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Descargar Libro Los Derechos de la Naturaleza en México Los Derechos Humanos dependen del respeto a los Derechos de la Naturaleza JOSÉ GILBERTO GARZA GRIMALDO JOSÉ GILBERTO GARZA GRIMALDO Los Derechos de la Naturaleza en México Los Derechos Humanos dependen del respeto a los Derechos de la Naturaleza © José Gilberto Garza Grimaldo Editado por Editora Laguna, S.A. de C.V. Río Guadalquivir 1501 01 (871) 717 08 70 Torreón Coahuila [email protected] Las características gráficas de esta edición son propiedad del autor. Queda prohibida la reproducción parcial o total del texto de esta obra por cual- quier medio gráfico o magnético sin permiso del autor. ISBN 978-607-7679-72-1 IMPRESO EN MÉXICO 2 0 1 7 6 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE GUERRERO Dr. Javier Saldaña Almazán RECTOR Dr. José Alfredo Romero Olea SECRETARIO GENERAL Dra. Berenice Illades Aguiar DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE POSGRADO E INVESTIGACIÓN Dr. Crisólogo Dolores Flores DIRECCIÓN DE POSGRADO Dr. Óscar Talavera Mendoza DIRECCIÓN DE INVESTIGACIÓN Dra. Arely Almazán Adame DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE PLANEACIÓN Lic. Margarito Radilla Romero ÁREA DE CAPACIDAD Y DESEMPEÑO ACADÉMICO MC. René Román Salazar DIRECTOR DE LA FACULTAD DE DERECHO Dr. Víctor Manuel Arcos Vélez COORDINADOR DE LA MAESTRÍA EN DERECHO ÍNDICE Introducción ............................................................................................ 13 Los Derechos de la Naturaleza en México ................................. 19 El Derecho a la Ciudad, los Derechos de la Naturaleza y los Derechos de los Animales en la Constitución de la Ciudad de México .................................................................................. 45 Los Derechos de la Naturaleza: revolución jurídica que avanza ....................................................................................................... 71 La humanidad ante la revolución científica y tecnológica del Siglo XXI. Los derechos frente a los riesgos de la ciencia y tecnología.............................................................................. 99 De la creación a la venganza de la Tierra, de la inteligen- cia ecológica al Informe Lugano. Reflexiones en torno a cuatro obras ........................................................................................... 145 S.O.S. de la tierra .................................................................................. 193 La naturaleza en el Cristianismo del Siglo XXI. Una nueva visión: Perla de Gran Precio (El onceavo mandamiento: amaras a la naturaleza de la que formas parte; serán re- forestados los desiertos del mundo y los desiertos del alma) .......................................................................................................... 221 JOSÉ GILBERTO GARZA GRIMALDO Tributo a Berta Cáceres y activistas ambientalistas de ayer y hoy. ¡Despertemos¡ ¡Despertemos Humanidad¡ Ya no hay tiempo: Berta Cáceres .......................................................... 239 De los problemas ambientales al paraíso “Huehuecóyotl” (Primer Foro Mundial Sobre los Derechos de la Naturale- za) ............................................................................................................... 261 10 Los Derechos de la Naturaleza en México Los Derechos Humanos dependen del respeto a los Derechos de la Naturaleza JOSÉ GILBERTO GARZA GRIMALDO INTRODUCCIÓN Sólo las personas pueden adquirir dere- chos y contraer obligaciones. Si la natura- leza es sujeto de derecho, significa que de ser representada por alguien, lo cual es estúpido, además, ese alguien podría opo- nerse a la acción del hombre. Esto no sólo se aplica a la biodiversidad, sino inclusive a las moscas y cucarachas, que deberán ser representadas. ¿Por quién? ¿Las bac- terias y los virus? Correspondería que de- mandemos a la OMS por erradicar la vi- ruela, ya que virus es parte de la naturale- za también y hemos extinguido esa esa ‘valiosa’ especie”. (Contenido de una carta enviada a Alberto Acosta, mientras era Presidente de la Asamblea Constituyente)1 La anterior cita, es tan sólo una de las tantas argumentaciones ab- surdas que se han pronunciado en el transcurso de la lucha por lograr el reconocimiento de los Derechos de la Naturaleza. Por siglos se ha venido sosteniendo la idea de que sólo las personas son sujetos de derechos, empero esta visión antropocen- trista, está cediendo lentamente al nuevo paradigma jurídico bio- centrista. A nivel de norma suprema, son Ecuador y Bolivia los primeros que reconocen los Derechos de la Naturaleza. 