Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, Washington State Department of Ecology, and the Yakama Nation

Hydrogeologic Framework of Sedimentary Deposits in Six Structural Basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington

Scientific Investigations Report 2006–5116

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: Photograph of Clark Well No. 1, located on the north side of the Moxee Valley in North Yakima, Washington. The well is located in township 12 north, range 20 east, section 6. The well was drilled to a depth of 940 feet into an artesian zone of the Ellensburg Formation, and completed in 1897 at a cost of $2,000. The original flow from the well was estimated at about 600 gallons per minute, and was used to irrigate 250 acres in 1900 and supplied water to 8 small ranches with an additional 47 acres of irrigation. (Photograph was taken by E.E. James in 1897, and was printed in 1901 in the U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper 55.) Hydrogeologic Framework of Sedimentary Deposits in Six Structural Basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington

By M.A. Jones, J.J. Vaccaro, and A.M. Watkins

Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, Washington State Department of Ecology, and the Yakama Nation

Scientific Investigations Report 2006–5116

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Dirk A. Kempthorne, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey P. Patrick Leahy, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2006

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 For more information about the USGS and its products: Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.

Suggested citation: Jones, M.A., Vaccaro, J.J., and Watkins, A.M., 2006, Hydrogeologic framework of sedimentary deposits in six structural basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5116, 24 p. iii

Contents

Abstract… ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Purpose and Scope……………………………………………………………………………… 2 Description of Study Area… …………………………………………………………………… 2 Location and Setting… …………………………………………………………………… 3 Development of Water Resources… ……………………………………………………… 3 Overview of the Geology…………………………………………………………………… 6 Well-Numbering System………………………………………………………………………… 8 Methods of Investigation………………………………………………………………………… 9 Hydrogeologic Framework… …………………………………………………………………… 12 Roslyn Basin… …………………………………………………………………………… 12 Kittitas Basin… …………………………………………………………………………… 13 Selah Basin………………………………………………………………………………… 13 Yakima Basin… …………………………………………………………………………… 14 Toppenish Basin… ………………………………………………………………………… 14 Benton Basin… …………………………………………………………………………… 15 Summary and Conclusions… …………………………………………………………………… 22 Acknowledgments… …………………………………………………………………………… 22 Selected References… ………………………………………………………………………… 22

Plates

Plate 1. Maps and hydrogeologic sections showing surficial geology, extent and thickness of basin-fill deposits, hydrogeologic units, and locations of selected wells in the Roslyn Basin, Yakima River Basin, Washington. Plate 2. Maps and hydrogeologic sections showing surficial geology, extent and thickness of basin-fill deposits, hydrogeologic units, and locations of selected wells in the Kittitas Basin, Yakima River Basin, Washington. Plate 3. Maps and hydrogeologic sections showing surficial geology, extent and thickness of basin-fill deposits, hydrogeologic units, and locations of selected wells in the Selah Basin, Yakima River Basin, Washington. Plate 4. Maps and hydrogeologic sections showing surficial geology, extent and thickness of basin-fill deposits, hydrogeologic units, and locations of selected wells in the Yakima Basin, Yakima River Basin, Washington. Plate 5. Maps and hydrogeologic sections showing surficial geology, extent and thickness of basin-fill deposits, hydrogeologic units, and locations of selected wells in the Toppenish Basin, Yakima River Basin, Washington. Plate 6. Maps and hydrogeologic sections showing surficial geology (sheet 1), extent and thickness of basin-fill deposits, hydrogeologic units, and locations of selected wells (sheet 2) in the Benton Basin, Yakima River Basin, Washington. iv

Figures

Figure 1. Map showing the Yakima River Basin, Washington… ……………………………… 2 Figure 2. Map showing land use and land cover, Yakima River Basin, Washington, 1999… … 4 Figure 3. Schematic diagram showing selected tributaries, diversion canals, return flows, and streamflow-gaging stations, Yakima River Basin, Washington… ……… 5 Figure 4. Map showing simplified surficial geology, Yakima River Basin, Washington… …… 7 Figure 5. Diagram showing well-numbering systems used in the State of Washington… …… 8 Figure 6. Map showing location of six sedimentary basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington… ……………………………………………………………………… 10 Figure 7. Map showing structure delineating six sedimentary basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington… ……………………………………………………………… 11 Figure 8. Maps showing thickness of subunits 1-6 in northeastern Benton Basin, Yakima River Basin, Washington… ………………………………………………… 16

Conversion Factors, Datums, and Abbreviations

Inch/Pound to SI

Multiply By To obtain length acre 4,047 square meter acre-foot (acre-ft) 1,233 cubic meter acre-foot (acre-ft) 0.001233 cubic hectometer acre-foot per year (acre-ft/yr) 1,233 cubic meter per year cubic foot (ft3) 0.02832 cubic meter cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second foot (ft) 0.3048 meter gallon (gal) 3.785 liter gallon (gal) 0.003785 cubic meter gallon (gal) 3.785 cubic decimeter gallon per minute (gal/min) 0.06309 liter per second gallon per day (gal/d) 0.003785 cubic meter per day inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer million gallons (Mgal) 3,785 cubic meter million gallons per day (Mgal/d) 0.04381 cubic meter per second section (640 acres or 1 square mile) 259.0 square hectometer square foot (ft2) 0.09290 square meter square inch (in2) 6.452 square centimeter square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows: °F=(1.8×°C)+32 Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows: °C=(°F-32)/1.8 Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum. 

Conversion Factors, Datums, and Abbreviatons—Continued

Datums Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1929 (NAVD 29). Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27).

Abbreviations

Abbreviation Definition CRBG Columbia River Basalt Group DEM digital elevation model DGER Division of Geology and Earth Resources DNR Washington State Department of Natural Resources GIS Geographic Informaton System GPS global positioning system NWIS National Water Information System SOAC System Operations Advisory Committee TWSA current available storage in the reservoirs, estimates of unregulated flow, and other sources that are principally return flow USGS U.S. Geological Survey WaDOE Washington State Department of Ecology WRIA Washington State Water Resources Inventory Area YN Yakama Nation vi

This page intentionally left blank. Hydrogeologic Framework of Sedimentary Deposits in Six Structural Basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington

By M.A. Jones, J.J. Vaccaro, and A.M. Watkins

Abstract study is a cooperative effort of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), the Yakama The hydrogeologic framework was delineated for the Nation (YN), and the Washington State Department of ground-water flow system of the sedimentary deposits in six Ecology (WaDOE). structural basins in the Yakima River Basin, Washington. The The objectives of the study as a whole are to fully six basins delineated, from north to south are: Roslyn, Kittitas, describe the ground-water flow system and its interaction Selah, Yakima, Toppenish, and Benton. Extent and thicknesses with and relation to surface water, and to integrate this of the hydrogeologic units and total basin sediment thickness information into a management tool—a numerical model. were mapped for each basin. Interpretations were based on The conceptual model of the flow system and the results of information from about 4,700 well records using geochemical, the study will be used to guide and support actions taken geophysical, geologist’s or driller’s logs, and from the by management agencies with respect to ground-water surficial geology and previously constructed maps and well availability and to provide information to other stakeholders interpretations. The sedimentary deposits were thickest in and interested parties. The numerical model will be developed the Kittitas Basin reaching a depth of greater than 2,000 ft, as an integrated tool for short-term to long-term management followed by successively thinner sedimentary deposits in the activities, including the testing of potential management Selah basin with about 1,900 ft, Yakima Basin with about strategies. 1,800 ft, Toppenish Basin with about 1,200 ft, Benton basin The study includes three phases. The first phase includes with about 870 ft and Roslyn Basin with about 700 ft. (1) project planning and coordination, (2) compiling, documenting, and assessing available data, and (3) initial data collection. The second phase consists of data collection to support the following Phase 2 work elements: (1) mapping Introduction of hydrogeologic units, (2) estimating ground-water pumpage, (3) developing estimates of ground-water recharge, Surface water in the Yakima River Basin, in south-central (4) assessing ground water-surface water interchanges, and Washington (fig. 1) is under adjudication and the amount (5) constructing maps of ground-water levels. Together, these of surface water available for appropriation is unknown, five elements provide the information needed to describe the but there are increasing demands for water for municipal, ground-water flow system, the conceptual model, and provide fisheries, agricultural, industrial, and recreational uses. These the building blocks for the hydrogeologic framework. In the demands must be met by ground-water withdrawals and/or third phase, six structural basin models and one regional by changes in the way water resources are allocated and used. model of the ground-water flow system will be constructed On-going activities in the basin for enhancement of fisheries in order to integrate the available information. The numerical and obtaining additional water for agriculture may be affected models will be used to gain a further understanding of the by ground-water withdrawals and by rules implemented under flow system and its relation to surface water, and to test the Endangered Species Act for salmonids that have been management strategies. The models will be developed and either listed or are proposed for listing in the late 1990s. An maintained in such a fashion that it will be available and open integrated understanding of the ground-water flow system and to others. its relation to the surface-water resources is needed in order The results from selected work elements will be to implement most water-resources management strategies in described in a series of reports. The Introduction and the basin. In order to obtain this understanding, a study of the Description of Study Area sections of this report are common Yakima River Basin aquifer system began in June 2000. The to all reports.  Hydrogeologic Framework of Sedimentary Deposits in Six Structural Basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington

121°30' 121° 120°30' 120° 119°30' Deception Pass W E N A T C H E 47° Van Epps E 30' Pass

r WASHINGTON

e v i Esmeralda M R Peaks O Yakima m U K N u l T River Snoqualmie A A E Pass C I N Kachess H e Cle l S Basin E Lake C C S Elum L S E Keechelus Lake T R E e T I Lake D L a E

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E e MOUNTAIN s W 97 r e ake C n L D sn r Roza m attle C a 82 u R ke 410 s m na C a C A s r r tle e KITTITAS COUNTY at k Creek Naches ek le R Oa Priest C itt Co YAKIMAR COUNTY L 12 w Selah C I D Rapids er ic reek G Riv h E Lake S Tieton Tieton e k R Rimrock F C i r v Selah 12 k e e A Rimrock N e e r re HE MT k Y A Lake C IC N K I e W M 24 C h O A ic C Yakima 82 Cow S Fk Union R I Wide Hollow D G E N Fk Cr Gap Moxee City S Fk Ahtanum Creek AP 240 ION G R 46° E UN oz RIDG a 24 30' Gilbert AHTANUM S 241 anal Parker u R A T T L E S N A K E Peak in C nn H I L S a ion ys C L S i M ens id a m Ext e na ay c Wapato l ew o Y A K I M A st e 97 Wa ek Zillah r Cre r C VALLEY C u Agen anal h R

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nn k M a e Kennewick e Mabton i w e 22 Prosser n i N r c orth rk k C k Fo e C an re L S al C s H I L y tu g a E N Lo S A V ry H E 97 D E 82 R S ule O COUNTY M H YAKIMA

KLICKITAT COUNTY 46° BENTON COUNTY

Figure 1. The Yakima River Basin, Washington.

