capitalist capitalist ―working‖, of fruit operatingcapital. producers. ground extra10is The continue their tosell produc water they astosteam to90,but power power. opposed This costs decreases theirproduction the market. them employ producers,to possessrivers ontheirallow However, some land which power and intheir ar production their production costs following thevast example: let usassume a which majority marketin employ ofproducers steam productiveallows one piece ofland, t that themarket ishigh,given price productive beingleast land.Howe by the to the baseline money extra ground price,this is productive la different aregiven differently butthe by piecesofland fertile, baseline priceis theleast

Marx, Marx, Marx, Interest‖ as capital insofar does of ―work‖it not isthe isthefruit profit oroperate, and Th Capital Marx believesMarx — eories of Surplus Value, Surplus of eories who is at the same is hewho timea landowner,theownerofwhich alsosoil exploits in nd. When someone possesses fertileonthat someone amore andnd. When asopposed capitalizes land , Vol.3 Chapter 38. 38. Chapter Vol.3 ,

process. Thesegreater, rewardsbe even might somehow the labor because is — assigns hisprofit of part that constitutes which This a

that profit ofenterprise interest isalegitimate form while and ofincome

but as landowner, attributing it not to capital notto landowner,attributing it but as to but landedproperty so llow t at 115. They make a profit the15oft at115.They of25a astheother make opposedto

Appendix s

one was that toshow indifferent Marx not to the incentive - rent. o produce cheaper and gaino producecheaperand more

This simi is

131

69 - rent. Therent. extramoneygenerated isfact by the

lar the theway to inwhich farming e 100. They sell their producte their at115on 100.They sell 132

rent, . Marx offers the. Marx

this surplus profit, profit, surplus to this ver, owning aver, more owning ganization CEU eTD Collection 133 communism. superintendence disappear andownershipwill from isjustified separable which in the superintendence occur. Thus,he will seems endorse theclaim to that the differentialof reward society, that integument. capitalist its etc. asit butinsofar ariseslabour, the oflabour from socialform it capital, as simply i.e., insofar anameis not exploiting otherpeople‘s forthefunctionof process, production capitalist with automatically andtherefore disappears reduc managers. thewagesusually onlypaidto draw shall themselves, forEnglish the apologists apologetics aimed profit atreducing someone the existence with end else,of the capitalists. together will theway, performs thelabourwhich capitalist ofrepresentinglabourers instead tothem.[…] capital counterposed nature oftheantagonistic ofsupervision disappears, labour because paidbythe is the manager enterprise, atotherhere times, is purely cons accidental stock capitalist asin well management ofwages companies. of profits from Theseparation enterprise of completelythe profits in fromtheco isolated rightsownership were access, violated the ofequal initial notmorally justified. even rewards more.arising differential Yet, simply especiallyout ofownership, this when

Marx, Marx, — ed to wages of superintendence or direction of labour merelyedof labour inpractice superintendence towagesof but inwords, ordirection it is just as independent of capital independent of as isjust it Insofar as the labour of the capitalist does not arise from the [production] oftheInsofar asthe labour doesnotarise capitalist fromthe [production] processa as The will endthe ofpriests existence labour with the of manag the commercialThe wagesmanagementfor of both andindustrial Theories of Surplus Value, Surplus of Theories Marx isclaimingMarx notdisappear thatthelabor will of inany superintendence future

it is analytically separable from ownership and isanalytically thatin it from separable ownership

133

Appendix

to wages,i.e., thewages superintendence, of on boomerang

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CEU eTD Collection 11 134 processes isspecified However,rational little The toa as plan. terms tothedetails. ―associated which be will governed common, byassociating in producersand subjecting theproductive one beyond thecircumstances ofjustice. from thehimselfheld essential thatMarx premise first interpretation an different was couldthatMarx hopelessly one not prove if utopian. This theoryMarxist ofjustice. aninterpretation,theory is from texts his derived formulation ofIf any did theoryentertain Marx ofabsurdity, justice. an any normative then than proves point. this of than ―reasonableness‖ aneeds.mostly rather ofunlimited baseline asserts However, he rathe believedNorman thatMarx Geras.inarealization claims He of needscompared toabaseline as eac Almost communism. objectiveof circumstances justice oronly subjective disappear the ones orbothwould in aholds hopelesseither toarealistic utopia. According as the opposed conception, tothis come beonewill after will beyoncapitalism ofMarx‘s―absurdity‖.point conceptionAccording tothis believed the Marx society which that

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71 but cannot bemeaningfully the claimed tobe

, Princeton, N.J: Princeton Univers Princeton N.J: , Princeton, an

unrealistic conception oftheunrealistic future conception society, 134 chapter will chapter

The situation is situation The ity Press, May 1990 May 1990 ity Press,

side withthe r , CEU eTD Collection 136 135 society circumstances theobjective beyond ofjustice: production be inatransitional phase reproduced.still inwhichthe shortcomings ofthe oldwill needed. takingown the propertymeans their speaks second producers of The of passage of capitalism. society Moreover, this onebeyon isnot believedMarx r grows production naturally means They theemployment labour. how productionfor of theirown show of anew mode of way i.e.,by ofmakingcapitalist, enabling theirown them the associatedlabourersinto touse the system. between Butthe o antithesis is capital andlabour must reproduce, theshortcomings all everywhere organization intheirtheprevailing actual of the of sprouts represent thefirst the oldform they new, although reproduce, within naturally and co producers, property[…]The social outright as the private property oftheproducers, individual rather asthe but property ofassociated thephase recon towards consumption.individual borne hisshare inlabour by andof product eachthetotal thepartof individual, destined for the community. ameasure serves also oftheport hand,it On the as other the properbetween proportion thedifferenttobe work kindsof done andthevarious of wants case, p consciously regulatedthem asettledplan[…]Labour inaccordance bythat time with in would, its off mysticalis not strip veilit until treated asproductionbyfreelymen, associated andis stage phase. history ortoa transitional of prevaricatesMarx whether―rational as the toand plan‖ ―associated producers‖ toafinal belong producers‖ an

Marx, Marx, Marx, lay a double part. Its apportionment in accordanceIts apportionment in lay adouble adefinitemaintains part. socialplan with ofthe ultimate result This a necessary developmentis production capitalist of transitional The life Capital Capital Two quotes have u been Theof thefirst firstof ispart passage volume d ―rational plan‖ appear several times in the text. However,plan‖ appearinthetext. d ―rational severalinsomeof thetexts times , Vol.3 Chapter 27, pg 302 302 pg 27, Chapter Vol.3 , Volume 1, Chapter 1, Pg 51 51 1, Chapter Pg 1, Volume - process of society, wh society, of process emuneration accordingemuneration to

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The Controversy About Marx and Justice and Marx TheControversy About powers, and,consequently, himself inthe socialpower from shape nolongerseparates

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political emancipationpolitical

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. Marxian theories of justice. Marxian theoriesof - libertarian which thes theory this - - realization). realization). In justice.Marxian isessentially concernedMarx of their theories view,based F umans away from makingumans awayfromclaims and reconcile conflicting will or different reasons, theyor reasons, Marx different and believethat Rawls not are

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CEU eTD Collection 143 142 141 hemaximize aims to self While believes(see t Elster realizationvalue of of as the part freedom, rather than which stunted of theterm time was inMarx‘ synonymous statusone quo, theinegalitarian withsupporting conception.Peffer wasmore,Marx morality Even condemning believes thattheusealso because aware inmoraladvances ofrecent he theory, woul Peffer operatedalsoMarx believes―muddled‖ withmorality thata concept of and been had he extraction isnotaninjustice. of unpaid labor communist doing so. justice‖Marx camp: condemns even that unjust capitalism though as see not he does himselfas comesit interpretation,―p textual diverge not the toactual Pefferdoes in consensus from the but mentioned chapter. inthe previous that they himselfbetween then differences Marx‘, have why saw and ownwork his come others tobelieve then a defense of the self distinctlyapartand thattheircriticized theoriesmerged. Thisapproach be and canbewill below

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CEU eTD Collection 155 Reiman, others for work people some which there that nor 154 Just Possible, as as and to according 153 guaranteedliberties limits material fair atone inequalities their value, which by―difference the Reiman‘s par view, subjugation. by done Thisis agreeing tothe difference of as principle thelimit aware of necessary toelicitthe highestmaterial material least productivityand subjugation. the theproblemview, to thesolution limiting exchanges theminimum of labor unequal to subjugation lessmaterial to being a solution subjugation.The diff accessIn material to they resources. Reiman‘scan view, with more interchanged, be social when people trade amounts unequal material while caused oflabor is subjugation by lacking thefungibilitythis material ofSocial subjugation. andsocial that which subjugationis endowedthe less wellexchange endowed demand can forproductivity. of in Reiman higher calls theory the difference of p formperson entitlement has labor. each―labor offer of toeachothers‘ This hima allows to for it. thosewho do notown deliberation intheoriginalIn of parties position. conception of andcoercion structuralforce property (seecaused below) the inthe by private the claim come already at the deliberations takes account this Locke. from inRawls,apre is This,unlike

Reiman, Reiman, formation a neither theory price it is that of as Cohen: value theoryof labor viewof the same the takes Reiman commitment, of this because Precisely liberty. individual committed to Marx is argues that Peffer, like Reiman, Then, Reiman constructs a ―MarxianThen,a Reiman constructs the issues that parties that parties

As Free and as Just as Possible, Possible, as Just as and Free As Reiman, Marx criticizes the XIXth century notions of unlimited private property, Reiman, property, Reiman, private unlimited of XIXthcentury notions the criticizes Marx Reiman,

is a ―mystical‖ substance called value. Rather, the focus is on the morality the employment relation in relation employment morality the the on is focus Rather, the value. called substance a ―mystical‖ is

ties in this original this wouldagree position ties in principles: tothree d 14 iscussed above.Iniscussed parties situation, this aimtominimizematerial social and

view private view

rinciple‖ 153

Then, Reiman inasocietyexchanges interprets economicas a in the

154 property as potentially , inwhichsocietylimits time theamount oflabor thebetter

Chapters 2 Chapters Possible, as Just as and Free As

original position. Secondly,Marx, originalfrom position. - Liberal‖ o - 80 5. Reiman‘sproperty private theory, iscoercive

riginal position, inwhichparties position, areriginal

coercive. He aims tointroduce Hecoercive. the - political interest with whichparties with political interest 18 erence

principle inequalities. In

one ofequal Reiman takes

is in Reiman‘sis in 155 occurs

As Free Free As

CEU eTD Collection respects‖ several he says in what 159 158 Possible as Just as and Free As under areall subsumed Rather, of goods. distribution the to pertaining aspects and liberty negative 157 156 libertarianism thatthecentralboth theories and isself argues of pillar ownership withthe left Cohenian starts onemoral with principle Liberalism promisinghasthevi seems plus it same for reasons, the beshould opposed a toafoundational value. derivativeas Reiman argues ―Marxian that: w interprets left equality ofopportun workplaceMoreover, believe inthe necessityof democracy. Reimannot a principle does of three consistenta with property principles includesowning wouldbe democracyaright which to necessary for implementing thetwoprevio time production‖ compatible with efficient that workersmaterial intheir can tradeincreases standard of inexchangereduced living for labor principle understood ofthemoral interms thelabor value theory of version of orld

― Reiman, to pertaining aspects between division the in maintaining liberalism traditional follow not he does claims Reiman Reiman, I would not say that Marx left is a not saywould that I

The 2.3.3. in common Reiman also to seeks

interpretation of Marx. Both authorsinterpretation Marx.Both of interpretation As Free and as Just as Possible, Possible, as Just as and Free As Possible, as Just as and Free As

A left - libertarianism as a position which holds thathumans aslibertarianism whichholds and aposition ownthemselves ownthe . He believesthatthe right. He oflibertyakin self to is - libertarian itythe absencecoercion. because covered thisis byofstructural

- libertarian one. off , Chapter 7, also pg 28. also 28. pg 7, Chapter , ered byered chapterrelies this Rawls, Rawls,

present

Marxian Justice Theory of – - libertarian, as he certainly would not put it thiput it not ashe certainly would libertarian,

the right liberty to Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, Philosophy, History Political the of on Lectures

his theoryasfrom being differenta left 2 182. 159

us principles. Rawls contrasts left and a last principleprohibitingcoerciona last and that beyond

assimilate the Marxist theoryassimilate theMarxist oflegitimate 81

–

rather thantwo‖ on 156 , expands and defends a Rawlsian and, expands defendsa

Finally,according toReiman, the

- libertarianism withrightlibertarianism rtue ofbeing it simpler, since - ownership but that the but latter ownership - 158 ownership s way. But it is a view that ﬁts view that a it is way. s But

367. - libertarian one. He -

with the proviso

. However, freedom Reiman, freedom 157

CEU eTD Collection 160 labor.also Moreover, he contrasts theapparent equality thesphere present in ofexchange with Onthespeaksjust. one oftherelation hand, labor Marx critic that of is capitalism he normative does clearly premises not establish onwhat socially is evaluateOne has mainreasonsfor Marx society.been as ofthe which anon interpreted resources rejectformer ofthe latter. the infavor the apparent conflict theegalitarian between thelibertarian and and Marx cho in strains to self of interests woulddis societycommunist be one inwhichmoralabolished, would because wouldbe teaching libertarian claimis alsocoherent in interpretation Marx‘ with respectis to very na strong initial each other‘s earn thatincreasesof way theleast their theshare shares ina well theory, work.justice inMarx‘ According Marx‘s toRawls,in endowed thebetter donotneed to Secondly, showsthat left Rawls criticismItMarx‘s ofcapitalism. ground condemnationclassMarx‘s monopoly. wouldof would fita left nature, left while right

Rawls, Rawls, Firs Any establish to some morally ofjustice theory needs relevant factsaccording tow 2.3.3.1 - ownership, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, Philosophy, Political of History the on Lectures

tly, Rawls arguestly, a theoryequal ac Rawls that of initial (joint ownership) world - - libertarianism denies Then, this. Rawlswhich theory offers Marx‘s libertarianism three reasons for libertarianism argues acquirecanalmostlibertarianism thatpeopleunlimited property rights over . Marx‘ normativepremises - libertarian interpretation.libertarian and

appear.

sees this asa this sometenets.sees reasonabandon key to Marxist He on focuses 160

SimilarlyG.A. held Cohen alsothatMarx on toRawls,believes - libertarianism explains the absence explains relationallibertarianism ofany .