1 Citado por PRIETO MÉNDEZ, Julio Marcelo, Derechos de la Naturaleza (Funda- mento, contenido y exigibilidad jurisdiccional), Corte Constitucional del Ecuador y Centro de Estudios y Difusión del Derecho Constitucional, Quito-Ecuador, 2013, p. 22. JOSÉ GILBERTO GARZA GRIMALDO En México, es la Ley Ambiental y de Protección de la Tierra la norma que reconoce primeramente los Derechos de la Naturaleza. Es la Constitución del Estado de Guerrero es la primera en recono- cer esos derechos a nivel constitucional. En seguida, la Ciudad de México en su primera Constitución hace lo mismo. De ello hemos venido dando cuenta en artículos publicados en distintas revistas, conferencias, paneles o ponencias respectivas. El presente libro, es un acopio de esos trabajos con la finalidad de que gocen de una vida más duradera, en virtud de que los artícu- los publicados en revistas, su vida es más corta. No se diga, las pu- blicaciones en periódicos. El libro contiene nueve capítulos, siendo éstos los siguientes: El capítulo primero, hace referencia a “Los Derechos de la Na- turaleza en México”, en el que se hace un breve análisis de las normas que en México reconocen esos derechos, pero que sin em- bargo, no se han elaborado las respectivas leyes reglamentarias, como es el Estado de Guerrero. Hay resistencia ocasionada por la ignorancia, en algunos, por intereses económicos. Siguen viendo a la Naturaleza como meros recursos, y lo más grave, recursos infinitos. En el capítulo segundo, denominado “El Derecho a la Ciudad, los Derechos de la Naturaleza y los Derechos de los Animales en la Constitución de la Ciudad de México”, afirmamos que la transición del antropocentrismo al biocentrismo en las normas supremas, és- tas reciben el nombre de constituciones ecológicas. En un primer momento este adjetivo lo recibían aquellas constituciones que te- nían muy avanzado el derecho ambiental. La reciente Constitución de la Ciudad de México, por cierto, impugnada por acciones de inconstitucionalidad, controversias constituciones y un amparo, es una Constitución que incorpora nuevas instituciones y figuras jurídicas: el Derecho a la Ciudad, De- 14 LOS DERECHOS DE LA NATURALEZA EN MÉXICO rechos de la Naturaleza y los Derechos de los Animales, además de reconocerlos como seres sintientes. En el capítulo tercero, “Los Derechos de la Naturaleza: revolu- ción jurídica que avanza,” afirmamos que no obstante la resistencia al nuevo paradigma biocéntrico, tarde o temprano, otros países re- conocerán los derechos de la madre tierra. Creo que no nos equi- vocamos: México es un ejemplo de ello; Armonía con la Naturaleza (ONU) lleva el registro de la jurisprudencia de la tierra. En capítulo cuarto, “La humanidad ante la revolución científica y tecnológica del Siglo XXI. Los derechos frente a los riesgos de la ciencia y tecnología”, se reconoce el avance de la ciencia y tecnolo- gía, empero, vivimos en una sociedad de riesgo. Recipiendarios del Premio Nobel, argumentan que la humanidad, la vida misma, se en- cuentra ante dos peligros evidentes: la amenaza de una guerra nu- clear y el calentamiento global. La ciencia y tecnología tienen que ver con esas dos amenazas. Se sigue pensando como en el siglo XVII: conozcamos a la naturale- za para dominarla, someterla. En cuanto a la primera amenaza, los medios de comunicación nos están dando cuenta a diario de esta amenaza nuclear. La mis- ma ONU, ha declarado el inicio de la tercera guerra mundial, en ba- se a su reglamentación interna y tratados internacionales. En cuanto al calentamiento global, como dicen los títulos de documentales como: “Días extraños en la tierra”, o bien, la “Tierra explota”, “La Tierra en llamas”, “La verdad incómoda”, se ciñe sobre el Planeta Azul ese peligro de exterminio de la vida tal y como la conocemos. Sin embargo, hay quienes consideran que esto no es verdad, y acciones tomadas como las del Presidente Donald Trump, acentúan el peligro sobre la vida. El capítulo quinto, “De la creación a la venganza de la Tierra, de la inteligencia ecológica al Informe Lugano. Reflexiones en torno a 15 JOSÉ GILBERTO GARZA GRIMALDO cuatro obras”, son reflexiones en torno a las obras “La Creación” de Edward O. Wilson; La venganza de la Tierra de James Lovelock; “La inteligencia ecológica” de Daniel Goleman; “Informe Lugano” de Su- san George. Son libros de lectura obligatoria para entender la vida como una red de vida, la importancia de contar con una inteligencia eco- lógica para aminorar la amenaza sobre la vida, conocer cómo los dueños del poder económico quieren mantener el capitalismo a costa de lo que sea. La venganza de la Tierra del padre de la Teoría de la Gaia, nos alerta que ante la falta de respeto que hemos tenido sobre la Natu- raleza, ésta se está vengando. Sobre esa venganza, ya Friedrich Engels nos lo advertía: “[...] no nos dejemos llevar del entusiasmo ante nuestras victorias sobre la naturaleza. Después de cada una de estas victorias, la na- turaleza toma su venganza. Bien es verdad que las primeras conse- cuencias de estas victorias son las previstas por nosotros, pero en segundo
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