Purpose and Scope Description of Study Area

This report describes the hydrogeologic framework of The general location and setting of the study area, the six structural sedimentary basins within the Yakima River development of water resources in the basin, and an overview Basin aquifer system. This framework will be used to develop of the geology are presented to provide a general background a conceptual model describing local and regional ground- for understanding the study area. water flow systems. Maps presented in this report provide the waA4WT1_fig01hydraulic characteristics and boundaries of the hydrogeologic units located within the Yakima River Basin aquifer system. Description of Study Area 

Location and Setting basin (fig. 2). The demand is partially met by storage of nearly 1.1 million acre-ft of water in five Reclamation reservoirs. The The Yakima River Basin aquifer system underlies about major management point for Reclamation is at the Yakima 6,200 mi2 in south-central Washington (fig. 1). The Yakima River near Parker streamflow gaging station. Just upstream of River Basin produces a mean annual unregulated streamflow this site, at Union Gap, is the location that is considered the (adjusted for regulation and without diversions or returns) of dividing line between the upper (mean annual precipitation about 5,600 ft3/s (about 4.1 million acre-ft) and a regulated of 7 to 125 in) and lower (mean annual precipitation of 6 to streamflow of about 3,600 ft3/s (about 2.6 million acre-ft). 45 in) parts of the Yakima River Basin. About 45 percent The basin includes three Washington State Water Resource of the water diverted for irrigation is eventually returned to Inventory Areas (WRIA—numbers 37, 38, and 39), part of the the river system as surface-water inflows and ground-water Yakama Nation lands, and three ecoregions (Cascades, Eastern discharge, but at varying time-lags (Bureau of Reclamation, Cascades, and Columbia Basin—Omernik, 1987; Cuffney 1999). During the low-flow period, these return flows, on and others, 1997). The basin includes parts of four counties average, account for about 75 percent of the streamflow below (Klickitat, Kittitas, Yakima, and Benton). Almost all of the Yakima River near Parker streamflow gaging station. Much Yakima County and more than 80 percent of Kittitas County of the surface-water demand in the basin below Parker is met lie within the basin, and about 50 percent of Benton County is by these return flows and not by the release of water from the in the basin. Less than 1 percent of the basin lies in Klickitat reservoirs. As a result of water use in the basin, the difference County, principally in an unpopulated upland area. between mean annual unregulated and regulated streamflow in The headwaters of the basin are on the upper, humid the basin is about 2,000 ft3/s, suggesting that some 1.4 million east slope of the Cascade Range, where the mean annual acre-ft of water, or about 17 percent of the precipitation in the precipitation is more than 100 in. The basin terminates at basin, is consumptively used—principally by irrigated crops the confluence of the Yakima and Columbia Rivers in the through evapotranspiration. low-lying, arid part of the basin, which receives about 6 in of precipitation per year. Altitudes in the basin range from 400 Development of Water Resources to nearly 8,000 ft. There are eight major rivers and numerous smaller streams tributary to the Yakima River (fig. 1); the Missionaries arrived in the basin in 1848 and established largest tributary is the Naches River. Most of the precipitation a mission in 1852 on Atanum (now Ahtanum) Creek. They in the basin falls during the winter months as snow in the were some of the first non-Indian settlers to use irrigation on mountains. The mean annual precipitation over the entire a small scale. Miners and cattlemen immigrated to the basin basin is about 27 in (about 12,000 ft3/s or 8.7 million acre-ft). in the 1850s and 1860s, which resulted in a new demand for The spatial pattern of mean annual precipitation resembles water. With increased settlement in the mid-1860s, irrigation the pattern of the basin’s highly variable topography. The of the fertile valley bottoms began and the outlying areas were difference between the mean annual precipitation and mean extensively used for stock raising. One of the first known annual unregulated streamflow is 6,400 ft3/s (about 4.6 million non-Indian irrigation ditches was constructed in 1867 and acre-ft) or about 53 percent of the precipitation is lost to diverted water from the Naches River (Parker and Storey, evapotranspiration under natural conditions. 1913; Flaherty, 1975). Private companies later delivered The basin is separated into several broad valleys by large water through canal systems built between 1880 and 1904 east-west trending anticlinal ridges. The valley floors are flat for the irrigation of large areas. The development of irrigated and slope gently towards the Yakima River. Few perennial agriculture was made more attractive by the construction tributary streams traverse these valleys. Most of the population of the Northern Pacific Railway that reached Yakima in and economic activity occurs in these valleys. December 1884, which provided a means to transport Agriculture is the principal economic activity in the agricultural goods to markets; two years later, the completion basin. The average annual surface-water demand met by of the railway to the coast provided new and easily accessible the Reclamation project is about 2.5 million acre-ft; there markets for agricultural products. The State of Washington is about 336,000 acre-ft of additional demand in the lower was created in 1889, spurring further growth in the basin, river basin that is separate from the demand met by the especially because the cities of Ellensburg and Yakima were project. Additional surface-water demand that is not met by in contention for being the state capital. By 1902 there were Reclamation occurs in smaller tributaries and on the large about 120,000 acres under mostly surface-water irrigation in rivers; this demand is based on State appropriated water. the basin (Parker and Storey, 1913; Bureau of Reclamation, More than 95 percent of the demand is for irrigation of about 1999). 500,000 acres in the low-lying semiarid to arid parts of the  Hydrogeologic Framework of Sedimentary Deposits in Six Structural Basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington

121°30' 121° 120°30' 120° 119°30'

EXPLANATION

47° SIMPLIFIED LAND COVER 30' RANGE (36%) FOREST (33%) AGRICULTURE (28%) Hops Irrigated hay YA Mixed row crops KI MA Orchards RIV Orchards and grapes ER Undifferentated agriculture CITIES AND TOWNS (2%)

47° LAKES AND RESERVOIRS (1%) BOUNDARY OF AGRICULTURAL AREA 0 5 10 20 30 40 MILES

0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 KILOMETERS

KITTITAS COUNTY YAKIMA COUNTY

Yakima

46° 30'

Richland YA K IM A

R IVER

YAKIMA COUNTY

KLICKITAT COUNTY 46° BENTON COUNTY

Figure 2. Land use and land cover, Yakima River Basin, Washington, 1999. (From Fuhrer and others, 2004.)

The Federal Reclamation Act was enacted in 1902 1912, Clear Creek Dam in 1914, Keechelus Dam in 1917, to enable the construction of Federal water projects in the Tieton Dam (Rimrock Lake) in 1925, and Cle Elum Dam western United States in order to expand the development in 1933. The construction of the dams and other irrigation of the West. In 1905, the Washington State Legislature facilities resulted in an extremely complicated surface-water passed the Reclamation Enabling Act and the Yakima system (fig. 3). These Federal reservoirs provide water Federal Reclamation Project was authorized to construct storage to meet irrigation requirements of the major irrigation facilities to irrigate about 500,000 acres. As part of the 1905 districts at the time of year when the natural streamflow from authorization and extensions, all forms of further appropriation unregulated streams can no longer meet demands; this time of unappropriated water in the basin were withdrawn (Parker is referred to as the ‘storage control’ date. Several of the and Storey, 1913). Six dams were constructed as part of the reservoirs also provide instream flows during the winter for Yakima Project: Bumping Dam in 1910, Kachess Dam in the incubation of salmon eggs in the salmon redds (gravel spawning nests). waa4wt1_01_fig02 Description of Study Area 

Continued from bottom of previous column

Keechelus Cowiche Creek RM 2.7 Lake Union and Fruitvale Canals RM 2.7 RM 214.5 RM 12474500 NACHES RIVER 0.9 12476000 (Dam) RM 214.4 Kachess (Dam) RM 0.6 Kachess River RM 203.5 12499000 RIVER YAKIMA Lake RM 0.6 RM 116.3 Kittitas Main Canal Moxee Canal RM 202.5 RM 115.9 RM 12477000 Roza Power Plant Return Flow 8.2 RM 202.0 RM 113.3 12479000 Yakima STP Cle Elum (Dam) RM 7.9 Cle Elum River RM 185.6 RM 111.0 Lake CITY OF YAKIMA Cle Elum WTP Wide Hollow Creek RM 183.1 RM 107.4 12479500 Moxee City STP RM 182.9 Cle Elum STP Moxee Drain RM 179.6 12500450 12500500 RM 107.3 12480500 North Fork RM 5.3 Teanaway River RM 3.7 RM 176.1 Ahtanum Creek Ahtanum Creek Kittitas Main Canal Return Flow RM 106.9 RM 173.9 12501000 EXPLANATION RM 4.0 RM Swauk Creek South Fork RM 169.9 Ahtanum Creek 23.1 Wapato Canal Taneum Creek OUTFLOW FROM MAIN STEM RM 166.1 RM 106.7 Sunnyside Canal West Side Ditch RM 166.1 RM 103.8 INFLOW TO MAIN STEM 12505000 Town Canal RM 103.7 RM 161.3 Zillah STP 12484500 GAGING STATION AND NO. Cascade Canal RM 89.2 RM 160.3 Toppenish STP RM 140.4 RIVER MILE Ellensburg Power Canal Outfall RM 156.3 East Toppenish Drain Manastash Creek RM 86.0 STP SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANT RM 154.5 Sub-Drain No. 35 Ellensburg STP RM 83.2 WTP WATER-TREATMENT PLANT RM 151.5 Granger STP RM 82.8 RM RM Granger Drain RM 82.8 DID DRAINAGE IRRIGATION DISTRICT Wilson Creek 20.0 1.1 RM 147.0 Wapato STP Harrah STP 12483800 RM 5.5 Marion Drain 12506500 RM 82.6 Creek Creek

