Retrospective Study on Parasitic Diseases of Cattle at Mymensingh District of Bangladesh

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE Retrospective Study on Parasitic Diseases of Cattle at Mymensingh District of Bangladesh

Piash Kumar Ghosh, Mahiuddin Abdul Kader, Md. Mahi Uddin Riaz and Md. Mahfujur Rahman

Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet - 3100, Bangladesh.

Abstract The study was conducted at Mymensingh Sadar and Ishwargonj

upazila under Mymensingh district of Bangladesh to know the prevalence

of parasitic diseases. Data collection depended on the daily patient register book of upazila Veterinary hospital. The prevalence of parasitic diseases in *Corresponding Author: Mymensingh sadar upazila was 51.03% and in Ishwargonj upazila it was 46.22%. Among the parasitic diseases in Mymensingh sadar upazila the Md. Mahfujur Rahman prevalence of Fasciola was 25.88%, Paramphistomum 6.63%, Ascaris 6.25%, Babesia 2.79% Hump sore 2.79 %, Tick infestation 7.5% whereas Email: [email protected] in Ishwargonj upazila it was the prevalence of Fasciola was 8.00%, Paramphistomum 10.00%, Ascaris 4.44%, Babesia 2.44% Hump sore 6.22

%, Tick infestation 15.11%. In Mymensingh sadar upazila the highest Received: 05/12/2016 Accepted: 27/12/2016 prevalence of parasitic diseases was recorded in rainy season (18.31%) and in Ishwargonj upazila the highest prevalence was in summer season (16.22%). Our study suggests that based on the data regular deworming program should be adopted to control the parasitic disease and to reduce the production loss.

Keywords: Prevalence, Parasitic diseases, Cattle, Bangladesh.

1. Introduction Parasitic infections are one of the major Livestock is an important component of the constraints for profitable dairy industry in tropical and mixed farming system practiced in Bangladesh for subtropical countries including Bangladesh (Haque et centuries (Avon, 2001). Bangladesh has relative al., 2012). Helminth infections cause considerable density of livestock population compared to many global economic losses as a consequence of mortality other countries of the world. Bangladesh was 2 nd in in infected animals, reduced weight gain and the number of cattle population among the SAARC condemnation of affected organs during meat countries and 7 th among the Asian countries (Alam, inspection in slaughter house (Raza et al., 2007). 1995). The present livestock population in Bangladesh Production potential of livestock development is currently estimated to comprise 22.87 million cattle, programs is plagued in tropical and sub-tropical areas 1.21 million buffalo, 20.75 million goat, 2.68 million due to prevalence of helminthes which causes high sheep, 206.89 million chicken and 39.08 million ducks mortality and great economic losses (Al-Quaisy et al ., (DLS, 2007). Livestock plays a vital role in the agro 1987). About 9% of total foreign currency increased by based economy of Bangladesh. It is the most exporting skin and hides (Jabbar, 1985). Among the prospective sub sector that contributes to poverty factors responsible for decreasing health and alleviation. It is reported that more than 20% of the productivity of cattle, parasitic disease is one of the rural population of our country are engaged in this sub main constraints in cattle rearing in Bangladesh (Jabbar sector for their subsistence (Samad, 1996). Economic and Green, 1983). A decrease in profitability up to 15% losses due to low quality of hides and skin by various (Restani et al. , 1971) and 50% weight loss due to parasitic infestations in livestock have been assumed gastrointestinal parasitism has been reported (Hussain, (Irfan, 1984). The loss of productivity of animal in 1985). Among the helminthes, trematode parasites of terms of mortality, loss of milk and meat, and loss of ruminant livestock have a worldwide distribution and production rate due to animal parasite’s to the extent of even have zoonotic importance (Rafique et al., 2009). 50% in Bangladesh. The main source of animal protein is livestock and their products. Parasitism is one of the main constraints