1 : limited self tural rights. thatalefttural Finally, Rawls believes 82 368.

- ownership, equal initial equalownership, initial access to as anunequal and exchange unpaid cess to resources would explain explain resources to cess would The German Ideology - off. What everyone What off. has todo

that a principle of oses to - conflicts conflicts moral moral hich to - CEU eTD Collection However, he any does make not pr Inon. words, other he ownlaborsells his capitalism takes place. Tog and equality work, what out butnot comes libertarian reading the requirement dis equal for an is theabsence distribution an equal of condemned thepointofview from of ofsome theabsence non exchange actually ofequivalents.Wood Allan theory,claims thatinMarx‘s capitalism can be the market are, transaction according clearlyan toMarx, not Andagainstexchanges The equality whatresults needequal? this of is tobe tobeestablished? argue, whyamoralIn did: is unequal as evil? exploitation exchange many or end, doall the expropriation‖. expect Marx except a―hiding‖. presupposes the worker Inthe inequality argues ―abodeaddition, thatcapitalism Marx ofproduction‖. hiddeninthe ether, they make up the normative framework against which a Marxist against normativewhich condemnation theya framework ether, upthe Marxist make of The following However, intheabsenceofground moral a premises theory to ea ofjustice,can one Marx -

based transfersbased manyspeaking when times, of contract,argues theemployment worker thatthe

: limited self : limited - power thatpower

section will present will section seems to to seems

s beings dis ), a

your talents is hepaidpartfor of only what h - nd owne tribution of initial ofinitial tribution resources? establish also

possessed from anyhaving propertyfromandpossessed to kindof nothing equal world‘s accessresources the to onouncements directly claim onouncements a defending such speaksoriginal oftheaccumulation, as ―original process of rship (the moral right to own whatever comes out of your comes ownwhatever rship (the rightto outof moral of resourcesIs alsoa moral evil? anything there tojustify

two of the a moral right over one‘s own labor in its entirety.righta inits one‘s moral over own labor , taking into accountinto for deductions , taking proper social needs 83

three normative premises

indication of equalityindicationand of the

- moral goods. Additionally,moralwhy e does with his own labor hisown ande does so with

(joint world(joint ownership)

justifying theleft . In. Theories of of Theories sily - .

CEU eTD Collection 161 their verycould beattacked. nature‖ ismaking claiming Rather than thatMarx connection a right passage.Especially through ofownership this thereading ofthe las something oneoruses has inproduction. produced p activity)a moral having leadsto rightover employing production some meanswork inone‘s (theoftheir of own own materialelements other having workers.These situations, something created two (thei Meanscreated beenare have pastworkers and ofproduction through laborof the workedonby as congealed theone condition pastforas laboron handcreative the onother. and work morallyhow an mightIn individual isspeaking ownsomething. passage,Marx about this capit moral actually Marx separate righttogether claims, whichestablish ofownership. two makes absorb livin one‘s master labor being and ofthe the ofthatlabor: products Value Surplus a result of capitalist production) capitalist a resultof workers historically (although could it no product of labour, the condition of labour, didnot theconditionlabour, product labour, of of itself; didnot labour absorblabour past [if] roduction belongworkers tothe As if the division of labour was not just aspossible thedivisionoflabour just As if not was conditionsbelonged its if tothe associated

Marx, Marx, consider the [working] classconsider which with the[working] awhole, as he conditions of production production conditions of thesenotpossess did if things the ofbeingcapital, theattribute if On the otherhand withdraws thearticles of withdraws consumption hethe we needscirculation(and,if reservoir from merely enoughmoney inorder thathe must possess The lastsentence A criticism could a beformulatedagainst moral establishes theinterpretation that Marx Theories of Surplus Value Surplus of Theories Thus theby ofmeans ―accumulation‖ worker subsistence thecapitalistfor of means material elements oftheir elements material activity, own g labour, andg labour, the if Marx alsoMarx makes thene

, these necessaries, these an of the second passage is Marx‘s most clear work most of his ona thesecondpassage isMarx‘s statement from ,

Chapter XXI Chapter se things did notbelongtothem se did things ). and were regarded by the latter as their own products and productsand the wereown byastheir and regarded latter the Marx, asserts thatth Marx, instead of to theworker.instead ofto cessary connection between being the moralconnection between beingcessary master the over

t at first first butcant at form, appear onlyachieve this in as it Opposition to t Opposition to something (by their very nature, themeans (bysomething their of nature, very d means of labour would not operate not would labour of d means asobjective 84

which which they areby nature very their

he Economists (Based on the Ricardian Theory) Ricardian the on (Based Economists he ere property to isanatural right over

to pay wages with whichto paywageswith theworker buys back part of his own product buys own back ofhis part

selvesproxy orby tothe capitalist r own or products) t phrase are ―by they . 161

CEU eTD Collection 162 of accumulation production butonly primitive makes capitalism start. in the sectionthat division is oflabor could under ownership any bepresent of scheme of means necessary and sufficient accumulation production of non inthe hands of means sufficient for condition capitalistproduction, butonly a pre aim ofthe thepassage sectionistak inwhich attack onHodgskin‘s pamphlet mistaken and views accumulation. onproduction XXI of ownership can of theworker, chapter bethepassage Thefrom comes defended. which isChapter right the extreme negation production, oftorealize forces social people this. nature socia theoryMarx‘s manifestation history. and while According with of all toMarx, goodsare by parenthesescould in beaugmented theontology links production text withits by which the of productexclu canbe meaningfully ontology be noproductproduced ofproduction: alone person can saidto by and one be no making onthemorality could a ownership,Marx beread statement as about of speaking the production could besocialized betweenownership, could and it beargued isonly production Marx that means saying of

Marx, Marx, of collective ownership, derivedcollective ofand from ownership, from creating collectively a the self product Yet, when reading this passage in its wider context, theYet, interpretation when passage establishes reading this that it wider context, inits Theories of Surplus Value Theories ofSurplus Theories of Surplus Value Surplus of Theories l products, this characteristic this l products, cannot capitalism, except visible become until which is

condition for capitalism getground. main to the Marx‘s claim off Thus, ,

Chapter XXI Chapter becauseare they b Labour DefendedLabour Capital. of theClaims Against , a piece in which Marx attacks Marx , a pieceR inwhich ded stock from ofgoods.Further, the common reading this

en from is toproveen is thatdivision from of labor a isnot 85 y Asopposedto nature collective products. The comes particularpassage f quoted

- workers is,accordingthe toMarx, - condition. Alternatively, icardian economists for their 162

Marx‘s mainMarx‘s rom an -

a CEU eTD Collection 163 group employwishes wishto thatparticularmachineintheir totrade not work, does it. but group be peoplea ofproduction. also produced somethingwhich means has used asof can T create can We when inwhicha some complications readimagine inconjunction. a situation accumulation. oflaborDivision more isnothing a pre than ownershipthis violated, capit is ―Surplus ofproductionmeans morally belong and by nature( value tothe workers. Once belong) product passage, ofthe worker. This with readtheone together becan above interpreted as: ofnewlabourof production receiving performed without anequivalent. he theproducts labour turns of ofproduct conditions into can labour onlybeby initiated theca theseconfront clear nowthe worker is the conversion capital,that it intheformof ofthe surplus pr soon after above: the passage quoted Supportclaim for ofownership? comes thesecondoption makes fromfew Marx a statements produces combinati orcan alone something in produce only it ―nature‖ theontological whichgoes:good it around thatsomeone thepolemic oftheis claim goodof meanscould aas Marx beread a ofproduction, thatworksas what saying.this Yet, is ownership by workersisthe natural bycapitalist beagainst state,thenmust the ownership set contrastofmeans in accumulatedIf theofproduction condition with capitalists. by

oduct theworker, of consequently, Marx, Marx, Thus, the division oflaborThus, thedivision can aboutori the come after thesurplus the capitalistmode capitalFurthermore, ofproduction appropriates because in Therefore, the The Theories of Surplus Value Surplus of Theories

co nditions C apitalism needs workers‘ theof violation rights the

claim that means belong ofproduction ―byverynature‖ toworkers is their

of ownership ,

Chapter XXI Chapter — alism can begin its cyclealismaccumulation beginreproduction. can of its and which he has appropriated without any equivalent without hewhich hasappropriated (having because it

made something orworking something made onsomething) - condition rather ofcapitalistcatalyst condition thana

86 has appropriated has

ginal of appropriation thesurplus on withothers, or the moral isit pitalist and onlyintheformthat and pitalist

the products of labour and the products labour of

of ownership 163

to even exist‖. — into meansinto

might might

nature hat

CEU eTD Collection theorybut his accommodate wouldprobably a strong principle o principle, of world joint ownership, below). outlined to regulateemergencies forandfuture for investment collect combing hastobe view argued it in Marx‘s through thetexts that resources. make anyasab Rawls does this, not addition to argues thatMarx‘ righ whichdevelopment. furtherour human Unlike alsoportion ofthe hasa thes claim over ―equivalent equivalent‖ or of commodities for value. equal no legitimateclaim ownership trading owners between legitimate several particularheclaims can1.atthis doestodiscussjust even not be point need made: neverthey Marx andalienate meaningfully justly explains it? groupAnother thatmachinetakes Can and productively. usesbelong thefirst it it group? Does to surplus ….If, furthermore, we reduce thesurplus surplus dictated by we include if socialneeds;finally, inNo. 1thenecessary 2the andinNo. labour, insurance and reserve fund, andontheother expandinsurance toconstantly tothe extent andreserve fund, reproduction behalf ofthe immature orincapacitated members society, wages of and i.e., both we strip if required conditi under prevailing t ofself Of inthesense ofownership course, themoral that limited acollective is right society as ive toprovide education, - value, oftheir specifically bothnecessarylabour, capita andsurplus - labour, the quantity of labour which must which thequantity oflabour labour, always beperformed able by the - ownership, which blocksthe ownership, s theoryon selfentitlement based is of s and 2.

to , all thathe isto todo needs , offer those whocannot conditions to humaneliving work ons of productionons of ofsociety, tocreate ontheone an side legitimate owners theexchange can trade if justly urplus value necessarypublic goods toproducethose claims - labour and surplus labour right 87

other people have

- libertarians, Marx doeslibertarians, see not an Marx absolute Marx doe Marx

(these are derived from the second(these are derivedfrom - ownership andownership access equal initial to out the twopremises

anything exchange, ajust about but -

s not mentionother publics not goods, product to that measureproduct that to which is show thatthenon f fair equalityf fair opportunity: of , it isincumbent, it onth .

