Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul

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Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÂNICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA Aplicação de DNA Barcoding para identificação de espécies pertencentes às tribos Sisyrinchieae e Tigridieae (Iridaceae) Tese de Doutorado Tiago Luiz da Silva Alves Orientadora: Prof. Dra. Tatiana Teixeira de Souza Chies Outubro de 2013 Agradecimentos À minha orientadora Profa. Dra. Tatiana Chies por ter me acolhido prontamente em seu laboratório, por todos os ensinamentos, pela amizade e principalmente pela imensa paciência. À Profa. Dra. Janete Fett por ter acreditado na minha capacidade quando eu mesmo havia desistido. Ao Dr. Olivier Chauveau que auxiliou de forma decisiva em inúmeras etapas desta tese e contribuiu muito para minha formação. A Prof. Dra. Lilian Eggers pelos valiosos ensinamentos em taxonomia de Iridáceas. À minha colega Dra. Eudes Alves pela amizade e pelo treinamento em todos os procedimentos de rotina de nosso laboratório. Às minhas grandes amigas Adriana e Marília pela amizade, incentivo e conselhos. Às minhas amigas Ângela e Valerí, que me acompanham desde o tempo do mestrado. Aos grandes amigos e companheiros de campo Eduardo Pasini e Leando Dal Ri. Aos amigos Cassiano Welker e Jaqueline Durigon, que gentilmente contribuíram com amostras para este trabalho. À Profa. Dra. Mara Ritter pela grande amizade, pelo apoio constante e por compartilharmos a mesma fascinação pelas plantas. Aos Professores Dra. Silvia Miotto e Dr. Arthur Fett-Neto por terem sido professores excelentes de disciplinas muito úteis à minha formação. Aos colegas de pós-graduação laboratório de biologia molecular Juliana Faccineto, Juliana Lustosa, Joana, Cristiane, Paula e Tamara. Aos alunos de iniciação científica do laboratório de biologia molecular Juliana, Meire, Victória, Mariana, Raíssa e Daniela. Ao casal de amigos do laboratório de micologia Larissa e Juliano. Aos colegas taxonomistas Camila Carneiro, Fernanda, Thaíssa, Camila Inácio, Priscila, Édson e Fernando. À Gabriela que sempre cuidou muito bem da limpeza de nossos laboratórios. Aos meus amigos “não-botânicos” César Brum, Matheus Alves e Jonatan Pompermaier por me auxiliarem em algumas coletas. Aos Prof. Nélson Matzembacher ao meu amigo Lino Brum Filho por terem gentilmente aberto as portas de suas propriedades para coleta de material. À minha esposa Lauren, pelo amor, paciência, compreensão e auxílio em todas as etapas de minha pós-graduação. Aos meus pais Aureci e Sandra que sempre me incentivaram e me ensinaram a importância do conhecimento. Aos meus sogros Edite e Hermes pelo apoio constante. Aos revisores anônimos do artigo referente ao capítulo 1. À banca examinadora pela solicitude. Ao CAPES pelo fornecimento da bolsa de pós-graduação. Mad World “All around me are familiar faces Worn out places, worn out faces Bright and early for their daily races Going nowhere, going nowhere Their tears are filling up their glasses No expression, no expression Hide my head i wanna drown my sorrow No tomorrow, no tomorrow And I find it kind of funny I find it kind of sad The dreams in which i'm dying Are the best i've ever had I find it hard to tell you I find it hard to take When people run in circles It's a very, very Mad world, mad world Mad world, mad world ...” Tears for Fears Sumário Resumo...............................................................................................................1 Abstract..............................................................................................................2 Introdução geral.................................................................................................5 DNA barcoding............................................................................................................5 A família Iridaceae....................................................................................................10 A tribo Sisyrinchieae e o gênero Sisyrinchium.........................................................16 A tribo Tigridieae......................................................................................................19 Objetivos...................................................................................................................22 Referências................................................................................................................23 Capítulo 1: Species discrimination in Sisyrinchium (Iridaceae): assessment of DNA barcodes in a taxonomically challenging genus.....................................34 Abstract.....................................................................................................................36 Introduction...............................................................................................................37 Material and methods................................................................................................40 Candidate barcodes and sampling.................................................................40 DNA isolation, PCR amplification and sequencing......................................41 Genetic distance-based method: the assessment of the barcoding gap.........41 DNA sequence similarity-based method: a distance comparison approach..41 Tree-based method: identification by clustering individual accessions........42 Results.......................................................................................................................43 Rates of PCR amplification and sequencing.................................................43 Assessment of the barcoding gap..................................................................44 Species discrimination...................................................................................45 Discussion.................................................................................................................46 Universality of the candidate barcodes..........................................................46 A complex evolutionary context may hamper species identification............47 The low identification ability of plastid barcodes.........................................49 The modest rate of resolution of the ITS region............................................50 Combining different genomes and the utility of the Bayesian inference......51 Conclusions...............................................................................................................52 Aknowledgements.....................................................................................................53 References.................................................................................................................54 Data accessibility......................................................................................................62 Tables and figures.....................................................................................................63 Supplementary material.............................................................................................71 Capítulo 2: Applying DNA barcoding to South-American Tigridieae (Iridaceae): restricted variation limits identification in related species...........80 Abstract.....................................................................................................................82 Introduction...............................................................................................................83 Material and methods................................................................................................87 Taxon sampling.............................................................................................87 DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing............................................87 Data analyses.................................................................................................88 Results.......................................................................................................................89 Universality of PCR amplification and DNA sequencing.............................89 Variability levels and barcoding gap.............................................................90 Species identification.....................................................................................92 Discussion.................................................................................................................95 Universality levels among markers...............................................................95 Overall divergence and evaluation of the barcoding gap..............................96 Identification ability.....................................................................................98 Conclusions..............................................................................................................99 References...............................................................................................................100 Supplementary material...........................................................................................106 Conclusão.......................................................................................................108 Considerações finais................................................................................................109 Referências..............................................................................................................113 Resumo As técnicas de DNA barcoding (código de barras de DNA) têm como objetivo principal a identificação
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