DOCSLIB.ORG

BIOLOGY Prevalence of Hypertension Among Boys

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BIOLOGY Prevalence of Hypertension Among Boys Research Paper Volume : 4 | Issue : 1 | January 2015 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 BIOLOGY Prevalence of hypertension among KEYWORDS : Blood Pressure, Over- boys (6-18 years) belonging to weight, Hypertension, Tripuri tribe Tripuri tribal of Tripura Sandeep Roy Sarkar Department of Human Physiology, Tripura University, Tripura, India Samir Kumar Sil Department of Human Physiology, Tripura University ,Tripura, India ABSTRACT The present study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of sustained hypertension and prehypertension and to determine the relationship between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure among rural Tripuri tribal boys of Tripura. This cross-sectional study was performed involving 458 healthy boys aged 6 to 18 years from rural areas of Mohanpur and Jampuijala sub-divisions of West Tripura district, Tripura. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured by ausculta- tory method using a mercury sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Prevalence of overweight was observed 1.53% by using BMI as indicator. No trend of obesity was recorded. Systolic blood pressure and Diastolic blood pressure was progressively accelerated as the age advances with few fluctuations. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension combining all ages was found to be 9.39% and 2.62% respectively among rural Tripuri tribal boys. Positive correlations were observed between blood pressure, BMI and waist circumference. INTRODUCTION tension and cardiovascular disease was recorded. Family history Hypertension is a major public health problem worldwide and was taken to be a history of hypertension in the parents or the is one of the risk factors for coronary artery disease and cer- grandparents. ebrovascular disease. Development of adult hypertension may start very early in life, and children maintain their position in Anthropometric measurements were taken following the pro- the blood pressure distribution over time (Shear et al., 1986). tocol of International Biological Programme (Weiner and Lou- As the symptoms of childhood hypertension are largely nonspe- rie, 1969). Body weight was recorded to the nearest 0.5 kg with cific, most children with essential hypertension are likely to be the subject standing motionless on a personal weighing scale. asymptomatic (Tanne, 2002). The long-term health risks for hy- Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm with the help of an pertensive children and adolescents can be substantial; there- anthropometer. Waist circumference was measured with the fore, it is important that clinical measures be taken to reduce subject in the standing position. BMI (kg/m2) was also calculat- these risks and optimize health outcomes. ed. Participants were asked to remove their shows and to wear light underwear prior to taking measurements. Before blood Overweight, obesity and hypertension are significant risk factors pressure measurements, students were familiarized to the in- for increased morbidity and mortality, not only in high-income strument and the nature of the procedure was explained. Blood but also in developing countries like India. Thus, assessing the pressure was determined by auscultation in right arm after a prevalence of overweight, obesity and hypertension in children minimum rest of 30 minutes, by standardized method using and adolescents may predict the future health of a country’s the mercury sphygmomanometer (NIH, 2005). For each student, population ( Bao et al., 1995). Although there have been steady the blood pressure was measured thrice in the same visit with increases in the prevalence of these parameters among the Indi- a minimum of 30 seconds rest between each determination and an population (Gupta, 2004; Deshmukh et al., 2006) there exists mean blood pressure was calculated. The systolic blood pressure limited data on such issues among different populations of our was determined by the onset of the “tapping” Korotkoff-1 sound country (Deshmukh et al., 2006; Gupta et al., 2007). and the diastolic at its disappearance (Korotkoff-5). Students found to have hypertension or prehypertension on first visit Tripuri tribes are considered to be a part of the Tibeto-Burmese were undergo a second set of blood pressure measurements at ethnic group and physically they exhibit mongoloid