Rawls, followingRawls, Cohen, list character,list then . However, - workers have - bodied in e social

and

CEU eTD Collection 166 165 164 accumulation,―previous ought tobecalled expropriation butwhich original or original subsistence on the in to analyzing which has originaldone, accumulation, been according by tohim force. moral ownership right world ofjoint afforded by the old feudal arrangements. And the history of this, their expropriation, is written is afforded by oftheirexpropriation, in this, theoldfeudalarrangements.history Andthe up. society develops. estates, From this must now be mustnow deducted:From this Let us take, first of all, the words "proceeds of labor" in the ofall, Letthe sense ustake, labor" first "proceedsof words then the productlabor; of Before divided is amongthe this there individuals, be it: hasto from deducted again, gene There remains the other part of the total product, oftheThere total part remains consumption.intended of theother toserve asmeans

expropriation of the agricultural population from from expropriation population ofthe agricultural is,finally, the soil These proceeds deductions the"undiminished" from arean labor economic of necessity,and had been means the guarantees robbedtheirproduction,andof all own of ofall existence of Marx, Marx, Marx, Marx, Value, Price andProfit certainly there these merelyaretheir rudiments, forms,but remain which common not toall considerably in comparison with presentconsiderably with incomparison their magnitude is to betheir magnitude isto determined toavailableby according means andpartly andforces, satisfaction ofneeds, grows satisfaction suchasschools, healthpart services, this theoutset, etc. From

very present incomparison with restricted considerably Second proportion as thenew as societyproportion develops. Marx couldMarx alsobe of interpreteda asequaltoresources initial principle havingaccess

ral costs of administration not belonging to production. notbelongingto will, part This ofadministration ral costs fromthe outset,be market a set of buyers, possessed of land, machinery, raw material, andthemeansmachinery,market of material, possessed buyers, ofland,raw asetof the annals of mankindand fire. the annalsof lettersofblood in But before doingso,wemightask,doesstrangephenomenon how this arise,

Value Gotha Programme the of Critique Capital But, onthe otherhand,theseonly after newsellers themselves freedmen of became i.e. [… , additional portion for expansion for portion ofproduction. , additional , the sweeping men off them. All the English methods hitherto men them., thesweeping off AlltheEnglish computation of provide against , Price and Profit and Price , , Vol.3, Chapter 49, p 595 595 p 49, Chapter Vol.3, , .]The inquiry would question this into what.]The beaninquiry into the economists call the co

Third

- , funds for those unable towork, forthose , funds operati , Marx calls, Marx original accumulation: . probabilities, they but areinnowaycalculableequity. by

accidents, dislocations caused dislocations accidents, by calamities, etc. natural

ve proceeds of labor arethe labor of proceeds ve - called relief poor today. official social modes production of

First a. He whole dedicates sectionfi of the

, cover for replacement productionused of , cover for themeans of - day society,inproportion asthe anditgrows new

Second 88

, that which isintended which fo , that […] etc., forwhat included inshort, is under

total socialtotal product

- Third Th 164 day society, and it diminishes in day anditdiminishes society,

e process last wholesale of

165 , reserve orinsurance to funds

the so

cons rst volume of volume rst - called clearing of r the common idered culminated .

that we find we find that Especially, Especially,

First Capital Capital . 166

, the they

or a or

CEU eTD Collection 169 168 167 resources, particularlyIt is not Marx. an be can ambiguity clear detected in what exactly is can be derived. productionworks, onwhich one aprincipleequal original entitlementthe world‘s of resources to together the origi theory of and does any affirmMarx without not Thus,even i though livelihood. ―enslavement,robbery,murder‖meansmethods wereIt people it violent. starving highly its left blood labor tosell. capitalism,awayfrom nothing ontakingand based landindividuals leaving except them with communism.However, promoted ofcapitalism we theandclaims can above) development of (as from see his prope century―robbed‖―expropriated‖ were Britain and being according tothe prevailing norms of have a createdmass peasant a ofdispossessed labour andtheworkerlabour the from labou conditions of it becomes theit to proclaim asthe intellectualtheinfant foodof dutyall for asacred one fit thing in ―clearing

Marx, Marx, volume1. Capital Marx, Thus asIhave primitivemeans accumulation, the but nothing already shown, of separation rty ownership of the feudal ofrty ownership the period.

T Taking premises account of into the two limited self ages stagesof all andfor development. In and dirt n The course of history shows that this separation separation this The that is shows ofhistory socialdevelopment course afactorin he―expropriation‖ usesthe fact thatterm Marx theprocess for ofenclosures which

Capital Capital Value Surplus of Theories original moral rightofequalaccessoriginal resources.inXVIth to and all, XVIIth After peasants If ‖

volume 1, 533 533 1, volume , enslavement, brieflythe great force, murder, part. play robbery, 169 ―

the sweeping men them off capital , if it is aperiod, ifit marked―lette in

comes Marx dedicatesMarx a large amount ofspacetheviole todescribing nal accumulation and the theorynal accumulationandthe oflegitimatemeans property of of

[into the world] Chapter XXI Chapter s does by not itselfestablish that hebelieved thatpeople Moreover, according this toMarx, was afactor which

[…]But assoonthequestionofproperty[…]But crops up,

dripping from head to foot, fromdrippingevery from tofoot, head with pore, 89

actual history it is notorious notorious itis that conquest,actual history

rs of bloodandfire‖rs and based was on r, which confront asindependentr, which him forces. - ownership andownership equal t specifically,reading . 167 access to

nt birth ofnt birth . 168

CEU eTD Collection 170 access resources to asirrational. unequal power of transaction condition labor awhich ofinitial under satisfies the background labor poweraltogether.Secondly, whilenot involves not exploitation only exploitative theend also transactions,but of transactions of societythat inajust more therewouldbe oflabor thattheend no powerand of transactions the literature this. reflects only Whatworker. isthatMarx be himself interpretations can said thetwo prevaricated and between because its affirmMarx believedcapitalism that determined it exchange because an unjust or unequal overcome. unequalin communism, exchang both when own problem by a ambiguity.literature this follows himself,Marx onexploitation to Cohen, according moralwashe the isatleast evil,then onwhy ambiguous exchang the liberalexploitation theory of breeds struc wrong of access istheviolation initial orthe resources to fact that inequality in distribution statementsanyexplicit what on exactlythewrong believesis he because entitlement initial the access equal to to thefactexploitative: that the exchange isunequal

G.A. Cohen, Cohen, G.A. On the textual basisOn the textual When speaking of the phase of socialism, Marx explains: WhenMarx the speaking ofsocialism,explains: phase of 170 omehow ―robbed‖ leadingomehow (violated rights initial unequal exchanges) tofurther the tural force, then Marx‘ theory would lose its distinctive character, itsdistinctive theory Marx‘ force, as wouldlose then fromtural differenta

Self

- ownership, freedom, and equality equality and freedom, ownership, deus ex machinaex deus

, one cannot adjudicate problem the

(see Steiner‘s below)

Marx does the consider not

solution (the Marxist ―technologicalMarxist the (the fullabundancefix‖): solution es and thelackes and resources ofaccess to wouldbe explicitly,arguedhe be can wouldbelievean it that (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, c1995), chapter 5 chapter c1995), University Press, Cambridge (Cambridge : 90 resources been has violated. , that it isforcedthat it ,

. If, however,mere the. exchange inequality of problem .

Thus, it isimpossible todefinitelyThus, it

of capitalist exploitation. If exploitation. capitalist theof

or that the

for two for two es tobeequal. need The reasons: he believes

forceabout comes Marx neverMarx makes solves his solves his

CEU eTD Collection 171 to brings it benefits the by justified is exploitation that believe to hold to have would one theory of kind what show to slavery of defender a quotes He proceeds. capitalists‘ the justify and them an would themselves organize to naturally unable were and inferior some if only that believes He performs. capitalist a which work supervisory profit of discus a of context the Within indirectly. possibility the discusses he option, the does occur consider Marx not fair Becausestill aunequal under background. would exchange being equivalent. for equivalent exchange not does and value more offers he which by transaction a accept still would would He be when being, rational irrational. of kind what wonder probably as fairness background under exchange unequal an imagine would he that is rights of violation initial an by caused exchange unequal from or alone exchange unequal resolved. both unequal exchange theviolationofinitial and equal accesswouldhave resources to been labor. Forexample,labor. day working ofthe consists sumofthe individual thesocial such contributed by He shareinit. certificate him,his receiveshehasfurnished fromsociety a that amount of labor cost.amount oflabor The he same which amountoflabor hasgiven tosociety inoneform,he

this certificate,this hethe from socialstock draws ofmeans consumption of asmuch asthe same been made Marx, A ccordingly, the individual labor time producer ofthethe individuallabor social thepartof is dayworking ‘s h scn rao fr hc Mr de nt ics wehr inj whether discuss not does Marx which for reason second The Thus, even rewards, inthebefore first society phase, so fullcommunism, wouldregulate - and

Critique of the Gotha Gotha Program the of Critique seta rationa essential Marx takes pains to reject the claim that the proceeds of exploitation are justified by the the by justified are exploitation of proceeds the that claim the reject to pains takes Marx

- such an amount of labor (after labor deducting of h such an amount --

He would probably maintain that only a justification which denies the human human the denies which justification a only that maintain probably would He the individual producer receivesthe individual fromsociety back exactly what he gives to it. What he has given to it is his individual givenhis hegives is of What toit quantum exactly toit. has what he

iy r ter o ntrl lvs n ntrl atr cud li that claim could masters natural and slaves natural of theory a or lity

me receives back inanother.

is labor for the for commonis labor funds); andwith ing granted access to productive resources productive to access granted ing exploitative relationship actually benefit benefit actually relationship exploitative 171

after the deductions haveafter the ustice emerges from from emerges ustice sion about sion

hours of work;hours of

the forms the CEU eTD Collection 172 seekingMarx. their toderive from normative interpretations brief ofa be description exploitation should theory liberal made, w of it tocontrast inequality is as normatively fun one.Itis thedistributional inequality theinitial means takes of oftheproduction distribution maintain forcefulworld this whichhelps therefore is relation The also second unjust. conception to capitalist. It as theforcerelation thelabor sees inherentin theforced with Theof exploitation first relatestheevilproduct surplusfrom worker transfer of exploit transactions:exploitative a exploited the (Applause.)denied were ―Both than byachampion ofslavery alawyer ameeting namedat inthe UnitedStates, O'Connor, held he capable andfor was oflivingforhimself useful him... I themaster governsmaintain who been due justly tothe ownerofca representedasthe reward gave him a master to coerce that will, and to make andto gave will, himauseful...servant that theclime himamastertocoerce in inwhich it is not injustice isnot it placed toleavetheNegroinconditionwhichNature in him,togive hima master to govern him ... nor is it depriving of it him masternor is compel togovern to any ...rights tolabourin him ofhis him

Marx, Marx, gentlemen,‖ thunderousappla he amid said assigned by Nature... He has strength, and has the power to labour; but the Nature which buttheNature assigned byhasstrength,andthepowertolabour; He Nature... return, and afford to that to return, compensationand afford masterjust for created the power denied to him either govern, tohim created to theintellect orwillingness the towork.‖ power denied in New York on December fortheSouthin New 19,1859,under thesloganof York ―Now,"Justice As mentionedabove,literature the has sharply been exactlydivided onwhat constitutes 2.3.3.2 ation and ifand then whyism it

Capital And exploitation, the appropriation ofthe unpaidAnd exploitation, the appropriation quite ofothers, has labour asoften governing usefultohimself him himandrendering andtothe society.‖ . at ofthe the center normative of condemnation capitalism. Theories of exploitation and its Theories ofexploitationandits immorality , Vol.3 Chapter 23, p 264. p 264. 23, Chapter Vol.3 , d ht epe poie wt eul ces o eore, ol sil nae in engage still would resources, to access equal with provided people, that nd damental. Thosedamental. whoholdthelatter also that hold

to him. And that Nature which deprived AndNature labour, to him. that to himofthe will

o ral evil. To put it briefly evil. Toputit ral use, ―to that condition of bondage condition of that use, ―to theNegrois 92

the labour and talent employedthe labourandtalent in

unjust. Moreover,anyunjust. ofthe feature pital for his work; his for pital butnever better , two positions have, twopositions emerged.

not

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exploitation ith those ith 172 , but

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Arneson, ―What‘s wrong with Exploitation?‖, 205 Exploitation?‖, with wrong ―What‘s Arneson, Exploitation?‖ with ―What‘s wrong Arneson, J. Richard Exploitation‖, TheoryLiberal ―A of Steiner, Hillel nateof the capitalism morala inMarx. exists evil Moreover, itallows ifthat A liberalexploitation theory hasbeen of by elaborated Hillelargues Steiner.an He that In 1981 Richard Arneson published In published an article Arneson onwhat called a 1981Richard which is for discussion Thedue own confusion toMarx‘s prevarications mostly is andis butit ambiguities, roperly unjustified exploitation. totheroperly first,The inaddition second occurs when,

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CEU eTD Collection 178 V Supplementary Philosophy. (eds.) Ware Robert and Nielsen Practice S Roemer‖, John Reply defined?: to is exploitation how about ―Why worry Reiman, Jeffrey it) to akin asomething (or keeping force while to view, his merely reply nuances but Roemer‘s Cohen‖ 177 176 coercer capitalism in theexploitation, wasalsodoing inthe structur coercion embedded is capitalists, even ifthey are notforced by capitalists. calls ―structural‖ this force and sho not havemeans of access private theofproductionthe institution ownership. to and byReiman that workers structurally are somehow coercedtheir tosell labor by a systeminwhichthey do joyously islife itselfspent‖ sense that―labor He ownsit. the individual argues willingly, that done, howeveroreven Arneson‘s.argues thatthere Reimaninthe specialindividual, issomething inthe labor ofthe Reiman‘s aarguments to forceexploitation on large and parallel on extent expand and with this. accordingexploited tothe society,wheregocan everyonemaintains laborArneson whilethis labor. and is donate that is, atleast according theexampleofLaborSacrifice, tohim, theBureau ofsetupinajust of surplus laborun but, according tohim, thereisnot the link andoffers and between exploitation coercion several there when examples isatransfer advantages. happen andexploitation when leads a thetechnicalto highly exploitation distr unequal

Reiman Reiman Jeffrey 212 Exploitation?‖, with wrong ―What‘s Arneson,

Philosophy &Affairs Philosophy Public

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Exploitation, Force, and the Moral Assessment of Capitalism‖, 10 Capitalism‖, of Assessment Moral the and Force, Exploitation, 176

, ― Yet, Arneson limits himselfYet, tomaintainingowes Arneson Marx usajustification of that - 113 (1990) A further follow up of the debate between Roemer and Reiman appears in Kai appears Reiman and Roemer between debate of up the follow further A (1990) 113 Exploitation, Force, and the Moral Assessment of Capitalism: Thoughts on Roemer and and Roemer on Thoughts ofCapitalism: Assessment Moral and the Force, Exploitation,

olume, (Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary Press, 1989) Press, Calgary University of (Calgary, Alberta: olume,

technical definition of exploitation, theretechnical of definition exploitation, isnothingmorally wrong Analyzing Marxism : New Essays On Analytical Marxism, Marxism, Analytical New On Essays Marxism : Analyzing 177

, Vol. 16, No. ( No. 1 16, Vol. , (how does mean this not self ws that, in a capitalist society,capitalist ws that,a in workers are forcedfor towork

Winter, 1987), pp. 3 pp. 1987), Winter, 94

178 justified exploitation.justified The most conclusive

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r, r, Marxism, Morality, and Social Justice Social and Morality, Marxism, - - considered Exploitation Unjustified ownership.

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adian Journal of Philosophy of Journal adian Reiman‘smainadvance improve isto theory offorce the - based conception of exploitation, whic exploitation, conceptionof based - based theory even furthereven the when accepts theorybased he wrong. He defends the claim that exploitation might defendsexploitation the He claimwrong. that

, Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, Princeton N.J: , Princeton, 181 prima faciae :

Exploitation Proper that Properthat Exploitation justified is not

dividuals in that group that dividuals in get sorted,or , Vol. 7, No. 2 (Jun., 1977), pp. 353 pp. (Jun., No.1977), 2 Vol. 7, , 180 moral categorization of

but elaborates moral onits

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CEU eTD Collection in reprinted also Unfreedom‖, of Proletarian Structure ―The 338 Exploitation‖, of and Concept the Value of Theory 182 coversphrasing difference anenormous ofconceptio product. value. value, They has create what The donotcreate difference butthey of small exploitation[…] of imputation the workersYet manifestly docreate Theycreate something. the createslabor hasvalue) what isthe which realb rehearsed inthesong, value), creates (thatlabor surrogate popular value), (that norits truth obvious butthe fairly However, claim Cohen comes to that value ofbeactuallygivenproduct theproductmight relative that onthe bymarket. the desire for formation.comes Moreover,he toaccept thatmight workers and produce value not thatthe theorygoes value.Heagainst theutilizationof of thelabor theoryvalue of unfree if currently have to inaposition thei tosell for them.Finally, them, and thereforeall exploit thosewho thestructure are since allow not does generations, enou unequal thought experiment, Cohenshowshow camethe case employs about. He of aims toshow the claim unequal ofassets theinitial is merely which distribution thatit ismorally but wrong, ―robbery‖evil whilethe of labor istheMoreover, normatively time, fundamental evil. rejects he bypossible means theinequalityproduction. in of takewhich by force rightfullyto the somethingworkers.Moreover, belongsforce this ismade G.A. Cohen, Cohen, G.A. - 360 also also 360 It is, Another advance made ofexploitation by inthetreatment theory ishis ofthelabor Cohen

individually free. free. individually published in G.A. Cohen , , G.A. Cohen in published then, neither necessary thelabortheory of value determines (thatsocially labortime Self

that any unequal distribution ofproductivethat any distribution unequal assets condemnable,nomatter it how it History, Labour, and Freedom : Freedom and Labour, History, - ownership, freedom, and equality and freedom, ownership,

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History, Labour, and Freedom : themes from Marx, Marx, :from themes Freedom and Labour, History, clean capitalist accumulationclean capitalist Philosophy &Affairs Philosophy Public :

even if initialassetsevenequally are distribu if escaper work wo to situation, this themesMarx from

Philosophy &Affairs Philosophy Public , especially chapters 5,6 and 8. Also, G. A. Cohen, ―The Labor Labor ―The G.Cohen, Also, A. 8. and 5,6 especiallychapters , 96

He argues that inequalityis theinstrumental n. What ofexploitationis acharge raises some will be able to force besome will able towork to others

, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Winter, 1983), pp. 3 pp. 1983), (Winter, No.1 12, Vol. ,

to make his point. In point. to make this his , Vol. 8, No. 4 (Summer, 1979), pp. pp. 1979), (Summer, No. 4 8, Vol. , asis ofthe Marxianasis as atheoryprice of arerkers collectively also, G. A. Cohen, Cohen, A. G. also, ted, over some

- 33, 33,

CEU eTD Collection 185 Roemer‘s to close ex Marxist case of why,specific Thatthe is for production. means of of the ownership ofright anequal presupposes fairness a theoryof Mayer that exploitation, argues Marxist for Specifically, Exploit with Wrong Mayer, ―What‘s Robert see 184 183 endowments, be will people able thanthe some toworkaverage less sociallynecessary time to labor market differenof people endowed with betweenan andRoemer exploiter an exploited. imagine in anexchange economy. abandon thelabor andcouldis exploited producescorn conclude thatit that surplus.Thus,Roemer to chooses well chooses commodityasaccount aspecial laborIn thevalueall other to for of commodities. a concedes totheneoclassical might economistsmark thatMarx besimplythewhen off he objections thelabor to th asa transferexploitation of laborthat applying paradoxical isunhelpful and can results. it to lead on theunequal ofmeans distribution ofproduction. first theforcedmoral sees a wrongtransfer the orcapitalism in condemns merely second labor, of John Roemer. The between andforce distributional difference value the worker ofwhat produces. gets the capitalist not that somehe ofthegets value produces,some the ofthe that worker but 1982 (11): 253 (11): 1982

John E. Roemer, ― New Directions in the Marxian Theory of Exploitation and Class‖, Class‖, and Exploitation Theory Marxian of the in Directions New ― E. Roemer, John fairness a For 354, 358 Exploitation‖, of Concept the and TheoryValue Labor ―Theof Cohen, - kn Roemer without constructs exploitation reference of relationship atheory toalabor Roemer along develops of exploitation theories severalandfew his bringsa works quite The main contender tothe force own example he argues example―value onecornown he thatif choose isto as the numeraire‖, thenwe . -

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t capital resources t 183

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184

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ploitation, Mayer‘s view is is view Mayer‘s ploitation, , Vol. 24, No. 2, No.2, 2007 Vol. 24, , Politics &Society,Politics round class position onal theory

CEU eTD Collection 188 187 Reiman‖ JeffreyReply to Exploitation? is 186 is a not exploitation proper account of society isin). one awith acertain certaingoodamount goods type oftypes (the of on of depends basedconstructingof oneach exploitation group‘sa capacity definition t the rewardsget peoplefrom their capitalendowments. in and accumulation. Moreover, th agentstrue underwhich preferences situationsin have subsistence similar for and orwork leisure morethat product social than states thatthose who optimize totheir ownership due capital,alsoreceive byof buyinglabor, Roemer constructs theClass a necessary whilethe exploited for subsistence arefollows: the exploiters thosethattheaverage workgoods tocreate lessthan required time describes Roemer‘sgivenclass in is situation world. the exploitation as However, the of situation proletarians.thereInmixed proletarians,small petitbourgeois, are andcapit between, assets. whilethose Thoselabor whoonly whoonlysellare hire arecapitalists, pure pure people according the in case,this exploitation evenmarket. labor ifthere isno produc stitution ofexchangestitution labor, inwhich and suchanother onlycredit interest of as island tracks

Roemer, ― New Directions in the in Directions New ― Roemer, 261 Class‖, and Theory Marxian Exploitation of the in Directions New ― Roemer, an Class‖, 258 and Theory Marxian Exploitation of the in Directions New ― Roemer, e their subsistence goods towork need ewill more. their and subsistence According some tohim, thereis From the thepointofview moral of of condemnation capitalism,believes Roemer Further, theexistence Roemerallows for ofamarket. labor

combinations of their behavior under ofproductivecombinations oftheir the distribution behavior initial - Exploitation CorrespondencePrincipleExploitation (CECP). This principle produced labor. According bytheCECP their own holds tohim,

Marxian Theory of Exploitation and Class, 266 Class, and Theory Marxian Exploitation of e s e Philosophy &Affairs Philosophy Public

situations and this principle this even holds and whensituations there isno the moral wrongthe favorite ofcapitalism. Hisexamples re that. thosewhomore work than 98

188

186 Roemer eventuallyconcludes by , Vol. 18, No. 1 (Winter, 1989), pp. 90 pp. 1989), (Winter, No. 1 18, Vol. ,

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CEU eTD Collection 59. (1985) 190 189 explicatingjustice without it. reviewed. ownership accounts enoughfully question. answerthe to forcefullyto another.seems Onlycomplete taking thethird somethingthatnaturally belongs present themselves.fir The Whenjustice. the question ―Whyunjust?‖ three answering is exploitation answersseem to harm. subsistence, claim Roemer would that,although way, accumulation people asdoesand labortoleisure it when prefer asopposed some Whengoesmoralgrounda holds. onlywhenwrong ofCECP theorem wrong exploitation his the Roemer‘sof exploitation. underlying thattheconception accoun is beshould focusedunequal ofthe meansmeasureon the distribution ratherthan ofproduction the laborgo―the mightwrong way‖. a particulartype of labor would hire work acomes to bourgeois fortoshowthatunlessall people have them. Roemer only mightare bethe ones that distinction.exploiters/exploited He argues some thatin means of cases ofproduction owners which in involve situations there correspondence isno ontheowners/non

John E. Roemer John E. Roemer John 190 Severalbrought be can thedistribu criticisms against there point At this seemsto bea theoryMarxian conundrumand exploitation inthe of

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CEU eTD Collection 199 Egalitarians?‖, BeLiberal Marxists Nozick‖, 198 197 self if not, self to commitment 196 contribute. principle According of tohim, approximation represents Marxian it of a abetter ideal ofreciprocity ofsharingbenefits, as one andwho cannot burdens atleast among those order toaccommodate the for case whocannot oftheWarren disabled, contribute. describes the offered―reciprocity‖ as as share thelabor principle to contributionthis proportional is oneoffers tosociety. However, freedom. asymmetrical reciprocity) principle of Paul need, Warren‘s which theyleast affirmed.Marx principlesof distribution mainrivals believe are The Geras‘ Warren. the widerMarxianmatter one framework.G.A.Paul Theofdebate Cohen betweenand been has concept ofli

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The Journal of Political Philosophy Political Journal of The 198

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(footnote 162). However, in a footnote, Warren However, 162). ina footnote, (footnote himself - ownership whichownership iscombinedwith private of ownership ewards as Thus,inanideal justified. ewards society, socialist - 212

Ownership, Reciprocity, and Exploitation‖, 46n20 46n20 Reciprocity,Exploitation‖, and Ownership, provides for this premise in Marx. Marx. for premiseprovides this in

This thesis will pursue exactly what Warren pursue will This thesis exactlywhat 112 - libertarian conception. libertarian Earlier inthe art

213

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tent with with tent icle, in CEU eTD Collection 215 Self Philo of Journal Liberals," Egalitarian Any Does He than More Marxists Some Exercises Why Nozick or: Philosophy, Volumes Supplementary Society, 214 naturalgenerations,after several endowments, theremightabout differences large come in goods.capital Due todi violated not is ownership ofand condition resources each equal his receives individual of share Cohen provides isthat of―cleancapital He imagines accumulation‖. a societyjoint inwhichthe receives wouldinthe case nomore thanhe ofneeds disabled owns meansproductionanownership, andablehis and, of employsperson, due to Further,according toCohen,self deductions contradict (seeabove) self p.33 again, aentertainsclaims in ―One footnote,might and Cohen doubts any question case,all ofthe acc society.Moreover, inCohen‘s view, based a ofjustice theory onself worldjoint and move to aformegalitari of committed to self later published of as chapters ownership as anormativeprincipleMarxists. In for several bracket such a society. of gains o

G. A. Cohen and Keith Graham, ―Self Graham, and Keith Cohen A. G. ―Self Graham, and Keith Cohen A. G. - eptable theneeds ownership, freedom, and and equality freedom, ownership, f some to the gains ofothers, tothebutwouldsimply limitf some themaximumrewards of thetop This third limitThis third offers favorreplyarguments in a of toCohen‘s abandoning ofself - ownership, does not containownership, ina not limits tothemaximum does whichexist can inequality sophy - ownership and that this should lead andthat should Marxists Marxism this toabandonownership orthodox , Supplementary Volume 16 (1990), 363 (1990), 16 ,SupplementaryVolume -

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, Vol. 64 (1990), (1990), pp.25 64 Vol. , Self

anism.

- - ownership would rendera inwhichaas situation would exploitative ownership Ownership, Freedom andEquality, Ownership, Freedom - - Ownership, Communism and Equality‖ and Communism Ownership, Equality‖ and Communism Ownership, 214

Cohen believesthatself - ownership, but some ofthemownership, - 61, G.A. Cohen, "Marxism and Contemporary Political Political Contemporary and "Marxism Cohen, G.A. 61, 113

- - ba 87, also see Chapters 5, 6 and 8 from G.A. Cohen, G.A. Cohen, 6 8 and from 5, Chapters see also 87, sed Another allocation. examplewhich

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Canadian Canadian 215 -

CEU eTD Collection 217 216 justice woul articulated toself objection impossible todisc his remarksof ontheprofit, forms wouldagree. wouldbe basis, it a Once again, textual on givenLibertarians, right,Yet, and theory Marx, thatno. left believe hislabor both ofvalueand Can one‘s earnings belimited for noother maximum permissible inequalities, be or,asminimum will callednecessary it later, inequalities. deductions for areonth need based ownership notcontradictory is Moreover,argued throughas taxation. todeductions above, of administering (theYet, deductions radical limited these democracy self below). defended ofselfviolations satisfaction as schools,health of such needs, services‖, ifproperly administered, donotrepresent funds toprovideaccidents, againstby ―common dislocationscaused naturalcalamities‖or the argument.Firstly, through deductions goods, for public ―reserve taxation suchas o tenet attributed toRawlsand Dworkin above.‖ support left Marxistsbelieves have notdistinguished enough themselves from left sel wouldallowgoods. someownershipmaterial This wages. of at tohire exploitative others

G. A. Cohen and Keith Graham, ―Self Graham, and Keith Cohen A. G. ―Self Graham, and Keith Cohen A. G. f - ownership conceptionofownership justice wouldnotsee asa this argues. problem, Cohen Thus,Cohen The only seemsconflict which principle head to Severalground clear to the toCohen,just canmoving made replies before be of tothe crux The first strategy possible society, claim thatais to circumstances socialist inwhichthe of - d nothave disappeared, wouldembody Reciprocityseveral values. of wouldbe one libertarians, Marxists should, according should, libertarians, Marxists ―emb toCohen, - ownership. Aselfownership. ern wouldsay whatMarx casecleancapitalist inthe of accumulation,most the

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reason thanthe factreason are toohigh? that they 217 - 114 based based

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219

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Sovereign Virtue: The Theory and Practice of Equ of Practice and Theory The Virtue: Sovereign Moreover, this argument this Moreover, investigate to tastes these needs whether are deserved

On the Currency of Egalitarian Justice, and Other Essays in Political Philosophy in Essays Other Justice, and Egalitarian of Currency Onthe - ownership premise nonormativethecaseownership does work in of

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223 Justice and the politics of difference of the politics and Justice Against Against cap

A discussiononexactly scheme whatamight be typefirm adoptwill of italism

( Oxford : Wiley Oxford ( : , (Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press, 1996) and David Schweickart Schweickart David and 1996) Press, Colorado: Westview (Boulder, ,

A more comprehensive version would involve abolishingA more involve comprehensive would version s a theory of the human good,s atheory isself which of thehuman 122 - Blackwell, 2012.) 2012.) Blackwell, , (Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, c1990) c1990) University Press, Princeton N.J. : (Princeton, ,

- owning dem ace democracy. Severalace democracy. variations

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CEU eTD Collection http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/Marx_The_Civil_War_in_France.pdf 228 representative wereadded also inprofusion. bodieswhich to place paidhighest salary bythe In Commune 6,000 francs. was this toanyone weresecond low, paid highor place, officials, only the all wages concerned, ofthe same theright electorsthei with torecall administrative, judicial, and educational Commune made useof two society intomasters at anymoment. deputies own its against and off old repressive machinery conqueredonly just come topower, f greatestreality by sourcestwo expenditure: destroying of army the and thestanding would Marx what of agree kind representative institutions to: equal control al view, exp production and officialsare its enjoyIn theonesfruits labor. ofother that people‘s Marx‘s byproduction exploited T theproducer is thestate. where valueworker istaken producedtheAsiatic thesurplus byin mode thecapitalist, of principle of equali educationthis orinappropriate its provision. on would insist yetare to not able unctionarism

Friedrich Engels, postscript Marx, to postscript Engels, Friedrich transformation this Against ofthe stateandtheorgansof statefromservants of From the outsetthe Commune compelled was theworkingclass, once that torecognize The catchword bourgeois of revolutions made Commune that Finally,a postscript byEngels in the to Moreover, himselfdeplores capitalism, ofproduction. Marx theAsiatic mode Unlikein - hunting andcareer hunting loitation byloitation state wouldalso Thus,he thebeunjust. can as be demanding interpreted

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229

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empirical premise the need for inorderempirical premise inequalities tocreate the need bigger a product social R ts beginning. Pefferinclude and Both satisfactionwhich theories Reiman build awls theneed justifies incentivesbycomparingmight for everyone what have position of the worst off is 10, it isofnoconcern ofit theworstposition Rawlsian principles off tothe is10, - ownership, as opposed It doesto that offreedom. sobecause as ownership, it opposed s benefitting what off, the worst with theworst off 132

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CEU eTD Collection 231 3 122, Justice, Social and Morality, Peffer, realized, theynot only were because rights negative criticized, he and people that of view 230 self fundamental.claim be should rather reversed: Reiman‘sfreedom imp than operating notensure not will personal together is a this degree fair liberty. Only that of n Marx.part theory of However,claims thebasis this ofMarx‘texts, his criticism thaton of bases ofexistence. capitalism theory ideology means of have aliberty strongin and interest absencecoercion.goes argue as ofHeas far to Lockeanthe ReimanPeffer)aspects consistent, (like cla which bears similarity little toareconstructionMarx‘s. of takes premise his interest ofLocke. liberty afrom in natural eclectic Thisleads an to theory, related tolimitson self in the the can mainconsequence thisapproachcontrasted.One be then of isthatthe egalitarian component to keep these theories twothinkers‘ for separate way,and clarity coherence. their theories This Whileliterature. isfreeeach author tobui takingreconstruction texts, Marx‘s of account pitfalls into theidentified possible by the Rather,graft onRawls orthewayMarx it other someof around. egative taken seriously. be rightsThisdoesnotmean principles, should thattheother when

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Introduction

ering about Rawls‘ position onthestatusofpropertyeringposition about Rawls‘while msa thatunder property democracy owning the demeaning

Rawls tradition himselfargues hasmadeMarxist thatthe - Owning Democracy Democracy Owning - owning democracy(POD). 135

- economic institutions suchaeconomic society institutions would

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- neglected CEU eTD Collection Restatement A University Harvard England: London, and Massachusetts 232 Rawls‘ work, POD thecasecapitalism for welfare all state oronly over rests (WSC) on onso chapter address someofthe will theliterature. questionsin debate involve These a onwhether, in the right reasons. property pursueRawls‘ resourcesan theoriesmoral forincludeown author. rightto will onthe These immediatethe POD,given on texts reading but, ofthe their is scarcity, it interpretation aproperty ofwhat ge many animportant to.Thisis refers times thePODare step,becauseremarks Rawls‘ on Secondly,chapter willsome outline andtheories the ofthetexts whichthe Rawlsian literature hasdiscussion b Philosophy Political TheoryJustice of onlyinstitutions 1990sand ear inthe late welfare tothe topic state down,ofjust After orsomething Rawls else. died returned debate this the 1980sand as some werekind whether adebate presented over Rawls wouldsupport of of property

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theory of meaningful work,Aristotelian principletheory and the of for ofstability thetheory Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy Political the of History on Lectures een with twosymposia revived years. a and volume published inrecent , of

institutions of apropertyinstitutions . This offeredmaterial those new and interested for the inthe topic

Justice asFairness:Justice ARestatement illuminate howailluminate propertyowning democracywould look like, the

Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 2001 Press, Belknap Massachusetts: Cambridge, - owning democracywould include. from Thisdeparts the ly 2000s with the publication of therevisededition of 2000s ly - owning democracyowning arerealized 136

Press, 2008), 320 also Rawls, John in also 320 2008), Press,

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Justice as Fairness: Fairness: as Justice

me A CEU eTD Collection 2012) (December 4 No. beyond and Rawls : democracy owning 233 redistributinggoals. achievingFinally, propertyfor Margaret these issupposed tohave Thatcher conservatives, 1920sand in inthe both propertykeeping for was a useful livelyand relativelyindependent redistributiveproperty, schemes.According any butwithout owningenough toconservatives, MacMillan,Eden anda Harold property Inconservative especially parlance, inthe language ofconservative prime used asit afoil forcaricaturizedcommunism, a of stateexclusive basedproperty. version one on arguesgivenbeen term thatthis hasmeanings. twovery distinct One hand, theone conser Jackson traces heritage theintellectual the ―property term of be will arguedpoint especially reference toRawls‘liberalneutrality. withspecial owningmoremarket thanequitable a democracy ofan as system ofdemocraticfirms. The latter thediscussions, chapter leanwill towards and under democracy simply is andwhy toit isnot features imputingmistaken. some Within these stakeholderSecondly, society. thechapter address theproperty will questionwhat a owning democracy proposed solutions frominthe literature other such as regime.and adistinguish welfarestate will capitalist Also,the thesis theproperty owning of the principles Thisallowsonemain oftounderstand justice. the differencesPOD between a

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233 Property (Oxford : Wiley (Oxford :

the 1950s refused to conceive of the state forcefullythe 1950srefused toconceive of the - - owning democracy i Owning Democracy:Owning RawlsandBeyond - 137 Blackwell, 2012), in in 2012), Blackwell,

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Owning Democracy: A Short History‖ in Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson eds. eds. Williamson Thad and O'Neill History‖ Martin in Short A Democracy: Owning

- owning arguingallowing who democracy‖ for rent when those public

revised edition (Cambridge, Massachusets: Belknap Press, 1999), 242, also in also in 242, 1999), Press, Belknap Massachusets: (Cambridge, edition revised ng democracy, and socialism. Like socialism.ng democracy, and Meade Rawls, rejects to , he makes the following remark: ―Ifollowing makes remark:assume, he the regime thatthe is - ( Oxford : (Wiley : Oxford owning owning 138 democracy‖(POD) only inpassing

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CEU eTD Collection 195 1977), University Press, Princeton Jersey: 242 Rawls John by Justice 241 240 ―andenominatesapologia ―theory for a thewelfareand pure state‖ of distribution‖ so state withmassiveconcentrations ofprivate democratic assets property inproductive and from h being toissues opaque anarchist,goods notfocusing with charged are interprets Rawls He onhow produced.as Rawls drawerMill‘s of or Herbert JohnStuart desks‖. Spencer‘s that Rawls―an is Gladston unreconstructed incomemarket. laborfor blamespeople onthe Barry notfocusing Rawlsontheseand claims aremostly becauseare poor theyorhave sick tohaving unemployed, a as children, low opposed causes themarke labor ofare inasociety found poverty outside tobe Barryis wrong ofpoverty.Barry,mainabout argued thatRawlsthe causes Accordingthe to Whileenough. Rawls‘ wayestablishing analyzing worst of whothe remarksRawls above, was detailed quickly criticized by left desired adopted ornear with fundingbe unanimity should public spendingwould bedifferent forcedalternative tofun scheme tooffer ways Wicksell‘sonly according unanimity to Thiswoulddemand criterion. aperson presenting that a justice has b decisions be should left theproperly to Finally,market. adjusted maintainsthat after Rawls

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of production treating andof production somehow theresults as manna 250 250

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CEU eTD Collection 249 248 Economy, 247 out ofbusinessor very become and turn successful first andinquires ina whether mixed regime, worker and whetherregime this values wouldbe Elster which theproper ones. embodies takes the upthe remain valid despite thefurtherPOD: elaboration ofa thesuch regime whether would receiveto self bequests comes wouldfare it when worse a PODwould the timemakes ofElster‘swhich writingscleared he severalhave confusions, (that uplater been Owning now.Dueis known until tothe Democracytextual intheliterature that deficiencies at work‖ Ownership of and becauseatPOD the the time conceptdeveloped not of was and Elste democracy. work inthe latt chooseworker between a worker When of productivedistribution assets.conf basis They thefreedomchoose. that assume, isanappropriately there however, toequal Similar alsoKrouse chapter will arguefor, this McPherson towhat and regime this onthe defend and cooperative firms, or socialist among therelations with firms

Jon Elster, ―Comments on Krouse and McPherson‖, McPherson‖, and Krouse on ―Comments Elster, Jon A "Mixed" McPherson, and Krouse A "Mixed" McPherson, Michael and Krouse Richard

McPherson's scheme rests on James Meade's rests1964 pamphletMcPherson's onJames scheme InaElsterKrousearticle replies prophetic McPherson. isprophetic and The Jon to article 249 - controlled enterprises, the two authors argue thatworkerscontrolled shouldhave thetwoauthors enterprises, argue thealternative to

Ethics, He offers the onlysocialist crit 248

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er, forreasonsefficiency either forabsence of or an ofan workplace in interest Vol. 97, No. 1 (Oct., 1986), pp. 119 pp. (Oct., 1986), No.1 97, Vol.

, which, as far as I know, has not been very fertile in generating, which,hasI been asnot asknow, in far fertile very further - controlleda managerial and

- Property Regime‖ Property icisms addressed directly to the idea of addressed directlyaicisms Property tothe idea ronted withthe possibilityronted regime ofa mandating - 138, 119. 138, 119. Ethics 143 - Proper

ofpeople wageworkers orwhom donot that into capitalistinto firms.convinced isnot Elster , Vol. 97, No. 1 (Oct., 1986), pp. 146 pp. 1986), No.1 (Oct., 97, , Vol. - controlled firms might not tend to either go tendtoeither not firms controlled might ty Regime: Equality and Liberty in a Market a in Equality Liberty and tyRegime: -

typeSomemight ofenterprise. prefer to - respect). However, twocriticismsrespect). However, Efficiency, Equality andthe Equality Efficiency, governed bymarket.‖ the r himself states that ―Krouser himself states that - 153, 147. 153,

be stable be stable -

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John Rawls, Preface to the revised edition of edition revised the to Rawls, Preface John Van Parijs‖, and Veen Vanonder ―Comment Elster, Jon 153 McPherson‖, and on Krouse ―Comments Elster, - 721, 718 721, 250 Rawls offeredhis critics inthe preface replies therevised to edition to of

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144 A Restatement.

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(Cambridge, Massachusets: Belknap Press, Belknap Press, Massachusets: (Cambridge, a property

In later these works, clearly he , Vol. 15, No. 5 (Sep., 1986), pp. pp. No. 1986), (Sep., Vol. 5 15, , 252

- owning democracy , Rawlsthathe shows A TheoryA of al, both e CEU eTD Collection 253 also contrasts property offeringcitizen society each enough avoid Moreover, assets, productive Rawls such can a pitfall. of a whichofparticipating depressed wouldbe underclass, left inpolitical culture. out Only by recognition. maintains,a way, This property Rawls Likewise, a propertyowning democracywould embody ofreciprocity theprinciples mutual and owning democr betweenshows thatby regimes.Rawls redistributing ateach the beginning period, of a property employs between thedistinction ownin class, whilethe property arguesmonopoly permits over the thatthe ofproduction welfarestate ownershipthemeans of a applyingkind a ofsufficientarian properly Moreover, fromwelfare sees isolatepolitics as structures. economic Rawls the state By acceptingRawls ofincome argues, largeand inequalities wealth, thewelfare not state does Rawls rejects state aiming onaccount itnot thewelfare fai for of the the formal oftheseunacceptableFinally, understanding on people. ideas, commands imposing v liberty in firstRawls, three. laissez According to commandeconomy, property as Fairness: ARestatement. alue of politicalcommand and economicliberties. economy, Ahandeven ontheother violates

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the creation Justice Justice CEU eTD Collection 256 255 254 between wel syndicalism and violate basicFreemanproperty freedom,a sees argues. He communism,not relywhich doesmarket, force some onthe and would into jobs some people structures ofproperty inthe means of Rawls liberal both socialismdemocracyalbeit different andmarkets, with propertyowning use implementing ofFreeman, theprinciple thefree Thus,according for choiceto ofoccupation. marketallocation for of(not oft resources theresults democracy andasa He inthe Rawlsbelieved importance communism. the liberal, showsthat, of goods fromindividual‘s appropriation and the shouldproportional taxation beimposed ratherthan onconsumption, income. targets These each might progressive be not aFinally, of for need income Rawls taxation orwealth.proposes that the purpose theseof preventing largeR inequalities.wouldbe Once abolished, further.Secondly, alsoonwealth suggests taxation and Rawls income, progressive butonly with thereceito tax borrowingMill, from the idea andinheritance. oflarge onbequest defends taxes He a suggestion between thetwo,b owned by society,a butthatcompetitive firmscould operateinsystem.agnostic is Rawls the latter. a thatmentions Hein system, liberal only socialist meansproduction wouldbe theof

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- Owning Democracy, Civic Education, and the Reasonable Surfer‖, Surfer‖, Reasonable the and Education, Civic Democracy, Owning - 46. -

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both quotes from ygrant bases the social ofself Rodney G. Peffer, ―A Modified Rawlsian Theory of Social Justice: Justice: TheorySocial of Rawlsian Modified ―A Peffer, Rodney G. rence. Althoughrence.claims Hsiehhimself other thattwo Marxism, Morality, and Social Justice Social and Morality, Marxism, 173 Justice asFairnessJustice

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David E. Schweickart, „Should Rawls be a Socialist?‖, Socialist?‖, a be Rawls „Should E. Schweickart, David 197. Justice‖, of Sense the ―Nurturing Hussain, - optimal stability. regard with to Th AnotherHsieh criticism and tobebrought Hussain,a against - e major Hsieh conceptualarises works problem and whichthat of Hussain‘s out is owning democracyindistinguishable becomes from socialism. liberal Theof value d engender. Hemarket even believes thatasystem of iffirms competition, 319

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Rawls, ―Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical‖, 246 Metaphysical‖, not Political Fairness: as ―Justice Rawls, Rawls, Metaphysical‖ not Political asFairness: ―Justice Rawls, John „Property White, Stuart Rawls constructs theory his liberal of neutrality in White‘s,principleand views Hsieh‘s violateof Hussain‘s the neutrality favor and 322 - Political owning democracy. Whitethe valuealsoowning a democracy. relies oftheory on stabilitywhich tobuild

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Philosophy and Public Affairs Public and Philosophy

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citizens adopt or purposefully ought not laws arrange basic institutions their - 200 , 199 , 14 ,

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Adina Schwartz, ―Meaningful Work‖ Work‖ ―Meaningful Schwartz, Adina „Property White, To see thataccess to Volume 20, Number 1, 2012, pp. 71 pp. 1, 2012, Number 20, Volume t be guaranteedt be logicFinally, by a welfarist either. by Arnesonconcludes - Owning Democracy and Republican Citize Republican and Democracy Owning

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Vol. 92, No. 4 (Jul., 1982), pp. 634 pp. 1982), No. 4 92, (Jul., Vol. – 93

Vol. 97, No. 3 (Apr., 1987), pp. 517 pp. 1987), (Apr., 3 97, No. Vol.

178

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CEU eTD Collection 332 331 property suggestiona portofolio comes diversified of relativelyclose might towhat oneimagine a Williamson‘sFirstly,some as Thad kind, wouldprovide in opposedto cash. it benefits ofthe allow people working. tolive without minimum, not withmuchbut more. butnot of Thiswouldprevent exploitation, forms the worst also loans and might developmenta lead loan tothe of according converting Alstott, and toAckerman income awould involve intoastaketaking basic in their life as decisions such grant wouldforcetotake people think longerand could viewabout act the howthey responsibly, stakeholders‘commoncitizenship a into central life.‖ ofsocial reality according stimulate proponents, responsibility toits ― and training atthebeginning lives. Aone their courses orhouses, of stake,more would tomake basicinvestments,expensive allowpeople income, as unlike the such cashyearly payable payment of $80000, infour They installments. believe,thata on performactions. some tothe classicalin addition negative f as opposedtoin Finally,any obtained employment from activities. beoffered income payment would the incash, beMoreover, dependent unwillingness onwork or dos thiswould not to

Ackerman Fed‖ 104 be Should ―Why Parijs, Surfers Van furnish thestake Ackerman disagreeand suggestionwith this Alstott and instead―stake‖ offer a orone A property - owning dem

and Alstott „Why Stakeholding?‖, 48. 48. Alstott „Why Stakeholding?‖, and - - kind.guarantee theonly is Accordingthis realfreedom, to Parijs, to way which, owning democracy would diff owning democracy

- ocracy would be. The distribution of stocks wouldbe.distribution ocracy firms The wold be inproductive the blowers, those who go out and gamblego those who someblowers, outand kind stake their with of 331

investing,gettingbusiness or starting amarried. Conversely,

reedom, also includes thematerial resourcesreedom, also needed includes to

180 er from the two options in some in from twooptions ways.er significant the -

sharkauthors underground The economy. two forge

a cultural bond that will make thatwill culturala bond - time grant wouldalso, time 332

o and wouldsupplemento and Moreover, a one e - time time - time time - time time CEU eTD Collection for. Rawls unconditionallywillingnessIdle work. ofone‘s to surfers basic needs would their have provided willinglychoose stakeholding unproductive lives. Both and tolive basicare income tobeoffered Yet bethe anothertreatme would difference schooling, eliminating thus arising from theproblems character. education‘spositional as mentionedaabove, property complemented and byfree a unive strong supportfor education property that thepriceWhat education ofhigher wouldbe ona decided market. competitive clearabout is neithera basic nor$80000stake much income wouldhelp wo iftheir implementation mightgenerous bequiteaform supporthigher free if education wouldbe of enforced. However, as towhat other su capital be by legally ownershipcreditors. partially should seizable at least of apart out ofthe reach ifoneandas decides ofcreditors, toborrow use asecurity. thestocks However, allowed.Ackermann Yet, out, point and as Alstott one‘sbe not capitalgoodscompletely should an widedistribution initial might lead quickly tola These wouldbeespecially restrictions case stakes inthe tough capital ofthe inproductive since Most berestrictions probably, therewould onselling these orpawning cash. for assets more voucher isnotatall far distinguishinga property feature of Both ParijsBoth ontheand one ontheother Ackerman hand areAlstott and relatively unclear - owning democracy is that capital redistribution wouldnotreplaceowning democracy isthatcapitalbut rather redistribution be

is quite unsympathetic unwillingis quite ablebelieves but and tothose leisure towork be isto

the stocks owned bythe stocks a beintangible, citizen should income whileone‘s from pport programspport couldabolishorreplace. theirproposals Anuniversal income - fetched, since access to housing makesfetched, dependentaccess since housing less to people - owning democracy leadmight private tothe disappearance of - owning democracy.Moreover,a the housingowning suggestionof nt which these systems would mete these systemswould nt which outtothose who 181

rgemarket a if stocks concentrations in is rsalMoreover, basichealthcare.

on others. uld mean

CEU eTD Collection gen are 334 333 ―loan‖ effectastheoff stake capital throughoutgive their life andexcept death.would have itback notafter This a similar most mechanism importantredistributive would be Thus,people theinheritance could tax. own overcoming capital inthe early Und scarcity oflife. stages beginning. would only the money Thus,eachbe toinvest person productively, lent thus givetowards their theentire or back endlife the of stakereceived some thattheyinthe of towards income the tofunddistribution lower Ackermann end. and Alstott pay society.Parijs‘thereat backhisdebtscheme, van wouldbe to the Under upper taxation end grant. some toinvestigate resources ifone of willingjustwishes istruly tolive hiscapital towork or property workand wouldbe thatthere available wouldb orjustified not. citizens humiliating to administrative procedureswhen deciding jobis ifrefusinga particular much people whether intracking Further, are willing he that totake argues jobs. offeragrant thecurrent thestate universal programs. workfare Hespends then too believesthat one‘s willingnessattempts actual jobs. and work find to to subtractedgoods. from primarygrant capital the tosomehow Therefore, the track wouldneed

„ Of course, if leisure time is included in the index, society must make sure that opportunities for fruitful work work fruitful for opportunities sure that make must society the index, in included is leisure time if course, Of „ Twenty the for Idea and Powerful A Simple Income: „Basic Parijs, Van

Finally, One ofVanPa erally available‖, Rawls, erallyavailable‖, - owning democracy, if one is to take Rawls‘ statements for good, will need statementsgood,will owning democracy, ifone taketospend isto Rawls‘ for there would be some significant differences some significant between thethere wouldbe isexpectedto citizen how 333

Rawls does take not and upthesesimplyto opportunities assumes issues that rijs‘s arguments in favor of a basic income is that it is less expensive to rijs‘s argumentsincome of favor lessexpensive in a is basic isthatit

Justice as Fairness as Justice ered by Ackermann and Alstott, but those but those receiving Alstott, eredand by Ackermann theloan would

, 179 179 , 182 e unwilling onlya people few towork.

er aer property

- First Century‖, 12. Century‖,12. First - owning democracy, the aim thatcitizens

the state submits 334

Yet, a CEU eTD Collection contribute‖, they much how 335 market. particularly not is means what However, Rawls clear on he―period‖ inthe following by Moreover, be capitalentitlements these need offered would to capital thecrucial This is aswidely asa a difference possible. POD welfare and between state. a regime. Aproperty socio This ensuresparts work:with both of Rawls‘ coherencethe early mostly dealing ones, with regimes.market Theanimportant plays and choice between role guarante types ofwork is maintainskeyelements identified inthe theliterature, distinctly butis from different socialist offera viewmaintra ofthe owning look democracyas could like, assection criticizeapproaches. This some well will ofthe would especially van contrastto Parijs‘ suggestion of an income tax. byappropriation Rawlsa andshouldbedoubled society. contribution according to to democracy onlymodest However, a wouldrequest tax. consumption aform represents of Ifto income andafrees actually onefor prope tax. upresources investment, saves mechanisma property in scheme,enjoy sincefruits could ofone‘sthem untildeath, one thenotpass labor if on. neverget andwork the payback. see be to harder Anincentivetoinvest couldachieved from this

„ People would be taxed according to how much they use of the goods and services produced and not according to to not according and produced services and thegoods useof much they how to would according taxed be People - The previousestablished in the literatureaproperty the main sections trends as towhat 3.7. M Firstly, offeredfeatures bywouldprobably O‘Neill thethree be thedefining pillars o economic justice and thelater,economicaddressand societal whichpluralism. justice oreover, the consumption tax wouldrepresent tax consumption oreover, the most the second used redistributive The property -

owning democracywould definitelyowning disperse towork productive have to Rawls, - owning democracy. Rawls expressly mentions this, givenowning expressly this, democracy. Rawls mentions hisaversion - its of such a regime. It will showthata ofsuchregime.Itwill its property a owning democracy

Justice as Fairness as Justice , 161. 161. , 183

to citizens enter before they the

- owning democracy rty - 335 owning owning

This ed. f such f such - CEU eTD Collection 336 capital, upan build econom to controlled. Somecouldmaybe decide withothers, withthose owning tojoin larger shares of capital a mandate join larger firmit entitlements to firmbe norwould this democratically that gradually, over time. Williamson‘s are be suggestions probablyminimumPODachieved level, the the if isto would be characterized onproductiveof taxation property. byquite impressive Thad levels underexistent POD.breakthe period Toconcentrations upcurrentof ofproperty, tra large imagined. distinguish to needs of One POD and transition to theinstitutions between theperiod greatnot beas ass would be aggressively at―each the end of taxed period‖.However, accumulationswould these Moreover,keep consistentwiththe difference toinequalities accumulationsofcapital principle, each non wouldbe gambling withthe transferrable entitlement part capital of rewarded. the be wouldnot but alsoat alater ifthey part accident ormisf through loseit assumed receive people capital would that some entitlements adult atthe beginning life, oftheir ―p Rawls from ofthestakeholding proponents It the interpretation areasonable thata society. is (that skills) education is, at andeach the trained beginning of period‖ speak, by butrather ensuring ―nottext: by of income theredistribution withless attheend period, of soto tothose each

eriod‖ in Rawls‘ terms is meant to be more than a year ismeanteriod‖ amore be than Ita inRawls‘ terms to lifetime. butlessthan couldbe Rawls, Rawls, It thatPOD logical presume is under ofthe to capital atpart received least entitlement by However, a propertyowning democracywould not Justice as Fairness as Justice ome seem tofearandome seem wouldbe nowhere aggressive taxation as near as - transferrable, although t transferrable,

, 1 39

the widespread andhuman ofassets ownership productivecapitalthe

ic productive unit. Oneic productivecontrol unit. mightover relinquish even hat might part muchthanimagined. smaller be 184

forbid participants its use to their ortune. However, irresponsible However, ortune. 336 . Thisdistinguishes

nsition nsition CEU eTD Collection 337 POD part decisions an ofproduction through wouldtake important marketmechanisms. which areasmaterials and ofproduction which raw more area certain at ti indemand contribute.‖ the latter with their ―Thedistinguished their usetoachieve formerconnected two: economic with the is efﬁciency, markets materialin both factors production as of we bemarkets theuseallocating of forfactors and production resources. markets of There wouldbe wit would notberequired everyfor contentchoice withmeaningful andthose jobs job.The between meaningful work of theprinciple inthe sense Aristotelian orof self givena the of operations or lackeducation. social ofdisappear will The stigma andjobs associated withsome lowpay abolished, butwage not. labor entitlements,Wagefirm notownany alsowork where but inatheycapital. do sl would beproperty tolerated under ―apathe leaving him put of inasituation main decisions disadvantage. of ifthe situation the The productivewell whilekeeping decisionsas aslessimportantunit, onesinthis of option theexit

Rawls hout would still persist.hout wouldstill One ofthecharacteristics whichaPODfrom defining would would distinguish socialism Further, becompelled that wouldtheydue people totake not topoverty jobs donotwish tic worker tic , A Theory of Justice, Theoryof A , for

337 allocative use He for efficiency, butopposedtheir purposes. distributive

He believedthateven system a socialist could establishan rate interest tosee - owner‖ orthewhotobecome not ―exemplar chooses owner‖ person an of humanity‖ determining the income to be receiveddetermining income return in tobe by the individuals what for they

marketmore which onaequal in agentsenter However, footing.

241 241

- owning democracy. Moreover, keepowningcould democracy. their some capital ll asll inlabor.Rawlsthe superiority believed in of 185

- realization throughrealization work avery might be me.a Thus,

CEU eTD Collection those who ownmoreHowever, tobeimplemented. if wouldneed toinfluencepolitics capital added. reformsas AsO‘Neillstates, those limiting suchcampaign and th contributions fair political value liberties,would need of policies topreventcorruption tobe ofpolitics the would be promoted. grant.would complement this way, This kinds thewidespread of capital of ownership both The wouldnothave cost education tobepaid forofthe higher out grant, citizen‘scapital but gobemerit, free to basis butrationedof opportunities b onthe with education,might stakebe this not valuable UnderPOD, a at education all.wouldprobably higher universit stakeholding society imagine that the one equality byrequirementand todiffuse human the ofopportunity capital. Widespread disproportionateboth byin life.justified chances is education principle offai the unequalcircumstances. currentprivate such asunder Norschooling lead would to ensuringequality education exist, Though wouldstill wouldrepresent inheritance the mainvehicle taxes for imagine accumulate could thatmuch life people during as their done have now. asuntil they breakconcentrations of upcurrent the policiesPOD.During under transition, taxestobelarge onestates the wouldneed soasto education beall. Onceagain, madePOD for to hasto between thetransition distinction and on inheritanceaccumulatedand ofestates distribution a wider during One crucial aspect hereisthestatusoftertiary education.Schemesas the such guaranteeSecondly,PODwould of the opportunity, equality fair boththrough large taxes In theseaddition to y they tendtoneglect studies.However, the facthisstake spends one that if onhigher

of opportunity. Resources invested inschoolingof wouldnotbeas opportunity. Resources invested for child one

policies, among which education has a special role in guaranteeing haspolicies, among aspecial which role education in the capital. However, once a POD is achieved, it ishardcapital. onceit to a POD isachieved, However, - time stake could stakeeducationtime beused tofund and 186

ack later inlife. toschool

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of thesum isprobablynot of 187 - transferrable. Whiletransferrable.model thestakeholder

while thewouldvary total valueeach for - transferrable. isting ofwealthconcentrations from - end of thewhile thosewhoend period, of time in life and periodical inlifetime and

interest. Itinterest. tobe only is

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and would need redistribution. While and redistribution. wouldneed notrequired by a justice, 188

what in happens - transferrablecapital - between periods

CEU eTD Collection Rawlsian frameworkFive assesses and replies. thepossible are such objections constructed. public reason the fundamentala represent Rawlsian of society. values a society. Marxian ofjustice, thetwoprinciples Conversely, theideas liberalism ofpolitical and form egalitarian left of conceptions.been chapters. TheseIt elaborated toremember have intheprevious a suffices that This chapte conceived aand society Rawlsian defendedMarxian and in ina under arethisheading. discussed meansinstitutional liberties are (e.g.review).Therights and judicial differences inhow aspects liberties. Thes rights and ofbasic how thePolitical wealth andhave isproduced institutions inasociety distributed. core at their Rawlsian economic distinction, aregovern institutions thosethat shares. distributive decide They established before proceeding step. tothe next comparisoninitial necessary is differences because need the betweenwell thetwosocieties tobe socialist societyenvisioned by asareconstru rational comparison ofa of Rawlsian theinstitutions property democracyadequateMarxist offer an replycritici to answermain research questionofthesis: the this 4.1. d emocracy compared emocracy Introduction Chapt The which Marxchapter second of elaborates the part the objections Two mainaspects organizationare ofsocietal compared at step. this Thework final brings chapterfar. togetherIt ofthis hasbeenestablished what so to aims r does not discuss, however, debates at thelevelprinciples debates however, andr doesat offundamental discuss, not er 4: Democratic socialism and property and socialism owning er Democratic 4:

- libertarianism centered on self on centeredlibertarianism

e protected tobeenshrined and rights need then through

189 Does theargumentp the for

smsFirstly, framework? ofthe Rawlsian a ction ofopuswillbemade. Marx‘s This - - owning democracy and ofowning a democracy and democratic ownership and world ow andownership world

ists canists bring tothe Following the roperty owning nership underlies CEU eTD Collection sharing necas unpleasant apossible,butnot work of owning democracysocialism) ora treats form liberal of ofworkplace democracyand theidea latterFinally,market subordinates the democratic to control. liberalism a (either property former economic allocatesat investment least rewards, ifnot through resources, objections remain elementsWhile the crucial which distinguish liberalismand socialism. the regime while thet the complete unfeasibilityof idea. this proposingradical democraticprotecting arights. form of therefore founders Theobjection to due hypocritical protectedare waydemocracy. inliberal i theyAlternatively,Marx What might Marx beconcernedwhen negative rights criticizing might benothing butthe of interest socialist societyradicalapsychology due change inhumanconflicts tothedisappearanceand of envisioned. The a firststrong one, thatnegative asserts one, liberties are unnecessaryina question inarational way. liberalRawls‘ viewmeans socialismof socialism. term sociali democratic chapterthird and comments from aboutliberalthe Rawls‘ chapter, Throughout socialism. the pronouncements, ontheinstitutions ofa discussion fromproperty the through ofthe and work the status Theyrelate to negative rights, politicalrights,self The second concerns thein aliberal objection politicalrights supposedly insufficient The negativerights objection . This is rejected as An rejected utopian. alternative. Thisis formulation objectionattempted. ofthis is hird the povertyaFinally,generates.market fairhird the which fourthfifth and the the sm idealMarx‘s denominates while societythesis as inthis reconstructed

Two forms ofa Two market.aredirect Replies derivedfrom Rawls‘ is based onan attempt interpretMarx‘s to

possible Marxianobjection tonegativepossible rights can be 190 -

realization self inprivate activities, essarymandatory part of social - owning democracy inthe s read as On the Jewish the market,the the - realization -

CEU eTD Collection problematicit thoseforms inwhichan toprivilege oforganization equal ofdecision share on theprinciples of collective equal status o control the is permanentmanagers economicfirms. of political decisions than otherIt citizens.allows som also professional Through politicians. these labor, of higher a have division considerable impact on socialism, a property equality on does insist not workplace Unlike inpolitics. of inthe participation or labor of division topersist and forin professionsIt someunpleasant made toendup upof work. and economic lev However,major onecriticism theinequality remains: impactatboththe political decisions in of democracy and socialismensure liberal to dotheir equality best political thefair rights. of mutual cooperation are embodied inth owningmarket makes democracy the important decisions,thevalues still but of fairness and socialist regimereview democraticIn(judicial deliberation). towide as a opposed property be ableIt torealize plans.rights,even their life protects negative opportunity enough and reject for capitalto the ideabewill sopoorthat thatpeople theynot will social justice and actively it. promotes arrangements. Conversely, value democraticthis engrained conception has socialism inits of ist criticisms addressed to it. Aproperty criticisms toit. ist addressed The maindifference between a property 4.2. all, thechapterAll in thatRawls‘ institutional argues framework most repeal can ofthe Economic institutions el. Unlike socialism,property democratic owning democracythe allows for - owning democracyallows theexistencegroup ofa peopleare whoof

ethe market. design of aproperty Both

- - owning democracy provides forowning democracy equality of provides owning democracy society and aowning socialist based 191

e employees tobepermanent and others f work. Political liberalismwouldfind

if differently thanaif differently democratic - owning

democratic - CEU eTD Collection placed oversee to inaposition key aspects oftheactivity and different todistribute sub societies asystem recognize complex oforganization, thatin th persist andwill still be thatsome will managerial necessary. position and leadership Both educational It individuals. for conceivable resources is that bothsocieties a labor in of division vote intheassembly. a compensationwith the packagenew have firmautomatically to and an obtaintheright equal Whenleadership employment. of of hisplace cha Rather,democracy each wouldhaveinthedemocratic wouldnotexist. a vote individual right to their wouldbeworkplace. ofcapital a the Thetrademark property idea couponswhich of might a havegoods not partexceptcapital ashaving of therighta the to share i workers‘assemblies. rest However,the would workers ultimatewith power themselves.People These andalienationexploitation wouldmandate a democratic of federation workers‘ collectives. profitableeliminate andworkers‘market. collectives the from for choice, collectivefirms firms might Managementmight operated bedisadvantaged. be firm he towork chooses orif inacollectively havewill theopport aremanaged completelyby agroup In of one restrictedpersons. or a regime,an such individual collectivehave control th would making inthe power workplacecentral. Ontheother wouldbea hand, society onequal based On the other hand, indemocratictranscending ofequal socialism,theideas control and Ina property Both societiesBoth would realize ofopportunity a equality principle inthe of allotment ofthe collectives might decide to givedecidemorecollectivesmore mighttothekeep tomanager or to power tothe - owning democracy, collectives wouldoperate workers‘ among firms which unity tochooseunity he whether employed becomes management ina

e ofthe idea democratic at very workplace its core. - operated firm. Whilefirm.operated creates this the opportunity 192 nging would placesa ofwork, negotiate person

ere have to exist people who areexist ere to have n thedecision of

- controlled controlled - tasks to tasks - owning

more CEU eTD Collection inequalities could bepermitted totheleast if they welloff. bring democratic benefits Under whichgrant thestate them. would those whomore have economicpay a education) theresources and rentfor thestate then to course,citizen the as citizensas investors.They and businessplan for wouldpropose approval their (of democratic fromestablish at stateanew act andthewould same these the company. Thus, time, individuals be outofthecollectively, question.However,grou a together with others woulddefinitely tocreate a one. possibility investment ofprivate new The such wouldbe Sheoption possible. toeither wouldneed an join alreadyfirm band established or socialistfor soc couldcreateamanage investment hisprivate andbusiness firm, in leadersWhile industry of the today. inaproperty would be significan desired resources. would eventually the represent criterion decidebetween to applicantsmore the competing for while the worse state wouldensure helpwhodo ineduc for those opportunity societies public funding because inboth education wouldbe for ensured.Moreover, However, woulddefinitely family play background role not ainthe allotment ofeducational probably bothsocieties, thetobecoming represent,vehicle these eligible for still j in onlyequality inaccording be toastrongof Education done principle would ofopportunity. and other todiscipline other Of individuals. also course, these require positions authority special make the to decisions Further, oflabor thedivision wouldeven persist, inequalities that societies though inboth In a POD regime, inequalities would be governedIna wouldbe POD regime,by inequalities s‘ assembly might investments‘ assembly approval delegateresponsibility of for plans to

tly lower than those of today. Managerstly today.far thanwould be lower thosepaidless of than the

individuals whodonotperformindividuals tasks. Occupying can their positions these

193 - owning a with skill democracy, an individual

p ofpeoplemightproductiverent resources

the difference principle. Higherthe difference principle. ational achievements, merit obs. iety, no CEU eTD Collection 338 might Another befound and appropriate. argue viable thatthedisabled unemployedis to strategy address inacooperative thoseengaged only schem replyunable bite thebulletand tofind thatfor their work. accept principles One Rawlsians to is Accordingdisadvantages society toCohen,today‘s specifically like thedisabled people or those advantagedareanymore thosewho not areratherl inemployment butreceive cannotMoreover, G.A. cooperate. Cohen been argued those unable has towork. beencriticized Rawls for severelyforIt failingthese. toaccount has there beenough wouldstill inequali week,Of outofwork.might only course, these besupplemented by dividends from capital, but minimum35$ per week. Ahard wouldreceive assuming atremuneration 1$per basic hour, a lazy 35 and 45hoursweek permanager anda timesmuch pay as three asanunskilledworker. Thus, workingFor couldsocietyexample,a might belegislated. towork hours allowpeople between inequalities between whomore whowork work and those those less, self can ofFor pay tothe higher ones. decided itmight example, maximum be thatmanager theamount a the citizens‘might assemblycoefficients. vote ona wouldrelate ofthelowest series These level would probably tothe typ be related socialism, wouldneedapproved however, inequalities assembly.citizens‘ tobe They by the

Cohen, Cohen, - receive is three times as muchreceiveasKeepingwith the thatofanprinciple isthreetimes worker. unskilled of ownership, this retribution this wouldbecalculatedownership, order perHowever, toprevent hour.in high One difference between the two institutional proposalsOne thestatusof be would difference twoinstitutional evident betweenin the Self

- that his conceptionof thosethatthat his societyofoutside as cooperation ascheme leaves ownership, freedom, and equality, equality, and freedom, ownership,

tywork toreward and education. personal investment in e and amount of work one performs. Foryear,of workand example, amounte one each performs. 338 154 154

criticized Rawls for fact notseeing the that the least

- 194 working managerworking perwould make 135$dollars

e. For ofe. a redress thedisabled, principle worker who wishes for nothingwishesworker for who butthe a maximum amountmaximum of a ow wages.

CEU eTD Collection particular disabledperson possess right whichthe the level can it ofthe unit, productive besocietyaswill arguedseen the trustee that of this Furthermore,given infirmare their over that toexercise right at the decisions ofcontrol unable Moreover, tovote inthe wayare also they entitled resources are employed the state at from basedbeing common society owners ontheir the disabled, butinadiffe of others. the same claims self based on egalitarianismview ofsociety anda ofcooperative as his schem receive keep would theirnotmuchmore. but capitalshares thespiritofbothRawls‘ This probably thebe tackledunder social basisof Additionally, thespecial claims by disabled(suchas wheelchair ofthe would society) provided person woulda amount receive fair ofproductivecapital example. for andhousingvouchers, unsuccessfulfullydisability the an attempts compensate for to ind of goods, notbebeset society theproblems this would by ofluck best off totake would need also. Given accountsituation Rawls‘ into this metric of primary work increases ofadvantaged. as theleast part possible goods intheprimaryofth Thus,the inclusive. first recomm would areWhile theleastare andcovered indeed thatthey principle. advantaged difference by the the A PODregimemodicum thoseunwilling offers onlywelfarefor a towork. ofwill They A PODregimeadopt wouldprobablyapproach thewhocannot second and treatthose The wouldalso democratic accommodate inchapterthe two socialismoutlined claims of

end a modicuma ofwelfaremoreend payments, wouldbe approach thesecond rent form. - respectdo notacknowledgeclaims because they ofself the

Firstly, theyevenarenot work, if they doentitled toarent

self 195 - respect. es. Given thata infirmityes. person‘s allows each

of productive resources

- egalitarianism, such as the egalitarianism, such as the e. The wouldnothave unwilling ividual. Each disabledividual.

with those with those thatwork. level. - respect e CEU eTD Collection society,whic haveyet, a resources, right to rights by their being immature, administered are parents andby resources thatthe sel no luckegalitariancomponent aroun Theyalsocan more paycooperative themselves and thefirm have investless ortheother way Theyexercise over the control they resources produce at thesocial andthe both level firm level. up at theunit) level ofthe productive compensation. willingly ofcontrol the atthelevel owed productive rights forfeits his no he of unit, is notcoverwill more thatratherthat a basic person, needs.Given whoabl is involves aclaimI oneself.to sell enough have tonot resources on derivable fro frombut the latter wouldbe a far bare survival control heexercisesat wouldbe theunit levelhigherthatof theinfirm, ofthe productive than walk.workingOfable which course, the remuneration an d would receive, person goods,public example, by for resources thosewho investingsocietal cannot for inaccess ramps society thantha people working of and each the vote more), counts forrent thea larger infirm isowedfrom able person more theindividual toexercise productive control(there unit are atthelevelof less d. They cand. TheymoreFinally,gain also more workand the resources converse. or there is since Moreover, previous (the the example infirmgives receiving a she for rent theinfluence but unwillingA basic rent theable towork for m h provides themand witheducation realizes opportunity. equality of

the premise oflimited premise self the t based merely on his ―renting‖merelyt based onhis resources. outhis also can bepaid rent This in f - ownership of the able ofperson ownership the

of thetheory

a lso is consistentwiththe ablelso is - ownership. Selfownership. , theseverelyare notowed disabled somany . 196

would be violated. More in ademocratic socialist society - ownership as workownership presentedinthis t is imaginablet is that rent this

persons‘ selfpersons‘ e toworke butrefuses over, childrenover, also - ue tothe

ownership. ownership. is ,

CEU eTD Collection Managerscouldmore even respect themform do employees. as for of a of the wouldencourageit not force)collective(but toshare among firms these tasks workers. theother society,positi would however, professions bepermanently where they meaningless would assigned tasks. tofulfill Asocialist that inaPODregime, lack toindividual ambition, due might some of people endupin supplement incomethedividendsoncapit his from would notbesolowascompensation today. forMoreover, everyone wouldbe these able to beGiven accept forced thatnoone to wouldby a ofcapital lack alow and able can avoidhave to havinglowqualifications only noo office.PODregime provide for A ofmeans would opportunity. equality that those willing This decisions wouldprobably ofthissoc actions form of thedaily part workers toeducateandable themselves tobeinformed beand incollective better toparticipate knowledgemanagers aboutconsequences for which economic exhortations would Yet, have. Democraticby be also the balancedex workers participation wouldagainst to have Theseplay collectives wouldpraise inwhicha workers more indecisions. important part offera democratic state wouldhaveIt socialist nosuch qualms.at wouldprobably,theminimum, very the workplace isavalueachievewho preferwish to more enjoyments. theyand private those A education It and care. health would be all thestate could to dois of thestateposition onthepromotion workmeaningful and ofIn workplace democracy.POD, a One related issue would be the status of unpleasant work,thefloorsOnebe of thestatusof as relatedan unpleasant issue wouldcleaning such majorAnother between difference theproperty dvantages for moredvantages for democratic andofpublic cooperatives conduct awareness. campaigns ensure vely oftype abolition this militate the specialization. for of Rather,

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CEU eTD Collection 346 andthe spirit thetexts to both Marx‘s works. of course,assemblymight the Of berequired to probablyassembly.be leftjudicial the institutions, to Onthe ofpolitical review level isfo might constitution this beyondmajorities, ordinary purview interpretationwould its the of be Freedomof speech and basic liberties,most since partMarx. being ofthese theidea utopian unnecessaryisthe of ensuringFurther, wouldprobably constitution representation). proportional contain some this guaranteesmakeminorities (suchgiving for as them way.this (offering for discretion bedecided legislators),far numberquestions would some a in larger of While tohavemight imperativemandatesfor provereferenda andm it impossible formightall twotermspublic office from banned for of theduration anothertwoterms). be that he orshe number termshavecanmore, for of oneelectedaafter (even an occupies while, ifone position for pass examplewhen ha judges suggestions, policemight and bepositively judgeselected.prove not This directly can harmful, radical society.this Forgoal anddirect wouldbe democracy ofexample, the unlikeMarx‘s thedemocraticmonarchy, in but equallyalso republic society,for example,society ascan into the mastersof be notonly inthe seen, hereditary of time, inpursuance special oftheirinte own simple oflabor. division But these whose head organs,at thestate power,hadinthe was course

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- order interests. Jewish Question Question Jewish ual and any interpretation mustand anyual be interpretation

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216

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241 241 yrathereachenteringatmarket onanequal footing) the than the

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219 for a roleextensive offor more themarket, liberal -

realization at work objection mentionedrealization at work objection

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- in aproperty persisting role of - CEU eTD Collection nineteenthits the century rolenegative offocus embodiment. constitution, The on rights anda Whenliterature. completed, is has all this Marx certain things tosay toliberalism and ideologya non given has tobe have tobeinterpreted rat in rebuttingmostMarx ofthecriticisms which brought liberalism.Marx‘s to Of works course, equalizeeach individua theinfluence to approximate mandates directmuch democracyas as and possible withimperative wouldtry to andRawlsian judicialsociety reviewaMarxian wouldensure society inA this. best would doits legislators form will class‖.―state who andThe a judges new pre major survive. therelated Thisis tothe persistence seemsgroup ofa objection to professional of these objections were analyzed Rawlsian possible replies and the assessed. owning Rawls‘ other liberal democracy and alternativeFive to for institutions, just socialism. of democracy proposeda society ademocratic between comparison socialist a property andowning parcel evena socialist regime. democratic of Further, even among could counterattack Rawlsians that competition firmsp tosay is becausecompetition between in asystem firms carriedcooperatively.fair is out adopted of rules Rawlsians can also When property both account taking into This chapter Itanswer tothe questionoriginally posed anthesis. offered first by this 4.5. However, despitea veryhispolitical philosophy, having basisforRawls different succeeds . Then,Marxism the constructed boththe it objectionscanproperty which bring to Conclusion

reply that ideasreply noplace here suchasanddomination have assertiveness ionally aspectsmoreFurther, and theirutopian discarded.theory the of

- relativistic reading, as opposedtothatinsomerelativistic of the parts l has on particular political decisions. l hasonparticular political decisions.

- owning democracy andonly socialism, liberal one 220

sence oflong

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no one fallswage preyeach havecan to slaveryand a life. private fulfilling Non Yet, thatall these the Rawlsian aspects canliberal opusshows be within a tackled teps arelatter Thus,theRawlsian toreduce effects. inthe its taken be madeorfair evenbe democratic brought under control in 221

which socialism can pose to liberalism.which socialismcan - owning democracya liberalor socialist

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CEU eTD Collection they toother works.and were from taken and other from remarksextracted had tobe texts separate German Ideology WhilebeenMarx‘s justice and thedisparateof character remarks normative on questions. greatestbetween andMarx of the justice oft has challenges been One provided. the ambiguitiesanalyzed of were and this also attempt a new ofconceptualizing therelationship explored an theorist and acritic notjust of morality Severaland along justice. a continuum, positions, were of thethesis wasMarx concernedwithestablishingclaim can that read as the be anormative premisesout ofthem and todevelop principles the concept self oflimited both these phil conditions for human their full potentialare into todevelop questionsfaced beings thecore by same outcomes distribute meaningful time according theory and tosome creating ofjustice the are concerned withthe same problems. Co tradition are differentthat obvious ―high‖ indeed itis (sometimes better) and socialism liberalism mechanismsWhileand theimportance even work. some offered of solutions by theliberal ofthe Itit. adequate can replies tocriticism offer concerning negative rights, polit ofa property institutions their modern in Inthe thesis hasa theoryfirst chapters, elaboratedMarxian two ofjustice the centered on The project theambiguous explored has between liberalism relationship and socialism in Conclusion d an argument for the ―Marx ford anthe argument osophical traditions. carnations. Itarguedcarnations. modern liberalism, has with the economic furnished that

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principle of distribution. It ofdistribution. hasbeenarguedprinciple ona that, 223 reely uplarge breaks and thestate

time, Marx‘s commentstime, on owning democr - ownership, ranginownership, - ownership derivedfrom ownership it acy, including its and thata

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- es ofjustice.at Both the level ofnormative (Reiman) and foundations libe rtarianism. Alternatively,egalitarianismcan luck also claimits

e, liberalism begins its analysis from analysis e, its protecting liberalism begins 225 ed in the introduction, principlesed of justice have

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CEU eTD Collection Theory and Practice http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1863/theories http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist 8.05.2012 Labor‖ Accessed 16.05.2012 http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/Marx_The_Civil_War_in_France.pdf 8.0 http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Capital http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1865 8.05.2012 http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/criti http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/got http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ 15.05.2012 http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/jewish Accessed 18.03.2012. Volume Edition), I, 1879, 18.03.2012. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german 5.2012 Marx, Karl,Marx, KarlMarx, KarlMarx, KarlMarx, KarlMarx, KarlMarx, KarlMarx, KarlMarx, Moriarty,„ Jeffrey KarlMarx, Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels Mar KarlMarx, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/preface.htm

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