THE ANCESTRY OF JOHN 1VHITNEY

SIX HUNDRED COPIES PRINTED

FAC81MII,E OF PATENT ROLL, r, HENRY IV. (1404), FIRST PAltT No. 372. SITOWJNO GRANT OF CLIFFORD AND GI,ARBURY TO ROBERT WHJTENEY.

WEITNEY OJ.' WH.l'l'NEY.

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THE ANCESTRY

OF JOIIN WHITNEY

WHO, WlTH HIS WIFE ELINOR, AND SONS JOHN, RICHARD, NATHANIEL, THOMAS, .AND JONATHAN, EMIGRATED FROM LONDON, ENGLAND, IN THE YEAR 1635, AND SETTLED IN WATERTOWN, MASSACHUSETTS ; THE FIRST OF THE NAME IN .AMERICA, AND THE ONE FROM WHOM A GREAT MAJORITY OF THE WHITNEYS NOW LIVL'IG IN THE UNITED STATES ARE DESCENDED,

BY HENRY l\IELVILLE, A. M., LL. B. OF THE CITY OF NEW-YORK

NEW-YORK PRINTED AT THE DE VINNE PRESS 1896 Copyright, 1895, by H)iNRY MELVILLE. TO THE DESCENDANTS OF JOHN WHITNEY WHO HONOR THEIR FOREFATHERS AS THEY HOPE TO BE HONORED IN TURN BY POSTERITY THIS BOOK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED

PREFACE

AT the beginning of the work the results of which appear in the following pages, Mr. JosEPH C. WHIT­ NEY, of Boston, with great courtesy placed freely at my disposal a mass of memoranda accumulated in the course of several years of investigation by his late father HENRY AusTIN WHITNEY. They sug­ gested clearly the parentage of the emigrant, and only the discovery of the register of his baptism at Westminster and the entries in the records of the Merchant Taylors Company, connecting W estmin­ ster with Isleworth, was necessary to complete the chain of proof. Finding that he was the son of Thomas Whitney, "gentleman," of Westminster, there was at once available the manuscript Whitney pedigrees of the British Museum, in which the said Thomas is mentioned. Acknowledgment of indebtedness for kind assis­ tance is also especially due to the Reverend HENRY DEW and Miss JANE B. DEw, of Whitney; the Very Reverend Archdeacon BEVAN, of Hay Castle; Mrs.

yfj Vlll Preface

MARY DAWSON, daughter of the said Archdeacon, and wife of Colonel DAWSON of the British Army; the Reverend WALWYN TRUMPER, of Clifford; the Rev­ erend H. J. R. MARSTON, of Icomb; the Reverend DAVID ROYCE, of Nether Swell ; and Enw ARD NASH, Esq., clerk of the Merchant Taylors Company. HENRY MELVILLE. New York, November, 1895. WHITNEY HERALDRY

THOMAS FULLER, in his famous " History of the Worthies of England," states that the arms of Sir Robert \Vhitney, of Whitney, Knight, who was sheriff of Herefordshire in the first year of Richard II. (13i7), were "Az. a cross cheeky or and Gules." How long these were borne by the family before that date is not known, but, from their nature, it is supposed that they originated during the early cru­ sades. The records of the various Herald's Visita­ tions, found in the College of Arms and among the Harleian l\Ianuscripts in the British Museum, show that they remained unchanged till the emigration of John Whitney in 1635. The same authorities describe the crest that went with the arms as " A bull's head, couped sa. armed arg. the points gu." Fairbairn's " Book of Crests of the Families of Great Britain and Ireland," revised by Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, Edinburgh, 1892, gives the motto of the Whitneys of Herefordshire as "Magnanimiter cru­ cem sustine" (gallantly uphold the cross). It also indicates that all the Whitney families in Great Brit­ ain have retained the original crest substantially un­ altered; for example: "WHITNEY, of Merton, Wexford, a bull's head couped sa., the horns arg., the points gu. ix X Whitney Heraldry WHITNEY, of Cheshire, in Gloucester, same crest. "WHITNEY, of Hertfordshire, same crest. "WHITNEY, of Shropshire, a bull's head sa. attired per fesse gu. and arg. "WHITNEY, Benjamin, Esquire, of Upper Fitzwil­ liam street, Dublin, Ireland, a bull's head couped sa. armed arg., tipped gu. gorged with a collar chequy or. and sa., and charged upon the neck below the collar with a cross crosslet arg. "FETHERSTON-WHITNEY, Edmund Whitney, Es­ quire, of Neopass, County Westmeath, Ireland- I, a bull's head couped sa., horned arg., tipped gu., gorged with a collar chequy arg. and gu. (for Whitney); 2, an antelope statant arg., attired or. (for Fetherston)." The originals of the two colored plates, showing respectively the Whitney arms and crest alone, and a shield with sixteen quarterings, were prepared by Charles H. Athill, Esquire, Richmond Herald, at the College of Arms, London. The third plate, with sixty­ four quarterings, showing the impalement to which the great-grandparents of the emigrant were entitled, is the work of Mr. Gildersome-Dickinson, of London, and should be compared with a chart, arranged by him, which appears as an appendix. TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE INTRODUCTION . • • 1

CH.APTER I ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE WmTNEY F .AMILY 7 Location and description of the parish of Whitney and the river Wye. Derivation of the name Whitney. Earliest mention. Origin of Whitney as a surname. Turstin the Fleming and Agnes de Merleberge. The grant of land to the Monastery of St. Peter. Origin of the name De Wigemore. Change from De Wige­ more to De Whitney. Description of the Marches of Wales. Probable Character of the early Whitneys. Origin of the Whitney arms.

CHAPTER II THE WHITNEYS OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY, 41 Table of the reigns of the Sovereigns of England. The Testa de Nevill, 1242. Robert the earliest his­ toric Whitney. John de Wytteneye, overseer of the King's Castle at Bristol, 1252. John de Wytteneye, assassinated in Hereford, 1272. Sir Eustace de Whitney confirms grant of his ancestors to St. Peters, about 1280; Lord of Pencombe, Little Cow­ arne, and Whitney, 1281 ; granted Free Warren in Pencombe, Whitney, and Caldwell, 1284; summoned to military service beyond the seas, 1297; tenant of part of the Manor of Huntington, 1299; summoned to Scottish War, 1301. iii zi Xll Table of Contents

CHAPTER III PA.GE THE WHITNEYS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY 51 The first Whitney in Parliament, 1313. John de W ytteneye, the monk of Westminster, 1303. John de Wytteneye, adviser of Edward II., 1314. Sir Eustace de Whitney, Member of Parliament, 1351-52. Sir Robert de Whitney in retinue of Duke of Clarence, 1368; Member of three Parliaments, 1376, 1379, 1380; Sheriff of Herefordshire, 1377. Sir Robert Whitney, Commissioner to negotiate treaty in Flan­ ders, 1388; Member of Parliament, 1391. Commis­ sioner to France, 1393 ; Knight Marshal at Court of Richard II. ; sent to Ireland on the King's business in 1394; killed" at the capture of Edmund Mortimer," 1402.

CHAPTER IV

THE WHITNEYS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 74 Grant of the Castle of Clifford and the lordships of Clifford and Glasbury to Robert Whitney on ac­ count of the services of his father. Description of Clifford. Connection by marriage of the Whitney and Oldcastle families. Sir Robert Whitney, Sheriff, 1413 ; Member of Parliament, 1416 ; Captain of Fortress of Vire, 1420 ; Member of Parliament, 1422; Sheriff, 1428, 1433, 1437; died, 1441. Thomas Whitney at Agincourt, 1415; granted land in France, 1419. Sir Eustace Whitney ; marriages; adventure as Royal Commissioner in Wales; Member of Par­ liament, 1468. Robert Whitney attainted as a York- ist, 1459; Sheriff, 1476; marriage to Alice Vaughn; her ancestry; Epithalamium by Lewis Glyn Cothi ; marriage to Constance Touchett ; her descent from William the Conqueror. Table of Contents xiii

CH.APTER V PAGE THE WHITNEYS OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 116 James Whitney; his mamage to Blanche Milbourne; her ancestry and possessions. Description of !comb. James Whitney, Receiver of Newport, 1521-22. James Whitney, Sewer of the Chamber, 1516; Re­ ceiver General, etc., 1530. Robert Whitney of !comb; marriage; in charge of estate of Duke of Bucking­ ham, 1523; Sheriff of Gloucestershire, 1527-1530; nominated Knight of the Bath at Coronation of Anne Boleyn, 1533 ; pensioned from Monastery lands, 1535 ; " Attendant upon the King's person," in war of 1536, supplying forty men ; death, 1541 ; will. John Whitney, the "bedfellow" of Roger As­ cham. Robert Whitney, knighted, 1553; summoned by privy council, 1555, 1559 ; in Parliament, 1559; marriage; ancestry of his wife, Sybil Baskerville; quarterings of Whitney Arms; Inquest post mor- tem, 1567. James Whitney, knighted, 1570; Sheriff, 1574, 1586, 1587; Suitor for hand of Barbara Ga­ mage ; death 1587; will.

CHAPTER VI THE LAST OF THE WHITNEYS OF WHITNEY 181 Eustace Whitney, Sheriff, 1596; marriage and family. Sir Robert Whitney, knighted, 1617; Sheriff, 1639; officer in Cavalier Army at Worcester; marriage to daughter of Sir Thomas Lucy, and family. Constance Whitney's monument at St. Giles. Lucy Booth's monument in Hereford Cathedral. Sir Thomas Whitney, knighted by Charles II.; the last, of the· Whitneys of Whitney. Disposition of the, estate; Chain of title; present condition. Whitney Castle. Whitney Court. XlV Table of Contents

CHAPTER VII PA.GE COLLATERAL WHITNEY FAMILIES • • • • • • 196 The Whitneys of Coole Pilate. Geoffrey Whitney, Poet. Thomas Whitney of Hay, Soldier. William Whitney of Abergeoir, Soldier. John Whitney of London, friend of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Geoffrey Whitney of London, Merchant Taylor. Walter Whitney of London, Plasterer. Sir William Whitney, Baronet. Thomas Whitney of Dieulacres, Abbot. Captain James Whitney, "Highwayman." Captain Thomas Whitney, "Pirate."

CHAPTER VIII

THE ANCESTRY OF JOHN WHITNEY • 207 Robert, third son of Sir Robert Whitney. Thomas Whitney of Westminster, son of Robert; his mar­ riage, children, death, and estate. John Whitney, son of Thomas, shown to have been the emigrant by the records of the Merchant Taylors Company. Life of John Whitney, Puritan Emigrant. APPENDIXES

P.lGE I. VISITATION OF 1634, IN COLLEGE OF A.RMS . 263

II. HARLEIAN MS. No. 1140, IN BRITISH MUSEUM 264

[ll. HARLEIAN MS. No. 1041, IN BRITISH MUSEUM 266

IV. HARLEIAN MS. No. 1159, IN BRITISH MusEL'M 267

V. HARLEIAN MS. No. 1159, IN BRITISH MUSEUM 268

VI. HARLEIAN MS. No. 1442, IN BRITISH MUSEUM 270

VII. HARLEIAN MS. No. 1442, IN BRITISH MUSEUM 272

VIII. HARLEIAN MS. No. 1442, IN BRITISH MUSEUM 273

IX. HARLEIAN MS. No. 1545, IN BRITISH MUSEUM 275

X. CHAUNDLER PEDIGREE, VIS. OF LONDON . • . 276

XI. CHART SHOWING "ACHIEYEMENTS," PREPARED BY MR. GILDERSOME-DIC:K!NSON, OPPOSITE. 276

INDEX ...... 279

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

ARMS AND CREST OF WHITNEY, colored . . . Frontispiece.

FACSIMILES OF PASSAGES IN DOMESDAY BOOK: PAGE " Rex tenet Witenie" . . . . 10 Land of Alured de Merleberge 20 Land of Ralph de Mortimer 22

OPPOSITE PAGE THE WYE AT WHITNEY • • ...... • . 8 THE BANKS OF THE WYE AT WHITNEY • • 10 SCRIPTORIGM OF THE MONASTERY OF ST. PETER 14 PLAN OF EWIAS CASTLE . • . . . . 18 Rums OF WIGEMORE CASTLE • • ...... 22 MAP OF THE WHITNEY ESTATE, 1895 ...... 32 GRANT OF FREE WARREN TO EUSTACE DE WHYTENEYE 48 RUINS OF CLIFFORD CASTLE, 1800 . . . 76 GRANT OF CLIFFORD AND GLASBURY TO ROBERT WHITENEY, 1404 ...... 78 RUINS OF CLIFFORD CASTLE, 1895, LAND SIDE . . . . 82 RUINS OF CLIFFORD CASTLE, 1895, FROM THE WYE 84 ARMS OF CLIFFORD, WALWYN, PENNOYRE AND WHIT· NEY, CARVED ON TOWER CEILING IN CLIFFORD CHURCH . , ...... 90 HAY CASTLE . . • ...... 112 TOMB OF Sm JOHN BLACKETT . 118 xvii . XVlll List of Illustrations OPPOl!ITE PAGE !COMB PLACE, FLOOR PLANS . • . 120 Icollrn PLACE, THE GATEWAY .. 122 IcoMB PLACE, THE FIRST COURT 124 Ico:rirn PLACE, NORTHWEST ANGLE OF FIRST COURT • 126 lcOMB PLACE, DOOR INTO THE PASSAGE AT END OF DINING HALL . . . . • • ...... 128 Ico11rn PLACE, VIEW OF EAST SIDE . . 136 AUTOGRAPH OF ROBERT WHITNEY, 1551 144 WHITENEY QUARTERINGS, colored . . • 150 MAP SHOWING WHITNEY POSSESSIONS . 160

At:TOGRAPH OF SIR JAMES WHITNEY, K"-IGHT1 1581 . 166 PARISH CHURCH AT WHITNEY • . . . 170 WHITh"EY PARISH REGISTER...... 182 MONUMENT OF CONSTANCE WHITNEY . . 184 MONUMENT OF Lucy (WHITNEY) BOOTH 186 Mo:NUMENT OF LUCY (WHITNEY) BOOTH 188 WHITNEY COURT . . . . . 190 WHIT1'"EY BAPTIS111AL FONT 192 WHITNEY RECTORY .. , . 194 RHYDSPENCE L"'l'N . . . • . 198 AUTOGRAPH OF SIR ROBERT WHITNEY, KNIGHT . 208 PARISH CHURCH OF ST. MARGARET, WESTMINSTER. 210 REGISTER OF BAPTISM OF JOHN WHITNEY • 212 THE ANCESTRY OF JORN WHITNEY, Chart . . . . . 216 RECORDS OF MERCHANT TAYLORS COMPANY ..... 218 RECORDS WRITTEN BY JOHN WHITNEY, Town Clerk. 240 AUTOGRAPH OF JOHN WHITNEY ...•••.••. 244 APPOINTMENT OF JOIIN WHITNEY CONSTABLE OF WATERTOWN • • . . . . , • . , • . . . • • . . 246 llrll'ALEMENT OF SIR ROBERT WHITNEY, KNIGHT, AND DAME SYBIL, HIS WIFE, colored .....•••• 260 THE ANCESTRY OF JOHN WHITNEY

Whatever may be the triumphs which the Future keeps in store for Democracy, there seems to be a fair probability that the pedigree of a famous man will never quite lose its interest. The mere tradition of a. great ane,estry has sometimes helped, visibly, to mould the characters of men who were intrinsically strong enough to stand a.lone. Reveries about historic birth and the doings of historic foregoers ha.vefrequently given colour to a. lifetime, even when the ma.n who has indulged in them bore Na.ture's own stamp that he wa.s one of the ehosen few who are to hand down greatness rather than derive it. Edward Edwards, Introduction to "Life of Sir Walter Raleigh."

INTRODUCTION

IR ROBERT WHITNEY, of Whitney, dubbed S a knight the day after Queen Mary's corona­ tion, October 2, 1553, "at the palace at Westmin­ ster, before her in her chamber of presence under the Cloth of State," 1 had three sons: James, Eustace, and Robert. James, after having been knighted by Queen Elizabeth at Windsor in 1570, died without issue. The lines of descent through the two younger brothers were as follows :

SIR ROBERT WHITNEY. I SIR JAMES, EUSTACE w1mTNEY, RoBERT JHITNEY, Esquire. Esquire.

SIR ROBERT *HITNEY, THOMAS .JmTNEY, of Whitney, knighted of Westminster, by James I. in 1617. Gentleman. I SIR THOM.AS WHITNEY, JOHN WH~TNEY, of Whitney, nominated of Watertown, Knight of the Royal Puritan Emigrant. Oak by Charles II.

1 "Historical Memorials," by John Strype, vol. ill, p. 181. 4 The Ancestry of Joltn Whitney There is reason to believe that when Sir Thomas died, without issue, his second cousin, John, who sur­ vived him about two years, was his nearest male 1·elative; yet, despite this tie of blood, three thousand miles of sea had long separated them, and their lives had been apart even farther than their residences. One the devoted churchman and royalist, the other the Puritan; one the English country gentleman, the other the struggling colonist; Thomas the favorite of the dissolute Charles II., John the "selectman" of the God-fearing settlers of Watertown. The most interesting contrast, however, is in the fact that the former was the last of the illustrious English knightly line that for more than :fi. ve hundred years had been established at Whitney, from which place it had taken its name, while the latter was the first of the Ameri­ can line that still flourishes so vigorously. General Josiah Whitney of Harvard, Massachusetts, a hero of the Revolution; Eli Whitney, the inventor of the cotton-gin; Josiah Dwight Whitney, the geologist and author; William Dwight Whitney, the great philologist; General James Scollay Whitney, and bis distinguished sons, Henry Melville Whitney of Bos­ ton and William Collins Whitney of New York, are only a few of the more conspicuous of his descen­ dants, whose names are famous even beyond the limits of the United States. Not long had the Knight been sleeping among his ancestors in the old church on the river's bank before the :floods poured down from the Welsh mountains, swelling the Wye to a foaming torrent which swept past Hay and Clifford, and then, leaving its natural course, dashed against the ivy-clad ruins of Whitney Castle, and the good "White Tower," that had sur- Introduction 5 vived so many centuries of border warfare, crumbled beneath the waves.1 Thus, as the family was begin­ ning in the New World, it ended in the Old. There are probably as many of the name to-day in some Massachusetts village as can be found in all Eng­ land. There has been, therefore, no one to keep alive the traditions of the old Sir Baldwins, Eustaces, and Roberts, great men as they were in their day and generation. The envious river even obliterated their tombs. For this reason any records that can be found throwing light on their history have a pecu­ liar interest for the American Whitneys, now their principal and almost their sole representatives, es­ pecially as such records show them entitled to the highest respect. Others having traced the descendants of John for ten generations,2 t~e present purpose is to start where these began, and work the other way, tracing his ancestry back to the foundation of the Whitney family. The following pages represent the result of four years of investigation, seven months of it in England. While it is not claimed that by any means

1 "Ma-nsions and Manors of Herefordshire," by Rev. C. J. Robinson. Longmans & Co., London, 1873. ''History of the Castles of Herefordshire and their Lords," 1869, by same author. 2 See "A Brief Aecount of the Descendants of John and Elinor Whitney of Watertown, Ma.ss.,"by Henry Austin Whitney. Reprinted, with additions, fromN. E. Hist. and Gen. Reg. for April and July, 1857. Bond's "History and Genealogies of Watertown, Mass," Savage's "Genealogical Dictionary of N. E.," under "Whitney." "Descendants of John and Elinor Whitney," by William L. Whit- ney. Pottsville, Pa., 1890. "The Descendants of John Whitney, who came from London, Eng~ land, to Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1635." 600 pages, 75 illustra­ tions. By Fred. C. Pierce, 161 Dearborn Street, Chica.go, Dl., 1895. Price, $10. 6 The Ancestry of John Whitney all sources of information have been exhausted, or that mistakes in minor matters have been entirely 1 avoided, it is believed that the documents cited - full copies or translations of which have, as a rule, been given- show beyond the possibility of reasonable doubt not only how the Whitney name was trans­ planted, and how the New World connected with the Old, but who were the heads of the family in un­ broken line for fourteen generations, back from the emigration to the beginning of the thirteenth cen­ tury, and, beyond that, who were their progenitors as early as the Norman Conquest. It is also believed that it is clearly pointed out, by reference to manu­ scripts of the highest authority in the British Mu­ seum, how, by the marriages of Robert Whitney, about 1470, with Constance, daughter of Baron Aud­ ley and granddaughter of the Earl of Kent, and of another Robert, about 1540, with Sybil, daughter of Sir James Baskerville, the Whitneys of to-day can claim the blood of some of those whose names are most familiar in English history-the Saxon kings Alfred the Great and Edmund Ironside; the Nor­ mans William the Conqueror and Henry I.; the Plan­ tagenets Henry II., John, Henry III., and Edward I.; to say nothing of the members of the royal houses of Scotland, France, and Spain, with whom these were allied.