features least four weeks later after the first measurement. The standard (DevBarman, 2004). Very few studies on growth have been re- (NIH, 2005) norms were then used to conclude the presence or ported on the Tripuris, the numerically major tribal population absence of hypertension or prehypertension. All anthropometric of Tripura (Sarkar et al., 2012; Sil et al., 2012; Sarkar and Sil, and blood pressure measurements were made by a single ob- 2014), but studies relating hypertension are rare. Therefore this server, the first author himself. study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of sustained hypertension and prehypertension and also to determine the re- RESULTS lationship between body mass index (BMI), waist circumference The analytical results for the distribution of two anthropometric and blood pressure among apparently healthy school children variables of rural Tripuri boys according to ages are represented residing in Tripura, north-eastern India. in Table 1. Mean values of all anthropometric variables are pro- gressively accelerating with advancement of age with few fluc- METHODOLOGY tuations. The BMI cut-offs for overweight and obesity was >23.0 This cross-sectional, school-based survey was carried out from and >25.0 kg/m2 respectively (WHO, 2000) The prevalence of May to November 2012. The study was in accordance with the overweight was observed 1.53% among rural Tripuri tribal boys Helsinki Declaration of 1964, as revised in 2000 (Touitou, 2004). of Tripura. No prevalence of obesity was observed. Childrens of aged 6-18 years were enrolled from rural localities of Abhicharan and Kamalghat (under Mohanpur sub-division), Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) of Systolic blood pressure Takarjala, and Gabordi (under Jampuijala sub-division) of West (SBP) and Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of the study popula- Tripura district of Tripura. Cluster sampling method was fol- tion were calculated. Systolic blood pressure and Diastolic blood lowed for selecting 458 apparently healthy rural Tripuri tribal pressure were found to be progressively accelerating with ad- boys. Age of each subject was verified from school records. After vancement of age (Fig.1). Prehypertension in children is defined obtaining informed consent from the parents, all childrens ware as a systolic or diastolic pressure equal to or greater than the measured on schools. Those on anti-hypertensive medication 90th percentile but less than the 95th percentile. and known to have chronic heart, renal or hepatic disease were excluded. Information on age, sex and family history of hyper- Table 1: Descriptive statistics of rural Tripuri tribal boys (6 14 IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Research Paper Volume : 4 | Issue : 1 | January 2015 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 to 18 years of age). DISCUSSION It is important to determine the prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension in children, not only because it varies from one Waist circumference (cm) BMI (kg/m2) community to the other (Jafar et al., 2005), but also because it Age (yrs.) n is essential to identify the population at risk. Early identifica- Mean SD Mean SD tion translates into early interventions and possibly prevention of later morbidity and mortality (NIH et al., 2005). In the stud- 6 30 48.47 1.86 13.67 0.79 ied school children 9.39% had prehypertension and an addi- tional 2.62% had hypertension. This reflects an alarming situa- 7 30 50.29 2.82 14.18 1.14 tion, where these children need some intervention as guided by the Fourth Task Force recommendations (NIH et al., 2005). The 8 37 53.73 4.63 14.54 1.09 rates of high blood pressure in our study are marginally lower than those reported by an Indian study (Sharma et al., 2010). 9 31 54.79 5.67 15.33 1.89 Within India, regional differences in blood pressure among chil- dren were found (Krishna et al., 2007). The association between 10 47 54.46 2.46 14.79 0.89 elevated blood pressure and high BMI observed by us has been noted by various workers including few from India (Peixoto et 11 33 54.09 3.61 15.01 0.69 al., 2006; Anand and Tandon, 1996; He et al., 2006). 12 35 60.92 3.99 16.91 1.60 Table 2: Prevalence of hypertension among rural Tripuri tribal boys of Tripura. 