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The History and Politics of DTV Cinemasource , 18 Denbow Rd., Durham, NH 03824 Cinemasource.Com 800-483-9778 The History and Politics of DTV CinemaSource , 18 Denbow Rd., Durham, NH 03824 cinemasource.com 800-483-9778 CinemaSource Technical Bulletins. Copyright 2002 by CinemaSource, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this bulletin may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission, except in brief quotations embodied in critical reviews. CinemaSource is a registered federal trademark. For information contact: The CinemaSource Press, 18 Denbow Rd. Durham, NH 03824 Chapter One: The History of DT V 3 The History and Politics of DTV Chapter 1: The History of Digital Television • The history of DTV ------------------------------------------------------------------ Page 4 • Behind The Scenes of the Grand Alliance ------------------------------------ Page 11 Chapter 2: The Politics of Digital Television • Can the FCC Fix the Transition? ------------------------------------------------- Page 15 • The Great 8-VSB vs COFDM Debate ------------------------------------------ Page 18 • How The Cable Companies Fit In ----------------------------------------------- Page 20 • Digital Copy Protection Via HDCP ---------------------------------------------- Page 23 • Digital Copy Protection Via DTLA ----------------------------------------------- Page 25 • And Some Negative Opinions ---------------------------------------------------- Page 26 Chapter One: The History of DT V 4 From The Guide To Digital Television Chapter One: Published by United Entertainment Media The History of 460 Park Avenue South, 9th Floor New York, NY 10016 DTV (212) 378-0449 For more information: www.digitaltelevision.com rom concept to reality, the quest for a new viewing 2) An existing NTSC-compatible channel, unchanged, and experience has reshaped the technical and a separate 6 MHz channel containing an independent non- Fregulatory landscape of broadcasting in North NTSC-compatible HDTV signal America, and indeed, around the world. Although HDTV production equipment had been available since 1984, It was pointed out that both of these methods would be standardization for broadcast service was slowed by lack “compatible” in the sense that existing TV receivers could of agreement on how the public could best be served. The continue to be serviced by an NTSC signal. primary consideration was whether to adopt a system compatible with NTSC or a simulcast system requiring The first interim report stated that, “based on current additional transmission spectrum and equipment. bandwidth-compression techniques, it appears that full HDTV will require greater spectrum than 6 MHz.” The On November 17, 1987, at the request of 58 U.S. report went on to say that the Advisory Committee broadcasters, the FCC initiated a rulemaking on advanced believed that efforts should focus on establishing, at least television (ATV) services and established a blue ribbon ultimately, an HDTV standard for terrestrial broadcasting. Advisory Committee on Advanced Television Service The report concluded that one advantage to simulcasting (ACATS) for the purpose of recommending a broadcast was that at some point in the future—after the NTSC standard. Former FCC Chairman Richard E. Wiley was standard and NTSC-equipped receivers were retired—part appointed to chair ACATS. At that time, it was generally of the spectrum being utilized might be reemployed for believed that HDTV could not be broadcast using 6 MHz other purposes. On the basis of preliminary engineering terrestrial broadcasting channels. Broadcasting studies, the Advisory Committee stated that it believed organizations were concerned that alternative media sufficient spectrum capacity in the current television would be used to deliver HDTV to the viewing public, allocations table might be available to allow all existing placing terrestrial broadcasters at a severe disadvantage. stations to provide ATV through either an augmentation or The FCC agreed that this was a subject of importance and simulcast approach. initiated a proceeding (MM Docket No. 87-268) to consider the technical and public policy issues of ATV. The process begins The first interim report of the ACATS, filed on June 16, With this launch, the economic, political, and technical 1988, was based primarily on the work of the Planning implications of HDTV caused a frenzy of activity in Subcommittee. The report noted that proposals to technical circles around the world; proponents came implement improvements in the existing NTSC television forward to offer their ideas. The Advanced Television Test standard ranged from simply enhancing the current Center (ATTC) was set up to consider the proposals and standard all the way to providing full-quality HDTV. The evaluate their practicality. In the first round of tests, 21 spectrum requirements for the proposals fell into three proposed methods of transmitting some form of ATV categories: 6 MHz, 9 MHz, and 12 MHz. Advocates of a signals (from 15 different organizations) were considered. 12 MHz approach suggested using two channels in one of The ATTC work was difficult for a number of reasons, but two ways: primarily because the 21 systems were in various stages of readiness. Most, if not all, were undergoing continual 1) An existing NTSC-compatible channel supplemented by refinement. Only a few systems existed as real, live black a 6 MHz augmentation channel (either contiguous or boxes, with “inputs” and “outputs”. Computer simulation noncontiguous) made up the bulk of what was demonstrated in the first rounds. The ATTC efforts promised, incidentally, to be as Chapter One: The History of DT V 5 much a test of computer simulation as a test of hardware. ATV information beyond the basic 6 MHz did not have to Of the 21 initial proposals submitted to ACATS in be contiguous with the main channel. September 1988, only six actually were completed in hardware and tested. Any additional use of the present VHF- and UHF-TV broadcast bands would have to take into account co- The race begun, engineering teams at various companies channel and adjacent-channel interference protection. At began assembling the elements of an ATV service. One of UHF, an additional important unanswered question was the first was the Advanced Compatible Television (ACTV) the effect of the UHF “taboo channels” on the availability system, developed by the Sarnoff Research Center. On of extra frequency space for ATV signals. These “taboos” April 20, 1989, a short ACTV program segment was were restrictions on the use of certain UHF channels transmitted from the center, in New Jersey, to New York because of the imperfect response of then-existing TV for broadcast over a WNBC-TV evening news program. receivers to unwanted signals, such as those on image The goal was to demonstrate the NTSC compatibility of frequencies, or those caused by local oscillator radiation ACTV. Consisting of two companion systems, the scheme and front-end intermodulation. was developed to comply with the FCC’s tentative decision of September 1988, which required an HDTV The mobile radio industry had been a longtime combatant broadcast standard to be compatible with NTSC receivers. with broadcasters over the limited available spectrum. Land mobile had been asking for additional spectrum for The basic signal, ACTV-I, was intended to provide a wide- years, saying it was needed for public safety and other screen picture with improved picture and sound quality on worthwhile purposes. At that time, therefore, the chances new HDTV receivers, while being compatible with NTSC of the FCC allocating additional spectrum to television receivers on a single 6 MHz channel. A second signal, broadcasters in the face of land mobile demands were not ACTV-II, would provide full HDTV service on a second thought to be very good. Such was the case; the land augmentation channel when such additional spectrum mobile industry (and other groups) made a better case for might be available. the spectrum. In the second interim report of the ACATS (April 26, 1989), In any event, the FCC informally indicated that it intended the committee suggested that its life be extended from to select a simulcast standard for HDTV broadcasting in November 1989 to November 1991. It also suggested that the United States using existing television band spectrum the FCC should be in a position to establish a single and would not consider any augmentation-channel terrestrial ATV standard sometime in 1992. The Advisory proposals. Committee noted that work was ongoing in defining tests to be performed on proponent systems. An issue was System testing: Round 2 raised relating to subjective tests and whether source material required for testing should be produced in only With new groundwork clearly laid by the FCC, the second one format and transcoded into the formats used by round of serious system testing was ready to begin. different systems to be tested, or whether source material Concurrent with the study of the various system should be produced in all required formats. The Advisory proposals, the ACATS began in late 1990 to evaluate the Committee also sought guidance from the FCC on the means for transmission of seven proposed formats for the minimum number of audio channels that an ATV system purpose of determining their suitability as the U.S. would be expected to provide. standard for VHF and UHF terrestrial broadcasting. The initial round of tests were scheduled for completion by The large number of system proponents, and delays in September 30, 1992. developing hardware, made it impossible
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