Naneum Creek Cherry 12484500 RM 13.9 Simcoe Creek RM 140.4 12506000 RM 44.2 Umtanum Creek RM 80.4 RM 139.8 Toppenish Creek Coulee Drain Roza Canal RM 77.0 RM 127.9 Satus Creek Selah Creek RM 69.6 RM 123.7 South Drain 12488500 RM 69.3 American River RM 0.5 Selah-Moxee Canal Little Naches River Little Naches RM 123.6 DID No. 7 Wenas Creek RM 65.1 RM 122.4

Bumping River DID No. 3 Sunnyside STP 12508850 RM 44.6 Selah STP RM 0.8 12488000 RM RM 117.0 RM 61.0 Sulphur Creek RM 16.6 3.5 Satus Drain 303 Rattlesnake Creek RM 27.8 RM 60.2 Mabton STP 12489500 RM 59.5 RM 19.4 Naches-Selah Canal 12509050 RM 55.0 RM 18.4 Chandler Canal RM 47.1 Rimrock Prosser STP Reservoir RM 46.5 Spring Creek NACHES RIVER RM 41.8 RM 21.3 RM 41.8 (Dam) 12491500 Snipes Creek RM 20.9 Chandler Canal YAKIMA RIVER YAKIMA RM 35.8 Tieton Canal RM 35.8 Tieton River Kennewick Canal 12492500 RM 17.5 RM 14.2 Corral Canyon Creek Wapatox Canal RM 17.1 RM 35.5 Kiona Canal 12494000 RM 34.9 RM 16.8 12510500 Naches STP RM 12.6 Benton City STP RM 29.9 Wapatox Power Plant Return Flow RM 28.6 RM 9.7 Columbia Canal RM 9.7 RM 18.0 Yakima WTP RM 18.0 Congdon Ditch Richland Canal RM 8.5

Naches-Cowiche Canal RIVER RM 3.6 YAKIMA Mouth of Yakima River RM 0.0 Continued at top of next column COLUMBIA RIVER

Figure 3. Selected tributaries, diversion canals, return flows, and streamflow-gaging stations, Yakima River Basin, Washington. (From Fuhrer and others, 2004.)

wa19-0052_fig03  Hydrogeologic Framework of Sedimentary Deposits in Six Structural Basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington

Legal challenges to water rights resulted in the 1945 Overview of the Geology Consent Decree (U.S. District Court, 1945) that established the framework of how the Reclamation operates the Yakima The Columbia Plateau has been informally divided Project to meet the water demands. The Decree determined into three physiographic subprovinces (Meyers and Price, two classes of rights—nonproratable and proratable. When 1979). The western margin of the Columbia Plateau contains the total water supply available (TWSA-defined as current the Yakima Fold Belt subprovince and includes the Yakima available storage in the reservoirs, estimates of unregulated River Basin. The Yakima Fold Belt is a highly folded and flow, and other sources that are principally return flows) is faulted region and within the study area part, it is underlain by not sufficient to meet both classes of rights, the proratable various consolidated rocks, ranging in age from Precambrian (junior) rights are decreased according to the quantity of water to Tertiary, and unconsolidated materials and volcanic rocks available defined by the TWSA. This legally mandated method of Quaternary age (fig. 4). In the Yakima River Basin, the generally performs well in most years, but is dependent on the headwater areas in the Cascade Range include metamorphic, accuracy of the TWSA estimate. In some years, for example sedimentary, and intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks. 1977, problems have arisen because of errors in the TWSA The central, eastern, and southwestern parts of the basin estimate (Kratz, 1978; Glantz, 1982). System management are composed of basalt lava flows of the Columbia River also accounts for defined instream flows at selected target Basalt Group (CRBG) with some intercalated sediments that points on the river, and for suggested changes in storage are discontinuous and weakly consolidated. The lowlands releases recommended by the Systems Operations Advisory are underlain by unconsolidated and weakly consolidated Committee (SOAC)—the advisory board of fishery biologists valley-fill composed of glacial, glacio-fluvial, lacustrine, and representing the different stakeholders (Systems Operations alluvium deposits that in places exceed a 1,000 ft in thickness Advisory Committee, 1999). (Drost and others, 1990). Wind-blown deposits, called loess, The drilling of numerous wells for irrigation was spurred occur locally along the lower valley. by new (post 1945) well-drilling technologies, legal rulings, Valley-fill deposits and basalt lava flows are important for and the onset of a multi-year dry period in 1977 (Vaccaro, ground-water occurrence in the study area. The basalt consists 1995). Population growth in the basin was, and still is, the of a series of flows erupted during various stages of the driving force behind the increased drilling of shallow domestic Miocene Age, ranging from 17 to 6 million years ago. Basalt wells and deeper public water supply wells. Currently, erupted from fissures from the eastern part of the Columbia there are more than 20,000 wells in the basin. More than Plateau and individual flows range in thickness from a few feet 70 percent of these wells are shallow, 10-250 ft deep, domestic to more than 100 ft. The total thickness in the central part of wells. Based on the digital water-rights database provided the plateau is estimated to be greater than 10,000 ft (Drost and by WaDOE (R. Dixon, written commun., 2001) and other others, 1990) with a maximum thickness of more than 8,000 ft information there are at least 2,874 active ground-water rights in the study area. Unlike most of the Columbia Plateau, the associated with the wells in the basin that can withdraw an CRBG in the Yakima Fold Belt is underlain by sedimentary annual quantity of about 529,231 acre-ft during dry years. The rocks. The valley-fill deposits were eroded from the Cascade irrigation rights are for the irrigation of about 129,570 acres. Range and from the east-west-trending anticlinal ridges There are about 16,600 ground-water claims in the basin; these that were formed from the buckling of the basalt sequence claims are for some 270,000 acre-ft of ground water (J. Kirk, during mid- to late-Miocene time. Much of these deposits are written commun., Washington State Department of Ecology, part of the Ellensburg Formation. This formation underlies, 1998). intercalates, and overlies the basalts along the western edge, A water right claim is a statement of claim to water and composes most of the thickness of the unconsolidated use that began before the state Water Codes were deposits (informally called the overburden; Drost and others, adopted, and is not covered by a water right permit 1990) in the basinal areas. The basins are narrow to large open or certificate. A water right claim does not establish synclinal valleys intervening between the numerous anticlinal a water right, but only provides documentation of ridges. one if it legally exists. Ultimately, the validity of The deposition of a thick, upper sequence of sand, gravel, claimed water rights would be determined through and some fine-grained material is the result of erosion by general water right adjudications. (Washington State glacial ice and transport by meltwater streams. Damming of Department of Ecology, 1998). large lakes by glacial ice during the Pleistocene epoch resulted in the deposition of silt and clay beds in parts of the uplands. A ground-water claim means a user claims that they were When the lakes drained, the fine sediments were exposed and using ground water continuously, prior to 1945 when the State subsequently eroded by wind and deposited over the lower, legislature enacted the Ground Water Code, for a particular eastern parts of the study area. Thus, the unconsolidated use. Previous estimates of pumpage have varied widely and materials in the basinal areas that are abutting and interbedded are presented in the report on pumpage (J.J. Vaccaro, U.S. with the basalts range from Miocene to Holocene in age. Geological Survey, written commun., 2006). Description of Study Area 

121°30' 121° 120°30' 120° 119°30'

EXPLANATION 47° SIMPLIFIED SURFICIAL GEOLOGY 30' Quaternary flood deposits Quaternary deposits, loess Quaternary and Pliocene volcanic rock Columbia River Basalt Group rock Miocene and older volcanic rock Cle Elum Tertiary granitic and intermediate intrusive rock Non-marine sedimentary rock Marine sedimentary rock Pre-Tertiary metamorphic and intrusive rock Ellensburg 47° 0 5 10 20 30 40 MILES

0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 KILOMETERS

Naches

Yakima

46° Union Gap 30' Wapato

Toppenish Sunnyside Richland

Prosser Kiona

46°

Figure 4. Simplified surficial geology, Yakima River Basin, Washington. (From Fuhrer and others, 1994.)

waA4WT1_fig04  Hydrogeologic Framework of Sedimentary Deposits in Six Structural Basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington

Well-Numbering System shown above. The number (01) following the letter is the sequence number of the well within the 40-acre subdivision. The USGS assigns numbers to wells and springs An “S” following the sequence number indicates that the in Washington that identify their location in a township, site is a spring, a “D1” after the sequence number indicates range, and section. Well number 20N/15E-26N01 indicates that the original reported depth of the well has been changed successively, the township (T. 20 N.) and the range (R. 15 E.) once and successive numbers indicate the number of changes north and east of the Willamette baseline and meridian (fig. 5). in the well depth. An “R” following the sequence number The first number following the hyphen indicates the section indicates the well has been reconditioned. A “P1” or “A” after (26) within the township, and the letter following the section the sequence number indicates a group of nested piezometers, number (N) gives the 40-acre subdivision of the section, as with successive numbers or letters assigned to each piezometer in the group.

W A S H I N G T O N

Yakima River Basin

Willamette Meridian

Willamette Base Line

123456 SECTION 26 T. 7 12 ABCD 18 13 20 EFGH 19 24 JKLM N. 30 26 25 NPQR 31 32 33 34 35 36 R. 15 E. 20N/15E-26N01 Figure 5. Well-numbering systems used in the State of Washington.

waA4WT1_fig05 Methods of Investigation 

Methods of Investigation Wells selected to help define the hydrogeologic framework that had been previously inventoried by USGS Three classes of well information were used to delineate and WaDOE, but were not re-inventoried during this study, the hydrogeologic framework for the sedimentary deposits in had been field inventoried in a similar manner as the field the six basins. The classes include the wells inventoried during inventory described above. The major difference between this study, wells that were previously inventoried by USGS the field inventory in this study and in the previous field and WaDOE personnel, and wells that were not inventoried. inventories was that fewer wells were inventoried using a The latter class of wells were selected to help refine the GPS and the well locations were plotted on topographic maps hydrogeologic framework in strategic areas where available compiled in the field. The resulting latitude and longitude inventoried well data were limited. values for the wells were calculated from these topographic The inventory of wells for this study began with the field maps. Locations of these field checked wells generally compilation of existing well, piezometer, geophysical, test are accurate within a radius of several hundred feet of their hole, and geochemical records obtained from files of the actual location. USGS, WaDOE, consulting firms, and well owners. Beginning Wells selected to help define the hydrogeologic in the spring of 2000, more than 12,000 well records were framework that were not inventoried were plotted based on an reviewed; from these records, about 4,700 sites were selected available address that matched the driller’s reported township, for field inventory. Selections were based on the well owner’s range, section, and quarter-quarter section. If the address did or tenant’s permission to visit the well, the location and depth not match, the well was plotted in the center of the 40-acre of the well, the availability of a driller’s log or equivalent, driller’s reported quarter-quarter section. Locations of these and the ease of access to the well. Priority also was given to non-field-checked wells are generally accurate within a radius wells that were previously inventoried and had water levels of 0.25 mi of their actual location. measured by the USGS, wells in the WaDOE observation The surficial geology for the Yakima River Basin was network, and wells that were open to only one hydrogeologic simplified from twelve 1:100,000 digital quadrangle maps unit. available from Washington State Department of Natural During the field inventory and water-level measurement Resources (DNR) Division of Geology and Earth Resources period (autumn of 2000, 2001 and spring of 2001, 2002), (DGER). These included the quadrangles for: Skykomish, 2,017 sites were inventoried by USGS, Reclamation, WaDOE, Chelan, Snoqulamie, Banks Lake, Wenatchee, Mount Rainier, and the YN. Information gathered at all inventoried sites Yakima, Priest Rapids, Mount Adams, Toppenish, Richland, included site location, land-surface altitude, primary use and Goldendale. In addition, published paper maps and of water, owner’s or tenant’s comments on water quality, detailed descriptions of the geologic units were acquired from yield, surrounding land-use practices, and any changes in DGER and the USGS to help in simplification and grouping of construction details from the original well log. In addition, the the geologic units. depth to water in the wells was measured when possible and, The 12 maps were merged into 1 digital surficial where available, the WaDOE identification tag numbers were geologic map; no attempt was made to reconcile matching recorded on field sheets. of the surficial geologic units across mapped quadrangle Site locations for inventoried wells were plotted on USGS boundaries. The surficial geologic units generally were then 1:24,000 scale topographic maps. Latitude and longitude grouped by age (Quaternary, Tertiary, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, locations were determined using a satellite-based global and preCambrian), and by type of deposit. Some deposits positioning system (GPS) with a horizontal accuracy of ±10 ft, were grouped by formation, others were grouped by igneous or from field maps compiled during the inventory. Altitudes phase. The CRBG was already mapped into the Grande of the land surface at each well were interpolated from the Ronde, Wanapum, and Saddle Mountain Formations for topographic maps based either on the GPS or the mapped most of the study area. Where it was mapped as a formation location of the well. Altitude accuracy generally was between member, it was grouped into the associated CRBG formation. 5 and 20 ft. Information collected during the inventory was This process resulted in the original 512 surficial units being entered into the USGS National Water Information System grouped into 64 units. (NWIS) database. The resulting simplified surficial geology was used to The goal of the inventory was to obtain an even areal assist in delineating the extent of six structural sedimentary distribution of the wells in the study area. However, this basins and to delineate the hydrogeologic framework of was not possible for the entire study area because of time each of these basins. The delineated basins are from north constraints and a lack of wells in less populated areas. to south, the Roslyn, Kittitas, Selah (also referred to as the Therefore, wells selected in this study also include wells Selah-Wenas), Yakima (also referred to as the Ahtanum- that had been previously inventoried and wells that were not Moxee), Toppenish, and Benton Basins (fig. 6). The geologic inventoried. structure in the Yakima River Basin clearly defines most of the sedimentary basins (fig. 7). 10 Hydrogeologic Framework of Sedimentary Deposits in Six Structural Basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington

121°30' 121° 120°30' 120° 119°30' Deception Pass W E N A T C H E EXPLANATION 47° Van Epps E 30' Pass BASINS r

e v i Esmeralda M R Peaks O Roslyn m U K N u l T Snoqualmie A A E Pass C I N Kittitas Kachess H e Cle l S E Lake C C S Elum L S E Keechelus Lake T Selah R E e T I Lake Y D L a E n R A G U a A I

M N K E w D Yakima

a A

I G

M y

W R E

A ID R i A G ver Easton E Y Toppenish E R IV Cle Elum ER Benton G Teanaway N NORTH RIDGE L it A t le Y Na A 0 5 10 20 30 40 MILES ch K R I es M R i A ve 0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 KILOMETERS r KITTITAS 47° Ellensburg VALLEY r Kittitas e M A N A S iv T A S E R H Thrall G g U ID in m R p tan AN um um IC B C R I R U M ree D G E Bumping N T A k Umtanum E M R A Lake a N c CLEMAN U I h M V

E e MOUNTAIN s W E e R n D a Roza s C A re KITTITAS COUNTY Naches ek

C C YAKIMA COUNTY ow R I D er ic G Riv h E S Tieton Tieton e R Rimrock C i r v Selah k e e A Rimrock e e r re HE MT k Y A Lake C IC N K I e W M C h O A ic C Yakima Cow Union R I D G Gap Moxee City E htanum Creek A N GAP 46° UNIO DGE AHTANUM RI 30' Gilbert Parker R A T T L E S N A K E H Peak I L L S Wapato Y A K I M A Zillah VALLEY Toppenish Granger R N Fk E IV Creek Sunnyside R S Fk Richland ish H RIDGE Lake en ENIS pp OPP eek Wallula To T Cr Satus Grandview ry eek YAKI Kiona D Cr MA Mabton Kennewick N Prosser or k k th For e re L S C s H I L tu gy a N o S V E L H E A E R S H O YAKIMA COUNTY

KLICKITAT COUNTY 46° BENTON COUNTY

Figure 6. Location of six sedimentary basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington.

Thickness and extent maps of the hydrogeologic units the basins were then divided and mapped into hydrogeologic in the basin-fill deposits were constructed for the six basins units and a total thickness of the basin-fill deposits. Except based on: (1) the simplified surficial geology, (2) well for the Roslyn Basin, the total thickness for each basin was interpretations from previous investigations and maps, (3) unit based on the thickness of the deposits to the first encounter interpretations from sections constructed in each basin, and of the CBRG. The total thickness of the basin-fill deposits (4) unit interpretations made from well information collected for the Roslyn Basin was based on the first encounter of from about 4,700 wells. Available data for the six basins were the consolidated continental sedimentary bedrock deposits. first integrated into a three-dimensional (3D) representation of The accuracy of the delineations of the hydrogeologic units waA4WT1_fig06 the hydrogeologic framework for each basin. The deposits in are primarily dependent on the methods of identification. Methods of Investigation 11

121°30' 121° 120°30' 120° 119°30'

EXPLANATION 47° BASINS 30' Roslyn Kittitas Selah Yakima N an Toppenish Na eu M ne m Easton o u no m R c id Benton CleTa Elum Wil li g son n Cr e ne Ki Re C e ee u tti M es re k FOLD Teanaway m t o e e A as no r k M cl Ca on n M V in n ocl t FAULT e y in i o o e c n al n l l o e i c y n

l e 0 5 10 20 30 40 MILES Ain in sley C e S an yn yo c n lin 0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 KILOMETERS Anticlin e 47° e Ellensburg

Manastas Kittitas h U Thrall m A ta nt n icl um ine H C An Umtanum og le ticli m ne an R a M W Roza n tn c . e en h Anticlin a s KITTITAS COUNTY A S n t YAKIMA t COUNTY Naches icl r i u ne ct

Rimrock Tieton u

r Selah e idge R Yak A Yakima ima a htanum Mo C im xee Ridge o k Syn ld a Union Gap cli C Y ne re dge Moxee ek Sy Ahtanum Ri City ncline 46° Ra 30' Parker ttlesn ake Wapato e ync n pato S line li Wa c Zillah yn S Hi y lls lle Toppenish Va Granger e icin Med sh Ridge Sunnyside Richland Toppeni St Kiona ru Satus Grandview ct ure Prosser ure uct Kennewick Mabton Str Hills en Heav rse Ho

YAKIMA COUNTY

KLICKITAT COUNTY 46° BENTON COUNTY

Figure 7. Structure delineating six sedimentary basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington.

The delineations made from a geologists’ lithologic log or of hydrogeologic units in parts of the Yakima River Basin geophysical log are relatively accurate, but vary according to was previously completed by Drost and Whiteman (1986, and the complexity of the geology. The delineations made from 1990), Drost and others (1997), Newell Campbell, (unpub. drillers’ logs are the least accurate, particularly in structurally maps produced for Yakama Nation, 2001), and Reidel and complex areas. Thorn, Battelle Corp. (written commun., 2003 and 2005). In addition, previously delineated and mapped How this previous work was incorporated is described in more hydrogeologic units were incorporated as part of this study, detail in the discussions of the hydrogeologic framework for in particular for the Toppenish and Benton Basins. Mapping the applicable basins. waA4WT1_fig07 1 Hydrogeologic Framework of Sedimentary Deposits in Six Structural Basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington

All data types were entered into a Geographic the lateral ground-water movement along a fault and also Information System (GIS) software program in order to offsetting the water-level distribution on either side of the construct a gridded, digital hydrogeologic framework for fault. Although these types of questions are not addressed in each basin using a 10-meter (m) cell size. Data types for each this report, the structural history has provided information basin included a digital elevation model (DEM), the simplified for mapping the hydrogeologic units and should provide surficial geology, previously constructed hydrogeologic additional information related to the ground-water flow unit contour maps (where available), mapped extents of system. hydrogeologic units, well-log point values of the tops and thicknesses of a hydrogeologic unit, and the interpretations Roslyn Basin from sections that were constructed for each basin. In developing the 3D framework, the original data The Roslyn Basin is located southeast of the Kachess and interpretations were honored as much as possible. Thus, Cle Elum Lakes (figs. 6 and 7) and encompasses an area of the calculated top and thickness cell values and/or mapped about 80 mi2. The south-central part of the basin is dissected contours for the hydrogeologic units were compared to the by two northwest trending faults with their down-thrown sides original well, section interpretations, and/or mapped contour toward the northeast, and the northeast part of the basin is data and adjusted to more accurately reflect the original divided by a series of synclines and anticlines (pl. 1). interpretations. The areas where the calculated units are less The basin-fill deposits consist predominantly of alluvial, accurate are in areas of (1) data gaps, (2) where the surficial lacustrine, and glacial deposits interspersed with Mesozoic geology changes abruptly, (3) structural complexity over short metamorphics and Tertiary volcanic deposits. The deposits distances, and (4) where the well locations are less accurate were divided and mapped into three hydrogeologic units— and where unit contour intervals were more generalized. Units 1 through 3 and a total basin thickness. Information However, most discrepancies were reconciled through the use from 307 well logs was used to define the units in the Roslyn of a 10-m scale during the 3D framework construction. Basin. This basin has been the least studied for ground-water availability, thus, only 31 percent of the well logs used to identify the hydrogeologic units and basin thickness were field located and most of these were inventoried during this study. Hydrogeologic Framework The three hydrogeologic units consist of an upper coarse- grained unit, a clay unit, and a productive gravel unit (pl. 1). This section describes the hydrogeologic framework, Unit 1 consists of the alluvial, lacustrine, and glacial deposits which defines the physical, lithologic, and hydrologic at and near the surface. The thickness of the unit ranges from characteristics of the hydrogeologic units that compose 0 to 360 ft, with a mean and median thickness of 80 ft. The the ground-water system in the individual basins. An altitude of this unit ranges from 1,760 to 3,420 ft, with a mean understanding of these characteristics is important in and median altitude of 2,120 and 2,130 ft, respectively. Unit determining the occurrence and availability of ground 2 consists predominantly of fine-grained, lacustrine deposits water within each basin. The ground-water flow system in of clay and silt. The extent and thickness of the unit tends to each sedimentary basin is part of the larger Yakima River follow the alluvium valley (pl. 1). The thickness of this unit Basin aquifer system. In turn, the part of the aquifer system ranges from 0 to 530 ft with a mean and median thickness of contained by the CRBG is part of the Columbia Plateau 180 and 170 ft, respectively. The altitude of this unit ranges regional aquifer system. from 1,720 to 2,100 ft, with a mean and median altitude of The hydrogeologic units vary by basin, and will be 1,910 and 1,890 ft, respectively. Unit 3 consists of coarser discussed separately for each basin. The hydrogeologic units deposits, mostly sand and gravels. It is less extensive than the identified in this report do not necessarily correspond to other units and occurs in the deeper parts of the alluvial valley geologic time-stratigraphic deposits. The ground-water flow (pl. 1). The thickness of Unit 3 ranges from 0 to 240 ft with a system within the basin-fill deposits in each basin is generally mean and median thickness of 60 and 50 ft, respectively. The isolated from other basins but is interconnected with the larger altitude of this unit ranges from 1,330 to 2,000 ft with a mean Yakima River Basin aquifer system. and median altitude of 1,670 and 1,690 ft, respectively. Knowledge of the geologic structure that exists within The thickness of the basin-fill deposits in the Roslyn and surrounds each basin (fig. 7) also assisted in mapping Basin is greatest in the central part of the basin in the Yakima of the hydrogeologic units. The structural setting helps to alluvial valley (pl. 1). The total thickness of the basin-fill explain the depositional sequences, thickness variations, and deposits in the Roslyn Basin ranges from 0 to 700 ft with a segmentation of the ground-water movement or anomalous mean and median thickness of 150 and 110 ft, respectively. water-level distributions within the area. For example, a The altitude of the top of the bedrock units in this basin ranges predominantly fine-grained unit could be vertically offset from 1,190 to 3,330 ft, with a mean and median altitude of and juxtaposed with a coarse-grained unit, thereby truncating 1,990 and 2,010 ft, respectively. Hydrogeologic Framework 13

Kittitas Basin Selah Basin

The Kittitas Basin lies within the northeastern part of The Selah Basin, also referred to as the Selah-Wenas the Yakima River Basin and encompasses an area of about Basin, is located in the central part of the Yakima River Basin 270 mi2. The basin is bordered on the southwest by the and encompasses about 170 mi2. The basin is bounded on Ainsley Canyon and Manastash Anticlines, on the northeast the northeast by the Manastash and Umtanum Anticlines and by the Wilson Creek Monocline, and is bisected by the Kittitas bounded on the southwest by the Yakima Ridge structure Valley Syncline (fig. 7). The northeastern part of the basin also (figs. 6 and 7). The central part of this basin is dissected by a contains several east-west and northwest trending high-angle series of northwest-southeast trending folds (fig. 7). faults with the downthrown side generally to the north and The basin-fill deposits consist predominantly of alluvial, northeast. The southwestern part of the basin contains and is alluvial fan, loess, terrace, continental sedimentary, and bordered by northwest trending strike-slip and thrust faults Ellensburg Formation deposits. The deposits were divided (pl. 2). and mapped into three hydrogeologic units—Units 1 through The basin-fill deposits consist predominantly of alluvial, 3 and a total basin thickness (pl. 3). Information from 720 loess, glacial, continental sedimentary, and Ellensburg well logs was used to define the units in the Selah Basin. Formation deposits. The deposits were divided and mapped Eighty-nine percent of these wells were field located and into three hydrogeologic units—Units 1 through 3 and a total 56 percent of the field located wells were located in previous basin thickness. Information from 419 well logs was used to investigations. define the units of the Kittitas Basin. Sixty percent of these The three hydrogeologic units consist of the alluvial, wells were field located, and 40 percent were not field located unconsolidated, and consolidated deposits. Unit 1 consists but supplied additional information in areas with limited data. of the alluvial deposits that are contained in the floodplains The three hydrogeologic units consist of alluvial, of Wenas and Cowiche Creeks and the Naches and Yakima unconsolidated, and consolidated deposits. Unit 1 consists Rivers (pl. 3). The thickness of Unit 1 ranges from 0 to 90 ft, of the alluvial deposits and the delineation of this unit was with a mean and median thickness of 30 ft. The altitude of confined to the Yakima River floodplain (pl. 2). The unit Unit 1 ranges from 1,080 to 2,450 ft, with a mean and median thickness ranges from 0 to 100 ft, with a mean and median altitude of 1,470 and 1,420 ft, respectively. Unit 2 consists thickness of 30 and 10 ft, respectively. The altitude of this of the unconsolidated deposits, and generally contains the unit ranges from 1,410 to 1,800 ft, with a mean and median alluvial fan, loess, terrace, and Thorp gravel deposits present altitude of 1,530 and 1,520 ft, respectively. Unit 2 consists as a thin veneer over much of the surface and beneath Unit 1 of the unconsolidated deposits, and generally contains the (pl. 3). The thickness of this unit ranges from 0 to 290 ft, with loess, alluvial fan, glacial, terrace, and Thorp gravel deposits a mean and median thickness of 50 and 40 ft, respectively. present at the surface and beneath Unit 1 (pl. 2). The thickness The altitude of this unit ranges from 1,050 to 2,760 ft, with a of this unit ranges from 0 to 790 ft, with a mean and median mean and median altitude of 1,660 and 1,630 ft, respectively. thickness of 180 and 150 ft, respectively. The altitude of this Unit 3 is present throughout most of the basin (pl. 3) and unit ranges from 1,370 to 3,890 ft, with a mean and median consists of the consolidated deposits, which include the altitude of 1,930 and 1,870 ft, respectively. Unit 3 is present Ellensburg Formation and similar undefined continental along the syncline that parallels the southwest boundary of the sedimentary deposits. The thickness of Unit 3 ranges from basin (pl. 2). The consolidated deposits of this unit consist of 0 to 1,920 ft, with a mean and median thickness of 320 and the Ellensburg Formation and similar undefined continental 200 ft, respectively. The altitude of the unit ranges from 980 sedimentary deposits. The thickness of Unit 3 ranges from to 3,160 ft, with a mean and median altitude of 1,740 and 0 to 2,040 ft, with a mean and median thickness of 600 and 1,690 ft, respectively. 350 ft, respectively. The altitude of this unit ranges from 770 The thickness of the basin-fill deposits in the Selah Basin to 2,700 ft, with a mean and median altitude of 1,540 and is greatest in the north-central part of the basin (pl. 3). The 1,520 ft, respectively. thickness of the deposits ranges from 0 to 1,920 ft, with a The thickness of the basin-fill deposits in the Kittitas mean and median thickness of 300 and 200 ft, respectively. Basin is greatest in the south-central part of the basin generally The altitude of the top of the CRBG in the Selah Basin ranges along the Kittitas Valley Syncline (fig. 7 and pl. 2). The from -300 to 3,100 ft, with a mean and median altitude of total thickness of the basin-fill deposits in the Kittitas Basin 1,460 and 1,470 ft, respectively. ranges from 0 to 2,120 ft, with a mean and median thickness of 500 and 270 ft, respectively (pl. 2). The altitude of the top of the CRBG within the Kittitas Basin ranges from -540 to 3,610 ft, with a mean and median altitude of 780 and 1,600 ft, respectively. 1 Hydrogeologic Framework of Sedimentary Deposits in Six Structural Basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington

Yakima Basin Ridge, on the south by the Toppenish Ridge, and bisected by the Wapato Syncline (fig. 7). The eastern boundary of this The Yakima Basin, also referred to as the Ahtanum- basin abuts the Benton Basin (figs. 6 and 7). Moxee Basin, is a long narrow east-west trending basin in the The basin-fill deposits consist predominantly of alluvial, central part of the Yakima River Basin and encompasses an alluvial fan, loess, terrace, continental sedimentary, Touchet, area of about 230 mi2. The basin is bounded on the north by and Ellensburg Formation deposits. The deposits in this basin the Yakima Ridge, on the south by the Ahtanum Ridge, and is were divided and mapped into hydrogeologic units—Units 1 bisected by the Ahtanum-Moxee Syncline (figs. 6 and 7). through 5 and a total basin thickness. The hydrogeologic unit The basin-fill deposits consist predominantly of alluvial, delineations were modified from contour maps constructed by alluvial fan, loess, continental sedimentary, and Ellensburg Campbell (unpub. maps produced for Yakama Nation, 2001). Formation deposits. The deposits were divided and mapped To derive the modified contour maps, a total basin thickness into three hydrogeologic units—Units 1 through 3 and a total map was constructed first based on information from 1,104 basin thickness. Information from 995 well logs was used to well logs of which 210 well logs fully penetrated the basin define the units in the Yakima Basin. Ninety-nine percent of thickness (pl. 5). Ninety-seven percent of the well logs used the wells were field located and 51 percent of these wells were were field located. The thickness map was then subtracted located in previous investigations. from the DEM to obtain a map of the top of the CRBG. This The three hydrogeologic units consist of the alluvial, map was then compared to the top of the CRBG map compiled unconsolidated, and consolidated deposits. Unit 1 consists of by Campbell (unpub. maps produced for Yakama Nation, the alluvial deposits that are contained in the floodplains of 2001). The maps were a close match in both the shape of Ahtanum Creek and the Yakima River (pl. 4). The thickness the contours and the contour values. Small differences were of Unit 1 ranges from 0 to 120 ft, with a mean and median predominantly due to newer maps of the surficial geology thickness of 20 ft. The altitude of this unit ranges from 940 and the extent that was based on our criteria that the depth to 2,780 ft, with a mean and median altitude of 1,270 and of the basin-fill deposits was defined as contact with the first 1,180 ft, respectively. Unit 2 consists of the unconsolidated basalt. The contour maps for the units were then digitized and deposits, which include the alluvial fan, loess, terrace, and modified based on the updated surficial geology and on the Thorp gravel deposits. Unit 2 generally is present at the occurrence of the first basalt contact. surface and beneath Unit 1 (pl. 4). The thickness of Unit 2 The five hydrogeologic units consist of fine-grained and ranges from 0 to 350 ft, with a mean and median thickness coarse-grained unconsolidated deposits, consolidated deposits, of 90 and 80 ft, respectively. The altitude of this unit ranges top of the Rattlesnake Ridge unit, and base of the Rattlesnake from 910 to 2,940 ft, with a mean and median altitude of Ridge unit. Unit 1 consists of fine-grained unconsolidated 1,480 and 1,460 ft, respectively. Unit 3 is present throughout surficial deposits that include Touchet, terrace, loess, and some most of the basin with the general exception of its western tip alluvial deposits (pl. 5). The thickness of Unit 1 ranges from (pl. 4). Unit 3 consists of the consolidated deposits, principally 0 to 80 ft, with a mean and median thickness of 10 ft. The the Ellensburg Formation and similar undefined continental altitude of this unit ranges from 690 to 2,030 ft, with a mean sedimentary deposits. The thickness of Unit 3 ranges from and median altitude of 910 and 860 ft, respectively. Unit 2 0 to 1,840 ft with a mean and median thickness of 510 and consists predominantly of coarse-grained unconsolidated 450 ft, respectively. The altitude of this unit ranges from 760 deposits. The thickness of Unit 2 ranges from 0 to 270 ft, with to 2,780 ft, with a mean and median altitude of 1,330 and a mean and median thickness of 90 and 80 ft, respectively. 1,320 ft, respectively. The altitude of this unit ranges from 660 to 2,310 ft, with a The thickness of the basin-fill deposits in the Yakima mean and median altitude of 930, and 850 ft, respectively. Basin is greatest in the northwestern part of the basin (pl. 4). Unit 3 is present throughout most of the basin (pl. 5). It Its thickness ranges from 0 to 1,840 ft, with a mean and consists predominantly of the consolidated deposits of the median thickness of 530 and 410 ft, respectively. The altitude upper Ellensburg Formation and similar undefined continental of the top of the CRBG in the Yakima Basin ranges from sedimentary deposits. The thickness of Unit 3 ranges from -510 to 2,900 ft, with a mean and median altitude of 980 and 0 to 970 ft, with a mean and median thickness of 350 and 1,840 ft, respectively. 320 ft, respectively. The altitude of this unit ranges from 510 to 2,300 ft, with a mean and median altitude of 900 and Toppenish Basin 820 ft, respectively. Unit 4 is present in the central part of the basin (pl. 5), and consists of fine-grained deposits. This unit The Toppenish Basin lies in the south-central part of is referred to as the top of the Rattlesnake Ridge unit of the the Yakima River Basin and encompasses an area of about Ellensburg Formation and the “Blue Clay” layer by Campbell 440 mi2. The basin is bordered on the north by the Ahtanum (unpub. maps produced for Yakama Nation, 2001). The Hydrogeologic Framework 15 thickness of Unit 4 ranges from 0 to 520 ft, with a mean and unconsolidated deposits that generally consist of the alluvial, median thickness of 170 and 140 ft, respectively. The altitude alluvial fan, loess, terrace, dune sand, Touchet, Missoula flood of this unit ranges from -350 to 1,130 ft, with a mean and and Ringold Formation deposits (pl. 6, sheet 1 and sheet 2). median altitude of 320 and 330 ft, respectively. Unit 5 which The thickness of Unit 1 ranges from 0 to 870 ft, with a mean has an extent similar to Unit 4 (pl. 5) consists predominantly and median thickness of 120 and 70 ft, respectively. The of coarse-grained gravels. This unit is referred to as the base altitude of this unit ranges from 300 to 3,620 ft, with a mean of Rattlesnake Ridge unit of the Ellensburg Formation by and median altitude of 990 and 830 ft, respectively. The Campbell (Tom Ring, Yakama Nation, written commun., unconsolidated basin-fill deposits generally are less than 400 ft 2001). The thickness of Unit 5 ranges from 0 to 140 ft, with a throughout most of the basin except in the area northeast of mean and median thickness of 20 ft. The altitude of this unit the Rattlesnake Hills structure, where thicknesses exceed ranges from -400 to 1,020 ft, with a mean and median altitude 800 ft (pl. 6, sheet 2). of 130 ft. Additional information incorporated from previous The thickness of the basin-fill deposits in the Toppenish studies (Drost and others, 1997; Reidel and Thorn, Battelle, Basin is greatest in the central-southeastern part of the basin written commun., 2003 and 2005) enabled the unconsolidated (pl. 5). The thickness of the basin-fill deposits ranges from 0 unit in the east-northeast area of the basin to be divided into to 1,210 ft, with a mean and median thickness of 550 ft. The six subunits (figs. 8A through 8F). Subunit 1 consists of altitude of the top of the CRBG in the Toppenish Basin ranges the fine-grained Touchet and similar deposits present at the from -410 to 2,290 ft, with a mean and median altitude of 450 surface. The thickness of subunit 1 ranges from 0 to about and 380 ft, respectively. 300 ft (fig. 8A). Subunit 2 consists of the coarse-grained Pasco gravels and similar deposits present at the surface and Benton Basin beneath subunit 1. The thickness of subunit 2 ranges from 0 to about 100 ft (fig. 8B). Subunit 3 is of limited extent and The Benton Basin lies in the southeastern part of consists of the fine-grained deposits of the upper Ringold the Yakima River Basin. It is the largest of the six basins Formation present beneath Subunit 2. The thickness of subunit encompassing an area of about 1,020 mi2. The western 3 ranges from 0 to about 50 ft (fig. 8C). Subunit 4, present boundary of the Benton Basin abuts the eastern boundary throughout most of the northeastern area of the Benton Basin, of the Toppenish Basin and a small section of the Yakima consists of the coarse-grained deposits of the middle Ringold Basin (figs. 6 and 7). The southern boundary is bordered Formation. The thickness of subunit 4 ranges from 0 to about by the Horse Heaven Hills structure and the northeastern 400 ft (fig. 8D). Subunit 5, also present throughout most of boundary generally follows the northern flank of the Cold the northeastern area of the Benton Basin, consists of the Creek Syncline (figs. 6 and 7). The basin is dissected with fine-grained deposits of the lower Ringold Formation. The numerous faults and folds surrounding the Rattlesnake Hills thickness of subunit 5 ranges from 0 to about 250 ft (fig. 8E). structure in the eastern part of the basin (fig. 7 and pl. 6). The Subunit 6 generally is present beneath Subunit 5, and consists western part of the basin is dissected by the Wapato Syncline of the coarse-grained basal Ringold Formation. The thickness and several unnamed folds that lie within the broad flat plain of Subunit 6 ranges from 0 to about 200 ft (fig. 8F). that encompasses the Yakima River floodplain (fig. 7 and Unit 2 is mainly present in the southwestern part of the pl. 6). Sediment deposits are thickest on the northeastern Benton Basin (pl. 6, sheet 2). The consolidated deposits of this side of the Rattlesnake Hills structure, which separates the unit include the Ellensburg Formation and similar undefined sediment deposits on the northeastern side from those on the continental sedimentary deposits. The thickness of Unit 2 southwestern side. ranges from 0 to 680 ft, with a mean and median thickness The basin-fill deposits consist of loess, alluvial fan, dune of 100 and 60 ft, respectively. The altitude of this unit ranges sand, alluvial, terrace, continental sedimentary, and Ellensburg from 370 to 3,400 ft, with a mean and median altitude of 890 Formation deposits. The deposits for the entire Benton Basin and 790, respectively. were divided and mapped into two hydrogeologic units— The basin-fill deposits of the Benton Basin are thickest to Units 1 and 2 and a total basin thickness. Information from the west where the basin abuts the Toppenish Basin and in the 1,141 well logs was used to define the units of the Benton northeastern area of the basin (pl. 6, sheet 2). The thickness Basin. All of these wells were field located. Sixty-five percent of the basin-fill deposits in the Benton Basin ranges from of the wells were field located during this study and 35 percent 0 to 870 ft, with a mean and median thickness of 120 and were located in previous investigations. 60 ft, respectively. The altitude of the top of the CRBG in the The two hydrogeologic units consist of unconsolidated Benton Basin ranges from -300 to 3,630 ft, with a mean and and consolidated deposits. Unit 1 consists of the median altitude of 960 and 800 ft, respectively. 1 Hydrogeologic Framework of Sedimentary Deposits in Six Structural Basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington

119°30’

EXPLANATION Areas of basalt at the surface T 200 Subunit 1 (Touchet deposits) 13 150 N 10050 0 100 Not present 50 0 0 0 100 100 0 Line of equal thickness of Subunit 1. 50 50 Interval is 50 feet 50 250 300 T 0 200 Subasin outline 12 150 N 50 100 200 46°30’ 50 150 250 200 50 0 0 0 250 200 200 150 200 T 0 150 11 N

100 50 0 T 10 N

0 50 0 50 50 Richland 0 50 100 0 T 50 09 50 0 N 150 50 50 Y iver 50 100 50 150 aki R 100 ma 50 0 300 150 200 50 0 50 46° 50 250 100 50 50 T 200 08 N

0 5 10 15 MILES

T 0 5 10 15 20 KILOMETERS 07 N

R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E A. Subunit 1 – Fine-grained Touchet and similar deposits

Figure 8. Thickness of subunits 1-6 in northeastern Benton Basin, Yakima River Basin, Washington.

waa4wti_01_fig08a Hydrogeologic Framework 17

119°30’

EXPLANATION Areas of basalt at the surface T Subunit 2 (Pasco gravel deposits) 13 N 50 Not present 0 0 Line of equal thickness of Subunit 2. 50 Interval is 50 feet T 100 50 Subasin outline 12 N 50 0 50

46°30’ 100 0 100

50 0 T 11 N

0

50 T 10 N

0 0

Richland 0 50 0 T 09 100 50 N 0 Y iver aki R 50 100 ma 150 0 0 T 0 08 N 50 100

0 5 10 15 MILES

T 0 5 10 15 20 KILOMETERS 07 N

R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E B. Subunit 2 – Coarse-grained Pasco gravels and similar deposits

Figure 8.—Continued.

waa4wti_01_fig08b 1 Hydrogeologic Framework of Sedimentary Deposits in Six Structural Basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington

119°30’

EXPLANATION Areas of basalt at the surface T Subunit 3 (upper Ringold Formation) 13 N 0 Not present 50 50 0 Line of equal thickness of Subunit 3. 0 Interval is 50 feet 0 0 T Subasin outline 12 N 46°30’ 0

50 0

T 11 N

T 10 N

Richland

T 09 N

Y iver aki R ma

T 08 N

0 5 10 15 MILES

T 0 5 10 15 20 KILOMETERS 07 N

R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E C. Subunit 3 – Fine-grained deposits of the upper Ringold Formation

Figure 8.—Continued.

waa4wti_01_fig08c Hydrogeologic Framework 19

119°30’

EXPLANATION Areas of basalt at the surface T Subunit 4 (middle Ringold Formation) 13 250 N

2 Not present 0 0 300 0 50 0 300 50 Line of equal thickness of Subunit 4. Interval is 50 feet 100 30 T 0 150 Subasin outline 12 0 300 200 400 N 0 250 46°30’ 50 200 3 150 50 100 300 250 50 0 300 250 200 T 150 11 100 N 50

T 10 N

0

Richland

0 T 09 N

Y iver aki R ma

T 08 N

0 5 10 15 MILES

T 0 5 10 15 20 KILOMETERS 07 N

R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E D. Subunit 4 – Coarse-grained deposits of the middle Ringold Formation

Figure 8.—Continued.

waa4wti_01_fig08d 20 Hydrogeologic Framework of Sedimentary Deposits in Six Structural Basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington

119°30’

EXPLANATION Areas of basalt at the surface T Subunit 5 (lower Ringold Formation) 13 N 0 Not present 0 50 0 Line of equal thickness of Subunit 5. 50 Interval is 50 feet

1 T 5 0 0 100 Subasin outline 12 50 50 N 0 150 250 200 46°30’ 100 1 50 00 1 0 00 50 50

0 T 200 11 N 150 50 100 50

T 10 50 N

150

Richland 100

100 50 T 09 50 N

Y iver aki R ma

T 08 N

0 5 10 15 MILES

T 0 5 10 15 20 KILOMETERS 07 N

R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E E. Subunit 5 – Fine-grained deposits of the lower Ringold Formation

Figure 8.—Continued.

waa4wti_01_fig08e Hydrogeologic Framework 1

119°30’

EXPLANATION Areas of basalt at the surface T Subunit 6 (basal Ringold Formation) 13 N 50 Not present 0 150 0 200 Line of equal thickness of Subunit 6. 50 Interval is 50 feet 100 50 T 0 Subasin outline 12 100 N 150 0 46°30’ 100 0 50 50 0 150 100 100 T 50 1 00 11 N

T 10 N 0

Richland

T 09 N 0 Y iver aki R ma

T 08 N

0 5 10 15 MILES

T 0 5 10 15 20 KILOMETERS 07 N

R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E R23E F. Subunit 6 – Coarse-grained basal Ringold Formation

Figure 8.—Continued.

waa4wti_01_fig08f  Hydrogeologic Framework of Sedimentary Deposits in Six Structural Basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington

Summary and Conclusions The Benton Basin basin-fill deposits, which total about 870 ft thick, were divided and mapped into two hydrogeologic The Yakima River Basin aquifer system located in south- units and a total basin thickness. The hydrogeologic units central Washington encompasses about 6,200 square miles. consist of unconsolidated and consolidated deposits. The The six structural sedimentary basins delineated, from north unconsolidated deposits in the northeastern area of the basin to south are: Roslyn, Kittitas, Selah, Yakima, Toppenish, and were further divided into six subunits based on information Benton. Information was collected, interpreted, and combined compiled from previous investigations. from simplified surficial geology maps, hydrogeologic contour maps from previous studies, and from about 4,700 well logs. This information was used to delineate the thicknesses of the Acknowledgments hydrogeologic units in the basin-fill deposits in each of the six basins. The cooperation of many well owners, tenants, and All data types were entered into a Geographical well drillers who supplied information and allowed access Information System software program in order to construct to wells is gratefully acknowledged. The field assistance and a gridded, 3D digital hydrogeologic framework for each information supplied by the Yakama Nation, the U.S. Bureau basin using a 10-m cell size. Data types for each basin of Reclamation, Washington State Department of Ecology, included a digital elevation model, simplified surficial and the U.S. Geological Survey offices in Idaho, Oregon, and geology, previously constructed hydrogeologic unit contour Washington also are acknowledged. Appreciation is expressed maps (where available), mapped extents of hydrogeologic to Steve Reidel, Staff Geologist, Pacific Northwest National units, well-log point values of the tops and thicknesses of a Laboratory; Eric Cheney, Associate Professor, Department hydrogeologic unit, and interpretations from sections that were of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington; constructed for each basin. The original data interpretations and Newell Campbell, retired Geology Professor, Central were honored as much as possible in developing the 3D Washington University for their assistance. framework. The calculated top and thickness cell values and/or mapped contours for the hydrogeologic units were compared to the original well and/or mapped contour data and adjusted to most accurately reflect the original interpretations. Selected References The hydrogeologic framework defines the physical, lithologic, and hydrogeologic characteristics of the Bureau of Reclamation, 1999, Yakima River Basin Water hydrogeologic units that comprise the ground-water system in Enhancement Project, Washington, Final Programmatic the individual basins. The hydrogeologic units vary by basin Environmental Impact Statement: U.S. Department of and the thickness, extent, and total basin thicknesses were Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Pacific Northwest Region, described. Upper Columbia Area Office, Yakima, Washington, 197 p. The Roslyn Basin basin-fill deposits, which total Cuffney, T.F., Meador, M.R., Porter, S.D., and Gurtz, M.E., about 700 ft thick, were divided and mapped into three 1997, Distribution of fish, benthic invertebrate, and hydrogeologic units and a total basin thickness. The algal communities in relation to physical and chemical hydrogeologic units consist of an upper coarse-grained unit, a conditions, Yakima River Basin, Washington, 1990: U.S. clay unit, and a productive gravel unit. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report The basin-fill deposits in the Kittitas, Selah, and 96-4280, 94 p. Yakima Basins, which total about 2,000, 1,900, and Drost, B.W., Cox, S.E., and Schurr, K.M., 1997, Changes 1,800 ft thick, respectively, were divided and mapped into in ground-water levels and ground-water budgets, from three hydrogeologic units and total basin thickness. The predevelopment to 1986, in parts of the Pasco Basin, hydrogeologic units consist of alluvial, unconsolidated, and Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources consolidated deposits. Investigations Report 96-4086, 172 p. The Toppenish Basin basin-fill deposits, which total Drost, B.W., and Whiteman, K.J., 1986, Surficial geology, about 1,200 ft thick, were divided and mapped into five structure, and thickness of selected geohydrologic units in hydrogeologic units based on previous work compiled by the Columbia Plateau, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Campbell (unpub. maps produced for Yakama Nation, 2001). Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4326, 11 sheets. The five hydrogeologic units consist of fine-grained and Drost, B.W., Whiteman, K.J., and Gonthier, J.B., 1990, coarse-grained unconsolidated deposits, consolidated deposits Geologic framework of the Columbia Plateau Aquifer of the upper Ellensburg Formation, a blue clay deposit of the System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho: U.S. Geological top of the Rattlesnake Ridge unit, and a coarse-grained deposit Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4238, 10 of the basal Rattlesnake Ridge unit. p., 10 sheets. Flaherty, N.M., 1975, The Yakima Basin and its water: Washington State University, Water Research Center, Pullman, Wa, 29 p. Selected References 

Frizzell, V.A., Jr., Tabor, R.W., Booth, D.B., Ort, K.M., and Phillips, W.M., and Walsh, T.J., Geologic map of the Waitt, R.B., Jr., 1984, Preliminary geologic map of the northwest part of the Goldendale quadrangle, Washington: Snoqualmie Pass 1:100,000 quadrangle, Washington: U.S. Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-693, 36 p., 1 sheet, Open-File Report 87-13, 9 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:100,000. scale 1:100,000. Reidel, S.P., and Fecht, K.R., 1994, Geologic map of the Fuhrer, G.J., McKenzie, S.W., Rinella, J.F., Sanzolone, R.F., Richland 1:100,000 quadrangle, Washington: Washington and Skach, K.A., 1994, Surface-water-quality assessment of Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Open-File Report the Yakima River Basin in Washington: Analysis of major 94-8, 21 p., scale 1:100,000. and minor elements in fine-grained streambed sediment Reidel, S.P., and Fecht, K.R., 1994, Geologic map of the Priest 1987 with sections on Geology by Marshall Gannett: U.S. Rapids 1:100,000 quadrangle, Washington: Washington Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-30, 226 p., 3 Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Open-File Report sheets, scale 1:250,000. 94-13, 22 p., scale 1:100,000. Fuhrer, G.J., Morace, J.L., Johnson, H.M., Rinella, J.F., Russell, I.C., 1897, A reconnaissance of southeastern Ebbert, J.C., Embrey, S.S., Waite, I.R., Carpenter, K.D., Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 4, Wise, D.R., and Hughes, C.A., 2004, Water quality in 96 p. the Yakima River Basin, Washington, 1999-2000: U.S. Schasse, H.W., 1987, Geologic map of the Mount Rainier Geological Survey Circular 1237, 44 p. quadrangle, Washington: Washington State Department of Glantz, M.H., 1982, Consequences and responsibilities in Natural Resources, Open-File Report 87-16, 43 p., 1 sheet, drought forecasting: The case of Yakima, 1977: Water Resr. scale 1:100,000. Res., v. 18, no. 1, p. 3-13. Schuster, E.J., 1994, Geologic maps of the east half of Gulick, G.W., and Korosec, M.A., 1990, Geologic map of the the Washington portion of the Goldendale 1:100,000 Banks Lake 1:100,000 quadrangle, Washington: Washington quadrangle and the Washington portion of the Hermiston Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Open File-Report 1:100,000 quadrangle: Washington State Department of 90-6, 20 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:100,000. Natural Resources, Open-File Report 94-9, 17 p., 1 sheet, Korosec, M.A., 1987, Geologic map of the Mount Adams scale 1:100,000. quadrangle, Washington: Washington State Department of Schuster, E.J., 1994, Geologic map of the east half of the Natural Resources, Open-File Report 87-5, 41 p., 1 sheet, Toppenish 1:100,000 quadrangle, Washington: Washington scale 1:100,000. State Department of Natural Resources, Open-File Report Kratz, M.R., 1978, Dilemmas, disruptions, but no disaster— 94-10, 15 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:100,000. drought in the Yakima basin, Washington, 1977: State Schuster, E.J., 1994, Geologic map of the east half of the Climatologist for Arizona Climatological Publications, Yakima 1:100,000 quadrangle, Washington: Washington Scientific Paper No. 3, 16 p. State Department of Natural Resources, Open-File Report Lane, R.C., 1988, Selected ground-water information for the 94-12, 19 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:100,000. Columbia Plateau regional aquifer system, Washington Sinclair, Kelsey, 1998, Stratigraphic correlation of the N2 and Oregon, 1982-1985; Volume I: Geohydrology: U.S. Grande Ronde Basalt across Kittitas valley, Washington Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-182, 236 p. State: Central Washington University, Master of Science Meyers, C.W., and Price, S.M., 1979, Geologic studies of the Thesis, 21 p. Columbia Plateau, a status report: Rockwell International, Smith, G.O., 1901, Geology and water resources of a portion Rockwell Hanford Operations RHO-BWI-ST-4, 520 p. of Yakima County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Meyers, C.W., and Price, S.M., 1981, Subsurface geology Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers 55, 68 p. of the Cold Creek syncline, a status report: Rockwell Swanson, D.A., Anderson, J.L., Bentley, R.D., Byerly, International, Rockwell Hanford Operations RHO-BWI-ST- G.R., Camp, V.E., Gardner, J.N., and Wright, T.L., 1979, 14, 396 p. Reconnaissance geologic map of the Columbia River Basalt Omernik, J.M., 1987, Ecoregions of the conterminous United group in eastern Washington and northern Idaho: U.S. States: Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1363, 26 p., 12 v. 77, no. 1, p. 118-125. sheets, scale 1:250,000. Owens, R.R., 1995, The hydrogeology of the Kittitas Valley, Swanson, D.A., Brown, J.C., Anderson, J.L., Bentley, R.D., Washington: Central Washington University, Master of Byerly, G.R., Gardner, J.N., and Wright, T.L., 1979, Science Thesis, 205 p. Preliminary structure contour maps on the top of the Grand Parker, G.L., and Storey, F.B., 1913, Water powers of the Ronde and Wanapum Basalts, eastern Washington and Cascade Range, Part III, Yakima River Basin: U.S. northern Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 369, 169 p., 18 pls. 79-1364, 3 sheets.  Hydrogeologic Framework of Sedimentary Deposits in Six Structural Basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington

Systems Operations Advisory Committee, 1999, Report Vaccaro, J.J., 1995, Changes in the hydrometeorological on biologically based flows for the Yakima River basin: regime in the Pacific Northwest: Proceedings of the 12th Report to The Secretary of the Interior, May 1999, Yakima, Annual Pacific Climate (PACLIM) Workshop, Asilomar, Washington, Executive Summary, 6 chapters, Appendix A. Ca, Technical Report 46 of the Interagency Ecological Tabor, R.W., Frizzell, V.A., Jr., Booth, D.B., Waitt, R.B., Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, Whetten, J.T., and Zartman, F.E., 1993, Geologic map of the California Department of Water Resources, p. 143. Skykomish River 30-by 60-minute quadrangle, Washington: Walsh, T.J., 1986, Geologic map of the west half of the U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Toppenish quadrangle, Washington: Washington Division of Map I-1963, 42 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:100,000. Geology and Earth Resources, Open-File Report 86-3, 8 p., Tabor, R.W., Frizzell, V.A., Jr., Whetten, J.T., Waitt, R.B., scale 1:100,000. Swanson, D.A., Byerly, G.R., Booth, D.B., Hetherington, Walsh, T.J., 1986, Geologic map of the west half of the M.J., and Zartman, R.E., 1987, Geologic map of the Chelan Yakima quadrangle, Washington: Washington Division of 30-minute by 60-minute quadrangle, Washington: U.S. Geology and Earth Resources, Open-File Report 86-4, 12 Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map p., scale 1:100,000. I-1661, 33 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:100,000. Washington State Department of Ecology, 1998, Washington Tabor, R.W., Waitt, R.B., Jr., Frizzell, V.A., Jr., Swanson, D.A., State Water Law, A Primer: WR-98-152, on-line on the Byerly, G.R., and Bentley, R.D., 1982, Geologic Map of the World Wide Web, accessed October 2000, at URL http:// Wenatchee 1:100,000 quadrangle, central Washington: U.S. www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/98152. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map Whiteman, K.J., Vaccaro, J.J., Gonthier, J.B., and Bauer, H.H., I-1311, 26 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:100,000. 1994, The hydrogeologic framework and geochemistry of U.S. Department of Energy, 1988, Site characterization plan, the Columbia Plateau aquifer system, Washington, Oregon, reference repository location, Hanford Site, Washington; and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper volume 1: U.S. Department of Energy, DOE/RW-0164, 1413-B, 73 p. unpaginated. U.S. District Court, 1945, Consent decree in the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Washington, Southern Division: Civil action No. 21, Spokane, Washington. Manuscript approved for publication, May 20, 2006 Prepared by the Publishing Network, Publishing Service Center, Tacoma, Washington Bill Gibbs Robert Crist Linda Rogers Sharon Wahlstrom For more information concerning the research in this report, contact the Director, Washington Water Science Center U.S. Geological Survey, 1201 Pacific Avenue – Suite 600 Tacoma, Washington 98402 http://wa.water.usgs.gov Jones and others Hydrogeologic Framework of Sedimentary Deposits in Six Structural Basins, Yakima River Basin, Washington SIR 2006–5116 Printed on recycled paper