OPEN SOCIETY JUSTICE INITIATIVE PUBLICATION Corporate War Crimes Prosecuting the Pillage of Natural Resources James G. Stewart Corporate War Crimes: Prosecuting the Pillage of Natural Resources James G. Stewart Corporate War Crimes: Prosecuting the Pillage of Natural Resources Open Society Justice Initiative Copyright ©2011 Open Society Foundations. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-1-936133-32-1 Published by Open Society Institute 400 West 59th Street New York, NY 10019 USA www.soros.org For more information contact: Ken Hurwitz Senior Legal Officer Anticorruption Open Society Justice Initiative
[email protected] James G. Stewart Assistant Professor University of British Columbia Faculty of Law
[email protected] Cover designed by Judit Kovács l Createch Ltd. Cover photo © Marcus Bleasdale/VII Text layout and printing by Createch Ltd. Table of Contents Acknowledgments 7 I. Introduction 9 II. Sources of Law Prohibiting Pillage 11 III. Terminology: Pillage, Plunder, Spoliation, and Looting 15 IV. Defining Pillage: Elements of the Offense 19 V. The Armed Conflict Requirement 23 VI. A Nexus to the Armed Conflict 29 VII. Appropriation of Property 33 VIII. Ownership of Natural Resources 39 IX. Exceptions in the Laws of War 53 X. Consent 63 XI. The Mental Element of Pillage 67 XII. The Criminal Responsibility of Corporations and Their Representatives 75 XIII. Jurisdiction 85 XIV. The Obligation to Prosecute 91 XV. Annex 1: Table of Cases 95 XVI. Annex 2: Pillage Elements Worksheet 125 XVII.