Veterinary Research International | October-December, 2016 | Volume 04 | Issue 04 | Pages 144-147 © 2016 Jakraya Md. Mahfujur Rahman…Retrospective Study on Parasitic Diseases of Cattle at Mymensingh District of Bangladesh limiting livestock productions. Mortality of animals 4. Results and Discussion from parasitic diseases may not be alarming at times The cattle are one of the domesticated but their direct effects in terms of reduced milk, meat, ruminants, recognized as poor men’s friend in wool, hide production, infertility and loss of stamina of Bangladesh. It plays a vital role in promoting both the working animals and especially zoonotic impact on health and wealth of the nation. It provides the human health are considerably greater (Baker and principal dietary animal protein in the form of meat and Muller, 1988). So far as literature is available, limited milk to improve the national health. On the other hand, studies on epidemiological aspects of parasitic disease substantial amount of foreign exchange is earned from have been carried out. For this reason the present study exported skin and by products. Parasites cause a has been undertaken in Sadar upazila and Ishwargonj serious health problem in ruminant and limitation to the upazila of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh to find productivity of ruminants throughout the world due to out the prevalence and seasonal variation of various the associated morbidity, mortality and cost of parasitic infections in cattle. The specifics objectives of treatment and control measures. In Bangladesh the study were to determine the prevalence of parasitic parasitism has been considered as one of the major diseases and to use this information to control them. constraints of livestock production. The prevalence of parasitic diseases of cattle in 2. Materials and Methods Mymensingh Sadar upazila was 51.03% (Table 1). To know the incidence of parasitic diseases in Among the parasitic disease prevalence of Fasciola was Mymensingh area the data were collected from the 25.88%, Paramphistomum 6.63%, Ascaris 6.25%, Mymensingh Sadar and Ishwargonj upazilla veterinary Babesia 2.79%, Hump sore 2.79 %, Tick infestation hospital under Mymensingh, Bangladesh during 7.5%. These results correlate with the findings of other January to December, 2010. The data were collected study (Aktaruzzaman et al., 2010). On the other hand from the daily patient register book of Upazila the prevalence of parasitic diseases of cattle in veterinary hospital. The land is marshy and favourable Ishwargonj upazila was 46.22% (Table 2) and the for the growth of snail and other intermediate host prevalence of specific parasitic diseases was also less which favours the incidence of parasitic diseases. The than the Mymensingh Sadar upazila may be due to geo- clinical manifestation of parasitic disease are so general climatic condition and the findings correlate with the that in most instances diagnosis based on both findings of other study (Islam et al., 2008). laboratory and clinical method are more reliable than The seasonal variation of parasitic infection is any other method. presented in Table 3 and Table 4. Table 3 showed that in Mymensingh sadar upazila the highest prevalence of 3. Methods of Diagnosis parasitic diseases was recorded in rainy season The diagnostic procedures of parasitic diseases (18.31%). were followed by standard method (Soulsby, 1982). The high rate of infection in Rainy season is Skin is examined to detect external parasites or their quite reasonable. Because during this time the rainfall eggs. If mange (ecto-parasites) is suspected deep is abundant and there is abundance of intermediate host scraping was made with the help of scalpel till blood of Fasciola, Paramphistomum. The temperature and oozes out, scrapped materials were examined intact or humidity become optimum for larval development of after treatment with 10% KOH or NaOH. parasites in this season and are favourable for the migration and development of infective stage in snails. 3.1 Faeces Table 4 showed that in Ishwargonj upazila the It is examined for the detection of whole highest prevalence was in summer season (16.22%). parasites, segments of tapeworms, larval and ova of The geo-climatic condition in Ishwargonj highly favors parasites, or protozoan cysts. the development and multiplication of parasites. These findings correlate with other study 3.2 Direct Smear Method (Aktaruzzaman et al., 2010). Losses arise from deaths A small quantity of faeces was placed on a slide (10-15%) of young animals, stunted growth, reduced mixed with a drop of water and spread out with help of milk and meat production and draft output, delayed a tooth pick and examined under the microscope. maturity and prolonged calving intervals. Cattle have Motile protozoa, cysts, parasitic ova or larvae were numerous gastrointestinal parasites also. detected by this method. To aid collection of living The overall prevalence of parasitic infection in protozoa and cyst sometimes aqueous solution of the area surveyed could be attributed to lower iodine is added which stains the protozoa, leaving immunity of hosts as a result of malnutrition. All the debris and other food materials unstained. livestock in the area under investigation largely depended on grazing in deteriorated range-lands. It was