1 The principal sourees of information taken advantage of are the wills collected at Somerset Ho118e ; the old rolls in the Record Office, Chancery Lane; the Harleian manuscripts in the British Museum; and the registered pedigrees in the College of Arms. CHAPTER I

THE ORIGIN AND EARLY IDSTORY OF THE WHITNEY FAMILY

"The Wye winds away thence to Whitney, which ge.ve name to famous family." 1

Location and description of the pariBh of Whitney and the river Wye. Derivation of the name Whitney. Earliest fflffltion. Origin of Whitney as a surname. Turstin the F"leming and .Agnes de Merle­ berge. The grant of land to the Monastery of St. Peter. Origin of the tiafM De Wigemore. Change from De Wigemore to De Whitney. Description of the Marches of Wales. Probable character of the early Whitneys. Origin of the Whitney arms,

F we examine the map of England, we find that I the parish of Whitney is now situated in the County of Hereford, upon the extreme western border, adjoining W ales,2 and is traversed by the lovely Wye, well called, from its castellated banks, "the Rhine of England,"-the "devious Vaga" of the poet, which is thus spoken of by a local his-

1 Camden's "Britannia." (Temp. Eliz.), Richard Gough's ed. 2 It is about seventeen miles westerly from the city of Hereford, and four easterly from the town of Hay, by the railroad between those places. 7 8 The Ancestry of John Whitney torian: 1 "Athelstan, having reduced the Britons to a temporary subjection, in the year 939, ap­ pointed the river Wye to be the boundary between England and Wales, and to this day the Welsh side abounds with names of British origin, whilst they rarely occur on the other. It rises, as well as the Severn, near the summit of the Plinlim­ mon Mountain in Montgomeryshire, and, having divided the Counties of Brecknock and Radnor (both in Wales), it enters that of Hereford, on the western border, between the parishes of Whitney and Clifford. Passing Hereford, Ross, Monmouth, and Chepstow, it is received into the channel of the Severn, having watered and adorned a tract of country between forty and fifty miles in extent, not only equal in its varied beauties to any scenery of a similar kind in England, but, perhaps, worthy to be compared with the most admired views on the Continent." 2 On ordinary occasions it is a gentle, sparkling stream, a favorite home of trout and salmon, too shallow to accommodate anything but light skiffs and the wicker coracles 3 still seen in the same styles that prevailed in the days of Julius Cresar. It is subject, however, to sudden and most destructive freshets. Stories are told of rainfall in the moun­ tains that caused a wall of water to sweep down the narrow valley so suddenly that fishermen on the banks could not escape. Not only Whitney Castle,

1 Duncumb's "History a.nd Antiquities of Herefordshire," ed. 1804, vol. i, p. 158. 2 Among the places of great historic interest in the va.lley are the rains of Monmouth, Goodrich, Ra.glan, a.nd Chepstow castles, and Tin­ tern Abbey. s A boat formed of a basket covered with hide or oa.nva.s. Origin and Early History 9 but the Whitney Court that succeeded it, the old church with the family monuments, the rectory, and the entire churchyard have in turn been carried away.1 In the appearance of the river we have probably a suggestion of the derivation of the name Whitney­ from the Anglo-Saxon hwit, white, and ey, water; lit­ erally meaning white water, as in other parts of Here­ fordshire "Whit-bourn" means white brook, "Whit­ church" the white church, and" Whit-ton" the white town. The late Judge William H. Cooke,2 than whom there is no better authority, favors this theory, and translates it "the clear running stream." Others in­ cline to withig,3 willow, or witan, assembly, and ey, which may mean island as well as water, so that it signifies the "Island of Willows" or the "Island of the Assembly." 4 There are now broad meadows in Whitney, not unsuited for a large gathering of peo­ ple, through which several old courses of the river can easily be traced. They may at one time have formed an island. The soil in the valley, from this overflow every winter, is very fertile, and the surrounding hills are covered, as they probably have been for thousands of years, by beautiful oak forests. There is a tract known as" Whitney Wood" to-day, probably identi-

1 The Rev. Henry Dew, who was born at the present Whitney Court, a.nd ha.s been rector of Whitney for more tha.n fifty years la.st past, remembers seeing, in hie boyhood, numerous skulls that had been wa.ehed up by the river. 2 The author of a. continuation of Duncumb'e "History of Hereford- . shire." 3 Favored by Archdeacon Bevan, late of Hay Castle. • The na.me of the great assembly of the Saxon thanes was "Witena­ gemot." 2 10 The Ancestry of John Whitney cal with the one referred to in a writ of the seven­ teenth year of Henry III. (1233), wherein the Sheriff of Hereford was commanded "to cause a good breach to be made through the woods of Erdelegb, Bromlegh and Witteneye, so that there may be safe passage between the City of Hereford and Maud's Castle." 1 The earliest mention of Whitney is in Domesday Book, 1086, which will be particularly spoken of later. It appears that then scarcely any of the land was under cultivation.

FACSIMILE.

TRANSLATION INTO ORDINARY LATIN. In Elsedune hund., Rex tenet Witenie. .Aluuard tenuit tempore Regis Edwardi et poterat ire quo volebat. Ibi dimid hida geld. Wasta juit et est. 2

1 Close Roll, 17 Henry m., in Public Record Office, Chancery Lane, London. " Maud'a Castle is situated about four miles west of Payne's Castle, and stands on the Forest Farm, in the parish of Lla.nsaintfread. It was built in the reign of King John, about the year 1216, by William de Braos, Lord of Brecknock, in honor of his wife, whose name was Maud de St. Valeri, whence it received the name of Maud's Castle. Its other appellation was Colwen.'' Williams's "History of Radnorshire " (" Ax­ chmologia Cambrensis," 3d series, vol. ii, p. 161). 2 Domesday Book, Survey of Herefordshire and Marches of Wales. ·.i;l . '>:~

'fHE BANKS i.H' ·r1u1 WYB .i\.'1' WHI'l'NEY.

Origin and Early History 11

TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH. In Elsedune hundred, the King holds Witenie. Aluu­ ard held it in the time of King Edward, and was able to go where he pleased. There is half a hide yielding geld. It was and is waste. The early owners of the land were, before the days of surnames, known as "Eustace," or "Baldwin," or "Robert of Whitney," as the Christian name might be.1 Written in Latin, "of" was "de," and, after a time," De Whitney," or" De Wytteneye," as it was usually spelled, came to be regarded as the family name. In the course of two or three centuries an "h " gradually came in, and the "De" was dropped out. The present form of the name has been estab­ lished for about four centuries. Burke, in describing the Whitney arms, has this note: 2 WHITNEY-Whitney, Co. Hereford; a Knightly family of remote antiquity, founded by Eustace, living in 1086, styled De Whitney from the lordship of Whitney which he possessed-Az, a cross chequy, etc.

His authority was doubtless Duncumb's history of Herefordshire, already referred to. The latter, in speaking of the parish of Pencombe, in Herefordshire, says: Pencombe was held soon after the Conquest by Agnes, widow of Turstinus Flandrensis, who was one of the land-

1 Duneumb's "History and Antiquities of Herefordshire," ed. 1804, vol. ii, p. 153, Whitney's " Choice of Emblemes," reprint of 1866. Introductory dissertation by Rev. Henry Green, M.A. 2 Burke's "General Armoury," ed. 1884. 12 The Ancestry of John Whitney holders in this County, and thus noticed in the Survey of Domesday-" .Agnes, relicta Tursfini F'landrensis, et Eusta­ cius Miles, jilius ejus, dominus de Witeney, dederunt ecclesi~ Sancti Petri Gl01teest. unam hidam terr<~ in Pencombe Suden­ halle, liberam ab omni re., tempore Reginaldi .Abbatis." Eustace, son of .Agnes, assumed the name of Whitney from his possessions, and thus established a family of that name which was long situated at Whitney, in the hundred of Grimswortb, etc.

A translation of the Latin quotation is as follows: .Agnes, the widow of Turstin the Fleming, and Sir Eus­ tace his son, lord of Whitney, gave to the church of Saint Peter at Gloucester a hide (120 acres) of land in Pencombe 1 Sudenhalle, free from all encumbrances, in the time of the .Abbot Reginald.

Mr. Duncumb was not always a careful writer, and in this case was wrong in his citation of the Domes­ day Survey. No such passage occurs there. It is to be found, however, in Dugdale's history of the Monasteries, written about 1655.2 There still is confusion ; for, while it is certain that Agnes and Eustace must have lived, as stated, soon after the Conquest, or prior to 1100, Reginald de Hamme did not become abbot till 1263. Any solution of the difficulty was impossible until recently, when the English Government caused the ancient charters and manuscripts in the possession of

1 Pencombe is on high land in the northeastern pa.rt of the County of Hereford, a.bout six miles from Bromyard (the nee.rest railway station), fifteen miles from Hereford, and about thirty from Whitney. The coun­ try about is hilly and picturesque, 2Dngda.le's "Monasticon .Anglicanum," ed. 1682, p. 118; in some later editions, a.t p. 549. Compiled by Sir William Dugdale, Garter Principal Kmg-at-Arms. Origin and Early History 13 the old monastery at Gloucester to be printed, and among them were found two deeds, one at least one hundred and seventy-five years older than the other, which Dugdale, on a superficial reading, thought con­ temporaneous and abstracted as one document. The first is in these words : Sciant praesentes et futuri, quod ego .Eustackiu.11 Filius Turstini Flandrensis, ad petitionem .A.gnetis matris meae, dedi Sancto Petro et fra.tribus de Gloucestria unam hidam in Pencumba quae vocatur Suthenhale, solutam et quietam ab omni re; et per scriptum istud super altare Sancti Petri de Gloucestria posui. Hujus rei testes sunt, Turstinus Flandrensis £rater meus, Willelmus presbiter ejusdem villae, Willelmus de Stabulo, Wymundus, Rogerius de Kaillewy, Rogerus Castel, etc.1

The second is as follows : Sciant praesentes et futuri, quod ego .Eustackius de Wyt­ teneye, miles, dedi, concessi, et hac praesenti carta mea confirmavi, pro salute animae meae, uxoris meae, et ante­ cessorum meorum, viris religiosis, domino R(eginaldo}, ab­ bati Sancti Petri Gloucestriae, et ejusdem loci conventui, et eorum successoribus, unam hidam terrae quae vocatur Suthenhale, in parochia de Pencumba; quam antecessores mei praedictis viris religiosis prius dederant, et carta sua confirmaverant; habendam et tenendam totam praedictam terram cum pertinentiis suis, de me et haeredibus meis, sibi et successoribus suis, in liberam, puram, et perpetuam ele­ mosinam in perpetuam, solutam et quietam ab omnibus ser­ vitiis, consuetudinibus, sectis curiae, et saecularibus qui­ buscunque demandis. Et ego Eustachius et haeredes mei dictam te1Tam, cum omnibus pertinentiis suis et omnibus praefatis libertatibus, dictis viris religiosis et eorum sue-·

1 "Historia. et Ca.rtularium Monasterii Gloucestriai," DCXXI, vol. ii, p. 120. 14 The Ancestry of John Whitney cessoribus contra omnes mortales warantizabimus, et de omnibus servitiis saecularibus et sectis contra quoscunque defendemus. In cujus rei testimonium praesenti scripto, etc.1

Literally translated, the first is to this effect:

KNow ALL MEN PRESENT .A.-..D TO COME, that I, EUSTACE, son of Turstin the Fleming, at the request of my mother Agnes, have given to Saint Peter and the brothers of Glou­ cester a hide of land in Pencombe which is called Suthenhale, free and clear from every encumbrance ; and, through this deed, I have placed it on the altar of Saint Peter of Glou­ cester. The witnesses of this thing are Turstin the Fleming my brother, William a priest of said Town, William de Stabulo, Wymund, Roger de Kaillewy, Roger Castel, etc.

The second refers to this and confirms it in this way:

KNOW ALL MEN PRESENT AND TO COME, that I, EUSTACE DE WYTTENEYE, Knight, have given, granted and by this present deed of mine have cm~firmed, for the safety of my soul and the souls of my wife and ancestors, to the monks and lord Reginald, Abbot of Saint Peter's at Gloucester, and to the convent of that place, and to their successors, a hide of land which is called Suthenhale,2 in the parish of Pencombe, which my ancestors heretofore gal'e to said holy men and by their deed confirmed ; to have and to hold the aforesaid land with the appurtenances thereto belonging, from me and my heirs to them and their successors, in free, clear and perpetual gift, relieved and quit of all burdens, customs,

1 "Historia et Cartularium Monasterii Gloucestrire," DCXXV, vol. ii, p.122. 2 The modern name of Suthenhale is Sydnal. The dean and chapter of Gloucester, the legal successors of the monastery, still own this very tract of land. BCHlPTOlffl!M 01<' THE MON:\STEHY f)a,' S'P. l'E1.'RH.

Origin and Early History 15 suits at law and secular demands whatever. And I, Eustace, and my heirs, the said land with all its appurtenances and all its aforesaid liberties, to the said holy men and their successors, against all mortal men will warrant, and from all secular encumbrances and suits against any one whatever will defend. In Witness Whereof, etc.1

From these it clearly appears that there was a Sir Eustace de W ytteneye in the days of Reginald the Abbot, 1263-84; that he had an ancestor Eustace; that the latter was the son of Turstin, a Fleming, by his wife Agnes; and that said Agnes either owned or had some special interest in the land at Pencombe. They do not justify the statement that the first Eustace had the name of De Wytteneye. For rea­ sons stated later, it is not improbable that either he or his son bore it; but there is nothing by which to prove it conclusively. Domesday Book, however, gives considerable interesting information about Turstin and Agnes. King Edward, known as "the Confessor," died in January, 1066, leaving no children. One of bis last acts was to request that Earl Harold-like his father Godwin before him, by far the most powerful man in the kingdom-should be his successor. This was in accordance with the wishes of most of the people, and at a Witan, or general assembly of the nobles, he was elected and crowned. The new king found himself confronted by two powerful enemies who threatened to attack at once. One was Harold Hardrada, King of Norway, who,

1 This deed of confirmation was probably rendered necessary by the passage of the Statute of Mortmain in 1279. 16 The Ancestry of John Whitney with a great army, had landed in the north of Eng­ land; the other was William, Duke of Normandy, who was preparing to invade the south. Hastily raising such forces as he could, the Eng­ lish Harold marched against the Northmen and de­ feated them at Stamford Bridge, beyond York, on September 25, and then hastened back to meet the Normans. His absence had given the latter the chance they sought to approach the coast with their fleet of seven hundred ships; and on September 29 Duke William, without opposition, had landed a mag­ nificent army of sixty thousand men. Normandy was then a district occupying most of what is now the northwestern part of France. The Normans were not of the same race as the French, but were light-haired, blue-eyed, fierce-fighting de­ scendants of Norsemen-Scandinavian invaders who had conquered that country as they were destined later to conquer England. Duke William had already distinguished himself in many wars, and was a military leader of the greatest ability. His excuse for the invasion was an assertion that years before King Edward had promised him the English crown, and that Earl Harold, when ship­ wrecked on his coast, in return for assistance, had recognized his title and done homage to him as his feudal lord. William's wife was Matilda, the daughter of Bald­ win, Earl of Flanders,-a district northeast of Normandy, most of which is now included in the lowlands of Belgium,-and consequently many young Flemish nobles attached themselves to his cause. Harold marched south with all possible speed, and Origin and Early History · 17 on the morning of October 14th the two armies met at Senlac,1 near Hastings. The strength of the Normans consisted in a large body of mounted knights, men of great physical strength, trained from boyhood to the pursuit of arms, mounted on heavy Flemish horses, and incased in al­ most impenetrable armor. The rest of the force were skilful bowmen. The English, on the other hand, had few bowmen and no horses. Armed principally with short battle-axes, they could only stand in close array, and by sheer weight of numbers resist their enemies, who rode about them and charged again and again. Nearly all of their leaders fell, and finally, when, just at sundown, an arrow shot at random pierced the eye of Harold, they became demoralized, broke, and suffered terrible slaughter. After this victory the conquest of England was comparatively easy. Many powerful nobles in the west and north held out for a time, but, acting in­ dependently, they were no match for the invaders. Herefordshire held out longest, but at the end of five years William's authority was acknowledged in nearly all of what is now known as England, as distinguished from Wales and Scotland. To retain the country required a vigorous policy. On the theory that they had been in rebellion against their lawful sovereign, the estates of most of the powerful Saxon families were declared forfeited to the crown. The king retained vast tracts, and granted the remainder to the leaders of his army, some three or four hundred in number, in considera~

1 Now, in memory of the event, called "Battle." Here King William erected a. memorial abbey, and deposited in it a. roll containing the names of a.11 his knights. 3 18 The Ancestry of John Whitney tion of their agreement to follow him to war, and furnish, at their own expense, a certain number of knights and common soldiers. These tenants in chief, in turn, for purpose of convenience, exchanged with each other and subdivided a portion of their grants among their followers under a similar arrange­ ment. Probably every knight who fought at Senlac received something. About 1080 a survey of the kingdom was begun, to determine who bad the land, how they got it, who had it before the conquest, the character of each holding, what it was worth, whether it had increased or decreased in value, etc. The survey was com­ pleted in 1086, and the original manuscript record, called" Domesday Book," is still preserved, perhaps the most remarkable historical document possessed by any nation. From this it appears that one of the fortunate ten­ ants in chief was Alured de Merleberge - holding great estates, direct from the king, in the Marches of Wales, in Herefordshire, Surrey, Hampshire, Wilt­ shire, and Somersetshire - besides others by grant from fellow lords. He evidently was a favorite with the great William Fitz Osborne (a relative of the .King, second in com­ mand at Senlac, Earl of Hereford, Sewer of Nor­ mandy, Lord of the Isle of Wight, Governor of Win­ chester, and Vice-Gerent for all the North of England, as Odo, Earl of Kent, was in the South), for, after Earl William had built the strong castle of Ewias in the Marches, he gave it to De Merleberge. The record is in corrupt Latin, and no translation of the portion of Domesday relating to Herefordshire and the adjacent Marches has ever been published. It is Crest ot Ridge,

PLAN OF EWIAS CASTLE. • • • • Probable line ot walls. A. Bite ot keep. B. Platform ot lower ward. C. Ditch. D. Road. +. Village.

Orighi and Early History 19

very difficult to make out, but the following extract is substantially correct.

TRANSLATION, I

The land of A.LURED DE MERLEBERGE. Alured de Merleberge holds the Castle of Ewias 2 from William the King. (The King himself granted to him the lands which William the Earl, who had re-strengthened this castle, had given to him.) That is to say, 5 carucates of land there, and at Manitone other 5 carucates. The king granted to him also the land of Radolfus de Bernai, which land belonged to the castle. There he had in demesne 2 ploughs and 9 Welshmen with 6 ploughs rendering 7 sex­ taries of honey and 12 borders working one day in every week. There are 4 cowherds and 1 "man" rendering 6 pence. His five knights, Richard, Gilbert, William, and William and Harnold, have 5 ploughs in demesne and 12 borders and 3 fisheries and 22 acres of meadows. Two others, William and Radolfus, hold land for 2 ploughs.

1 Domesday Book, vol. i (printed), p. 186, ix. 2 Pronounced Eu-yus. Then situated in the Marches; now in southern Herefordshire. "The' Cll8tellaria ..4.luridi Etciaa,' of Domesday, was a. tract the par­ ticulal'I! of which a.re not known, but which no doubt lay among those lines of hill and valley which converge like the fingers of a hand upon the Worm and the Monnow, between the Golden Valley and the Black Mounta.in, and form the southwestern portion of the County of Here­ ford. The actual castle, 'Caatellum EtDtaB,' stands about six miles within the border of the county, and about three miles outside or west of the presumed line of Offa's Dyke at this point. The country is billy, but fertile, well worth the defense, for which it affords many natural advantages. The immediate position is chosen with great skill, though it required an immense application of human labor to make it an almost impregnable fortress against the fierce and active hordes of Welshmen, whose alienated patrimony it was intended to grasp •••• it mu.st at all­ times have been a post of very great danger, and have borne with Kel­ peck, a work of the same character, the brunt of the ordinary and frequent attacks of the men of South and West Wales upon Hereford." "Arcb~ologia Cambrensis," 4th series, vol. viii, p. 116. 20 The Ancestry of John Whitney Turstin holds land rendering 19d and W arnerius land of 5s. They have 5 borders. This Castle of Ewia.s is worth £10.

De Merleberge had a daughter Agnes, to whom he gave a large tract of land, Duncumb says as a wed­ ding present.1 The following, also from Domesday, shows where the land was, and whom she married.

TRANSLATION. In Radelaw Hundred the same Alured holds Cuure. Earl Harold held it. There are 15 hides paying geld, but King William acquitted 6 hides from payment of geld. .Agnes, daughter of .A.lured, the wife of Turstin de Wigemore, holds this Manor. In demesne there are 2 ploughs, and a priest and a bailiff and 26 villeins and 8 borders. Amongst them all they have 32 ploughs. There are four serfs and a smith, and the meadow and wood renders nothing, and one hide of this land lies in the King's Wood. In the time of King Edward, the third penny from the three hundred belonged to this Manor. Now it is taken away-Then it was worth £25, now 100 shillings less.

1 Duncumb's "History a.nd Antiquities of Herefordshire," vol. ii, p. 96. Origin and Early History 21 The modern form of the word "Cuure" is Cowarn, and it occurs as "Cowarn the Great" and "Cowarn the Less," between which lies Pencombe. Pencombe is not mentioned in Domesday, but, if we examine the map, we find that it must have been within the tract just described. This, and the fact that the Whitneys of Whitney were, from the earliest times, Lords of Pencombe, proves conclusively that Agnes de Merleberge, wife of Turstin de Wigemore, was the Agnes, mother of "Eustacius filius Turstini Flan­ drensis," ancestor of "Eustacius de W ytteneye," men­ tioned in the deeds above quoted. It is proper to inquire who Turstin de Wigemore was and how he obtained his surname. Apparently he is mentioned twice as an under-ten­ ant of De Merleberge-the first time as above, the other just before what is said of Agnes, as follows:

TRANSLATION, In Stratford Hundred the same .Alured holds Stratford. Earl Harold held it. There are 2 hides paying geld - Gilbert holds from Turstin and Turstin from .Alured - In demesne are 1 plough, and 1 villein and 4 borders with half a plough and there is room for 3 ploughs. There are 3 serfs and the meadow renders 3 shillings. There are woods. In the time of King Edward it was worth 30 shillings - now, 20 shillings. This may show how he came to make the young lady's acquaintance, but it does not account for the "de Wigemore." Looking a little further, we find that it came from Wigemore Castle, a Norman stronghold which Earl William Fitz Osborne, above mentioned, built, and near which he gave land to "Turstino Flandrensi." 22 The Ancestry of John Whitney

F .ACSIMILE.

TRANSLATION :

The land of RALPH DE MORTIMER in the Hundred of Hezetre. Ralph de Mortimer holds the Castle of Wigemore. Wil­ liam the Earl built it on waste land which is called Merestum, which Gunuert held in the time of King Edward. There are two hides paying geld. Ralph has in demesne two ploughs and 4 serfs -A borough which is there renders £7. In Hezetre Hundred the same Ralph holds Duntune and Oiddard from him. Aelmar and Ulchet held for 2 Manors and could go where they pleased. There are 4 hides-two of these paying no geld. In demesne are 2 ploughs and 3 villeins and 3 borders and half a plough - There are 6 serfs and a fishery. Wood half a mile long and five furlongs wide-There are 2 enclosures. It was worth 30 shillings, - now, the same. Em·l William gat•e that land to Turstin the Fleming. Odg-in and Early History 23 In Dugdale's Baronage there is an explanation of these grants.1 He says that the great Earl William who granted land at Wigemore Castle to Turstin, and Ewias Castle to Alured de Merleberge, was killed in a battle in Flanders in 1070, and his son Roger succeeded him as earl of Hereford. The latter with bis brother-in-law, the Earl of Norfolk, rebelled against King William. For this act his land was forfeited and he died in prison. As above shown, the king re-granted Ewias to De Merleberge, while Wigemore was granted to Ralf de Mortimer. Though not so stated, Turstin probably remained there as under-tenant, for the wealthy and famous families of De Wigemore and Lingen claimed him as an ancestor. In Robinson's "History of the Castles of HerefOl'd­ shire and their Lords," under" Lingen Castle," among other things, it is said :2

L1ngen Castle was less important as a fortress than as the seat of one of the most ancient Herefordshire families, which derived its name from the little village of Lin gen 3 on the borders of Shropshire. The Mortimers were the chief Lords of the entire district, and under them one Tur1~tin held the Manor of Lingen. He was usually styled Turstin de Wige­ more, and with his wife Agnes, daughter of Alured de Merleberge, he obtained the Lordship of Great Cowarne. His descendant Rolf de Wigemore, Lord of Lingen in the reign of Richard I (1189-1199), was founder of the Priory of Lyngbroke or Limebrook, which Leland erroneously attributes to the Mortimers, and there can be no reasonable

1 Dugdale's "Baronage of England," ed. of 1675, vol. i, pp. 66, 67. 2 " Castles of Herefordshire," p. 93. 3 Wigemore and Lingen are now in the northern part of Hereford­ shire. Formerly they were part of the Marches of Wales. 24 The Ancestry of John Whitney doubt. that Lingen became the patronymic of his family from thenceforth.

Turstin de Wigemore and Turstin the Fleming were, therefore, certainly the same person. It is equally certain that be was a man of rank and dis­ tinction, with great possessions in other parts of Eng­ land. Some confusion, however, arises from the fact that there was at least one other Turstin. There is mention of "Turstin the son of Rolf," or Rou, and "Turstin the son of Guy." One of them married Agnes, but which one it is hard to say. The only suggestions that it was the latter are, first, in the fact that a certain "Wydo Flandrensis"1 ("Guy of Flanders") is mentioned as a benefactor of the monastery to which Eustace gave the hide of land in Pencombe; and, secondly, in the statement of one of the old writers that Rolf's son had possessions near Fecamp, in northern Normandy.2 It bas usually been supposed to have been the former, that is to say, it has been believed that De Merleberge's son-in-law was called "Turstin the Flem­ ing" from his nationality or estates, "Turstin the son of Rolf" from his parentage, " Turstin de Wigemore " from his residence, and " Turstin the fair" from his complexion, for, among others, the following reasons: 1. Guy's son had no possessions in the West of England, while the principal estates of Rolf's son were in Herefordshire and the Marches of Wales. 2. These possessions were close by those of De Mer­ leberge, and the names of the two come together in the Domesday list of tenants in chief.

I "Historia Cartularium Monasterii Gloueestrile ", vol. i, pp. 108, 266. 2 "The Conqueror and his Companions," by J. R. Planche, p. 227. Origin and Early History 25 3. The Turstin who married Agnes· had a descen­ dant named Rolf. See quotation from Robinson, above. The following is the record of one of his estates:

TRANSLATION,

The land of TURSTU., son of ROLF. In Bremesese Hundred, Turstin the son of Rolf holds Al­ wintune. Brictric held it in the time of King Edward. There are 6 hides. In demesne are 2 ploughs and 12 villeins with 9 ploughs, and they render 20 blooms of iron and 8 se:x:taries of honey. There are 5 serfs, and a mill of 40 pence. In the time of King Edward it was worth 20 shillings, now it is worth 4 pounds. In Radelaw Hundred the same Turstin holds Merchelai and another Turstin 1 from him. Brictric held it from Earl Harold and he could go where he wished. There are 3 hides paying geld. In demesne there are 2 ploughs and 7 villeins and four borders with eight ploughs and 4 serfs. In the time of King Edward and after, and now it is worth 60 shillings.

Besides this he had lands direct from the king in Hampshire, Berkshire, Dorsetshire, Buckingham­ shire, and Gloucestershire. He was so highly rewarded on account of the dis­ tinguished part he played in the battle of Senlac. He was then a young knight, perhaps, as suggested by his nickname "the fair," still a smooth-faced boy, but in some way he had proved his courage suffi­ ciently so that Duke William intrusted him with the

1 Possibly the brother of Eustace, who witnessed the deed to the mon­ astery a.lrea.dy mentioned. 4, 26 The Ancestry of John Whitney principal battle-flag. The confidence was well placed, for all day long his banner floated where the fight was hottest. Says Lingard: "About nine in the morning the army began to move, crossed the interval between the two hills, and slowly ascended the eminence on which the English were posted. The papal banner, as an omen of victory, was carried in front by Tous­ tane the fair, a dangerous honor, which two of the Norman Barons had successively declined." 1 "He bore the Gonfanon," says an ancient chroni­ cler, "boldly, high aloft in the breeze, and rode beside the Duke, going wherever he went. Whenever the Duke turned he turned also, and wherever he stayed his course there he stayed also." Freeman confirms this.2 "Fast by the three broth­ ers" (Duke William, Odo and Robert) the conse­ crated banner, says he, "was borne by Toustain the white, the son of Rou, a knight of the less famous Bee in the land of Caux.3 Two men of higher rank and greater age had already declined the honorable office. . . . Thick around Toustain and the chiefs beside whom he rode were gathered the chivalry of N ormandie, the future nobility of England, the men who made their way into our land by wrong and robbery, but whose children our land won to her own heart and changed the foemen of Pevensey and Sen­ lac into the men who won the great charter and dictated the provisions of Oxford."

1 Lingard's "History of England," vol. i, p. 371. 2 Freeman's "History of the Norman Conquest," vol. iii, pp. 311, 312. 3 " Tosteins Fits Rou le Blanc out non At Bee en Caux aveit meison." " Roman de Rou," 12, 773. Origin and Early History 27 The pedigree, therefore, of Eustace, who gave to the monastery the land in Pencombe, was as follows: RoLF, or GUY I

TURSTIN DE WIGEMORE, - AGNES, dau. of Alured the Fleming, living 1086. I de Merleberge of Ewias Castle, etc.

EUSTACE of Pencombe, TuRSTIN, witness to the County of Herefordshire, deed of his brother living about 1100, ances­ Eustace. tor of Srn EUSTACE DE WYTTENEYE, Knight, liv- ing 1280. Before speaking further of the De Wytteneyes it may be well to say a word in explanation of some of the terms used in the foregoing quotations from "Domesday." A "manor," so called from the Latin "Manendo," because the usual residence of the owner, was origi­ nally a district of land held by a lord, who kept in his own hands as much as was necessary for the use of his family, called " demesne" lands. This was cultivated by his "serfs," "villeins," and "bordars," and measured in "hides," "ploughs, .. or "carucates ' (probably different names for the same thing). How much one of these included no one know$ exactly. It is supposed to have been at least one hundred and twenty acres. The rest of the manor the lord disposed of as follows: Some he gave to his vassals, sometimes knights with manors of their own, who in return as­ sumed an obligation to furnish him a certain number 28 The Ancestry of John Whitney of common soldiers for war; some he leased to ten­ ants who paid money for it, and what was left was called the lord's "wastes," and used as common pas­ ture for the inhabitants of the manor. The lords of manors were styled barons, and each had his court for redressing wrongs and punishing offences within his district, where his authority was supreme. When several man01·s, originally granted t.o dif­ ferent lesser barons by one great baronial tenant­ iu-chief, remained united in some particulars, for mutual protection and other advantages, the con­ federation was called an " Honor" and named after the principal castle within it. Castle Ewias was the head of an " Honor," founded by De Merleberge, to which Pencombe belonged. Castle Wigemore was the head of another, composed of twenty-one manors, which, under the Mortimers, Earls of March, was long one of the most powerful in England.1 Serfs, the lowest description of tenants, were at the arbitrary disposal of the lord, their lives and limbs only being under the protection of the law. Villeins were of a little higher grade than serfs, but were not free to leave the manor. Bordars were a higher grade of servants, so called from their living in a "bord" or cottage.

l "It is impossible to contemplate the massive ruins of Wigemore Castle, situate on a hill in an a.mphithea,tre of mountains, whence its owner could survey his vast estates from his square palace with four corner towers on a keep at the southwest corner of his double-trenched outworks, without reflecting on the instability of the grandeur of a family whose ambition and intrigue made more than one English mon­ arch uneasy on his throne.'' Gough, in his annotations to Camden's "Britannia.'' Origin and Early History 29 Geld was tax money. Geldable land was land un­ der cultivation, and therefore taxable. One authority says that amounts of money men­ tioned in Domesday should be multiplied by thirty to reduce them to modern values. This is probably much too small a ratio.

It has been shown that Eustace obtained the ma­ nor of Pencombe, part of ancient Cuure, from his mother. This was not all of her possessions. Dun­ cumb says: 1 From the De Wigemore family Cowarne (Magna) passed, probably by marriage, to that of the Paunceforts, which classed with the most ancient in the country.

He further states that another portion, "Cowarne Parva," passed to the De Frayne family, afterwards to the Devereaux, and finally to the Berringtons.2 As has already been noted, Whitney, at the time of the Domesday survey, was still wild land, ungranted. If we look on the map we notice that it was a long way from Pencombe, thirty miles or more. The Whitney estate, as can be judged from this, and from what is shown later, was widely scattered. Pencombe was in the county of Hereford, but Whitney was in no county of either England or Wales till the year 1534. During the four centuries and a half that elapsed between the Domesday survey and this date it was a part of that remarkable district known as the "Marches of Wales," in which "the king's writ did not run," and consequently no sheriff

1 Duncumb's "History and Antiquities of Herefordshire," vol. ii, p. 96. 2 This is not strictly eorrect, for, as will be shown, Sir Eustace de Whitney held it in 1281. 30 The Ancestry of John Whitney could make an arrest; where the acts of Parliament had no force, and the common law was reduced to the principle "Let him take who has the power, and let him keep who can." 1 Here was the favorite field of adventure for the more turbulent and ambitious of the young Norman nobles who banded together for independent conquest on their own account. Among them the Mortimers were prominent, and, next to them, one of the most famous was Bernard N ewmarch, who early in the twelfth century conquered the region about Whitney, now in the county of Brecknock, and divided it among his followers. In the service of one of these chiefs, there was probably a young De Wigemore, who re­ ceived Whitney for his portion. As centers from which to set out on military expeditions, and as strongholds to def end the territory acquired, nu­ merous castles were built, one at Whitney among them, and from it, some time prior to the year 1200, the first De Whitney took his surname.2 The only record that suggests the approximate date is the inscription, made in 1628, on the monument of Constance Whitney, in St. Giles, "without Crip­ plegate," London, which states that she was "eldest daughter to Sir Robert Whitney, of Whitney, the proper possession of him and his ancestors, in Here-

1 "The Marches were the borders in which this eounty [Radnorshire], with others, was included. They were neither part of the realm of England nor governed by English laws, but constituted wha.tis deemed a solecism in political administration, an imperium in imperio." Wil­ liams's "History of Radnorshire," ("Arehaiologia Cambrensis," 3d series, vol. iii, p. 27). 2 The surname " De Clifford," from Clifford Castle, two miles above Whitney, was assumed about, 1190. See "The Hundred of Grims worth," p. 22, by W, H. Cooke. Origin and Early History 31 f ordshire, for above 500 years past." This would make the beginning about 1100. Robinson, in bis "History of the Mansions and Manors of Herefordshire," page 301, speaking of the family, says:

Perhaps they made Pencombe their principal residence, and only occupied the castle at Whitney as Lords Marchers or for purposes of Chase. Of what extent the Border fortress may have been, we have no means of judging, and we can only conjecture, from Blount's remark, "at Whitney the Tower of a Castle lately standing/' that it had fallen into complete ruin before the Civil War. Whether its fragments were then employed in the construction of the Court, 1 or whether they were submerged when the river changed its course in 1730, there is no evidence to show. We gather, · however, from the Parish Registers that the Whitneys oc• cupied some mansion in the parish in the sixteenth century, and this, after the sale of Pencombe by Sir Robert, the Roy­ alist, became their chief residence.

The writer is wrong in his conclusion. Abundant records will be cited below, showing that from early times the castle, a fortress of no inconsiderable size and importance, was almost continually their head­ quarters. For about one hundred and fifty years, during most of the reigns of William II. (1087-1100), Henry I. (1100-1135), Stephen (1135-1154), Henry II. (1154- 1189), Richard I. (1189-1199), John (1199-1216), and Henry III. (1216 et seq.), it is doubtful if there is any authentic record of the Whitneys. They held their

1 Not the Whitney Court now standing, but its predecessor, which, like the castle, was undermined by the water and ultimately entirely destroyed. 32 The Ancestry of John Whitney own, and from this we can judge something of the kind of life they must have led. Like that of all their neighbors, it was one of continual warfare. The Welsh were the bravest of the Britons, unconquered during all this period, frequently assuming the of­ fensive, and ever ready to resist the advance of the hated Normans. As for the latter, when not fight­ ing the common enemy, they fought each other, and occasionally got up a lively rebellion against the king. Many great names died out from the fact that all the males were killed, and we can be certain that the problem of providing for younger sons did not trouble the Whitneys. What is recorded of a later Welsh war (1402), 1 when "the father of Robert Whitney and his uncle and most of his relatives" were killed and Whitney Castle burned, is suggestive of the probable character of their trials on many previous occasions. As has been said, there was no law in the land ex­ cept that of superior physical strength. Their pos­ sessions could hardly be considered as being part of any kingdom or principality. They were neither in England nor in Wales, but in the famous "Marches," the wide-stretching debatable border lands, where "were one hundred and forty-one little lordships," every one established and maintained by the sword, "often at war with each other and amenable only to their several feudal chiefs." 2

1 Patent Roll, 4 Henry IV., part i, No. 372. 2 "Pictorial History of England," vol. iii, p. 425, "The cla.shing rights of so many petty sovereigns, bordering upon each other, produced infinite tumults and disorders. Their several eastles were points of attraction as receptac Jes of felons, criminals, and outlaws, the disaffected and factious subjects of the Welsh Princes, and desperate adventurers who fled thither to escape the sword of justice, Origin and Early History 33 Probably Mr. Green, in his introduction to the re­ print of the works of Geoffrey Whitney, the poet, was not far wrong when, in speaking of his early ancestors, he says : 1 "As a family the Whitneys were a superior class of Wat Tinlings, doing perpetual battle in their own behalf, and, except when it suited their purposes, bidding defiance to right and law." These statements as to the character of the district are fully borne out by what is said in the Act of 27, Henry VIII., chap. 26 (1534), already referred to, which for the first time incorporated Whitney with Herefordshire.

Statute 27th of Henry VIII., Cap. 26.

PART III. "And forasmuch a.s there be many and divers lordships marchers within the said country or dominion of Wales, lying between the shires of England and the shires of the said country or dominion of Wales, and being no par-

a.nd who were made useful in serving tbe violent u.nd oppressive pur­ poses of the lords. These neighboring t,yra.nts sometimes confederated together, a.nd acted in unison in extending their mutual encroachments, despoiling and destroying the Welsh natives; sometimes they quarrelled about the division of the spoil, involving all their respective tenants, who also were their vassals, in the devastating effects of those bloody frays ; sometimes they directed their allied arms age.inst the Princes of Wales, or erected the standard of rebellion against the sovereigns of England; or seduced the martial natives to spend their useless valor on the sands of Ascalon and in the fields of Cressy. So grea.t indeed was their power, which had often made the kings of England tremble on their throne, tha.t even Edward I, after having accomplished the conquest of Wales, made no attempt to innovate or intrench upon their jurisdiction; and, though a new form of government was imposed upon the country, yet the inhabitants of the Marches were left to all the rigor of their former severities." Williams's "History of Radnorshire," ("Archreologia Cambrensis," 3d Series, vol. iii, p. 28). l Whitney's "Choice of Emblems," ed. of Rev. Henry Green, 1866. Introduction. 5 -34 The Ancestry of John Whitney eel of any other shires where the laws and due correction is used and had, by reason whereof hath ensued, and hath been practised, perpetrated, committed and done, within and among the said lordships and countries to them adjoin­ ing, manifold and divers detestable murders, brenning of houses, robberies, thefts, trespasses, routs, riots, unlawful assemblies, embraceries, maintenances, receiving of felons, oppressions, ruptures of the peace, and manifold other male­ facts, contrary to all laws and justice; and the said offenders thereupon making their refuge from lordship to lordship, were and continued without punishment or correction (2) for dne reformation whereof, and forasmuch as divers and many of the said lordships marchers be now in the hands and possession of our sovereign lord the King, and the smallest number of them in the possession of other lords, it is therefore enacted by the authority aforesaid, that divers of the said lordships marchers shall be united, annexed and joined to divers of the shires of England, and divers of the said lordships marchers shall be united, annexed and joined to divers of the shires of the said country or dominion of Wales in manner and form hereafter following, (3) and that all the residue of the said lordships marchers within the said country or dominion of Wales shall be severed and divided into certain particular counties or shires, that is to say" &c.

Among the "lordships, towns, parishes, commotes, hundreds and cantreds," formerly in the Marches, which this act for the first time added to Here­ fordshire, were "Ewyas Harold (De Merlberge's Castle), Ewyas Lacy, Clifford, Wynforton, Yerdesley, Huntington, Whytney, Wygniore, Logharneys and Stepulton." It is to be borne in mind that this description of them refers to a time fully three hundred years after the Whitney family was established, and when there Origin and Early History 35 is every reason to suppose the Marches were, as com­ pared with {he past, most quiet and peaceable. Naturally the question is suggested, why was this condition of affairs allowed to continue so longf There were many reasons, the principal ones being that, on the one band, the Lords Marchers were jeal­ ous of their independence, and ever ready to unite in opposition to any encroachment on their ancient pre­ rogatives ; and, on the other hand, the district formed a convenient buffer to protect England from the in­ cursions of the dreaded Welsh. During this period the Crusades came on, and the flower of English chivalry, including a multitude from the Marches, followed Richard the Lion-Hearted and others to the Holy Land.1 There are various traditions that there were one or more De Wytteneyes among them. A pretty strong proof of this is the character of their coat-of­ arms. Burke, in his "General Armoury," ed. 1884, says: Whitney. Arms, Az. a cross cbequy or, and sa. Crest a bull's head, couped sa. armed ar. the points gu.

In other words, a shield with a blue ground on which was a large cross, formed of "checkerboard" squares of gold and black, above which, as a crest, was a bull's bead, cut off at the neck, blaek, with silver horns tipped with red. This is correct except as to the color of the squares. An examination of the registry in the College of Arms, otherwise known as the Herald's College, Lon-

l The leaders of the knights from the Ma.rches who went on the third Cruse.de, 111:19, were Bartholomew Mortimer and Roger de Lacy. 36 Tlte Ancestry of John Whitney don, shows that they were gold and red, not gold and black, and gold and red they appear blazoned on the walls of Hereford Cathedral, where a Mrs. Lucy Booth, daughter of Sir Robert Whitney, was buried in 1673. A cross on an ancient coat-of-arms is generally un­ derstood by those versed in heraldry to indicate that it once belonged to a crusader. Arms could not be devised where a cross would be more prominent. In fact, it is the only symbol. Doubtless, if the old church at Whitney, where the family monuments were, had not been washed away, there would be found effigies of knights with the cross-legged indication of services in the Holy Wars. This is suggested in the article on "Whitney Castle " in the history of the castles of Hereford­ shire before referred to.1 The author says: "No less certain is it that the place was the seat of a most ancient family which derived its name from it and :flourished for some Five hundred years, yielding in nearly every generation one or more members of eminence." Then, speaking of the first Eustace, he quotes :

From him descended cross-legg'd knights, Famed for their faith and warlike fights Against the bloody canibal Whom they destroyed, both great and small. and adds : "They could point to their arms -Azure, a cross cheeky, or and sable, as a proof, which Hu­ dibras did not possess."

1 11 Castles of Herefordshire and their Lords," by Rev. C. J. Robin­ son, London, 1869, p. 135. Origin and Early History 37 In this connection it is proper to call attention to a story which others who have written of the Whit­ neys have published, purporting to account for these arms. It has not been ascertained when it originated, and perhaps it cannot be traced to any responsible source. Still, it may be substantially true. There is nothing improbable about it. The quotation is from the work of Mr. Phoenix.1

Sir Randolph de Whitney, the grandson of Eustace, ac­ companied Richard Coour de Lion to the Crusades, and dis­ tinguished himself greatly by his personal strength and great courage. On one occasion he was sent by Richard on a mission to the French commander, and, as he was leav­ ing the British camp, the brother of Saladin (whom he had twice before defeated) followed him with two Saracens in his company, and, riding round a small hill, made a furious attack upon De Whitney, who defended himself with the greatest vigor; but his assailants were gaining upon him, when a furious Spanish bull, which was feeding near the field of conflict, was attracted by the red dresses of the Sa­ racens, and becoming angry at the color flitting before him, made so vigorous an attack upon them that t,hey were di­ verted from their intended prey, and sought safety in flight. Sir Randolph soon succeeded in wounding his single as­ sailant, whom he left for dead, and then, overtaking the two Saracens, dispatched them and proceeded upon his mission from the King. According to the superstition of that time, Sir Randolph attributed the event to the especial interposition of the Virgin, a medal of whom, consecrated by the Pope, he had continua.lly worn upon his breast.

1 '' The Whitney Family of Connecticut,,, by Stephen Whitney Phoenix: Being an account of the deseende.nte of Henry Whitney, who emigrated from England at a. later date tha.n John, and was only distantly re­ lated to him. 38 The .Ancestry of John Whitney It has been said that, after those mentioned, there are no more authentic records of the Whitneys till about 1250. By this it is not meant that there is no record of any kind. There is a manuscript which even attempts to give the complete line of descent and every marriage. This is the so-called " Golden Grove," an immense collection of Welsh pedigrees compiled by Hugh Thomas about 1703, now belong­ ing to the Earl of Cawder, and deposited by him in the Public Record Office, Chancery Lane, London. Mr. Phoenix, in his account of the Whitney family of Connecticut, has given it a qualified approval. It undoubtedly contains much truth, but truth so mixed with error, that genealogists, as a rule, consider it of no value, unless confirmed by other records. As re­ gards the Whitneys, it is not improbable that, as there stated, tlley married daughters or descendants of such distinguished people as Sir Hugh de la Hay, Sir William Eyton, Gilbert Lord Talbot, Sir Rolf Villers, Sir Eustace Le Grose, Rolf Lord Stafford, Sir Hugh Mortimer, Sir Jasper Croft, Sir Rolf Cromwell, Sir Thomas Oldcastle, Sir Thomas Russell, Sir John Ludlow, Sir John Lingen, and James Lord Audley; but some generations are omitted, and in several in­ stances the relationship of parties can be proved to have been otherwise than therein set out. There is an absurd mistake at the very beginning in attributing to the Whitneys a Welsh origin. It evidently occurred to the author, however, that Eustace, Robert, and Baldwin, the Christian names given to almost the entire line, were peculiar desig­ nations for Welshmen, and that, as the Britons had no surnames, the De Wytteneye also required expla­ nation, so he put them in with what he calls the "Ad- Origin and Early History 39 venee" of Radnor, i. e., Normans who had seized upon estates there, the Mortimers, De Lacys, and others, adding this explanatory note: I have also inserted in this place ye Whitneys, not but yt I think them British originally but in regard yt they soon turn'd their names according to ye Norman method I thought fi.tt to place them among the Adventurers and Adveuee. The idea of a Welshman turning his name to Eus­ tace de W ytteneye and acquiring estates and castles in the Marches is a little laughable to any one familiar with the history of the times. Fortunately there is conclusive proof just what their origin was. Not only did they come in with the Norman invasion, but even according to the "Golden Grove" most of their marriage alliances were with Norman families. However worthless historically, some of this class of pedigrees are quite interesting as literary curiosi­ ties. They were evolved by the Welsh bards out of their inner consciousness, and, as it was just as easy to make one that would flatter the vanity of their patrons, the line invariably went back to the legend­ ary heroes of Britain. For example, the Whitney pedigree was made to include " Sir Predyr Efrog Kt of ye round Table to K. Arthyr's time he lived att bis castle at Coedmore in Cardiganshire." Arch­ deacon Bevan has one of his own family that, after exhausting the famous insular names, brings in those of the Continent, and, going through the list of heroes of Roman, Grecian, Trojan, and Biblical history, winds up with the patriarch N oab. He says that he· has seen others that are even more ambitious, and deem it necessary, when they stop with Adam and 40 The Ancestry of John Whitney Eve, to append the following note-" About this time the world was made." An illustration of an element of distorted truth, as occasiona1ly found, is seen in the fact that the Round Table knight and other early Whitneys are located at "Ewyas Castle,"which, we have noted, at the Con­ quest came into the possession of the great Norman Baron Alured de Merleberge, the maternal grand­ father of the first Eustace. Such, then, was the origin of the Whitney family, and the life and environment of the early members of it. Trained to arms for generation after generation, need­ ing to have every faculty constantly alert to secure the safety of life and property, the strongest alone being able to survive the frequent personal encoun­ ters, a race of men was developed in the Marches equal if not superior physically and mentally to any in England. Their characteristic traits were trans­ mitted. The Puritan John of the seventeenth cen­ tury was probably much the same as the Knight Eustace of the thirteenth. An emigrant with the task of subduing the wilderness could have come from no better stock. CHAPTER II

THE WHITNEYS OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY

Table of the rei,gns of the &verei,gns of Eng'l.and. The Testa de Neuill, 1242. Robert the earlieat historic Whitney. John de Wytteneye overseer of the King'.s Castle at Bristol, 1252. John de Wytteneye assassinated in Hereford, 1272. Sir Euatace de Whitney confirms grant of his ancestors to St. Peter's, about 1280; Lord of Pencombe, Litfle Cowarne, and Whitney, 1281; !Jf'anted Free Warren in Pen­ combe, WhitMy, and Caldwell, 1284 ; summoned to military aervi.ce beyond th£ seas, 1297; tenant of part of the Manor of Huntington, 1299; su111moned to Scottish war, 1301.

CONTEMPORARms. Persons. Et,ents. King John ...... 1199-1216 Murder of Prince .Arthur. . . . 1201 King Henry III...... 1216-1272 Magna Cbarta ...... 1215 King Edward I...... 1272-1307 First Representative Pe.rlia- Stephen Langton, ...... d. 1228 ment ...... 1265 Roger Bacon, b. 1214 .... d. 1294 Conqueat of Wales ...... 1282 Simon de Montfort ...... d. 1265 " Model" Parliament...... 1295 Conquest of Scotland. . 1296-1307 AS there will be frequent occasion, in subsequent ..t1. pages, to speak of events as happening in such and such a year of the reign of a certain sovereign, the following table will be convenient as showing in one place to what dates they correspond in our pres­ ent chronology: 6 il 42 The Ancestry of John Whitney

NORM.AN LINE, HOUSE OF YORK. William the Conqueror Edward IV. . . . 1461-1483 1066-1087 Edward V. . . 1483-1483 William Rufus . 1087-1100 Richard III. . . 1483-1485 Henry I. . 1100-1135 Stephen .... 1135-1154 HOUSE OF TUDOR. Henry VII. . . 1485-1509 HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET, Henry VIII. . . 1509-1547 Henry II. . . 1154-1189 Edward VI. . . 1547-1553 Richard I. . 1189-1199 Mary . . . . 1553-1558 John . . . . 1199-1216 Elizabeth . . . 1558-1603 Henry III. . 1216-1272 Edward I. . 1272-1307 HOUSE OF STUART. Edward II. . 1307-1327 James I. .... 1603-1625 Edward III. . . 1327-1377 Charles I. . . . . 1625-1649 Richard II. . . 1377-1399 The Commonwealth and Cromwell . 1649-1660 HOUSE OF LANCASTER. Charles II. . . . 1660--1685 Henry IV. . 1399-1413 Henry V. . . 1413-1422 Henry VI. . 1422-1461

The earliest mention of the name De Wytteneye, in any public record so far discovered, is in 1241, and that of Sir Robert, the father or grandfather of the Eustace who, gave the deed of confirmation to the monastery of St. Peter. In that year King Henry III. issued his writ to the sheriff of Herefordshire, directing him to make a list of knights' fees within his county. The return is still preserved, called the " Testa de Nevill " or " Liber Feodorum," 1 a docu-

1 Original to be seen in the Reeord Offlee, Chancery Lane, London. The parish of Whitney is not mentioned, beca11Be, &11 has before been stated, it was outside the sheriff's jurisdietiou. Whitneys of the Thirteenth Century 43 ment much resembling the " Domesday Book." This is a translation of a part of the retul'Il : Hundred of Greytre. In the vill of Etun are contained two hides and a half where Robert Tregoz holds one hide by knights service from the Lord the King of the old en­ f eoffmen t of the honor of Ewy as. And Robert de Wytteneye (holds) one hide from the said Robert Tregoz and Richard Fuk half a hide from the said Robert Tregoz by knights service of the same honor and enfeoffment.•.. Hundred of Brockes Esse. In Pencumbe 15 hides whereof John de Wytene holds a moiety from Robert Tre­ goz of the honor of Ewyas of the old enfeo:ffment by knights service. And Thomas de Hemegrave holds the other moiety from Robert de Wytene. 1 And the said Robert of the same as before. Robert de Wytteneye, or Wytene, was the head of the family, John quite likely his brother. Robert de Tregoz was a relative of the Whitneys. One of Alured de Merleberge's sons took the name " De Ewias" from the castle. Like many others, his male line ran out, and Sibella de Ewias, the eventual heiress, married Robert de Tregoz early in the thirteenth century. His line in turn ran out about 1300.2 The principal reason that there are no earlier rec­ ords, is that practically none were kept. There was no well-organized system of government. Not till more than twenty years later, 1265, did any par­ liament, with popular representation, meet. Then one was called with two members from each county

1 The difference iu spelling is probably accounted for by the fact that different officers made the returns for the two estates. 2 Robinson's "Castles of Herefordshire,'' under "Ewias Harold Castle." 44 The Ancestry of John Whitney and city, and from it originated the present House of Commons. From this time forward probably every owner of the Whitney estate left " footprints on the sands of time," which we have the privilege of examining. There are two documents which refer to a John de Wyteneye, or Witteneye, who possibly was the same John above spoken of as the under-tenant of Robert Tregoz. The first is in 1252, as follows:

TRANSLATION. Because John de Wyteneye, one of the overseers of the works of the King's Castle of Bristol, frequently goes into the parts of Ireland, as the King understands, so that the works aforesaid are not attended to as they ought to be, it is commanded to the mayor and bailiffs of Bristol that they do cause to be elected in the place of the aforesaid John, one of their trusty and discreet burgesses of Bristol, who being sworn, &c. Witness as above (17th day of August) By the King.1 and this, the other, 1272 :

TRANSLATION, The King to the Sheriff of Hereford and to the Coroners of the same county, greeting. Because we have understood by the inquisition which we have made by you that John de Oxonia, who lately, for the death of John de Witteneye, killed in the town of Hereford, withdrew himself, had not any lands or tenements except of the inheritance of Edith his wife, and that the goods and chattels of the same

1 Close Roll, 36 Henry m., No. 66, in Record Office, Chancery La.ne, London. W hitneys of the Thirteenth Century 45 John are appraised at twenty and two shillings and six­ pence only, and also that the aforesaid John de Oxonia is not for the death aforesaid, outlawed or convicted by judg­ ment of our court thereof, and you have taken into our hand by reason of the withdrawal aforesaid the lands and tenements which are of the inheritance of the aforesaid Edith, together with the goods and chattels aforesaid, and the lands and tenements aforesaid of the aforesaid Edith you do detain as we have understood. We, being willing to show favor in that behalf to the aforesaid Edith at the in­ stance of her friends, do command you that you do cause the same Edith to have the goods and chattels aforesaid taken into our hand by reason of the withdrawal aforesaid, for her sustenance, and the lands, tenements and rents which are of the inheritance of the same Edith you do hold in our hand until the aforesaid John de Oxonia shall come to our Court or that he be outlawed for that felony by judg­ ment of our Court. Given, etc., as above. (25 day of May.) By the King.1

Bristol is on the Severn, near the mouth of the Wye; so that it is not surprising to :find a" De Wit­ teneye" there. The "going frequently into the parts of Ireland" may be significant. There was later a family of Whitneys in Queens County, Ireland, of high standing. This John may have been the founder of it.2 The town of Hereford was only seventeen miles from Whitney, so the John killed in the former may have lived in the latter place.

1 Close Roll, 1 Edward I. (1272), No. 95, in Record Office. 2 Printed State Papers, vol. lxii, No. 45, makes mention of Robert Whitney of Sheane, Queens County, and gives him license to convey certain laud (1611). 46 The Ancestry of John Whitney From Robert de Wytteneye, of the Testa de Nevill, we can probably trace the Whitney descent to the present day with substantial if not absolute accuracy. The manors of Whitney and Pencombe passed, ac­ cording to the law of primogeniture, through a line of eldest sons. Attached to each estate was an ad­ vowson or right to nominate a rector for the parish church as often as there was a vacancy, and the eccle­ siastical records of the diocese are in existence, show­ ing what patrons from time to time exercised this right. If we arrange these in chronological order we are likely to have two lists, each containing the names of nearly all the successive heads of the Whitney family. Taking these lists as a foundation, there are other records with which they can be prof­ itably compared. Lists can also be made out of all the Whitneys who were sheriffs of Herefordshire or members of parliament, and we can be certain that the one who had either of these dignities was he who at that time owned the property and thus had the in­ come for its support. These four lists so supplement each other that from them alone a fifth, showing the succession, can be easily made out, and two or more dates fixed in the lives of each individual. About the only possibility of mistake is in the fact that there may have been an instance where the transmission was from an elder to a younger brother instead of from father to son. This possibility is, however, reduced to a minimum by a comparison with other documents, such as the Inquisit-iones post mortem, which, in several instances, state the date of the death of the old proprietor, and the name, age, and relationship of the new one. In addition to these general sources of information there Whitneys of the Thirteenth Century 47 are, as will be hereafter seen, others peculiar to each individual. Robert, above mentioned, appears to have been succeeded by the Sir Eustace who, about 1280, gave the deed of confirmation to the monastery of St. Peter, and in 1277 nominated John de Chaundos, and in 1280 Roger de W ytteneye as rectors of Pencombe. There are no less than ft ve other records relating to him, all of great interest. The first is in a retlll'n of the names of lords of manors and townships for the purpose of making up the military levies ordered by the Parliament at Lin­ coln, in the ninth year of King Edward I. (1281). He is there described as "Eustachius de Wyteney, Lord of Pencumbe, Little Cowarne and Wyteney." 1 The second is a grant of "Free Warren" made in the twelfth year of Edward I. (1284), and consists of an abstract of the Royal Patent contained in the Great Charter Roll preserved in the Record Office. A photograph of the original is given, which may be translated as follows:

Charter Roll 12 Edward I. (1284), No. 58.

TRANSLATION. THE KING to Archbishops, etc., greeting. Know ye that we have granted and by this our Charter do confirm to our dearly beloved & faithful EUSTACE DE WHYTENEYE that he and his heirs have forever Free Warren in all their demesne lands of Pencumbe,2 Whyteneye and Caldewell in

1 Ha.rleia.n Manuscript No. 6261, in British Museum. 2 Pencombe and Caldewell were in the County of Hereford. Whyte-. neye, a.nd tha.t neighborhood, in the opinion of the Lords Marchers, wa.s not, a.nd they suceeeded in maintaining their views till the sta.tute of HenryVIB. 48 The .Ancestry of John Whitney the County of Hereford, so that these lands shall not be within the metes of our forest. Nevertheless none shall enter these lands to hunt in them or take any beast pertaining to free warren without license and will of the said Eustace or his heirs upon pain of forfeiting to us ten pounds. Wherefore we will and firmly command that the afore­ said Eustace and his heirs forever have free warren in all their demesne lands aforesaid, so that these lands shall not be within the metes of our forest, and no one shall enter these lands to hunt, etc., without license, etc., of the said Eustace or his heirs on pain of forfeiture to us of ten pounds as aforesaid. These being witnesses. 1 G. Wygorn, R. Ba.then & Wellen, Bishops; Galfrido de Geynvill, Ottone de Grandisono, Robto Tibetot, Rico de Brus, Petro de Cbaumpuent, Rico de Bosco, Walto de Everest, and others. Given under our hand at Leominster the 8th day of December in the year of our reign the 12th.

The third is a summons to him as a knight to per­ form military service in the King's behalf "in parts beyond the seas." Muster at London on Sunday next after the Octave of St. John the Baptist (8th July, 1297).2 The destination was probably Flan­ ders, where war was then going on. The fourth is an inquisition, taken in 1299, giving, among other things, the names of the free tenants of the Manor of Huntington, which included the parishes of Huntington, Kington, and Brilley, in the Marches of Wales, near Whitney. Eustachius de Wytteneye

1 These names should be rendered in Englieh as: G. Bishop of W or­ cester, R. Bishop of Bath and Wells, Geotfrey de Geynvill, Otto de Grandison, Robert Tiptoft (T), Richard Bruce, Peter de Chaumpuent, Richard Wood, Walter of Eversley. 2 Parliamentary, etc., Writs, 12 Edward I., in Record Offl.ce. PACSIMl!,E o•' A POltTION OP CIIA!rfEll JWLI., 12 EDWAJtl) I. (l'.!84), o. {;8. OUANT l))' .-ItEE WAlmEN TO EUSTACE DE WBYTENEYE.

Wkitneys of the Thirteenth Century 49 is named as holding a messuage and two hundred acres of land by the service of " onefoot-soldier with a bow and arrow, at the Castle of Huntington, in time of war, for forty days at his own expense." This is an excellent illustration of a military tenure.1 The fifth and last, for it possibly led to his death, is a summons to the Scottish war. Edward I., who reigned from 1.272 to 1307, was among the greatest of the English Kings. It was he who first reduced Wales to anything like subjection by defeating Llewellyn, in 1282, at the fords of the Wye, above Whitney, in a great battle in which Sir Eustace undoubtedly took part, though we can find no record of who composed the.forces engaged. In com­ memoration of this victory the King presented his infant son to the army as the "Prince of Wales," a title ever since borne by the heir apparent. Later he conquered Scotland, in the days of William Wal­ lace, whose exploits form the subject of Jane Porter's famous novel, "The Scottish Chiefs." The following is a translation of the King's Writ, as served upon De Whitney.

Close Roll 29, Edward I. (1301), No. 123, m13d and 12d TRANSLATION. THE KING to his beloved & trusty EUSTACE DE WYT­ ENEY, greeting. Because we intend to proceed manfully and mightily, by God's help, against our rebels and traitors the Scots, notoriously persevering in preconceived me.lice

1 See Notes on the Early History of the Manor of Huntington, pub­ lished in the "Archmologia Cambrensis," 3d series, vol. xv, p. 229. The Inquisition was ta.ken on the dee.th of Humphrey de BohUI1, Earl of Hereford. 7 50 The Ancestry of John Whitney and knavery of ill will, in order to repress their rebellion and insolence, after the feast of Pentecost next to come, in which feast the truce lately granted to the said Scots at the request of the King of France will be ended, we ask you that you do be with us at Berwick on Tweed at the feast of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist next following, de­ cently prepared with horses and arms to depart from thence with us, at our expense, against the Scots our rebels afore­ said, that, by the help of you and of other our trusty sub­ jects, to whom we have commanded the same thing, the unbridled pride and obstinate rebellion of the aforesaid traitors may be suppressed, by such your labors and assist­ ance, that profit and the advantages which we hope for may come to us and to our kingdom and crown of England with the establishment of peace and lasting honor. Witness the King at Northampton the 12th day of March.

A reason for supposing that the old knight did not return home is that we find that a young Sir Eustace was knighted, at the same time with his neighbors, De Lacy, Corbet, and Marmyon, in 1306.1 The occa­ sion was the receipt of news of the uprising of the Scotch under Robert Bruce. Preparatory to renew­ ing the conflict, in all two hundred and seventy men, of the more distinguished families throughout the kingdom, were given their spurs, among them the Prince of Wales, who afterward was King Ed­ ward II. As the former is the first De Whitney of whom we have any full information, it is worthy of notice that he was a man of wealth, holding the whole or parts of five estates-viz.: Whitney, Pencombe, Little Cowarne, Caldwell, and Huntington - a liberal bene­ factor of the church, and an active soldier.

1 Duncumb's History of Herefordshire, vol. i, p. 79. CHAPTER III

THE WHITNEYS OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY

The first Whitney in Parliament, 1313. John de Wytteneye, the monk of Westminster, 1303. John de Wytteney, adviser of Edward II., 1314. Sir Eustace de Whitney, Member ofParliament, 1351-52. Sir Robert de Whitney, in retinue o.f Duke of Clarence, 1368; Member of three Parliaments, 1376, 1379, 1380; Sheriff of Herefordshire, 1377. Sir Robert Whitney, Commissioner to mgotiate treaty in Flanders, 1388; Member of Parliament, 1391 ; Commissioner to Fra,we, 1393 ; Knight Marshal, 1394; lcilled at " the capture of Edmund Mortimer," 1402. CONTEMPORARIES, Persons. Events. King Edward II...... 1307-1327 Battle of Bannockburn ...... 1314 King Edward III ...... 1327-1377 Deposition of Edward II...... 1327 King Richard II ...... 1377-1399 Battle of Cr~cy ...... 1346 Edward, the Black Prince. The Black Death ...... 1349 Henry, Duke of Hereford. Battle of Poitiers ...... 1356 Wat Tyler. First Work in English Prose .1360 Sir J obn Mandevi.lle .... 1300-1372 · Translation of the Bible ..•.. 1380 William Langland ...... 1332-1400 The Pea.sants' Revolt ...... 1381 John Wycliffe ...... 1324-1384 "Piers Plowman" ...... 1381 Geoffrey Chaucer ...... 1346-1400 "Canterbury Tales" ...... 1384

HE Sir Eustace who was knighted in 1306 had T the honor of being the first of a long list of Whitneys to sit in Parliament. It is recorded that "Eustace de Whyteneye, Knight of the Shire, was returned for Hereford to the Parliament at West- 51 52 The Ancestry of John Whitney minster on the third Sunday in Lent, 18 March, 6 Edw. II." (1312-13).1 This session only lasted fifteen days, but another, in which he was a member, was convened on the 8th of July, 1313. This was the session just preceding and prepara­ tory to the second invasion of Scotland, in which, doubtless, he led his vassals on that disastrous day for English arms, June 24, 1314, at the battle of Ban­ nockburn, in connection with which the name of another Whitney appears. Edward I., in preparing for the first Scotch war, had saved up the then great amount of one hundred thousand pounds. When this money, which had been deposited with the monks of Westminster, was wanted, it could not be found. To quote from Bray­ ley's "Westminster Abbey ": 2 In the year 1303 the King's treasury, at that time some­ where within the Abbey, was robbed to the amount of £100,000, which had been laid up for the service of the Scot­ tish wars. The abbot and forty-eight of the monks were in consequence committed to the Tower and, notwithstand­ ing their protestations of innocence, twelve of them were kept two years in prison, the depositions against them being such as caused great suspicion of their having been con­ cerned in the robbery. At length, on Lady's Day, 1305, the King, who had come to Westminster to return thanks for bis triumph over the Scots, gave orders for their discharge, etc. Our interest in the matter arises from the fact that one of the imprisoned monks was "John de Wytteneye." 3 1 Parliamenta.ry Writs (printed), part i, p. 84, No. as. 2 "Westminster Abbey," by Brayley, Ed. 1818, vol. i, p. 60. s Rymer's Foedera, Sl Edw. I. Patent Roll, Sl Edw. I., No.122, iu Record Office, London. Whitneys of the Fourteenth Century 53 The Scots, under Robert Bruce, attempted to throw off the English yoke. Edward, then an old man, started against them, but died on the way, leav­ ing his son, Edward II., to carry on the war. In 1314 the latter felt himself ready, and marched north with a magnificent army of one hundred thousand men. On June 24 he met the Scotch at Bannockburn, near Stirling. Every schoolboy knows the result. The English fled, leaving thirty thousand dead upon the field. On Friday, June 28, King Edward, in bis retreat, reached English soil, and sent out a sum­ mons of which this is a translation: 1 THE KING to his well-beloved JOHN de WYTTENEY, greeting. Because we wish to have your advice upon cer­ tain arduous matters touching us and the condition of our kingdom, we command you, firmly enjoining that you be before our council at Westminster in three weeks from the day of St. John the Baptist last past, there to treat upon the premises with our council and to give true advice. And this do you in no wise omit. Witness the King at Berwick­ on-Tweed, the twenty-eighth day of June. Written to the undermentioned in that manner, to wit : To William Servat Henry Norman John de Bureford William de Combermartyn Henry de Nasard Thomas Vaughan Simon de Abyngdon . William de Doncastr' Thomas Beauflour John de Wakefield of Ipswich John Priour Richard Pelliparius of Spalding Robert de Callers John Chesterton of Grantham William de Bedyk John de Bliton of Lincoln Richard Stury John Tumby of St. Botolph John de Lodelowe William de Tickne of Roger de Lodelowe Northampton Thomas de la Barre de Ingebramus of Abingdon Hereford Roger de Inkepenne of Winchester. 1 Close Roll, 7 Edw. II., m. 2d, in Record Office, London. 54 The Ancestry of John Whitney In view of what had just happened it is not sur­ prising that the King spoke of "arduous matters touching us and the condition of our kingdom." He had better have sought John de Wytteney's advice before instead of after the battle. There is nothing to show where this John lived. He may have been the monk of Westminster. Turning again to the Whitneys of Whitney, we :find that, pursuant to a writ tested at Clipston, March 5, 9 Edward II. (1316), Sir Eustace was cer­ tified as " Lord of Pencombe, Little Cowarn, and Whitney." 1 As patron of Whitney he nominated, in 1345, Thomas de Whitney, and, in 1349, John Rees, and, when an old man, sat in another famous parliament, summoned to meet on the 9th day of February, 1351- 1352, which enacted the Statute of Treasons and the Statute of Provisors, the latter limiting the power of the Pope in England, both landmarks in English legislation.2 His death occurred soon after, for in 1353 Robert de Whitney was patron of the Pencombe living. This Robert, the last of the family to write his name with a "de," was apparently the first who sought and gained favor at court. In 1368 he was one of two hundred knights who went to Milan in the retinue of the Duke of Clarence on the occasion of the latter's marriage. We know this fact from the record of a power of attorney which he secured,

1 Parliamentary, etc., Writs, part ii, p.125, No. 83. 2 Up to this time many years frequently separated the assembliDg of parliaments, and there had been no division into two houses. The greater barons were specially summoned, and the others were repre­ sented by two of their number from each county, who were called " Kllights of the Shire." Whitneys of the Fourteenth Century 55 under royal sanction, in providing for the manage­ ment of bis affairs during his absence, as follows :

French Roll, 42 Edw. III, No. 311 (date, 10 Febru­ ary, 1367-68). TRANSLATION. ROBERT DE WHITENEYE, who, in the service of the King in the following of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, has set out to the parts of Melan, has the King's letters of general attorney under the names of Baldwin de Wbiteneye, clerk, and Richard de Hortesleye, clerk, alternatively to gain, etc., in any whatsoever courts of England, to last for one year. These presents to be worthless if, etc. Witness the King at · Westminster, the 10th day of February.

The Duke was born November 29, 1338, son of King Edward III., and is best known as the patron of the poet Chaucer, who at one time was a page in his employ. By his first wife Elizabeth he had one daughter, Philippa, who married Edmund Morti­ mer, third Earl of March, through whom was de­ scended King Edward IV. The Duchess died in 1364. Burke, in his "Extinct Peerages" page 434, has this to say of the second marriage, in which De Whitney was interested: "King Edward concluded the terms of a marriage for his son, the Duke of Clarence, with Violanta, or J olantis, the daughter of Galeas, or, as he was more classically called, Galea­ sius, Prince of Milan, and sister to John Galeas, who subsequently became first Duke of Milan. The bar­ gain, for such it was in the strictest sense of the word, was struck at Windsor, upon which occasion the wealthy and munificent Prince Galeas paid down for his daughter's dowry the sum of one hundred thou- 56 The Ancestry of John Whitney sand florins. This, however, was but a prelude to the unbounded magnificence with which he received his son-in-law and his small but chosen retinue of English nobles, 1 who in number amounted t-0 about two hundred. When the Duke married his affianced bride, the luxury of the various feasts that followed upon the nuptials, and the richness of the gifts presented by Galeas to the bridegroom and his followers, were such as fairly to confound the imagination. The whole scene, as described by Paulus J ovius, is only to be paralleled by the wild dreamings of some eastern story. At one banquet, when the celebrated Petrarch was present, thirty courses succeeded each other, all composed of the choicest viands that the earth or sea could supply, and, between each course, as many rare gifts were brought in by Galeas himself and pre­ sented by him to Clarence. "But not five months after the Duke of Clarence, not regarding his change of air and addicting him­ self to immoderate feasting, spent and consumed with a lingering disease, departed this world at Alba Pompeia, called also Longuevil, in the Marquisate of Montserrat, in Piedmont, on the vigil of St. Luke

1 '' Peers and Baronets, and Landed Gentlemen, entitled to heredi• tary Arms, form the Nobility of this country. For it must be remem• bered that Nobility, a larger word than Peerage, is not exclusively confined to titled families ; and that a well-born Gentleman without title has bis own inherent nobility as truly as the Earl or Marquess al­ though he cannot pretend to the same rank or illustration." "In former times the untitled Gentlemen of Great Britain and Ire­ land were eligible to match with the daughters, sisters, and nieces of Kings; they were admissible into the most illustrious brotherhoods of Chivalry, gave Knights to the Rolls of the Templars, were among the founders of the most noble Order of the Garter, and have constantly represented their Sovereign at foreign Courte. 11-Burke, Introduction to "History of the Landed Gentry," Whitneys of the Fourteenth Century 57 the Evangelist, viz., the 17th day of October, anno 1368. "The Duke was first buried in the city of Pavia, but was afterwards brought over to England by Thomas Narbonne and others of the retinue who had accom­ panied him in his nuptial expedition." De Whitney returned to England, possibly with impaired digestion, and lived to enjoy many honors. He is mentioned as a patron of Whitney in 1373, and as a member of Parliament three times, in sessions beginning as follows: January 27, 1376-77; April 24, 1379; January 16, 1379-80.1 During the latter years of his reign Edward Ill. became enfeebled in mind and body, and the gov­ ernment was managed almost entirely by the great barons of the Royal Council. This usurpation dis­ pleased the barons of lower rank, answering to what would now be called the "Commons," who bad begun to claim a more active influence in the work of leg­ islation. A crisis came in 1376, when, assembled in what is known as "The Good Parliament," the lat­ ter embodied their grievances in one hundred and sixty petitions. Their demands were supported by the heir apparent, Edward, the Black Prince, but opposed by his brother, John ◊'Gaunt, Duke of Lan­ caster. While the former lived, advancement was made and legislation secured providing for annual sessions, the discontinuance of arbitrary taxation, the resistance of Papal encroachments, the protec­ tion of trade, and the free election of the Knights

1 "Retlll'Il of Members of Parliament," printed for House of Com­ mons, 18i8. For the understanding of these dates, it is necessary to remember that then, and long after, the year began on March 25 instead of January 1, as at present. 8 · 58 The Ancestry of John Whitney of the Shire. The right of Parliament to impeach the King's Ministers was also for the first time rec­ ognized. The death of Prince Edward, however, not only checked these reforms, but caused much of the ground to be lost. The parliaments of 1379-80, packed in the interest of the great barons, were anything but" good," and, among other iniquitous measures, enacted the poll tax that led to Wat Tyler's rebellion. This Robert also was the first Whitney, so far as is known, who became sheriff of Herefordshire, then the greatest local distinction to which a man could attain.1 There may have been others before him, but the records, prior to about this date, have not been preserved. We derive our information from " The History of the Worthies of England," by Thomas Fuller, 1662, where his name is mentioned as sheriff in the first year of Richard II. (1377), and there is the additional interesting information that his arms were: "Az, a cross cheeky or and Gules." It will be noted that these are the same that the family bore through­ out the rest of its history. Next came another Sir Robert,2 whose life, though 1 " The word Sheriff, expressed in the Latin language by Vice Comes, clearly points to the origin of the office. The Saxon Earl (Comes) en­ joyed very considerable authority in his particular province, and hence a county was called comitatus. The original appointment of the Sheriff appears, therefore, to have been that of an Assistant or Deputy to the Earl in the discharge of his duties. They had anciently both the ad­ ministration of justice and the management of the King's revenue com­ mitted to them in their respective counties; and when an Earldom was made an honor of a more personal nature, the provincial authority was vested in the Sheriff alone." Duncumb, vol. i, p. 139. 2 Both the Whitneys must have been well acquainted with Geoffrey Chaucer, who was high in favor at court under Edward m. and Rich• ard II., and quite likely they heard from him the "Canterbury" and other tales, and swapped for them some fairly good stories of their own. Whitneys of the Fourteenth Century 59 cut off in its prime, was most eventful. .A courtier, like bis father before him, he stood high in the con­ fidence of that unfortunate monarch, Richard II., who first knighted him and afterwards appointed him to several offices of high honor. The first record we find, dated the 20th of May, 11 Richard II. (1388), is his commission, with other min­ isters plenipotentiary, to negotiate a treaty with the Count of Flanders. It may be thus translated:

French Roll, 11 Richard II. (Roll No. 332), m. 6.

TRANSLATION. Of treating with the Count of Flanders and others. The King, to all those who shall see or hear these letters, greet­ ing. Know ye that we, fully trusting in the loyalty and shrewdness of our beloved and faithful William de Beau­ champ, Captain of Caleys, our cousin, John de Say, Baron of Wemme, Esmond de la Pole, Robert De Witteneye, Knights, Master Richard Rouhale, Doctor of Laws, Roger Walden, Treasurer of Caleys, Henry Vanner, Thomas Neuton, John Gleucnant, Thomas Beaupeny, John Newerk and John IDtyng, have ordained, constituted, deputed and established them and do ordain, constitute, depute and establish them of our certain knowledge by these our pres­ ent letters, our true and special messengers, commissaries and deputies, for the deed of treaty, and we have given and do give by these presents to the same, our messengers, commissaries and deputies eleven, ten, nine, eight, seven and six of them, special and general authority, power and order, as well for us as for all our subjects, kingdoms, lands, countries and places on this side and over the sea, to assemble, treat and speak together with the Count of Flan­ ders, and the good people of three good towns of Flanders, Ghent, Bruges and Ypre, and those of Frye and all others having interest or sufficient power to treat for the country 60 The Ancestry of John Whitney of Flanders or with their special messengers, deputies, pro­ curers and commissaries, having from them sufficient order, jointly and severally, and to make, take, accord and re­ ceive a truce and suspension of arms for us and our sub­ jects and our country with the said Count of Flanders, the people of the three gQod towns afor~said and those of Frye and the country of Flanders, jointly and severally, for a term which can be agreed between them. And upon what­ ever shall be treated, spoken, transacted, composed, pacified and agreed for us and our part to contract and give cau­ tions, obligations, sureties and promises the best they know or can devise, the which we desire shall have such effect, vigor and force as if we in our own person had given and made them, and to make, take and accord all good peace and agreement, and also all manner of liege alliances, hon­ est and reasonable friendships and confederacies with the said Count and the gentlemen of the three good towns, those of Frye and all the country of Flanders a.bovesaid, jointly and severally, perpetual or temporary, in the best way that they can be made, ordained and devised in that part, and to take upon this all the best cautions, obligations and sureties they know or can devise, and to make, execute, expedite and accomplish for us and our part all whatso­ ever affair and matter that shall in such case upon all and every of the articles aforesaid with the dependencies inci­ dent, emergent and connected suppose -which special order shall be requh-ed. And we promise loyally and in good faith to have and to hold always firm and agreeable and to accom­ plish and perfect whatever shall be treated, spoken, ac­ corded, pacified, composed, ordained, devised or done by our said messengers, commissaries and deputies eleven, ten, nine, eight, seven or six of them upon all and each of the matters aforesaid. And to ratify, agree and approve all the matters aforesaid, and each of them and their dependencies which thus shall be accorded upon caution and obligation of all our goods, present and future, without ever doing or suffering, as much as in us lies, anything to be done at any time to the contrary. Given by testimony of our great seal Whitneys of the Fourteenth Century 61 at our Palace of Westminster the 20th day of May, the year of grace one thousand three hundred eighty and eight and the eleventh of our reign. By the King at his Council.

On his return he became a member of the parliament that met November 3, 1391, and in 1393 had another foreign mission, of which the following is a record: French Roll, 17 Richard II., Roll No. 338 (date, 27 October, 1393.) TRANSLATION. THE KING to his beloved and trusty Knight SIR ROB­ ERT WHITENEY and to his beloved clerk John Melton, greeting.-Know ye, whereas lately by a certain treaty be­ tween us and the Noble Prince Charles, late King of Navarre, deceased, made by procurators having on behalf of each side sufficient power for this purpose, the castle and town of Chirburgh in Normandy were delivered to us to remain in our hand for a certain time in the said treaty specified, which time ended, by virtue of the treaty aforesaid, we were held and are held uader certain forms and conditions in the same treaty contained to restore entirely to the aforesaid King of Navarre or his deputies for himself and in his name the castle and town aforesaid. And afterwards thereupon our dearest uncles John, Duke of .Aquitaine, then King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster and Steward of Eng­ land, Edmund, Duke of York, then Earl of Cambridge, and Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, then Earl of Buckingham and Constable of England, Edmund, Earl of March, Richard, Earl of Arundel, Thomas, Earl of Warwick, Hugh, Earl of Stafford, William, Earl of Salisbury, and other grandees of our kingdom by their letters sealed under their seals by their free will and assent were bound and sworn, upon the holy gospel of God, and under pain that in any places what­ soever they might be considered perjured and untrust­ worthy, that they would promptly and entirely render and 62 The .Ancestry of John Whitney restore the said castle and town to the aforesaid King of Navarre, or to those whom he in his life or his testament should ordain, ceasing any excuses, fraud and evil intent in form and condition aforesaid. And, whereas, thus it may be that by the name of the magnificent and powerful Prince Charles, by the grace of God now King of Navarre as well, as the eldest son and heir of the said late King of Navarre, as by pretext of a certain clause contained in the will of the aforesaid Charles, the late King of Navarre, the tenor of which follows hereunder: "Also we ordain and will that our cousins the King of England and his uncles, and the others bound to us for the restitution of our castle and town of Chirburgh, be held to render, restore and deliver our said castle and town to Charles our heir and eldest son when­ ever that they shall be summoned and required on the be­ half of our said son." The procurators of the same, now King of Navarre, having sufficient power under the great seal of the same now King of Navarre, have requested us and our said uncles and the others bound aforesaid to make restitution of the castle and town aforesaid, themselves offering to fill up in the name of the now King of Navarre the prompt conditions contained in the said treaty. We, considering the great faithfulness which always was found in our progenitors, and desiring that as much faithfulness should be found in our person against all whomsoever, at the frequent instance and supplication of our said uncles and of the aforesaid Earl of Arundel and Warwick and of many of the "obligors" aforesaid, we have granted and promised in saving of the honor of us and of our said uncles and of other the earls and two of the obligors afore­ said, that the said castle and town shall be delivered to the aforesaid King of Navarre or to his procurors as quickly as it can be done conveniently. We have assigned you and either of you to ask and in our name to receive the castle and town aforesaid out of the hand of our beloved and trusty Knight John Golafre, keeper of the same, or his lieutenant there, and also victualling of the castle and town aforesaid to the value of 1,000 marks, together with artillery there Whitneys of the Fourteenth Century 63 according to the effect of a certain indenture thereof made between us and the aforesaid John Golafre by indentures due to be made between you or either of you and the afore­ said John Golafre or his lieutenant, testifying those things which the same John Golafre or his lieutenant so to you will deliver. We have assigned also you and either of you to deliver in exoneration of us and of the said obligors the castle and town aforesaid to Charles de Beaumont, Alferiz de Navarre, Martin de la Carre, Marshal of Navarre, and to Peter Arnaud de Garro, knights proctors of the said now King of Navarre, or to any of them, for and in the name of the same King into their hand and possession without ob­ jection remaining, and to sell to the same proctors or to any of them, for their money promptly to be pa.id, the victuals and artillery aforesaid or parcel of the same as between you and the proctors aforesaid can be reasonably agreed, or otherwise to determine for them in the best way you know how for our convenience. Moreover, we give to the aforesaid keeper as well as to all and singular the soldiers of the castle and town aforesaid, and to other our trusty lieges and subjects there by the tenor of these presents firmly in command, that you and either of you, in the premises to be done and executing, shall be ready and intendant in all as it beseems. We will, indeed, that you and either of you, for the delivery of the castle and town aforesaid in form aforesaid, be dis­ charged against us and our heirs in every way. In witness whereof, etc., witness the King at Westminster, the 27th day of October. By writ of privy seal.

French Roll, 17 Richard II., Roll No. 338 m. 14. (date, 29 October, 1393).

TRANSLATION.

OF PROTECTION. The King's beloved and faithful knight, SIR ROBERT WHITENEY, who has departed to the parts across the seas 64 The Ancestry of John Whitney in the King's service, there to tarry upon certain the King's affairs, has letters of protection of the King with 11clausula volumus," to last until the feast of the Nativity of our Lord next to follow, these presents, etc. Witness the King at Westminster, the 29th day of October. By bill of privy seal. In 1394 we find that Sir Robert held, at the court of the King, the office of "Knight Marshal," regard­ ing which a word of explanation is necessary . .At coronations and all royal pageants, one of the most prominent personages was the" Earl Marshal" of England. .Aside from thus making a show of his gorgeous apparel his duties were nominal. The "Knight Marshal" was his deputy, and not only formed part of the spectacular features of impor­ tant ceremonial occasions, but had practical employ­ ment as well. He was most of the time in atten­ dance at court, where he dined at the King's table,1 and consequently came to be commonly known as "Marshal, of the Household," and was superinten­ dent of the palace police and royal body guard.2 .Again he was sent out of England on public busi­ ness, this time to Ireland, but the nature of his er­ rand does not appear. The fact is known from the following record of a letter of protection under his seal, which was given to one of his subordinates: W elsb Records, Chester Recognizance Rolls. Roll No. 67 from 20 July, 18 Richard II., to the feast of St. Michael following. Mem. 1, entry 4 (1394).

1 "The Ma.rsha.l sha.11 ha.ve a. Knight under him, bearing a white rod and sworn to keep the King's Counsel. The Knight shall dine and sup in the King's Hall," ete. Ha.rleian Manuscript in British Museum, No, 6064. " The Order and Office of the Marshal of England.'' 2 "The Book of the Court," by William J. Thoms, London, 1864. Whitneys of the Fourteenth Century 65

TRANSLATION, PROTECTION OF RICH.ARD DE WYSTANSTON. RICHARD, by the grace of God King of England and France and Lord of Ireland, to all his bailiffs and faithful subjects to whom these present letters shall have come, greeting. Know ye that we have taken into our protection and defense Richard de Wystanston, who has departed in our service in the company of our beloved and trusty SIR ROBERT WHYTENEY, Knight Marshal, of our house­ hold, towards the land of Ireland-his men, lands, goods, rents, and all the possessions of the same Richard, and, therefore, we do command you that you maintain, protect and defend the said Richard, his men, lands, goods, rents, and all the possessions of the said Richard. Not doing to them nor allowing to be done any injury, violence1 damage or harm. .And if anything shall be forfeited from them that you do cause them to be amended to him without delay. In witness whereof, these our letters we have caused to be made patent, to last for one year, sealed with the seal of our exchequer of Chester. We will also that the same Richard meanwhile may be quit of all pleas and quarrels, except pleas "de dote unde nihil habet," and "qua.re im­ pedit," and " as.sises of novel disseisin" and "la.st presenta­ tion" and" attain ts," and except pleas which might happen to be summoned before our judges itinerant in their journeys. These presents to be worthless if it befell the same Richard not to take that journey, or afterwards that he returned into England from the parts aforesaid within that term. Given at Chester, the 27th day of July, in the 18th year of our reign. By bill of the seal of ROBERT WHYTENEY, Knight Marshal, of the King's household.

As "Marshal," "Whitney also, doubtless, was master of ceremonies upon an occasion that changed the course of English history. 9 66 The .Ancestry of John Whitney The royal family, and the relationship of each member to King Richard, can be seen at a glance from the following diagram :

KING EDWARD III. I I EDWARD, LIONEL, JOHN O'GAUNT, EDMUND, the Black Duke of Duke of Duke of Prince. Clarence. Lancaster. York. I I RICHARD II. PHILIPPA, HJ.RY, mar. Duke of Hereford, Edmund afterwards Mortimer. King Henry IV. I

ROGER JoRTIMER, Sm EJ~ruND Earl of March, MORTIMER (at died 1398. battle of Pilleth). I EDMUND MORTIMER, Earl of :March, heir pre­ sumptive to the crown after Richard II.

In 1389 Richard had suddenly shaken off the re­ straints of his council, announced himself of age, and taken possession of the government. For eight years he ruled in accordance with constitutional forms, appointed good men to office, and in general was prosperous; but in 1397 this policy was sharply re­ versed. Having secured peace with France, he con­ ceived the idea of making himself absolute, and of governing without regard to the consent of the gov­ erned. One after another the men of influence op­ posed to him were cast into prison, and a packed parliament voted their condemnation, repealed all the reform measures, and vested all the legislative power for the future in a committee made up of twelve Whitneys of the Fourteenth Century 67 peers and six commoners, all creatures of the King. He then proceeded to levy taxes without regard to right or usage, and, even by force, compelled wealthy men to put their seals to blank promises to pay, which the King could fill up with any sum he pleased. Finally he had killed, imprisoned, or exiled all the men he feared except two-his cousin, Henry Boling­ broke, Duke of Hereford, and Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk and Earl of Nottingham. As it happened, these quarreled, and, after the custom of the times, challenged each other to mortal combat before the King. Shakespeare describes the event and represents the "Lord Marshal" as playing a con­ spicuous part. This was probably the Knight Mar­ shal Whitney, for such duties were appropriate to bis office. But, the question may be asked, on such a great occasion, may not the Earl Marshal have taken part T The Earl Marshal certainly was present, but in the capacity of one of the contestants, for up to this time in Richard's reign that office was held by Thomas Mowbray.1 Turning now to the pages of Shakespeare, in the play of Richard II., act i, scene iii, it is interesting to read the spirited lines, inserting Whitney in place of "Marshal" whenever that word appears:

SCENE III.-Open space near Coventry. ( Lists set out and a throne. Hera"las, etc., attending.)

(Enter the Lord Marshal and ..4.umerle.) Marshal. My Lord Aumerle, is Harry Hereford arm'd T .A.umerle. Yea, at all points; and longs to enter in.

1 "The Book of the Court," by Wm. J. Thoms, under title "Earl Marshal." See also Burke's "Extinct Peerage," p. 386. 68 The Ancestry of John Whitney

Marshal. The Duke of Norfolk, sprightfully and bold, Stays but the summons of the appellant's trumpet• .A.umerle. Why, then, the champions are prepared, and stay For nothing but his majesty's approach. ( Fl-Ourish of trumpets. Enter King Richard, who takr.a liis seat on his throne; Gaunt, and 81!1Jeral noblemen, tDko · take their places. A trumpet is sounded, and anstDered by another trumpet within. Then enter Norfolk, in armor, preceded by a herald.) King Richard. Marshal, demand of yonder champion The cause of his arrival here in arms: Ask him his name; and orderly proceed To swear him in the justice of his cause. Marshal. In God's name and the King's, say who thou a.rt, And why thou com'st thus knightly clad in arms; Against what man thou com'st, and what thy quarrel: Speak truly, on thy knighthood, and thine oath; As so defend thee heaven, and thy valor! Norfolk. My name is Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, Who hither come engaged by my oath. (Which heaven defend a knight should violate!) Both to defend my loyalty and truth To God, my king, and my succeeding issue, Against the Duke of Hereford that appeals me; And, by the grace of God, and this mine arm, To prove him, in defending of myself, A traitor to my God, my king, and me : And, as I truly fight, defend me heaven ! ( He takes hi8 seat. Trumpet sounds. Enter Boltngbroke, in arnwr, preceded by a herald,) King Richard. Marshal, ask yonder knight in arms, Both who he is, and why he cometh hither Thus plated in habiliments of war; And formally according to our law Depose him in the justice of his cause. Marshal. What is thy name T and wherefore com'st thou hither, Whitneys of the Fou,rteenth Century 69

Before King Richard, in his royal lists T Against whom com'st thou 1 and what 's thy quarrel T Speak like a true knight, so defend thee heaven! Bolingbroke. Harry of Hereford, Lance.ster and Derby, Am I; who ready here do stand in arms, To prove by heaven's grace, and my body's valor, In lists, on Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, That he is a traitor, foul and dangerous, To God of heaven, King Richard and to me; And, as I truly fight, defend me heaven ! Marshal. On pain of death, no person be so bold, Or daring-hardy, as to touch the lists, Except the marshal, and such officers Appointed to direct these fair designs. Boling broke. Lord Marshal, let me kiss my sovereign's hand, And bow my knee before his majesty ; For Mowbray and myself are like two men That vow a long and weary pilgrimage; Then let us take a ceremonious leave And loving farewell of our several friends. Marshal. The appellant in all duty greets your highness, And craves to kiss your hand, and take his leave. King Richard. We will descend and fold him in our arms. Cousin of Hereford, as thy ca.use is right, So be thy fortune in this royal fight! Farewell, my blood ; which if to,.day thou shed, Lament we may, but not revenge thee dead. Bolingbroke. O, let no noble eye profane a tear For me, if I be gored with Mowbray's spear: As con:6.dent as is the falcon's flight Against a bird, do I with Mowbray fight. ( To Lord Marshal.) My loving lord, I take my leave of you; Of you, my noble cousin, Lord Aumerle :- Not sick, although I have to do with death, But lusty, young, and cheerly drawing breath. Lo, as at English feasts, so I regreet The daintiest la.st, to make the end most sweet: 70 The Ancestry of John Whitney (To Gaunt.) 0 thou, the earthly author of my blood, Whose youthful spirit, in me regenerate, Doth with a twofold vigor lift me up To reach at victory above my head,- Add proof unto mine armor with thy prayers; And with thy blessings steel my lance's point, That it may enter Mowbray's waxen coat, And furbish new the name of John of Gaunt, Even in the lusty havior of his son. Gaunt. Heaven in thy good cause make thee prosperous I Be swift like lightning in the execution; And let thy blows, doubly redoubled, Fall like amazing thunder on the casque Of thy adverse pernicious enemy: Rouse up thy youthful blood, be valiant and live. Bolingbroke. Mine innocency, and Saint George to thrive. ( He takeB hiB seat.) Norfolk. (Rising.) However heaven, orfortune, cast my lot, There lives, or dies, true to King Richard's throne, A loyal, just, and upright gentleman: Never did captive with a freer heart Cast off his chains of bondage, and embrace His golden uncontroll'd enfranchisement, More than my dancing soul doth celebrate This feast of battle with mine adversary. Most mighty liege, and my companion peers, Take from my mouth the wish of happy years: As gentle and as jocund, as to jest, Go I to fight : truth bath a quiet breast. King Richard. Farewell, my lord : securely I espy Virtue with valor couched in thine eye. Order the trial, marshal, and begin. (The King and the lordB return to their seats.)

Marshal. Harry of Hereford, Lancaster, and Derby, Receive thy lance; and God defend the right ! Whitneys of the Fourteenth Century 71 Bolingbroke. (Rising.) Strong as a tower in hope, I cry­ amen. Marshal. (To an officer.) Go bear this la.nee to Thoma.s, Duke of Norfolk. First He1·ald. Harry of Hereford, Lancaster, and Derby, Stands here for God, his sovereign, and himself, On pain to be found false and recreant, To prove the Duke of Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, A traitor to his God, his king, and him, And dares him to set forward to the fight. Second Herald. Here sta.ndeth Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, On pain to be found false and recreant, Both to defend himself, and t.-0 approve Henry of Hereford, Lancaster, and Derby, To God, his sovereign, and to him disloyal ; Courageously, and with a. free desire, Attending but the signal to begin. Marshal. Sound, trumpets; and set forward, combatants.

( ..4. charge sounded.) Stay, the King hath thrown his warder down. King Rickard. Let them lay by their helmets and their spears, And both return back to their chairs again : Withdraw with us: and let the trumpets sound, While we return these dukes what we decree. ( ..4. 1mlg ft

Bolingbroke left England, carrying with him the hearts of the men of Herefordshire, who, after this, were all anxious for a chance to overthrow Richard. The Earl of Hereford was reputed then In England the most valiant gentleman; . . . all the country in a general voice Cried hate upon him ; and all their prayers and love Were set on Hereford, whom they doted on, And blessed and graced indeed more than the king.1

The opportunity for revolt soon came. The ban­ ished Duke returned. They flocked to bis standard, seized Bristol Castle, and a little later aided in com­ pletely routing the royal forces. In 1399, as Henry IV., their favorite became king of England.

1 "King Henry IV.," pa.rt ii, a.ct iv. Whitneys of the Fourteenth Century 73 The fourteen years of his reign were one succes­ sion of plots, rebellions, and civil wars. The Whit­ neys were, however, loyal throughout; at what ex­ pense, the record quoted below well shows. The Welsh rose in arms under Owen Glendower. Edmund Mortimer, uncle to the young earl of the same name, who, by descent, had a better right than Henry to the throne (see pedigree), led a force from the Marches into Wales, and, as was charged, treach­ erously betrayed them to their enemies, causing their massacre almost to a man. The battle took place at Pilleth, in Radnorshire, on June 12, 1402, and was a hand-to-hand conflict, bloody iu the extreme. The English who fell, though outnumbered and without a leader, resisted to the last, and sold their lives dearly. Probably most of the families in the Marches and western Herefordshire were represented there by nearly all their ablebodied men, and a sad day it must have been in Whitney Castle when - . . . all athwart there came A post from Wales loaden with heavy news; Whose worst was, that the noble Mortimer, Leading the men of Herefordshire to fight Against the irregular and wild Glendower, Was by the rude hands of that Welshman taken, And a thousand of his people butchered; Upon whose dead corpses there was such misuse, Such beastly, shameless transformation By those Welshwomen done, as may not be Without much shame re-told or spoken of.l Sir Robert Whitney, his younger brother, and most of his relatives were among those who perished.

I "King Henry IV.," part i, act i. 10 CHAPTER IV

THE WHITNEYS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY

Grant of the Castle of Clifford and the lordships of Clifford and Glas­ bury to Robert Whitney on account of the services of his father. Description of Clifford. Connection by marriage of the Whitney and Oldcastle famiUes. Sir Robert Whitney, Sheriff, 1413; Member of Parliament, 1416; Captain of Fortress Vire, 1420; Member of Par­ liament, 1422; Sheriff, 1428, 1433, 1437; died, 1441. Thomas Whitney of .Agincourt, 1415; granted land in France, 1419; Sir Eustace lVhitney ; marriages ; adventure aB Royal Commissioner in Wales; Member of Parliament, 1468. Robert Whitney attainted a.s a Yorkist, 1459; Sheriff, 1476; marriage to Alice Vaughan; her ancestry ; l!,'pithalamium 1Yy Lewis Glyn Cothi ; marriage to Con­ stance Touchett; her descent from William the Conqueror.

CONTEMPORARIES. Persons. Events. King Henry IY ...... 1899-1413 Persecution of Lollards .1400-1420 King Henry Y ...... 1413-1422 Battle of Pilleth ...... 1402 King Henry VI...... 1422-1461 Battle of Agincourt ...... 1415 King Edward IV ...... 1461-1488 Beginning of War of Roses .. 1455 King Ed ward V...... 1483 Battle of Blore Heath ...... 1459 King Riche.rd III...... 1483-1485 Battle of Mortimer's Cross ... 1461 King Henry VII...... 1485-1509 Battle of Bosworth Field. . .. 1485 Joan of Arc ...... d. 1431 Introduction of Printing .... 1474 William Caxton ...... d. 1491 Diseovery of America...... 1492 HE fifteenth century was, as a whole, perhaps the T darkest in English history since the Norman Conquest. "War, pestilence and famine wrought their hideous work, sapping the energies that should have u Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 75 gone into progress and expansion. The forward movement toward political, religious and industrial freedom proved premature and abortive. All the achievements of the fourteenth century were rendered void. Degeneration and decay characterized every as­ pect of the national life. Politics dwindled into mere strife of faction, worship passed into formalism, the literary impulse ebbed and social relations became demoralized even to brutality," 1 and yet with all these disadvantages the Whitney family, judging from the glimpses we gain of it from time to time, seems to have made substantial improvement in its circum­ stances. After the battle of Pilleth the King was asked to ransom Sir Edmund Mortimer, but, disbelieving the tale that he had fought bravely with his unfortunate followers, even engaging in single combat the great Glendower himself, he absolutely refused, character­ izing him as . . . the foolish Mortimer; Who, on my soul, hath wilfully betrayed The lives of those that he did lead to fight Against the great magician, damn'd Glendower; Whose daughter, as we hear, the earl of March Hath lately married. Shall our coffers, then Be emptied to redeem a. traitor home T Shall we buy treason T and indent with fears, When they have lost and forfeited themselves T No, on the barren mountains let them starve ; For I shall never hold that man my friend Whose tongue shall ask me for one penny cost To ransom home revolted Mortimer.2

1 Coman's "Growth of the English Nation," p. 14i, 2 "King Henry IV.," part i, act i, scene iii. 76 The Ancestry o.f John Whitney Mortimer, joined by Glendower, the Percies, and Earl Douglas, then threw off all disguise and made open rebellion against the King. A Welsh army poured down into the Marches. Clifford, then the property of the Earl of March, appears to have been spared, but Hay, Whitney, and Huntington castles were captured and burned, and the whole surrounding country was ravaged and stripped of its :flocks and herds. Henry marched westward to meet his enemies, and at Shrewsbury, in 1403, completely routed them. The young Earl of March was seized and cast into prison, and his estates taken into the King's control, who, mindful of the services of Sir Robert Whitney, doubt­ less an old friend, thus provided for his son : Patent Roll 5 Henry IV., 1st Part, No. 372 (1404).

TRANSLATION. THE KING to all to whom, etc., greeting. Know ye that since the father of ROBERT WHITENEY esquire and his uncle and a great part of his relatives have been killed in our service at the capture of Edmund Mortemer, aud his property has been burnt and destroyed by our rebels of Wales, so that the same Robert has not any castle or fortress where he can tarry to resist and punish our aforesaid rebels, as we accept. We of our special grace have granted to the same Robert the Oastle of Olifford and the lordships of Clif­ ford and Glasbury together with all the lands, tenements, rents, services, fees, advowsons, royalties, liberties, fran­ chises, jurisdictions, escheats, fines, redemptions and other commodities whatsoever, to the same Castle and lordships in any manner belonging, and also full punishment and execution of all rebels who are or shall be of or in the above said lordships, with all forfeitures and escheats of the said rebels, which same Castle and lordships before that they were Wkitneys of the Fifteenth Century 77 burnt, devastated and destroyed by our aforesaid rebels stood of the value of one hundred marks per annum as is said. To have to the same Robert the Castle and lordships afore­ said with all the above said profits, commodities and appurte­ nances from the :fifteenth day of October la.st past until the full age of Edmund, son and heir of the Earl of March last deceased, and so from heir to heir until any one of the heirs aforesaid may arrive at bis full age, without rendering any­ thing therefor to us or to our heirs at our Exchequer during the minority of the heirs aforesaid. So always that the said Robert has repaired the aforesaid Castle and tarries in the same in the defense and keeping safe of the Castle and lordships aforesaid, during the war in the lordships above­ said, and in case that the Castle and lordships aforesaid exceed the value of the aforesaid hundred marks per annum, the same Robert shall answer to us yearly at our Exchequer of the surplusage of them, as is just. In (testimony) of which, etc., Witness the King at Westminster the fourteenth day of February. By the King himself.

A. photograph is given showing the appearance of the original record. Glasbury was up the Wye, westward a few miles beyond Hay. Clifford Castle was only two miles from Whitney. Clifford has fall'n-howe'er sublime­ Mere fragments wrestle still with time; Yet, as they perish sure and slow, And rolling dash the stream below, They raise tradition's glowing scene - The clue of silk, the wrathful Queen, And link in mem'ry's firmest bond The lovelorn tale of Rosamond. The place has a great interest for any one investi­ gating the history of the Whitneys, not only because 78 The Ancestry of John Whitney it thus became temporarily the residence of a mem­ ber of the family, and later (about 1580) was added permanently to the Whitney estate, with which it still remains, but because, from the slight remnants of the old stronghold which the ravages of time and the destructive hand of man 1 have spared us, may, perhaps, be gained some idea of what the contem­ porary Whitney Castle may have been. If we compare the illustration facing page 76, taken from Duncumb, of its appearance at the beginning of the present ceutury, with the photographs of the pres­ ent day, facing pages 82, 84, it will be seen that there is standing now scarcely a fourth as much as then. The following regarding its history and that of Joan de Clifford," Fair Rosamond," as whose birth­ place it is principally known, is extracted from a paper by the Rev. Walwyn Trumper, rector of Clif­ ford, contained in the printed proceedings of the W oolhope Naturalists' Field Club for 1886-89. Speaking of this region in the time of Edward the Confessor, he says it was " one of the most valuable and dangerously situated of all the English acquisi­ tions on the Welsh border; and that the building of fortified places was much encouraged in this part of the country is certified by t~e fact that of the small number of castles recorded in 'Domesday' no less than ten are named as standing in the Marches of Monmouth and Hereford, amongst them Clifford. The castle is reported to have been built, but more likely repaired, by William Fitz-Osborne, Earl of Hereford, a kinsman of William the Conqueror. "William Fitz-Osborne was slain in Flanders in 1070,

1 As in case of scores of other historic castles in England, stone has evidently been quarried from it to construct farm buildings. Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 79 and was succeeded by his son Roger, surnamed de Bretevil, who, having conspired against his King, was deprived of his estates. At the time of the Domes­ day Survey, Ralf de Todeni, said to have married one of Roger's daughters, was in possession of the castle. Then it went with Margaret, Ralf's daughter, to Richard Fitz-Poutz in marriage. Simon Fitz­ Walter, son of Richard Fitz-Poutz, founded the priory of Cluniac monks at Clifford, and he and his brother Richard are said by Dugdale to have adopted the surname of Clifford. Walter de Clifford, ancestor of the noble house of Clifford, son of Richard, a power­ ful Marcher Baron, was, as far as can be made out, the father of Fair Rosamond. Walter, his son, was a man of still more power and influence; he married Margaret, daughter of Llewelyn, Prinee of Wales, and was father of another Walter, who died in 1263, clos­ ing the male line. Maud, his heiress, married first her cousin, William de Longue-epee (Longsword), great-grandson of Fair Rosamond, who was killed in a tournament at Blythe; secondly, John Giffard of Brimsfield, who forC'ibly carried her off, and obtained the King's permission to marry her. Giffard was a man of considerable parts. His possessions were large, he being at his death (27th Ed. I.) seized of Brnnles (Brontlas) Castle, the Manor of Glasbury, and the Manor and Castle of Clifford. He opposed Simon de Montfort, and assisted Prince Edward to escape from Hereford. He also, with the help of Edmund Mortimer and Sir Ely Walwyn, defeated and killed Llewelyn, Prince of Wales, near Builth. "Maud's daughter Margery (by Longue-epee) mar­ ried the Earl of Lincoln, Henry de Lacy, and in the in­ quisition held upon de Lacy and his wife (4th Ed. II.) 80 The Ancestry of .John Whitney the Manor and Castle of Clifford are included. After­ wards the Castle was granted by the Crown to the Mortimers, and gave shelter to Richard II. and his uncle John of Gaunt. From this time it seems to have ceased to be a place of importance and most likely was of little use, as since the death of Llewelyn the Welsh gradually became peaceful. " Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, was Con­ stable of the Castle in Edward IV.'s reign, and Edward Croft in the reign of Henry VII., but for what length of time it was inhabited it is impossible to say. The Manor of Clifford and its Castle were granted to Lord Clint.on in 154i, for his services against the Scots, but remained in his family a very short time. They now are attached to the Whitney estate. "Roughly, the site of the Castle may be divided into three parts - the inner ward, the outworks, and the outer ward. The inner ward is about 100 feet square, and here alone are there any walls standing; origi­ nally no doubt there were several towers, but only one is now to be seen. There are two or three garde­ robes still plainly visible. At the north front are two circular depressions marking the situation of the towers of the gatehouse, and between these is the entrance. This entrance leads from the outer ward, and is raised upon a causeway of earth, crossing the ditch which divided the outer from the inner ward, and which ran from the ravine on the east to the river, where a curtain protected it. The curtain now in sight is about six or seven feet high, but of course was originally much higher. The outwork lies south of the inner ward or central position, and separated from it by a deep ditch. This is of a triangular form some thirty yards on a side ; it shows no trace of Wkitneys of the Fifteenth Century 81 masonry whatever, and was most likely a timber structure. The outer ward is situated to the north of the inner ward and is of rather large extent. It was defended on the west by the river bank, and perhaps a low curtain ; on the south by the ditch, across which passed the causeway to the inner ward, and on the east and north partly by a scarp, and partly by a curtain; also to a certain extent by the ravine. "Iu the centre is a mound of earth full of stones surrounded by a clump of trees, indicating possibly the position of a tower or enclosure of masonry. This outer ward was intended as a place of shelter and refuge for the villagers and cattle during the at­ tacks of the Welshmen. The outer ward was ap­ proached, as far as can be judged, from the north, and on either side, at some little distance from the gate, there seem to have been two towers, one at the river and one at the ravine corner, guarding the en­ trance. The earthworks of the castle are probably very old, but the masonry of the present ruin is not supposed to be of earlier date than the time of Henry II. or III. The castle chapel, the chancel of which was standing in 1657, was situated at the east side of the outer ward. The castle park or hunting ground included, doubtless, the tract of land now called 'the Parks,' and extended down the Wye (which then ran with a much straighter course) towards Merbach Hill as far as Castleton Nab or Nap, and here formerly there must have been some building or small forti­ fied enclosure. A little further down, at Lower Cas­ tleton, is the site of either an old castle or fortress, which, when erected, must have been close to the stream and protected by it on the north side." 11 82 The Ancestry of John Whitney " Fair Rosamond, Joan de Clifford, sometimes called Ann, Jane Clifford was her name, as books aver, Fair Rosamund was but, her nom de guerre, was youngest daughter of Walter de Clifford, and had a sister Lucia, married first to Hugh de Say of Richard's Castle, and afterwards to one of the Morti­ mer family. Rosamond-Rosa mundi-was a term of endearment given to Joan on account of her exceed­ ing beauty, and signifies 'Rose of the World.' It is also interpreted as 'Rosa munda,' the fair Rose. She is said to have been fair, with blue eyes and golden hair, and of a complexion only to be found amongst English women. Her crisped locks like threads of gold Appeared to each man's sight; Her sparkling eyes, like orient pearls, Did cast a heavenly light. The blood within her crystal cheeks Did such a colour drive, As though the lillye and the rose For mastership did strive. "It is recorded that 'Henry II., being enamoured upon Rosamond Clifford, a demoselle so fair, so comely, so well favoured without comparison, that her beauty did put all other women out of the Prince's minde, insomuch as now she was termed 'Rosa mun di,' that is 'Rose of the World,' and for to hide her out of the sight of his jealous Juno, the Queen, he built a labyrinth in his house, Woodstock, with many inexplicable windings backward and forward, which notwithstanding is nowhere to be seen at this day.' ... 'What the Queen (Eleanor) did to Rosa­ mond when she came to her is uncertain; but this is RUINS OF Cl.lfli'OUD CASTLE, 1895, LANll SIDE. "Thrd1 ,~ml fu.ll'n _par:ipc•t Wllh WE't;

Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 83 certain, that Rosamond lived but a short time after, and lies buried in the Nunnery of Godstow, near to Oxford.' Upon the tomb were inscribed these lines:

Hie jacet in tomba Rosa mundi, non Rosa munda; Non redolet, sed olet, quae redolere solet.

" Henry II. had two sons by Rosamond Clifford: 1st, William Longue-epee, who married the daughter and heiress of the Earl of Salisbury, and succeeded to the title and estates of that powerful nobleman; 2d, Geoffrey, who was consecrated Bishop of Lincoln . . . . With no better words can we take leave of her than the following : Let him who travels past this spot, Plead and adore the Cross alway, And that his sins may be forgot, For Fair Rosamund must he pray."

Just how long Whitney was allowed to retain the guardianship of these lordships is uncertain; doubt­ less, however, it was through the entire reign of Henry IV., for during this period the Earl of March was kept in close confinement. The information we have concerning his life is more definite and com­ plete than that relating to any of his predecessors, and shows that his career was honorable and even brilliant. Heretofore we have been unable to state anything regarding the ladies who graced the castle on the Wye, but are fortunate now in learning that young Robert married Jane, daughter of Thomas Oldcastle,1 and niece of the famous Sir John Oldcastle, Lord of Cobham. Eustace, their eldest son, was born in 1410. About 1377 John W yckliffe had begun to preach

1 "Visita.tion of Herefordshire," Weaver's ed., p. 35. 84 The .Ancestry of John Whitney his powerful sermons against the abuses of the Ghurch of Rome, and, more than a century before Luther, had started the first "Reformation." About 1380 he completed a translation of the Bible, which was secretly copied and circulated by the "poor priests," gaining him many followers, who were called by their enemies" Lollards," and most bitterly perse­ cuted. The precious manuscripts continued to be read with locked doors at night, or men met in the forests to hear them expounded by preachers who went about at the peril of their lives, so that the com­ plaint was made by W yckliff e's enemies that "com­ mon men and women, who could read, were better acquainted with the Scriptures than the most learned and intelligent of the clergy." Numbered among them was the Oldcastle family, one of the best in the West of England, and, accord­ ing to tradition, the late Sir Robert looked upon the new sect with favor. This much is certain: "Lol­ lard.ism," if we may so call it, was preached in the church at Whitney, by its great missionary, William Swynderby, on August 1, 1390. Sir John Oldcastle, who, after Wyckliffe's death, became their leader, was burned at the stake by slow fire, at St. Giles's Fields, London, on Christmas day, 1417. Wyckliffe's body was exhumed and likewise burned, and his ashes thrown into the river Avon, but The Avon to the Severn rans, The Severn to the sea; And Wyckliffe's dust shall spread abroad Wide as the waters be. "Robert Whitney, Esquire," soon became " Sir Robert Whitney, Knight," and in the first year of Henry V. (1413) was sheriff of Herefordshire. RUINS OF CLUt.PORD CASTLE, 18nr;, AS SF!EN FROM THI<:: RIVER WYN,

Whitn~ys of the Fifteenth Century 85 Three years later, according to Duncumb, 3 Henry V. (1416), he represented Herefordshire in Parlia­ ment. As lord of the Manor, he acted as patron of Whitney in 1417, 1428, 1429, and 1435, and of Pen­ combe in 1419 and 1422. The ecclesiastical records describe him as "Nobilis vir Robertus Whyteney Eques." In 1428, 1433, and 1437 he was sheriff again, mak­ ing four terms, and on the 9th of November, 1422, he took his seat for the second time as a member of parl•iament.1 Meanwhile he had found time to follow his king in those triumphs of English arms in France. Henry IV. died in 1413, leaving the throne to "Prince Hal" or " Harry of Monmouth," as he was called from his birthplace, not far from Whitney, on the banks of the Wye. He had been a gay and mis­ chievous youth, whom Shakespeare depicts as Fal­ staff's boon companion, but, sobered by the responsi­ bilities of kingship, he "was changed into another man," and "able, upright, and generous, a brilliant warrior and a wise ruler, he was the best product of his age." Reviving again the claim of Edward III. to the French throne, he invaded France with a small army largely made up of his old friends and followers from Herefordshire and the Marches. At Agincourt, in 1415, he encountered an army of over :fifty thousand horsemen, the best of the chiv­ alry of France, magnificently arrayed. To oppose these he had less than seven thousand troops, of whom only about one thousand were horsemen, but

l "Return of Members of Parliament," printed for House of Com­ mons, 1878. 86 The Ancestry of John Whitney what they lacked in numbers, inspired by their leader, they made up in pluck. Henry is represented as saying to one of his nobles, who regretted that they were so few, . . . No, my fair cousin; If we are marked to die, we are enough To do our country loss ; and if we live, The fewer men, the greater share of honor. The story of the battle-perhaps the greatest vic­ tory ever won by English arms-is too familiar to need repetition. The matter is alluded to because it is more than probable that Sir Robert Whitney was present, and certain that several others, whose names appear in the following pages, gained great distinction. The names of but a small portion of the English army have been preserved, but among those of the hundred "lances" in the retinue of the Duke of Gloucester appears " Thomas Whitney." He was probably the brother of Sir Robert, and was in the thickest of the fight. Gloucester and his retinue were about the King, and against them natu­ rally the principal attack of the French was made. Mindful of Thomas's valor, the King afterwards granted him lands, the record of which is as follows:

Norman Roll, 7 Henry V., Part I. (Roll No. 644), date 8 May, 1419, m. 62, No. 230.

TRANSLATION. FOR THOMAS WHITENEY, THE KING to all to whom, etc., greeting. Know ye that of our special grace and for the good service which our beloved THOMAS WHITENEY Esquire has performed to us and may perform in future, we have given and granted to the Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 87 same Thomas, the lordships with all the lands, tenements, rents, hereditaments, services and possessions with all their appurtenances which were of John Pomrient rebel of us, within the county of Averances. To have and to hold the lordships aforesaid with the lands, tenements, rents, heredi­ taments, services and possessions abovesaid to the aforesaid Thomas and his heirs male of his body issuing to the value of five hundred francs by the year if they do not exceed that value, by h0mage to be done to us and to our heirs, and to render one crossbow at our Castle of Chirburgh at the Feast of the :N"ativity of St. John the Baptist every year, and to do all other charges and services thereon due and accustomed forever. Reserving, etc. Provided always that the same Thomas and his heirs aforesaid be held to :find one man at arms and three archers to ride with us or our heirs or our lieutenant during the present war at their own proper costs, and the war being ended, of such kind of ser­ vices for the land aforesaid due and accustomed forever. And also that the same Thomas and his heirs aforesaid or their deputies there in their absence when there is need shall go to our castle or town of Chirburgh with their people and household well and :fittingly arrayed and fur­ nished for war at their own proper costs, and upon this on the behalf of us or of our said heirs they shall be reasonably forewarned, and that the lordships, lands, tenements, rents, hereditaments and possessions afore said or any parcel of the same are not of the demesne of our duchy aforesaid or by us before this time given and granted to any other person. In witness whereof, etc., Witness the King at his castle of Vernon upon Tayne the 8th day of May. By the King himself.

By 1420 the conquest of France was completed, and from Paris, just before his lamentable death, the King gave out this commission to his faithful fol­ lower, Sir Robert: 88 The Ancestry of John Whitney Norman Roll, 8 Henry V., Part II. (Roll No. 647), date 6 December, 1420.

TRANSLATION. Concerning the appointment of the Captain for Vire. THE KING to all to whom, etc., greeting. Know ye that we being fully confident of the trustworthiness and shrewdness of our beloved and faithful ROBERT WHITNEY, have con­ stituted and appointed him, the same Robert, Captain of our Castle and town of Vire. To have and occupy the office aforesaid as long as he shall please ns. Taking in the same office the wages, fees and profits anciently due and accus­ tomed to that office. In witness whereof, etc. Witness the King at Paris on the 6th day of December.

In running down the Whitney line we have found that the head of the family in each generation was knighted, but it has not been clear just how many of his neighbors there were who gained the same dignity, nor, consequently, how much social prominence its bestowal conferred. Thomas Fuller, in his "Worthies of England," before referred to, at page 46, states that in 12 Henry VI. (1433), when commissioners were appointed by the King to make up a list of the " Gentry," there were in Herefordshire the estates of but five knights:

Dom, Grey de Whitton, Chiv. W alteri Lacy, Chivaler Rudalphi de la Bere, Chival. Roberti Whiteney, Chivaler Johannis Baskerville, Chival.1

1 Duneumb gives the list a little differently, having Sir Roland Lein­ thall in plaee of De Whitton. Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 89 Sir Robert died in 1441, and we obtain the exact date from a record known as an "Inquisition post mortem." The following is a translation of the King's Writ, which forms the first portion of it:

Inquisition Post Mortem, 21 Henry VI., No. 62 (1441). TRANSLATION, HENRY, by the grace of God King of England and France and Lord of Ireland, to his Escheator in the County of Hereford and the Marches of Wales adjoining to the same county, greeting. Because SIR ROBERT WHYTENEY, KNIGHT, held of us in chief on the last day he lived (when he closed his last day) as we accept, we command you that you take into our hand all the lands and tenements of which the same Robert was seized in his demesne as of fee in your bailiwick on the day he died without delay, and that you safely keep them until we order you otherwise. And by the oaths of upright and legal men of the same, your bailiwick, by whom the truth of the matter may be better known, that you diligently enquire how much of lands and tenements the aforesaid Robert held of us in chief as well in demesne as in service in the said your bailiwick on the day he died, and how much of others and by what service and how much those lands and tenements may be worth yearly in all things, and on what day the same Robert died, and who may be his nearest heir, and of what age. .And the inquisition thereof distinctly and openly made, you send without delay to us in our chancery, under your seal and the seals of those by whom it was made, and this writ. Witness we ourselves at Westminster, on the fourth day of April, in the twenty-first year of our reign. (Endorsed) The execution of this writ appears in a certain Inquisition to this writ sewn. THOMAS FITZ HARRY, 12 Escheator. 90 The Ancestry of John Whitney The return annexed to the writ concludes as follows: TRANSLATION. And they (the jurors) say that the aforesaid Robert died on the 12th day of the month of March last past, and that EUSTACE WHITNEY is his son and nearest heir, and is aged thirty years and more. In testimony of which thing, the aforesaid Escheator as well as the aforesaid jurors have placed their seals.

Eustace, afterwards Sir Eustace, was the bead of the family from 1441 till about 1470. According to the Golden Grove pedigree, he married first J enett, daughter of Sir Thomas Russell, Knight, by daughter of Sir John Ludlow, Knight, and second, Jane, daugh­ ter of Sir Robert Clifford, Knight. Robert, his eldest son and heir, was by Jenett. As before remarked, this pedigree is oftener wrong than right, but in this particular it has an apparent confirmation by other authorities.1 Through all the latter part of his life, England was devastated by the civil contest known as "the Wars of the Roses," the worst in all its history. During the thirty years they continued, fourteen pitched battles were fought, in a single one of which more English­ men were killed than in all the wars in France for forty years. Eighty princes of the blood royal and more than half the nobility of the realm perished. Many old houses were extinguished, the men of the family b.aving all fallen in battle; many more were im­ poverished. " The land was laid waste by rival armies in pursuit of plunder and revenge. Crops were de­ stroyed and cattle driven off; the very huts of the

1 "Genealogies of Morgan and Glamorgan," by George T. Cla.rk. ~:'- ' ·• l ·.•• ,/,i. .·-• •• . . !:

"1 1~'\'lt~r c~~niu~f (!iift\'>rd. Ci.l"(U'.'l~lt. 'W'alwi:':1. 0li.ff()!'li ~·-li.!txi:rf P,:?nnny·re au-c-h~·ut u{ ,:,!' r,< i.Ja.tt·~;1·d. Clilroro C:l.!ltie. Wlrit;1ey awl Cllll',ml. 'I1w M_{)(,°r, i~i.ffOT(t

Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 91 peasants were torn down and their owners left to naked beggary. Villages and towns were sacked and burned to the ground, and the countryside reduced to smoking ruins. More men died of want than were slain in battle. Famine and pestilence, the attendants of war, added their horror to the general distress. The fields lay untilled in many parts of the country. Pestilence followed close upon famine. The chroni­ clers record some twenty outbreaks of 'the Death,' with hardly a space of five years free. Not only was the growth of population che~ked, but the number of souls actually fell below what it was in the thirteenth century. Suffering and the failure of accustomed restraints demoralized the nation. Loyalty, honor, all sense of obligation, weakened in this age of social disintegration. Treachery, breach of vows, barba­ rous cruelty, characterized the party leaders. Their followers, not slow to imitate their example, robbed and murdered in their turn." 1 Naturally in such confusion there could be but few authentic records, but there has come down a story about Sir Eustace which is interesting, to say the least. Told entirely from a Welsh standpoint, it probably differs very materially from his own report of the circumstance to the King. A shorter version can be found in" The Beauties of England and Wales," by Thomas Rees, F. S. A., page 120. The following is from the "Cambrian Register" for the year 1795, page 55, preserving the original spelling : 2

1 Coman's "Growth of the English Nation," p. 160. 2 The "Register" publishes the following foot-note : "The original manuscript, of which this is a copy, was written in the early part of the reign of Je.mes the First; and, as it appean from some passages in it, by a person who claimed some relationship to the noble personage whose life it professes to give. There is every reason 92 The Ancestry of John Whitney In those dayes, I say, tumultua.rie, tempestuouse da.yes, about the two and thirtieth of Henrie the Sixt [1455] when the flame burst out violentlie between the two royal houses, and the surges of civill dissention went high within our land; there was of Wales, among the manie that fished in thos troublous seas, one Griffith ap Nicholas, a man for power, riches, and parentage, beyonde all the greate men in thos parts. This Griffith by marriage, was linked to three greate houses, having a plentifull issue by all three; valiant and couragiouse sonnes, to second him in all dangers; daughters bestowed upon the men of greatest reckning and account in all South Wales, and his eldest sonne being matched to the chief house in North Wales, drew in like­ wise to himself a mightie alliance thence, soe that for power and commaund, together with the fastness of his kindred and friendes, in thos countries he had fewe equalls, uoe su­ periours. He was a man alsoe full of welth, and had an estate at lest of seven hundred pownd a year, old rent of assize, and seaven strong castles, and seaven houses. His cbiefe spleene was towardes the English, in generall, to whom he ever boare an implacable bate, and they noe lesse to him, which howe lightlie he valued, may appeare by these verses ensuing: Ni chryn hwn ni chryna y had Ni thorir wneythuriad, Ni fflyg i'r sais briwdrais bren, Ni ddiwraidd mwy na'r dderwen.

Nowe, this violent bent of Griffith ap Nichols.s's inclina­ tion being discovered, there wanted not instrumentes among the Welch, to spurr him on in the way of revenge, perswad- therefore to suppose that the documents made use of in the compila­ tion of this history were the most perfect and authentic then extant; on which account it is hoped that it will be considered as no small ac­ quisition to the Biography of Wales. To say that the style is quaint and pedantic is a censure tha.t will genera.Uy apply to the age it was written in, and renders any apology unnecessary.'' Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 93 ing him the times were nowe fttt and seasonable for such a purpose. Whereupon divers of them building upon his countenance and protection, made somewhat bold with those of the marches (a usuall thing betweene the Scotts and Eng­ lish in the borders upon the like disturbances), robbing and stealing from them their cattle, and what else they could lay hand es on, to the greate detriment, losse, and endamage­ ment of those neighbouring counties, which Griffith ap Nich­ olas, from time to time, passed over and tooke noe notice off. Manie complaintes weare made, but noe redresse. At length commissioners, the chiefest whereof, as I am told, was the Lord Whittney, were sent into Wales to examine thes abuses. Coming to Lanandiffry, a towne twentie mile dis­ tant from Carmarthen, Griffith ap Nicholas, for soe goes the tale, which I the rather sett downe, because I have heard the same sweetned in the relation by that greate light and ornament of our church, Andrews, Bishop of Winches­ ter, at his owne table; a. man much given to the studie of the British tongue in his later dayes, and soe, perchance, by way of discourse with some of that Couutrie, might catch up this tradition, Griffith ap Nicholas, I say, having notice thereof, mett them a mile or two beyond, upon the top of a hill, having foure or five in his companie raggedlie attired, and poorelier hors'd, leaving the rest of his trayne at distance to followe him, and to be ever readie at his beck and call upon occasion. In the meane time while be salutes the Commissioners, makes himself knowne unto them, and withall desires to attend them for their better guidance and conduction to the end of their journey. The Lord Whitt­ ney hearing his name, and glad, as he thought, to have him in his toy le, whom he thought would play lest in sight, yet observing the poorness of his condition, and howe beg­ garlie he was attended, it would not sinke into the Lord Whittney's head, that this was that greate Nicholas, soe much fam'd at court for the extraordinarie power and authoritie he had in bis owne countrie, but rather some ex­ cursor or boote bailer, in those unquiett times, flying abroad 94 The Ancestry of John Whitney for pray; or at the best but some scoutes, or espialls, sent out to discover his approach, and soe to give notice to male­ factors to stand aloofe. Well, on they goe till they came to Abermarlais Castle, and there all those doubtes and feares were dispelled, and the trewe Griffith ap Nicholas discov­ ered ; for Thomas ap Griffith the younger, a stout and hardie gentleman, meeting his Father in that place, with a hundred tall men bravelie mounted, descended there from his horse, and kissed his father's stirrop, and desir'd to re­ ceive his commandes, which the Lord Wkittney perceaving, newe doubtes and jealousies began to tumble in his braines; for, thought he, if Griffith ap Nicholas appeares thus in a hostile manner unto us, with multitudes of men prepar'd and fitted as for the :field itt is not likelie he will obey our commission, or stand at all to the triall of justice, unlesse he be innocent. They have nott gon above :five miles further in their way, to a house of his call'd Newton, but Owen ap Griffith the second sonne saluted them in a farr braver equipage, having two hundred horse attending, well mann'd, well arm'd. This Owen had much of his father's craft and subtiltie in him; he was bold besides, and active; he could, like the Cameleon, or Proteus-like, take all shapes, turne himself into all colours; an excellent a.rtizan in dis­ covering men's secretts, and observing their dispositions; the commissioners had not rested themselves above an hour or two, but he had div'd so farr into their counsells as to give him assurance his father was the cheefe man shott at in that commission, a thing they were ignorant off be­ fore. Whereupon consultation was taken for to steale away his commission, which this Owen undertooke, and performed accordinglie. To Carmarthen at last they came, where in their way at Abergwilly, a small village, some mile this side the towne, Thomas ap Griffith the elder, a man of a sweete, mild, and gentle disposition, presentes his services first to his father, and then to the commissioners; he had :five hundred tall men following him, and they well disciplin'd, whom be­ fore in good order on foote he leades, even till they came to Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 95 the commissioners' lodging, and there Griffith ap Nicholas left them for that night, commaunding his three sonnes to attend them at supper, and to see them fairlie entreated. And nowe the Lord Whittney, and the rest, conld have wished themselves safe at home, and their commission at an end, which they bad little hope to execute among soe manie violentlie bent (as they thought) for his defence and safe­ guard ; yet fearing lest he should give them the slipp, they send for the maior and sheriffes, to whom they showe their commission, requiring them, by vertue thereof, to be their assistant in the attaching of Griffith ap Nicholas, which they promised to obey, appointing the next morning for the fittest season. Nowe you must knowe after the Lord lVhittney had read hi~ commission to the Maior, be clap'd the same up in the sleeve of h.is cloake, which one of the sberiffes discover'd to Owen ap Griffith; Owen by this time had his desires, to be brief, to supper they goe, where the commissioners were soe well liquor'd, that for that night they forgott quite the errand they came for, by which meanes Owen ap Griffith had a fttt opportunitie cleanlie to ridd them of their commission, of which he gave his father present notice. The next morning the commissioners, the maior and sheri.ffes goe to the Shire Hall, wheather they sent for Griffith ap Nicholas, whom at his comming they arrested in the King's name, framing certain accusations against him, to which hee was presentlie to answeare. Griffith ap Nicholas, after he had made his obeysance, humbly desir'd bis lordship to proceede against him in a faire and a legal! way, and that his commission mought be publicklie read, otherwise he held himself nott bound to stand to the arrest, or to make anie answere to the charge. Reason good, said the Lord Wkittney, and you shall both see it and heare it read, and soe putting his hand in the sleave of his cloak for the commission, be found that there t'was nott to be found, neyther did anie of his fellowes or followers knowe what was become of it, or whom they might charge. At length they had noe excuse to make but 96 The Ancestry of John Whitney to clap the miscarriage upon the neglect of servantes. Whereat Griffith ap Nicholas startes up in a furie, clapping his hatt upon his head, and looking about upon his sonnes and friendes: what says he, have we cozeners and cheaters come hither to abuse the King's Majesty's power, and to disquiet his true harted subjects 7 then turning about to the commissioners, he rappes out a great oath, and sayes, ere the next day were at an end, he would bang them up all for traytours and imposters, and soe commaundes handes to be layed on them and to carrie them to prison. The com­ missioners fearing he would be as good as his word, fell to entreate for pardon, and to desire they might eyther re­ turne or send to court for a true certificate of this their employment: but nothing would serve the tnrne, unless the Lord Whittney would be bound by oath, to putt on Griffith ap Nicholas's blew coate, and weare his cognizance, and soe goe up to the King, to acknowledge his owne offences, and to justifi.e the sayd Griffith's proceedings ; which (to preserve himself from danger) he willinglie un­ dertooke, and accordingly performed. What was the issue of this greate affront, or howe digested by the state, I could never learne, onlie 'tis to be imagined that it was hushed up and smothered, as fearing, in thos wavering and tottring times, to procede in a rough and harsh way with one so potent among the Welch, as this man was.

The York faction, symbolized by the white rose, triumphed in 1461, and seated on the throne, as Ed­ ward IV., the young Earl of March, a descendant of Lionel, Duke of Clarence (see pedigree on page 67). In the seventh year of his reign (1468) Sir Eustace " went to assist the King in the Parliament at West­ minster." The original election certificate is still preserved in the Record Office at London, and is quite a curiosity, the following being a translation : Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 97

PARLliMENTARY WRITS.

7TH EDWARD IV. (1468) CO. HEREFORD. This indenture made 29 May 7th Edward IV. between Thomas Cornewall, Sheriff of the County of Hereford, of the One Part, and Eustace Wkiteney & Thomas Mon­ yngton, Knights for the Shire, aforesaid, James Bas­ kyrvile, Knight, John Devereux, Symon Milborne, Esq., Richard Croft, Thomas Monyngton, Thomas Bromewyche, Sr., Thomas Bromwyche, Jr., John Bromewyche, Philip Scudamore, William Scudamore, John W allewayn of Longe­ ford, John Wallewayne of Alkerugge, John Harper, Sr., Thomas Wallewayn, Fulk Wallewayn, Roger Bloue, Robert Whiteney, Roger Barowe, William Bourghill, William Sent­ beger, Thomas Dansey, Robert Wynnesley, John Dom­ byllon, Thomas Fitz Harry, Jr., and Rowland Leynthale, Esquires, of the other part. Witnesseth that the aforesaid Sheriff on the 9th day of May, in the year above written, in the Castle of Hereford, elected the said Eustace Whiteney and Thomas Monyngton, Knights for the said County, to go to assist the King in the Parliament at Westminster to be holden the 3d of June next following, to have full and sufficient power for themselves and the county aforesaid to make and ad­ vise in those matters which then in the same council of our said Lord the King, by favor of our said Lord, shall be or­ dained and negotiated by virtue of a writ to this Indenture affixed. In witness of which thing the aforesaid parties to this indenture have affixed their seals at the day and place abovesaid. It will be noticed that a " Robert Whiteney, Es­ quire," was one of the witnesses. He was Sir Eu­ stace's eldest son and heir, and by 1476 had suc­ ceeded him, and was Sheriff of Heref ordshire. 1 What is known of him indicates that he was about 1 Duneumb, vol. i., p. 139. 13 · 98 The Ancestry of John Whitney the most enterprising Whitney we have yet discov­ ered. Long before his father's death his reputation had become national. On the face of the record it appears to have been that of a villain of the deepest dye, but a little reading between the lines is neces­ sary, if we wish to discover his true character. He appears upon the scene in 1459, when the war had been raging about five years, the occasion being a Petition of Parliament to the King, beginning in these words (the record being in English) :

ROTULI P ARLIMENTORUM

38TH HENRY VI. [1459] VOL. V1 PAGE 367, NO. 36. To the Kyng oure Soverayne Lord; Prayen the Commens in this present Parlement assembled, that it please youre Highnes to calle to youre moost gratious remembraunce, the grete and lamentable compleynts of youre true pore Sub­ getts, universally thorough oute every partie of this youre Realme, of Robberyes, Ravishments, Extortions, Oppres­ sions, Riottes, unlawfull Assemblies, wrongfull Enprisone­ ments doon unto theym, unto such tyme as youre said true Subgetts have made aswell their enlargeyng, as for the suertee of their lyves, fyne and raunsome at the will of such mysdoers. And for as moche as the seid misdoers been so favoured and assisted with persones of grete myght, hav­ yng towardes theym of their levery, expreessly ayenst youre lawes, such multitude of Robbers, Rioters, and myschevous persones, which in riotous and forcible maner distorbe and lette as well youre Justices of Assises as of Peas in every partie of this youre Realme, that noon execution of youre lawe may be had, so as youre said true Subgetts, though dyvers of theym been persones of grete worship dare not for fere and doute of their lyves, nether compleyne to youre Highnes, ne sewe for remedie after the course of youre lawes, but rather to suffre such wrongs withoute remedie ; which is not oonly to the displeasir of God, but also in derogation Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 99 of youre high auctorite and preemynence, and expressly ayenst youre lawes, to the universall gruge of all youre true Liege people within youre Realme, and lykely to growe to grete inconvenience, and myschef irreparable, onlesse than remedye therfor the souner be provided. Wherfore we youre said Commens, understonde and knowe that such persones whos names been specified in a Cedu.le to this Bille annexed, to the nombre of XXV; ben notariely and universally thorough oute all this your Realme famed and noysed, knowen and reputed severally, for open Robbers, Ravishers, Extortioners and Oppressours of youre Liege people, daily usyng and commyttyng the said abhomynable offences, to the grete gruge and utter undoyng of youre said true Subgetts, onlesse than dewe exe­ cution and punysshon may be had upon the seid mysdoers of the said Offences. That it please youre said Highnes, to ordeyne and estab­ lish, by th' avys and assent of the Lordes Spirituelx and Temporelx in youre present Parlement assembled, and by auctorite of the same, that Writts of Proclamation be made oute of youre Chauncerie, direct to your Shirrefs of London, Chargyng them by the same, that they ymmediately after the receipt of youre said Writts, do make open Proclama­ tion III days next after the resceyvyng of the same, within youre said Citee, that the seid mysdoers and everiche of them, appere in their owen persones before youre Chaun­ celler of Englond for the tyme beyng, within a moneth next after the said Proclamation; at which tyme if they ap­ pere not, and have Londes and Tenementes to the yerely value of XX £., that then they forfait to youre Highnes the proftttz of all their said Londes and Tenementes that they have, or that any oyer persone or persones stonden seased or possessed of to their use, unto the tyme that they appere. And in case the seid persones have no Londes nor Tene­ mentes to the said value, and appere not, that then they stond atteint of disobeysaunce doon ayenst youre Highnes, and have enprisounment terme of their lyves." etc., etc. ;too The .Ancestry of John Whitney At the end is the Schedule with the names of the twenty-five offenders, among them: James Baskerville, of Erdesley, County of Hereford, Esquire. Robert Whitney, of Whitney, in the same county, Esquire; Thomas Monyngton, of Sarnesfeld, in the same county, Esquire. As all of these are named among the principal citizens of Herefordshire, in the election certificate above set out, of a date nine years later, it is evident that they had not forfeited all their lands and tene­ ments, and that they did not "stand atteint" nor suffer "enprisounment terme of their lyves." The explanation of this remarkable presentment was simply that the parliament was Lancastrian, and. the persons named, influential men, perniciously ac­ tive on the side of York.1 It was natural enough that the men of the Marches should wear the white rose, for the leader of that faction, the Earl of March, was their neighbor and feudal chief. Instead of giving themselves up, in response to the proclamation at London, they rose in arms and bid defiance to the reigning house. The Earls of Pembroke and Ormond, with a great force, largely composed of Welsh and Irish, were sent to subdue them, and battle was joined in the Marches, four miles from Wigemore, at a place now called Mortimer's Cross, on Candlemas Day, 1461. Edward of Marche, the Duke his father slaine, Succeeded him whilst things thus badly sort. Gathering an army, but yet all in vaine, To ayde his father, for he came too short.

1 Edward Duke of York, and others of his principal supporters, were attainted by the same Parliament at about the same time. Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 101 Hearing that Pembroke, with a warlike train, Was coming towards him - touch'd with the report­ His valiant Marchers for the field prepares, To meet the Earle, if to approach he dares.

Now the Welsh and Irish so their weapons weel'd1 As tho' themselves they conquerors meant to call. Then are the Marchers masters of the field, With theil" brown bills, the Welshmen so they maul. Now the one, now the other likely were to yeeld; These like to fly, then those were like to fall; Until at length, as fortune pleas'd to guide, The conquest turn'd upon the Yorkist' side. 1

Pembroke had four thousand men killed and the rest utterly routed; and on March 4, 1461, Edward, entering London at the head of the victors, was pro­ claimed king. The war went on, however, intermittently, for twenty-five years longer, till Bosworth Field, August 22, 1485; and meanwhile each man of prominence in England, though continuing to pursue his ordinary vocations, armed every servant and retainer, and kept his house in constant readiness for defense. A striking picture of the condition of affairs at Whitney has been drawn for us by no less a person than the famous Welsh bard Lewis Glyn Cothi, who flourished in the reigns of Henry VI., Edward IV., Richard III., and Henry VII. It is in a poem dedicated to Robert Whitney, and written at his castle on the occasion of his marriage with Alice, daughter of Thomas, and grand-daughter of Roger Vaughan. Her great-grandfather was no

1 Drayton's " Miseries of Queen Margarite.'' 102 The Ancestry of John Whitney less a person than Sir David Gam, the hero of .A.gin­ court (1415) . .A.s has been said, King Henry V. was born at Mon­ mouth, in the Marches, on the banks of the Wye, and consequently had for his most devoted adherents some of his old neighbors and boyhood friends. To the French war there followed him, as personal es­ quires, David Gam, Gam's son-in-law, Roger Vaughan, of Bredwardine, and his kinsman Walter Llydd, of Brecknock. The morning before .A.gincourt Gam was sent out as a scout to ascertain the number of the enemy, and finding the whole country covered, as far as the eye could reach, with a forest of glittering lances, out­ numbering the English ten to one, he reported laconically : There are enough to be Killed, enough to be taken, And enough to run away.

When the battle began, the French charged down with ten-ific force upon the English center, vying with each other to first reach and slay Henry, who con­ spicuously led his own forces. The latter went down in the rush, and all would have been over in a few minutes, had not the three Welshmen flung them­ selves in front of him and performed prodigies of valor. They are said to have slain no less than nine­ teen knights, including a duke, and their sovereign's life was saved, but at the sacrifice of their own. In a lull of the battle, after the French were rolled back in confusion, they were found just alive in the midst of a heap of the slain, and, before they breathed Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 103 their last, they were held up to receive from the king the honor of knighthood.1 The descent of Alice was as follows: Sir Roger Vaughan, of Bredwardine, by Gladys Gam, had a son Thomas Vaughan of Hergest, who married Ellen Gethyn (their tomb appears at Kington Church), and had Alice, eldest daughter.2 SIR DAVID G.A.M. T Sm ROGER VAUGHAN, Gladys. of Bredwardine. T

THOMAS -{r AUGHAN, Ellen Gethyn. of Hergest. T RoBERT WHITNEY, I of Whitney. Alice. The fact that the lady was a countrywoman of his, and of so famous a family, may have had much to do with the enthusiasm of the bard, though there

1 Duncumb's "History of Herefordshire," vol. i, p. 89. 2 "Genealogies of Morgan and Glamorgan," by George T. Clark, p. 237. Thoma.s Vaughan was Constable of this Manor of HUilti.ngton. " His feudal ties and near relationship to the Earl of Pembroke natur­ ally inclined him in the struggle between the rival houses to the house of York. Thus it was that he and his brother, Sir Roger, joined the army of ten thousa,nd Welshmen and met their death in the battle so fatal to the Welsh of Danesmoor, near Banbury, on the 26th of July, 1469," "Archieologia Ca.mbrensis," 4th series, vol. ii, p. 24. The tra,nslation of inscription on tomb is as follows: "This tomb was erected to the memory of Thomas Vaughan of Hergeat, and Ellen Gethen, his wife. He was son of Sir Roger Vaughan of Bredwardine, Knight, and died in the year 1469, aged 69 ye&l'IJ, The ■aid Sir Roger Vaughan married Gladys, daughter of Sir David Gam, who was knighted by Henry V., in Agincourt Field, 1415." 104 The Ancestry of John Whitney is reason to believe that the bridegroom, like his ancestors and successors, was personally popular with his Welsh neighbors. The poem is found, at page 27, in "The Poetical Works of Lewis Glyn Cothi," published for the Royal Cambrian Institution, Oxford, 1837, and, with edi­ torial notes, reads as follows : IX. An epitbalamium addressed to Robert Whitney, Lord of Whit­ ney, in the County of Hereford, on his marriage with .Ales (Alice), daughter of Thomas ap Roger (Dosp. I, 6, 7), Lord of Herast.

Priodasgerdd Rhobert Whitnai, .A.rglwydd Chwitnai 0 swydd Henfordd. The bard compliments the Lord of Whitney on his having married a lady who belonged to so celebrated a family as that of the Vaughns. His choice he compares to the choice of him who would prefer the sun to a star. He alludes to his property-his mansion-and to the number of spear­ men under his command. He pays the bride a compliment on the neatness and richness of her dress. Indeed, through­ out the whole ode he compliments, first one, then the other, in a way which could not but prove gratifying to both of them. 0 Dduw l pwy 'n nglan Gwy a gai arabedd Mastr Robert Whitnai; Eryr ystans o 'i groesdai O Drysel ach heb dras lai.' Mae tras priodas, heh ddim pryder mwy, Merch Tomas ab Rosser; Meistress Alis dewiser, Mal dewis haul yn mhlaid ser.8 Ser ar bob cwrser o 'r ewrt, Allyn a bwyd er llanw bort; Oer wyv pan welwyv ei wart, Od air heh dyrav Rhobert.12 12 Odair heb-=oe eir heibiaw. Wh.itneys of the Fifteenth Century 105 Mae y meistr ma.u mewn tyra.u'r tad, Mwnai 'n ei ogylch mwy no Newgad; Meirch a gweywyr on yn mra.ich y gad, Mwy no rhiv y plwyv mewo a.rvau plM.18 Mae Meistres Alis mewn twr caead, Mwnai a thrysor main a thrwsiad; Hi a wisg ddywllun ddamasc ddillad, Siamled o velved un ddyvaJ.ia.d. 20 Ac a arwedd aur uwch grudd a iad, Ac a wisg garlond, ac ysgarlad; Ac a eil w Iesu am oes gleisia.d, A naw oes y dwg hono ystdd.24 Mastr Rhobert ha.el a eilw Elva.el wlad, Meistr yw yn rhoi ym ystor yn rhad ; Mae'n Ustus cyviawn yma'n wastad, Mae yn eiste ar swrn o'r mastr Siad.28 Ni bo a brovo iddo ddim brad, Ni bydd dragywydd achos, nis gad ; Tra Uong ag angor ar v6r, new vad; Tra vo lliw awyr, tra vo lleuad.82 Mae'n llys yr a.rglwydd pawb a'i gwyddiad, Hynsmen a Ywmen yn ddiymwad; Cwrseriaid euraid yn gweryrad, Cyrn, bwa i ryvel, ceirw yn brevad.86

20 Siamled, camlet, or camblet: a tine stuff, composed of warp and woof, originally made of camel's hair only. 22 Garlond, a garland: coronbleth. 28 Mae yn eiste, etc. "He sits in judgment upon many aChade," that is, upon many of the disaffected. Chade alluded to here is probably the same as Jack Cade, a native of Ireland, who in 1450 excited a re­ bellion, and, at the head of 20,000 men of Kent, entered London in triumph, under the assumed name of John Mortimer, But afterward, a price being set on his hea.d, he was killed by one Iden, a gentleman of Sussex, and many of his followers were capitally punished for their rebellion.-Hume. 14 106 The Ancestry of John Whitney Milgwn yn Wbitnai, can' bytheiad ; Cynyddion ddigon yn ddiwygiad ; Ceginau Y stwyll, cogau'n wastad ; Bwtri, seleri, seiri'n siariad.40

Ac o'r llys gwerin yn chwerthiniad, Ac o'r tur can' -wr heh gael cenad; Ac o'r wraig egin, a llin benllad ; Ac o'r gwr eppil, a hil, a had."

Amen ! hil a had val y mynai hon, 0 hwn arglwydd Wbitnai ; Y n eu llys yn lie osai, Ac yn eu tur gwyn a'u tai.48

Tai rhwydd v' arglwyddes, tai v'arglwydd, val tes Tyrau y santes ydyw'r seintwar ; Tur mastr Rhobert ynn, tur gwell no'r Tur Gwyn, Tur claerwyn Gwynvryn y gwr gwar.52

Pa dai yn bump dis sy hwnt val Sandwis T Bond tai i Alis ar hen talar T Y gaer yn nglan Gwy, nv a hon yn vwy No thyrau'r Sioswy, no thai'r Sisar.M

Nid gwaeth, ar draethen, tai Nudd Whitnai wen No thai elusen a wnaetb Lasar; Nid ynt waetn ill dau am win i minnau, No blodau'r Deau drwy boll daiar.60

61 Tfu- Gwyn, "the White Tower," in London. 52 Gwynvryn, Whitney, in Herefordshire. 118 Sandwis, Sandwich, one of the Cinque Ports. 67 Nudd, Nudd Hael, one of the three generous men of Britain: hence a bardic epithet for a generous person. Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 107 Rhwyddach eu rhoddion, o law hwn val hon, No d wr yr avon i'r gwirion gwar ; Teg oedd anrbegu aur i Vair a vu, I weled Iesu o Valdassar.°'

O'u mwn aur, a'u medd; o'u da ill deuwedd ; O'u gwledd mi'm gomedd y ddau gymmhar ; Rhent o'u tir hwyntau a gawn, a gynau, Amryval lysiau, bwydau ar bar.68

Amryw vwyd m6r vydd, mewn bro a mynydd, Mwy o wirodydd, amryw adar ; Arthur ni'm gwrthyd, un yw hwn o hyd, A hono hevyd yw Gwenhwyvar.72

Och i'r Sais ucho, o'u caer nis ca.rs; Ac oerchwedl iddo'r Cymmrs nis car; Deiniol, sain Denis, Cedwyn, a'u cedwis Dewi, Non, Elis, Dwynwen, Ilar.76

64 Baldassar, or Baltassar, a feigned name given to one of the three wise men of the East. 68 Ar bil.r = ar dde.rpar. 76 Deiuiol, a saint, who founded a college at Bangor in 516, which was made a bishopric; and he was ordained the first bishop of Dyvrig. Sa.in Denis, Saint Denis. Cedwyn, a saint and founder of some churches in Wales about the beginning of the seventh century. Lian Gedwyn, in Denbighshire, is dedicated to him. 76 Dewi, Saint David, the patron saint of Wales. He was made archdeacon of Caerlion in 522, on the resignation of Dyvrig. He founded the See of St. David's about the year 523. Non, the mother of St. David. Elis= Elias= Elij&h. Dwynwen, a saint, the daughter of Brychan Yrth; feigned by the bards to be the goddess of love. Llanddwyn, in Anglesey, is dedicated to her, which was much resort~d to in former times by votaries bring­ ing o1ferings to procure the good offices of Dwynwen to soften the hard hearts of the objects of their affections, Ilar, Saint Hilary. Saint Hilary, in Glamorga,nshire, and Llan Ilar, in Ca.rdiganshire, a.re dedicated to him. 108 The Ancestry of John Whitney Iddynt oes Moesen, a hyd oes Noe hen; A dwyoes deubren, derwen a dA.r; Ac iechyd i gychwyn a rydd Mair iddyn', A hir oresgyn, a hwyr ysgar.80

H wyr yr ysgaront, a hwy eu heinioes No'r hynav hyd Vynwy; I roi aur ir ar aerwy I lenwi'r gwin ar lan Gwy.8'

Fortunately a translation of this was printed in 1880, in the "Archreologia Cambrensis," 1 a publica­ tion before alluded to, devoted to the antiquities of Wales. The reader can make his own comparison for testing the correctness.

AN EPITRALAMIUM OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. From the Welsh of Lewis Glyn Cothi's Works. Is there one on the banks of the Wye has the humour Of Squire Robert Whitney T Whom God ever bless I Of the cross-figured mansion, how staunch is the eagle I From Trysol he takes his descent, and no less.

His bridal descent-not a thought it needs further - Thomas Roger's 2 own daughter is her pedigree : 'T is enough if he choose Mistress Alice to marry ; Of a sun among stars his selection will be.

Of the Court every courser with stars is bespangled ; The liquor and viands there a harbour would fill; Past the strong tow'rs of Robert, whene'er I've to travel, His watch and his ward make my blood to run chill.

1 Fourth Series, xi, p. 227. 2 A misleading translation. It should be "Thomas ap Roger's daughter"; i. e., daughter of Thomas the son of Roger. Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 109 This master of mine 's in the tow'rs of his father; Newgate holds not the money about him in coin: The parish can't number his men in plate-armour, And his steeds and his spearmen the battle to join.

There sits Mistress Alice all retired in her bower, With her money and treasures so grandly array'd : On a Monday she puts on a ftne robe of damask, Of camlet like velvet, with pattern display'd.

O'er her cheek and her temple, of gold her attire is: She wears garlands and scarlet, in dignity great : For the salmon's own lifetime 1 she 'll call upon Jesus, For nine lives of a man shall she bear her estate.

All Elvael's invited, so lavish is Robert; Of his store he gives freely to me ; nor afraid As a justice is he to deliver just sentence When sitting in judgment on some Master Cade.

There breathes not the man who shall prove in him treason While there lives boat or ship with an anchor at sea ; Permit it he will not -he '11 never give reason- While the moon night illumines, or blue the sky be.

As all the world knows, in my Lord's lordly mansion Are huntsmen and yeomen, that none will deny; In its stalls stand the coursers all gilded and neighing, Bows for battle, and horns, and the stag's bleating cry.

In Whitney are greyhounds, of bounds, too, a hundred; There huntsmen in plenty all ready to start: With kitchens for Christmas, and buttery, and cellars; While men prattle at work, many cooks ply their a.rt.

1 The salmon, with which the Wye still abounds, is often referred to by the Welsh bards as possessing exceptionally long life. "Nine lives" is also a common expression with them. 110 The .Ancestry of John Whitney From the mansion is carried loud laughter of peasants, From the tow'r that of many an unbidden guest : From the bridegroom bring progeny, offspring, descendants; From the bride bring a blossom,-a line to be blest.

Amen ! I say, too, may her children content her, And gladden the bosom of Whitney's brave lord: May they grow in their mansion in lieu of° good liquor, And in their White Tower where riches are stored.

My lady's free mansion, my lord's goodly mansion, Is the wretches' asylum, so holy is she: Tower fairer to us than the White Tower of London Is Whitney's, so bounteous and gentle is he.

What mansion save that on the headland of Alice, Like Sandwich, is fashioned like five on the dice f More lofty than Joseph's or Sisera's palace, The fortress on Wye will grow ever in size.

Not dearer to me are the Houses for Charity By Lazarus built, nor Nudd's own on the strand, Than Whitney's, as peerless for wine and hilarity As flowers from the South are to ev'cy far land.

From the one to the other more lavish the gifts are Than the fl.ow of the stream to the guileless and meek : So the Wise Men gave Mary the gold from their coffers From far when they travell'd their Saviour to seek.

Of their gold-ore and mead, goods of both and of either, I shall ne'er be denied by this well wedded pair: Their land, too, will revenue bring me and raiment; Divers herbs, and of feasts, too, ne'er fail me a share. Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 111 Divers dainties shall reach ns from plain and from mountain, Divers birds, too, and fishes fresh out of the sea: He is Arthur himself, so he will not o'erlook me ; His Queen, too, Gwenhwyvar, like-minded is she. Woe, woe to the Saxon who loves not their castle ! Of the Welshman who scorns them be told a sad tale : Nor Daniel, Non, Denis, Cedwyn, them to cherish, David, Dwynwen, Elias, nor Hilary fail! May they live the long life both of Noe and Moses! Of two trees, the oak female and male, be their age ! Late let them be parted when Death their coul'Se closes I Mary, speed well its outset, make happy its stage! Yes, late be their parting! The length of their lifetime From Whitney to Monmouth the oldest defy : To bestow, with their links of pure gold, many collars, And with wine crown the bowl on the banks of the Wye. R.W.L.

Despite the evident fulsome flattery, these verses give us some idea of the life at Whitney, a generation before the discovery of America, and have, moreover, a decided historical value. They at least suggest that the castle was restored after the Welsh had burned it in 1403, and again became the abode of the family. In the first stanza the expression " cross figured mansion" may refer to the Whitney arms carved in stone above the entrance, or to its shape, having four wings, and in consequence resembling "the five on the dice," thus : 112 The Ancestry of John Whitney In the third and fourth stanzas," the strong tow'rs," the "watch and ward," the "men in plate-armour," and the " steeds and the spearmen " ready for battle, indicate the constant watchfulness that the unquiet condition of the kingdom necessitated. Robert being so prominent a leader of the York faction, it is not improbable that he commanded a considerable force of men-at-arms, who were regularly garrisoned on his estate. In the eleventh,

From the mansion is carried loud laughter of peasants, From the tow'r that of many an unbidden guest, indicates that, as almost invariably happened through­ out England, the original castle, doubtless a most un­ comfortable place in which to live, had received the modern addition of a manor house. At Hay this occurred, and both structures can be seen to-day . .As the necessity for a place of defense passed away, the ivy-grown towers were neglected and allowed to crumble in decay. Despite the happy auspices of her marriage, "Mis­ tress .Alice" lived but a short time, and Robert mar­ ried, as her successor, Constance, the daughter of James Touchett, Baron Audley, and grand-daughter of Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent, by Constance, daughter of Prince Edmund, fifth son of Edward III. Among the many authorities for this statement may be cited Collins's "Peerage," vol. VI, page 551; "Genealogies of Morgan and Glamorgan," page 237, and the "Visitations of Herefordshire," among the Harleian Manuscripts in the British Museum, printed in full in the .Appendix. ·She was, therefore, lineally

Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 113 descended from William the Conqueror, through the following line, viz.: WILLIAM I., Duke of Normandy, and afterwards King of England, commonly called William the Con­ queror, b. 1027, d. 1087; married Matilda, daughter of Baldwin, Earl of Flanders, and grand-daughter of Robert, King of France, and had HENRY I., b. 1068, d. 1135. King of England 1100- 1135; married Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III., King of Scotland, by Margaret, grand-daughter of Edmund Ironside, the last of the West Saxon Kings, and had MATILDA, who married Geoffrey Plantagenet, Earl of Anjou, and had HENRY II., b. 1133, d. 1189. King of England 1154- 1189; married Eleanor, daughter and heir of William, Duke of Aquitaine, and divorced wife of Louis VII. of France, and had JOHN, b. 1167, d. 1216. King of England 1199- 1216 ; married Isabella, daughter of Aymer, Count of Angouleme, and had HENRY III., b. 1207, d. 1272. King of England 1216-72; married Eleanor, daughter of the Count of Provence, and had EDWARD I., b.1239, d.1307. King of England 1272- 1307; married second wife Margaret, sister of Philip IV. of France, and had EDMUND OF WooDsTocx, Earl of Kent. Espoused the cause of his half-brother, the deposed Edward II., and in consequence was beheaded at Winchester in the early part of the reign of Edward III. He mar­ ried Margaret, daughter of John, Lord Baron Wake, and had JoAN, "the Fair Maide of Kent," Lady of Wake, 15 114 The Ancestry of John Wliitney etc., who married, first, William de Montacute, Earl of Salisbury, and, on that marriage being set aside, Thomas Holland, Knight of the Garter, Captain Gen­ eral of Brittany, France, and Normandy, commander of van of Prince Edward's army at battle of Crecy, etc. d. 1360. They had THOMAS HOLLAND, Earl of Kent; Baron Holland, VvT oodstock, and Wake ; Earl Marshal, etc. d. 1397. He married Alice Fitz Allen, daughter of Richard, Earl of Arundel, and had THOMAS HOLLAND, Earl of Kent; Duke of Surrey; Baron Holland, Woodstock, and Wake; Earl Mar­ shal; Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Together with Earl of Salisbury taken prisoner and beheaded at battle of Cirencester in 1400, on account of loyalty to his cousin, the deposed King Richard II. At the time of his death he was betrothed to Constance, daughter of Prince Edmund de Langley, son of Edward III., Duke of York, etc. (who afterwards married Thomas Despenser, Earl of Gloucester), by whom he had posthumously ELEANOR, who married James Touchett, Baron Audley, who was killed while leading the forces of Henry VI. (Lancastrian) at the battle of Blore Heath, 1459.1 They had

l He was a brave and active soldier all his life; in the wars of France in 1420; summoned to parliament as Lord Audley, and at­ tended Henry Y. on expedition to France, where he took part in the siege of Molyn on the Seine in 1421 ; at the siege of Meaux, and later one of the lords t.hnt brought back the body of the dead king for inter­ ment in Westminster in 1422; chief in command of forces in war with France in 1430. "He was sent, in 37 Henry VI. (1459), to encounter Richard Nevil, Earl of l:lalisbury, who had assembled forces on behalf of the Duke of York, of whose proceedings Hall and Hollinshed, in their Chronicle, give this account: 'The Lord Audley, according to his commission, having raised about 10,000 men, approached near to Whitneys of the Fifteenth Century 115

CONSTANCE, who married Robert Whitney of Whit­ ney7 as above stated. One of the Harleian Manuscripts, No. 1545, gives Robert issue by Alice7but the others, viz., Nos. 1159 and 1442, give it by Constance. That the latter are correct seems certain from the fact that his eldest son and heir was Jatnes, a name that had never be­ fore appeared in the Whitney family, and appar­ ently not in that of Vaughan, but which was borne by the father of Constance, James Touchett, a famous man, whose memory would naturally be perpetuated. The manuscripts just quoted mention but one other child7a daughter Joan7who married Sir Roger Vaughan.1 the Earl in a plain called Blore Heath, within a. mile of Drayton, in Shropshire, in order to prevent his march to London. Whereupon the Earl, finding it impossible to a.void an engagement, encouraged his men and encamped on the side of a deep brook the night before the day of St. Thecle. When the battle was fought, the Lord Audley, with the van-guard of his army, passed the water,,but the Earl and his men being desperate, behaved with such valor, that, after a sharp en­ counter, the Lord Audley, with most of his men, were slain, before the rest of his forces could come to his assistance.'" By his wife Eleanor, he had Sir Humphrey, slain at Tewkesbury; Edmund, Bishop of Rochester, Hereford, and Salisbury; Margaret, wife of Henry Gray, Lord Powis, aon of Henry, Earl of Tankerville; Eli.11a­ beth, wife of Edward Brooke, Lord Cobham, and Constance, wife of '' Sir Robert Whitney, