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City-Regionalism: a Case Study of South East Wales

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City-Regionalism: a Case Study of South East Wales City-Regionalism: A case study of South East Wales James Allan Thesis submitted for thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy in City and Regional Planning Cardiff University March 2011 Acknowledgements There are so many people who have helped me over these past years and without them this thesis would not have been possible. I would like to thank all the staff, faculty and fellow students at the School of City and Regional Planning, Cardiff University, for their continual assistance and camaraderie. In particular, I am indebted to my wonderful supervisor, Dr Gillian Bristow, who has been incredibly encouraging, thoughtful and supportive throughout the entire experience. On top of the financial support from Cardiff Council, I am very appreciative of the Council employees for providing such a fun and thought provoking environment in which to undertake research. I am also very grateful to my parents who have encouraged me right from the beginning of my formal education and given me the confidence to succeed. Finally, I would like to express a heartful thank you to my incredible wife Jenny for her love, support and especially for her patience. Summary Within the UK the concept of the ‘city-region’ has gained increasing prominence in both academic and policy realms, particularly within the inter-related domains of spatial planning, public service delivery and economic development. However, our knowledge on the concept is currently limited in several respects. This includes a paucity of de- tailed accounts of how city-regions are formed and an over-reliance in existing analyses which consider city-regions as contingent responses to globalising economic impera- tives. The main aim of the thesis is to show how powerful city-regional narratives are materal- ised. To achieve this aim the research considers three key theoretical, methodological and empirical issues. In terms of theory, the research considers the role played by processes of narrative construction and institutionalisation in mediating the development of city-region agendas and subsequent material change. Methodologically, it asks how research can be designed to understand the relationship between these processes. Empirically, the research looks to increase our knowledge and understanding of these processes and events within South East Wales. South East Wales was identified as a fertile geographic location for research attention in light of the significant progression of a city-regional debate and the unique social, historical, institutional, and economic characteristics of the area. The research covers a period between 1992 and 2008 and explores the changing geographies of state spatiality and region-building processes operating in and around the case study area. The research approach draws on literature from several disciplines including human geography, political economy, international relations, and urban and regional planning. A three-stage analytical framework was developed to focus attention on particular elements of city-regiona lism: i) the narrative construction of the city-region by key stakeholders; ii) institutionalisation of the narratives; and iii) materialisation of the city- region concept. Evidence was generated through the use of semi-structured interviews, documentary analysis and participant observation. The results indicate that greater attention should be given to the specific contexts in which city-regional agendas are promoted, including the roles played by personal relationships and the socio-economic conditions in the hinterland. The results also highlight the role played by the politics of scale as part of city-regional contestation and the tangible links which exist between discursive processes and the materialisation of city-regions. Abbreviations AM Assembly Member ASHE Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BPC Business Partnership Council CAAC Conference of Atlantic Arc Cities CAQDAS Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software CC Cardiff Council CDC Cardiff District Council COTI Cities of the Isles CPLAN School of City and Regional Planning, Cardiff University DASTS Delivering a Sustainable Transport System DETR Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions EC European Commission ELWa Education and Learning Wales ESDP European Spatial Development Perspective HOV Heads of the Valleys GCC Glamorgan County Council GDP Gross Domestic Product GVA Gross Value Added LA Local Authority LDP Local Development Plan LPA Local Planning Authority LSOA Lower Super Output Area LTP Local Transport Plan MTC Making the Connections NAW National Assembly for Wales NCC Newport City Council NGO Non-Governmental Organisation ODPM Office of the Deputy Prime Minister ONS Office for National Statistics PES Payment for Ecosystem Services QUANGO Quasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation R&D Research and development RCT Rhondda-Cynon-Taf RICS Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors RSV Regional Skills Vehicle RTP Regional Transport Plan SEWEF South East Wales Economic Forum SEWRHF South East Wales Regional Housing Forum SEWSPG South East Wales Strategic Planning Group SEWTA South East Wales Transport Alliance SEWWG South East Wales Waste Group SGCC South Glamorgan County Council SWIFT South Wales Integrated Fast Transit TIGER Transport Integration in the Gwent Economic Region TTWA Travel-To-Work-Area WAG Welsh Assembly Government WAVE Wales A Vibrant Economy WDA Welsh Development Agency WIMD Wales Index of Multiple Deprivation WLGA Welsh Local Government Association WSP Wales Spatial Plan WTP Wales Transport Strategy Table of Contents 1. Introduction...................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................1 1.2 Why this research matters...................................................................................5 1.3 Drawing together the research strands for uncovering and explaining city- regionalism in South East Wales.........................................................................6 1.3.1 A theoretical framework..........................................................................7 1.3.2 An analytical framework.......................................................................11 1.3.3 An interpretive framework....................................................................14 1.4 Dissertation structure.........................................................................................15 2. Literature Review .......................................................................................................19 2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................19 2.2 Part One: Why, city-regionalism.......................................................................21 2.2.1 Functional economic geographies.........................................................22 2.2.2 International benchmarking and policy transfer....................................29 2.2.3 Coping with market failure...................................................................36 2.3 Part Two: What, city-regionalism.....................................................................40 2.3.1 Knowledge gaps in city-regional form and function.............................40 2.3.2 The concept of scale..............................................................................42 2.3.3 The politics of scale...............................................................................44 2.3.4 The scale debates: scalar and relational perspectives............................46 2.3.5 The scale debates: scalar and site-based perspectives...........................49 2.3.6 Reconciling scalar perspectives ............................................................51 2.4 Part Three: How, city-regionalism....................................................................53 2.4.1 The narrative construction of city-regions............................................55 2.4.2 The institutionalisation of city-regions .................................................60 2.4.3 The materialisation of city-regions .......................................................61 2.5 Conclusion.........................................................................................................66 3. Methodology...............................................................................................................69 3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................69 3.2 A case study approach.......................................................................................70 3.3 Case study selection..........................................................................................72 3.4 Research methods..............................................................................................74 3.4.1 Semi-structured interviews....................................................................74 3.4.2 Documentary analysis ...........................................................................77 3.4.3 Participant observation..........................................................................78 3.5 Pilot study..........................................................................................................80 3.6 Participant selection ..........................................................................................82
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