13 36 61.44 4.13 16.81 1.20 BP percentile BP percentile ≥ th th th th BP percentile ≥ 95 14 41 63.14 4.79 17.71 1.84 Age < 90 90 – <95 (years) (Normal) (Prehypertensive) (Hypertensive) 15 32 62.71 3.00 17.97 1.67 6 27 (90)* 3 (10) 0 16 36 66.08 2.57 19.83 1.18 7 30 (100) 0 0 17 44 68.10 4.91 20.29 1.97 8 37 (100) 0 0 18 28 69.00 3.50 21.11 1.32 9 31 (100) 0 0 10 40 (85.11) 5 (10.64) 2 (4.26) 11 29 (85.29) 3 (8.82) 1 (2.94) 12 35 (100) 0 0 13 28 (77.78) 7 (19.44) 1 (2.78) 14 41 (100) 0 0 15 32 (100) 0 0 16 21 (58.33) 12 (30.77) 3 (7.69) 17 33 (75) 8 (18.18) 3 (6.82) 18 19 (73.08) 5 (19.23) 2 (7.69) Total 403 (87.99) 43 (9.39) 12 (2.62) * Figures mentioned in parentheses are percentage. Figure 1: Blood pressure pattern with age in rural Tripuri For the determination of relationship between blood pressure tribal boys. and obesity we uses BMI and waist circumference as component of adiposity (Peixoto et al., 2006; Soudarssanane et al., 2008). The Hypertension in the young is defined as systolic or diastolic interrelationship between blood pressure and various anthro- blood pressure that is repeatedly above the 95th percentile for pometric indices reveals that the correlation between Systolic age and sex (NIH, 2005).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Study to Find out the Full Immunization Coverage Of
    DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/23919.9428 Original Article A Study to Find Out the Full Section Immunization Coverage of 12 to 23- Community Medicine month old Children and Areas of Under- Performance using LQAS Technique in a Rural Area of Tripura ANJAN DATTA1, SUBRATA BAIDYA2, SRABANI DATTA3, CHANDA MOG4, SHAMPA DAS5 ABSTRACT one lot and two calculated to be the decision value. Data was Introduction: It is very important to analyze the factors which collected using pre-designed pre-tested questionnaire during acts as obstacle in achieving 100% immunization among home visit and verifying immunization card and analysed by children. Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) is one of the computer software SPSS version 21.0. effective method to assess such barriers. Results: The full immunization coverage among 12 to 23 months Aim: To assess the full immunization coverage among 12 to 23- old children of Mohanpur area was found as 91.67%. Out of month old children of rural field practice area under Department all the 22 sub-centres, 36.36% was found under performing of Community Medicine, Agartala Government Medical College as per pre-fixed criteria and the main reasons for failure of and identify the factors for failure of full immunization. full immunization in those areas are unawareness of need of subsequent doses of vaccines and illness of the children. Materials and Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2013 to October 2014 Conclusion: LQAS is an effective method to identify areas on children aged 12 to 23 months old of area under Mohanpur of under-performance even though overall full immunization Community health centre.
    [Show full text]
  • Secretary, Baptist Church, Paravada, Visakhapatanam, AP
    Publisher : India Baptist Coordination Committee Issue 21, Sep 17th , 2020 By Mr. P. Emmanuel Sugyanam; Secretary, Baptist Church, Paravada, Visakhapatanam, A. P. “COVID-19 AND RECLAIMING OUR INDEGENOUS HERITAGE” INTRODUCTION “COVID-19 and Reclaiming Our Indigenous Heritage” is an attempt to lift up the many nuances in this situation, presenting both a call to repentance for casting our lot with the oppressor (both actively and in connivance through remaining silent), and a conviction to affirm identities, histories, cultures of all people. As we pray together and ponder over our role in reclaiming our heritage, the heritage of the indigenous people and communities, may God open our eyes and hearts to the ‘beauty of divine holiness’ manifested in Sabbath, sustainability and recognition of shared heritage of all people, groups, communities and all of creation (all existentialist core values of indigenous communities) vis-à-vis the sin of insatiable greed and delusions of grandeur. Bible Reading: Revelation 7:9-10 “After this I looked, and there was a great multitude that no one could count, from every nation, from all tribes and people and languages, standing before the throne and before the Lamb, robed in white, with palm branches in their hands. They cried out in a loud voice, saying, “Salvation belongs to our God who is seated on the throne, and to the Lamb!” Reflection: A close reading of the verses opens our eyes to a great multitude representing every tribe, nation, people, language, colour and gender standing before the throne. The multitude is so enormous that it cannot be numbered.