Veterinary Research International | October-December, 2016 | Vol 4 | Issue 4 | Pages 144-147 © 2016 Jakraya Publications (P) Ltd 145 Md. Mahfujur Rahman…Retrospective Study on Parasitic Diseases of Cattle at Mymensingh District of Bangladesh

Table 1: Prevalence of parasitic infestation in Mymensingh Sadar Upazilla

Month Tick Fasciola Paramphistomum Ascaris Babesia Hump sore Total /diseases infestation January 28 (2.07%) 9 (0.66%) 3 (0.22%) 1 (0.07%) 4 (0.29%) 11 (0.81%) 56 (4.12%) February 23 (1.69%) 6 (0.44%) 5 (0.38%) 3 (0.22%) 1 (0.07%) 2 (0.15%) 40 (2.94%) March 18 (1.32%) 11 (0.81%) 13 (0.96%) 1 (0.07%) - 16 (1.18%) 59 (4.34%) April 26 (1.91%) 11 (0.81%) 4 (0.29%) 5 (0.37%) 3 (0.22%) 5 (0.37%) 54 (3.97%) May 37 (2.72%) 3 (0.22%) 6 (0.44%) 5 (0.38%) 5 (0.38%) 3 (0.22%) 59 (4.34%) June 33 (2.43%) 7 (0.51%) 11 (0.81%) 2 (0.15%) 6 (0.44%) 8 (0.59%) 67 (4.93%) July 29 (2.13%) 4 (0.29%) 4 (0.29%) - 5 (0.37%) 4 (0.29%) 46 (3.38%) August 40 (2.94%) 5 (0.38%) 8 (0.59%) 2 (0.15%) 7 (0.51%) 14 (1.03%) 76 (5.59%) September 38 (2.79%) 9 (0.66%) 3 (0.22%) 3 (0.22%) 2 (0.15%) 6 (0.44%) 61 (4.48%) October 31 (2.28%) 2 (0.15%) 9 (0.66%) - 1 (0.07%) 23 (1.69%) 66 (4.85%) November 20 (1.47%) 10 (0.74%) 7 (0.51%) 1 (0.07%) 1 (0.07%) 3 (0.22%) 42 (3.09%) December 29 (2.13%) 13 (0.96%) 12 (0.88%) 4 (0.29%) 3 (0.22%) 7 (0.51%) 68 (5.00%) 352 694 Total 90 (6.63%) 85 (6.25%) 27 (1.99%) 38 (2.79%) 102 (7.5%) (25.88%) (51.03%)

Table 2: Prevalence of parasitic infestations in Iswhargonj Upazilla Month Hump Tick Fasciola Paramphistomum Ascaris Babesia Total /diseases sore infestation January 2 (0.44%) 2 (0.44%) 1 (0.22%) - 4 (0.89%) 6 (1.33%) 15 (3.33%) February 6 (1.33%) 1 (0.22%) - - 2 (0.44%) 4 (0.89%) 13 (2.89%) March 5 (1.11%) 9 (2.00%) 4 (0.89%) 1 (0.22%) 3 (0.69%) 8 (1.78%) 30 (6.67%) April - 7 (1.55%) 1 (0.22%) 1 (0.22%) - 11 (2.44%) 20 (4.44%) May 1 (0.22%) - - 2 (0.44%) 5 (1.11%) 2 (0.4 4%) 10 (2.22%) June 5 (1.11%) 4 (0.89%) - - 1 (0.22%) 3 (0.69%) 13 (2.89%) July 2 (0.44%) 1 (0.22%) 2 (0.44%) 3 (0.69%) 2 (0.44%) 7 (1.55%) 17 (3.78%) August 1 (0.22%) 5 (1.11%) 2 (0.44%) 1 (0.22%) 1 (0.22%) - 10 (2.22%) September 4 (0.89%) 7 (1.55%) 3 (0.69%) - - 12 (2.67%) 26 (5.78%) October - 2 (0.44%) - 1 (0.22%) 3 (0.69%) 9 (2.00%) 15 (3.33%) November 3 (0.69%) 4 (0.89%) 5 (1.11%) 2 (0.44%) 4 (0.89%) 4 (0.89%) 22 (4.89%) December 7 (1.55%) 3 (0.69%) 2 (0.44%) - 3 (0.69%) 2 (0.44%) 17 (3.78%) 36 20 11 28 68 208 Total 45 (10.00%) (8.00%) (4.44%) (2.44%) (6.22%) (15.11%) (46.22%)

Table 3: Seasonal prevalence of parasitic diseases in Mymensingh Sadar upazila Name of parasite Summer (March-Jun.) Rainy (July-Oct.) Winter (Nov.-Feb) Fasciola 114 (8.38%) 138 (10.15%) 100 (7.35%) Paramphistomum 32 (2.35%) 20 (1.47%) 38 (2.79%) Ascaris 34 (2.5%) 24 (1.76%) 27 (1.99%) Babesia 13 (0.96%) 5 (0.37%) 9 (0.66%) Hump sore 14 (1.03%) 15 (1.10%) 9 (0.66%) Tick infestation 32 (2.35%) 47 (3.46%) 23 (1.69%) Total 205 (15.07%) 249 (18.31%) 206 (15.15%)

Table 4: Seasonal prevalence of parasitic diseases in Ishwargonj upazila Name of parasite Summer (March-Jun.) Rainy (July-Oct.) Winter (Nov.-Feb) Fasciola 11 (2.44%) 7 (1.55%) 18 (4.00%) Paramphistomum 20 (4.44%) 15 (3.33%) 10 (2.22%) Ascaris 5 (1.11%) 7 (1.55%) 8 (1.78%) Babesia 4 (0.89%) 5 (1.11%) 2 (0.44%) Hump sore 9 (2.00%) 6 (1.33%) 13 (2.89%) Tick infestation 24 (5.33%) 28 (6.22%) 16 (3.56%) Total 73 (16.22%) 68 (15.11%) 67 (15.78%)

Veterinary Research International | October-December, 2016 | Vol 4 | Issue 4 | Pages 144-147 © 2016 Jakraya Publications (P) Ltd 146 Md. Mahfujur Rahman…Retrospective Study on Parasitic Diseases of Cattle at Mymensingh District of Bangladesh also observed that farms in these areas lack fences and power occurs. Thus it has a great economic importance cattle, sheep and goats use the same pasture for upon the cattle of Mymensingh district. Despite the grazing. special emphasis on the rearing ruminants, the development of the industry in Bangladesh is seriously 5. Conclusion threatened. So, it is essential to know the type of Among the multitude of problems hindering the parasites involved in the production of parasitic livestock development in Bangladesh, disease problems diseases in dairy industry for its treatment, prevention specially related to endoparasitism and ectoparasitism and control under field condition. Further study should constitute a serious threat to the successful ruminants’ be required to prevent the parasitic infection of the industry. The parasitic infection causes great economic animals and maximizing the production. So, to reduce loss in both the upazilla of Mymensingh district. The economic loss and for better health and proper animals become emaciated, loss of appetite, weakness, management, regular deworming program and and decrease skin quality, loss of production and draft treatment of the infected animal is essential.

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