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Early Colonial History Four of Seven
Early Colonial History Four of Seven Marianas History Conference Early Colonial History Guampedia.com This publication was produced by the Guampedia Foundation ⓒ2012 Guampedia Foundation, Inc. UOG Station Mangilao, Guam 96923 www.guampedia.com Table of Contents Early Colonial History Windfalls in Micronesia: Carolinians' environmental history in the Marianas ...................................................................................................1 By Rebecca Hofmann “Casa Real”: A Lost Church On Guam* .................................................13 By Andrea Jalandoni Magellan and San Vitores: Heroes or Madmen? ....................................25 By Donald Shuster, PhD Traditional Chamorro Farming Innovations during the Spanish and Philippine Contact Period on Northern Guam* ....................................31 By Boyd Dixon and Richard Schaefer and Todd McCurdy Islands in the Stream of Empire: Spain’s ‘Reformed’ Imperial Policy and the First Proposals to Colonize the Mariana Islands, 1565-1569 ....41 By Frank Quimby José de Quiroga y Losada: Conquest of the Marianas ...........................63 By Nicholas Goetzfridt, PhD. 19th Century Society in Agaña: Don Francisco Tudela, 1805-1856, Sargento Mayor of the Mariana Islands’ Garrison, 1841-1847, Retired on Guam, 1848-1856 ...............................................................................83 By Omaira Brunal-Perry Windfalls in Micronesia: Carolinians' environmental history in the Marianas By Rebecca Hofmann Research fellow in the project: 'Climates of Migration: -
On the Relative Isolation of a Micronesian Archipelago During The
The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology (2007) 36.2: 353–364 doi: 10.1111/j.1095-9270.2007.00147.x OnBlackwellR.NAUTICAL CALLAGHAN Publishing ARCHAEOLOGY, and Ltd S. M. FITZPATRICK: XXXthe ON THE RELATIVE ISOLATIONRelative OF A MICRONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO Isolation of a Micronesian Archipelago during the Historic Period: the Palau Case-Study Richard Callaghan Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Scott M. Fitzpatrick Department of Sociology & Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Contact between Europeans and Pacific Islanders beginning in the early 1500s was both accidental and intentional. Many factors played a role in determining when contacts occurred, but some islands remained virtually isolated from European influence for decades or even centuries. We use Palau as a case-study for examining why this archipelago was free from direct European contact until 1783, despite repeated attempts by the Spanish to reach it from both the Philippines and Guam. As computer simulations and historical records indicate, seasonally-unfavourable winds and currents account for the Spanish difficulty. This inadvertently spared Palauans from early Spanish missionaries, disease, and rapid cultural change. © 2007 The Authors Key words: computer simulations, seafaring, Spanish contact, Palau, Caroline Islands, Micronesia. he first contacts between Europeans and world’s largest ocean and most island groups native Pacific Islanders occurred in the consist of small, not-very-visible coral atolls. In T early 1500s. This was, of course, a major addition, relatively few European ships made historical event which ultimately transformed the their way into the Pacific in the 16th and 17th lives of thousands of people through the spread centuries, thereby reducing the chances of contact. -
EUDO Citizenship Observatory
ROBERT SCHUMAN CENTRE FOR ADVANCED STUDIES EUDO CITIZENSHIP OBS E RVAT O RY COUNTRY REPORT : MALTA Eugène Buttigieg September 2009 Revised April 2010 http://eudo-citizenship.eu European University Institute, Florence Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies EUDO Citizenship Observatory Report on Malta Eugène Buttigieg September 2009 Revised April 2010 EUDO Citizenship Observatory Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies in collaboration with Edinburgh University Law School Country Report, RSCAS/EUDO-CIT-CR 2010/17 Badia Fiesolana, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), Italy © 2010 Eugène Buttigieg This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the authors. Requests should be addressed to [email protected] The views expressed in this publication cannot in any circumstances be regarded as the official position of the European Union Published in Italy European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy www.eui.eu/RSCAS/Publications/ www.eui.eu cadmus.eui.eu Research for the EUDO Citizenship Observatory Country Reports has been jointly supported by the European Commission grant agreement JLS/2007/IP/CA/009 EUCITAC and by the British Academy Research Project CITMODES (both projects co-directed by the EUI and the University of Edinburgh). The financial support from these projects is gratefully acknowledged. For information about the project please visit the project website at http://eudo-citizenship.eu Malta Eugène Buttigieg1 1 Introduction Malta’s legal regime on citizenship is relatively young as it came into being on the day of Malta’s acquisition of independence from British rule in 1964. -
A Summary of Palau's Typhoon History 1945-2013
A Summary of Palau’s Typhoon History 1945-2013 Coral Reef Research Foundation, Palau Dec, 2014 © Coral Reef Research Foundation 2014 Suggested citation: Coral Reef Research Foundation, 2014. A Summary of Palau’s Typhoon History. Technical Report, 17pp. www.coralreefpalau.org Additions and suggestions welcome. Please email: [email protected] 2 Summary: Since 1945 Palau has had 68 recorded typhoons, tropical storms or tropical depressions come within 200 nmi of its islands or reefs. At their nearest point to Palau, 20 of these were typhoon strength with winds ≥64kts, or an average of 1 typhoon every 3 years. November and December had the highest number of significant storms; July had none over 40 kts and August had no recorded storms. Data Compilation: Storms within 200 nmi (nautical miles) of Palau were identified from the Digital Typhoon, National Institute of Informatics, Japan web site (http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital- typhoon/reference/besttrack.html.en). The storm tracks and intensities were then obtained from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) (https://metoc.ndbc.noaa.gov/en/JTWC/). Three storm categories were used following the JTWC: Tropical Depression, winds ≤ 33 kts; Tropical Storm, winds 34-63 kts; Typhoon ≥64kts. All track data was from the JTWC archives. Tracks were plotted on Google Earth and the nearest distance to land or reef, and bearing from Palau, were measured; maximum sustained wind speed in knots (nautical miles/hr) at that point was recorded. Typhoon names were taken from the Digital Typhoon site, but typhoon numbers for the same typhoon were from the JTWC archives. -
Palauan Migrants on Guam
Ethnic Institutions and Identity: Palauan Migrants on Guam RICHARD D . SHEWMAN Departm ent of Anthrop ology , University of Guam, UOG Station Mangi/ao, Guam 96913 Abstract- There are over one thousand Palauan migrants residing on Guam. They have been able to adapt to life on Guam relati vely successfully while continuing to view themselves as Palauans and retaining close ties with Palau . The primary mechani sms in the maintenanc e of their identit y are the Pal a uan institution s. Similar in many resp ects to tho se found in Palau , the migrant institutions have their base in the kinship units , telungalek /kebliil, but va ry from the original as accommodation to life on Guam ha s demanded. These institution s give the migrants a context in which Pal auan langua ge and role relation ships can be experienced and channel s of reciprocity with Palau and among the migrant s ma intained. They also make adju stment to life on Gu am easier by pro viding a source of financi al, social , emotion al, and spiritual support to the migrant. • Palauan migrants residing on Guam present an example of a migrant ethnic group that is in the process of adaptating to a new social environment. My research was conducted among the Palauans of Guam from September 1977 through January 1978. One of the issues this research addressed was the maintenance of a Palauan ethnic identity while living on Guam. This article presents a brief description of the Palauan population on Guam and its social institutions , as they relate to the maintenance of Palauan ethnic identity and assist in a successful adaptation to life in the new environment. -
Palau National Marine Sanctuary Building Palau’S Future and Honoring Its Past
A fact sheet from Sept 2015 Palau National Marine Sanctuary Building Palau’s future and honoring its past Caring for the environment has long been an important part of Palau’s culture. For centuries, traditional leaders on these Pacific Ocean islands have worked to protect local waters through enactment of a “bul”—a moratorium on catching key species or fishing on certain reefs to protect habitats that are critical to the community’s food security. When Palau became an independent nation in 1994, its founders wrote in the constitution about the need for “conservation of a beautiful, healthful, and resourceful natural environment.” Palau’s waters are worth protecting. Commonly referred to as one of the seven underwater wonders of the world, they boast ecosystems of remarkable biodiversity, which include: • More than 1,300 species of fish. • More than 400 species of hard coral and 300 species of soft coral. • Seven of the world’s nine types of giant clam. • Lakes that are home to nonstinging jellyfish. • The most plant and animal species in Micronesia. Palau is again taking a leading role by moving to create a modern-day bul that puts the marine environment first. On Oct. 28, 2015, after unanimous passage in the National Congress, President Tommy E. Remengesau Jr. signed into law the Palau National Marine Sanctuary Act, establishing one of the world’s largest protected areas of ocean. The sanctuary will fully protect about 80 percent of the nation’s maritime territory. Full protection means that no extractive activities, such as fishing or mining, can take place. -
Palau's Marine Protected Areas Mr. Noah Idechong, Delegate, House of Delegates, Palau
Micronesian Sea Traditions - Palau's Marine Protected Areas Mr. Noah Idechong, Delegate, House of Delegates, Palau Surrounded by water, Palauans have developed a life which is inextricably linked with the oceans. We derive food, identity and traditions from our relationship with the ocean. The long standing success of this symbiotic relationship is based on responsibility that each Palauan is taught from childhood that they are caretakers of the sea. Prior to the El Nino event which killed much of our soft and hard coral, Palau had been unexposed to such wide spread devastation. Seeing the corals die, knowing that we could not stop it made many Palauans want to give up their role as caretaker. We were on the verge of losing heart, especially since once the corals died many of the fish also left, and with them a great deal of our livelihood. This was a clear example of the dramatic effect that a small change in a single part of the ecosystem can have a cascading effect on all other parts. However, we went back to our roots and saw building on traditional approaches with modern scientific advances as the way forward to crafting effective measures to save our oceans. Palau's practical experience with the ecosystem approach extends back thousands of years. The traditional practice of bul is an important example. Bul involves the Council of Chiefs placing reef areas off limits to fishing during known fish spawning and feeding periods. This respects vulnerabilities in the ecosystem while ensuring that there will be robust fish to catch during other times of the year. -
Threatened Endemic Plants of Palau
THREA TENED ENDEMIC PLANTS OF PALAU BIODI VERSITY CONSERVATION LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL SERIES 19 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL SERIES 19 Threatened Endemic Plants of Palau Biodiversity Conservation Lessons Learned Technical Series is published by: Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) and Conservation International Pacific Islands Program (CI-Pacific) PO Box 2035, Apia, Samoa T: + 685 21593 E: [email protected] W: www.conservation.org The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. A fundamental goal is to ensure civil society is engaged in biodiversity conservation. Conservation International Pacific Islands Program. 2013. Biodiversity Conservation Lessons Learned Technical Series 19: Threatened Endemic Plants of Palau. Conservation International, Apia, Samoa Authors: Craig Costion, James Cook University, Australia Design/Production: Joanne Aitken, The Little Design Company, www.thelittledesigncompany.com Photo credits: Craig Costion (unless cited otherwise) Cover photograph: Parkia flowers. © Craig Costion Series Editors: Leilani Duffy, Conservation International Pacific Islands Program Conservation International is a private, non-profit organization exempt from federal income tax under section 501c(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. OUR MISSION Building upon a strong foundation of science, partnership and field demonstration, -
Soils and Agriculture of the Palau Islands'
Soils and Agriculture of the Palau Islands' A.J. VESSEL and Roy W. SIMONSON2 SOILS OF THE PALAU ISLANDS range from shown in Figure 1. Lying 7° north of the deeply weathered Latosols- to shallow, rocky equator, the Palaus are in the same latitude as Lithosols, and include Regosols, Alluvial Colombia and Venezuela. Soils, and Organic Soils. Most extensive in The Palau chain stretches appro ximately 50 the islands are the Larosols, ofgeneral interest miles, from Kayangel at the north to Angaur because of their wide distribution in the at the south. From east to west, the dimen humid tropics . Associated soils are much less sions of the chain range from 3 to 25 miles, extensive but are more impo rtant to local as measured to the outer barrier reefs. food production . The latter also illustrate The total land area of the group, which effects of local factors in soil formation . Data consists of some 350 closely spaced islands on characteristics, distribution, and utilization and islets, is 175 square miles. Babelthuap, of the soils and a preliminary evaluation of largest island in the group, has an area of al their agricultural potentialities are given in most 140 square miles. The bulk of the re this paper. More complete descriptions of the maining land area is distributed among eight soils are part of a comprehensive report on additional islands. Most of the 350 islands the geology and soils ofthe islands now being and islets of the chain are tiny reefs or bars, prepared for publication as a professional barely above sea level. -
MALTESE E-NEWSLETTER 275 July 2019 1
MALTESE E-NEWSLETTER 275 July 2019 1 MALTESE E-NEWSLETTER 275 July 2019 Independence Day is annually celebrated on July 4 and is often known as "the Fourth of July". It is the anniversary of the publication of the declaration of independence from Great Britain in 1776. Independence Day is a public holiday. It is a day off for the general population, and schools and most businesses are closed. Independence Day is a patriotic holiday celebrated by Americans worldwide Independence Day is a day of family celebrations with picnics and barbecues, showing a great deal of emphasis on the American tradition of political freedom. Activities associated with the day include watermelon or hotdog eating competitions and sporting events, such as baseball games, three-legged races, swimming activities and tug-of-war games. Many people display the American flag outside their homes or buildings. Many communities arrange fireworks that are often accompanied by patriotic music. The most impressive fireworks are shown on television. Some employees use one or more of their vacation days to create a long weekend so that they can escape the heat at their favourite beach or vacation spot. Independence Day is a patriotic holiday for celebrating the positive aspects of the United States. Many politicians appear at public events to show their support for the history, heritage and people of their country. Above all, people in the United States express and give thanks for the freedom and liberties fought by the first generation of many of today's Americans. The Statue of Liberty is a national monument that is associated with Independence Day. -
Crisis Contagion in the World Trade Network
Coquid´e et al. RESEARCH Crisis contagion in the world trade network C´elestinCoquid´e1, Jos´eLages1* and Dima L Shepelyansky2 *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract 1Institut UTINAM, UMR 6213, CNRS, Universit´eBourgogne We present a model of worldwide crisis contagion based on the Google matrix Franche-Comt´e,Besan¸con,France analysis of the world trade network obtained from the UN Comtrade database. Full list of author information is The fraction of bankrupted countries exhibits an on-off phase transition governed available at the end of the article by a bankruptcy threshold κ related to the trade balance of the countries. For κ > κc, the contagion is circumscribed to less than 10% of the countries, whereas, for κ < κc, the crisis is global with about 90% of the countries going to bankruptcy. We measure the total cost of the crisis during the contagion process. In addition to providing contagion scenarios, our model allows to probe the structural trading dependencies between countries. For different networks extracted from the world trade exchanges of the last two decades, the global crisis comes from the Western world. In particular, the source of the global crisis is systematically the Old Continent and The Americas (mainly US and Mexico). Besides the economy of Australia, those of Asian countries, such as China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, are the last to fall during the contagion. Also, the four BRIC are among the most robust countries to the world trade crisis. Keywords: Complex networks; world trade; contagion crisis; Google matrix; PageRank; phase transition Introduction The financial crisis of 2007-2008 highlighted the enormous effect of contagion over world bank networks (see e.g. -
National Days 2021
National days Alfabethical order Afghanistan 19 August Georgia 26 May Albania 28 November Germany 3 October Algeria 1 November Ghana 6 March Andorra 8 September Greece 25 March Angola 11 November Grenada 7 February Argentina 25 May Guatemala 15 September Armenia 21 September Guinea 2 October Australia 26 January Guinea-Bissau 24 September Austria 26 October Guyana 23 February Azerbaijan 28 May Haiti 1 January Bahamas 10 July Holy See 13 March Bahrain 16 December Honduras 15 September Bangladesh 26 March Hungary 23 October Barbados 30 November Iceland 17 June Belarus 3 July India 26 January Belgium 21 July Indonesia 17 August Benin 1 August Iran 11 February Bhutan 17 December Iraq 10 December Bolivia 6 August Ireland 17 March Bosnia-Herzegovina 25 November Israel 29 April Botswana 30 September Italy 2 June Brazil 7 September Jamaica 6 August Brunei Darussalam 23 February Japan 23 February Bulgaria 3 March Jordan 25 May Burkina Faso 11 December Kazakhstan 16 December Burundi 1 July Kenya 12 December Cambodia 9 November Korea, D.P.Rep. 9 September Cameroon 20 May Korea, Rep. 3 October Canada 1 July Kosovo 17 February Cape Verde 5 July Kuwait 25 February Central African Republic 1 December Kyrgyzstan 31 August Chad 11 August Laos 2 December Chile 18 September Latvia 18 November China 1 October Lebanon 22 November Colombia 20 July Lesotho 4 October Comoros Islands 6 July Liberia 26 July Congo 15 August Libya 24 December Congo, D.R. 30 June Lithuania 16 February Costa Rica 15 September Luxembourg 23 June Côte d'Ivoire 7 August Madagascar 26