    [Show full text]
  • NEAC Approval 2014-15
    NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AWARENESS CAMPAIGN 2014 – 2015 THEME : COMBATING DESERTIFICATION, LAND DEGRDATION AND DROUGHT” NAME OF THE RRA : TRIPURA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD STATE : TRIPURA, REGIONAL RESOURCE AGENCY SUMMARY OF APPROVED PROPOSALS Sl. Name and complete address of the Activities Recommended Financial Assistance Santioned No. organisation (in Rs.) Awareness Action Component Awareness Action Total Component WEST TRIPURA DISTRICT NGOs 1. ADWITIYA SOCIAL WELFARE SOCIETY Lecture,public Establishment of reen belt of 5000 5000 10000 (ASWS) meeting/rallies,posters/advt,paining traditional plants,vermicompost, C/o –Sri Dipankar Chakraborty Officers /sloan writing,art competition water budgeting habits etc.misc. quarterlane,Krishnanagar, Agartala,Tripura ,resource material west,pin-799001,Sri Dulal Das Mob: 9436456408/ 9436186796. 2. AGRANI MINORITY WELFARE SOCIETY Lecture, public meeting, Resource Documentation of local 4000 4000 8000 Rajnagar (south para), P.O: Agartala,P.S: West material procurement, misc traditional knowledge/ farming Agartala, Tripura(W), Pin:799001, Md.Litan Mir etc, establishment of green belt (sec), Mob: 9436488354. of traditional plants,inculcating water budgeting habits,misc 3. AJACHAK SOCIAL WELFARE SOCIETY Workshop, public Documentation of local 4000 4000 8000 Briddhanagar,Ranir Bazar,Tripura west meeting.Drama,poster/banner traditional knowledge etc, Smt. Supryia paul,Mob:9774642167 campaign, painting establishment of green belt of traditional plants, water harvesting techniques etc 4. BABA SAHEB DR.AMBEDKAR SMRITI JANA Workshop, public Documentation of local 4000 4000 8000 KALYAN SANSTHA meeting.poster/banner traditional knowledge etc, Vill+P.O:Gandhigram,Agartala,Tripura West,Sri campaign,competitions,resource establishment of green belt of Tripura State Pollution Control Board, RRA, NEAC 2014-15 2 Sl. Name and complete address of the Activities Recommended Financial Assistance Santioned No.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Audit Report for the Year 15-16
    lf?S:S:rffi IiG:nlfi :]ffi :l'-siiifi (:i'iES'::S'r':iJff:ffi f'lf::lri+*l ?.j'1s*1:ili${ii":,i:{r:: i:::{rRI :+} ::*V;ili'i*E':-:rl$iflll''i$';ffi:irv''til F il lr ti ii: f X 7: f, wffieq ffi* t\ \_ 1" t 'r \..-- the \' \ .,.t .,i$Bport of Comptroildi bnd Auditor General of India for the Year 2015-16 #=alef €sfiql : f I Plilll'i t.l hi'l}:RI :s'f llED!t I A'f fli.) T{ t T.!',1 }i .r-\l Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council' Khumulwng, TriPura Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India for the year 2015-16 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council Khumulwng, TriPura TABLE OF CONTENTS I Paragraph Page(s) I I l vii Oven'ieu, I ts -;-.*-.-.7 Profile of Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous l)tstnct Uounctl I.l I Management of Fund r.2 2 ia Maintenance of Accounls l.J 3 1^ Administrative set-up of the 3 Cha II: Audit of accounts ---1 ---; t o Receipts and Disbursements ---II ) 9 Resources, availability of funds and expenditure -- -'-) I Cash and Bank Balances z.J^a I n 1A Non-preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement L.a 16 Nut.,." of receipt under Grants-in-aid not disclosed 2.5 t7 n...ipt of Scheme Funds without routing through Council 2.6 t7 Accounts Overstatement of receipt of festival advance 2.7 18 Overstatement of receipts from outside budgets 2.8 l8 Understatement of exPenditure 2.9 l9 Understatement of capital expenditure 2.r0 20 ?n Discrepancies in General Provident Fund 2.t1 22 Sales Tax 2.r2 Income Tax /-.TJ L) 25 Cess 2.14 Understatement of Security Deposit 2.r5 26 Understatement of closing balance
    [Show full text]
  • 2014- 2015 Chapter 1 Tripura Commission for Women Act 1993
    ANNUAL REPORT April 2014 -March 2015 Tripura Commission for Women Tripura Foreword I have great pleasure to present the Annual Report of the Tripura Commission for Women for the period April 2014 to March 2015 including Audit Report and on its various initiatives and activities for protecting the rights and interest of women in the State. Increasing rate of Crime against women is global as well as National Phenomena, this State is no exception. To prevent crime against women in the state, organising Awareness Generation Programme by TCW is a continuous process. The Commission organizes various awareness programmes for Gender Sensitisation among mass people, students of schools and colleges, Panchayet members throughout the State. In various awarenass camps and seminars the Commission explains the Rules, Laws and Rights of the women in our country. Dowry harassment, Domestic Violence and rape are the large number of crime against women in our state. To eradicate these evils from the society united efforts from all sections of the society and the Govt. Departments are very much essential. The Commission has given stress upon mass awareness programme on Gender Sensitization and organized village level programmes involving Police person- als, Lawyers Judiciary and medical officers for proper implementation of legal provisions and rendering Justice to the victim women. To achieve the gender equality and empowerment of women the journey of the Commission will be continued towards the goal. I express my special thanks and gratitude to the National Commission for Women for sharing its views with State Commissions on important issues relating to women in the country and sponsored programmes especially for North Eastern States.
    [Show full text]
  • Disaster Management Plan West Tripura District 2021-22
    DDIISSAASSTTEERR MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT PPLLAANN WWEESSTT TTRRIIPPUURRAA DDIISSTTRRIICCTT 22002211--2222 OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT MAGISTRACT & COLLECTOR WEST TRIPURA DISTRICT, AGARTALA, TRIPURA-799001 DISTRICT EMERGENCY OPERATION CENTER PHONE NO-0381-2301077(TOLL FREE) FAX NO: 0381-2322971 “PREPARE FOR THE WORSE, HOPE FOR THE BEST” SL. Particulars Page No. No. 1. Index 1 2. Preface 2 3. Introduction 3 4. Demographic Information 4 5. Demographic Diagram 5-14 6. Authority for the District Disaster Management 15 7. District Disaster Management Committee 16-17 8. DDMA Stakeholders & their responsibility 18-19 9. Hazard, Vulnerability, Capacity 20 10. Hazard Vulnerability of the District 21 11. Matrix of Post Disaster in the District 21-22 12. Control Room/ EOC setup and facility 22 13. Emergency Contacts under West Tripura District 23 14. Early Warning Teams 23-24 15. Protocol for seeking help 25 16. Danger Level of Howarh/Katakhal Water West Tripura District 26 17. NGOS & other Stakeholders 26-27 18. Teams for disposal of Deads under West Tripura District 27 19. Animal Care and Carcass disposal 28-29 20. Shelter Houses 30-45 21. Department wise Response to Disaster Standard operating procedures 45-55 22. Reconstruction, Rehabilitation and Recovery Measures 56-58 23. Coordination Mechanism for implementation of DDMA 58 24. Map of West Tripura District 59 25. Earthquake Hazard Map of West Tripura District 60 26. Wind Hazard Map of West Tripura District 61 27. Rescue & Evacuation Team Under West Tripura District 62 28. Sub-Divisional Rescue & Evacuation Team 63-64 29. Disaster Medical Support Team 64 30. Sub-Divisional Medical Support Team 65 31.
    [Show full text]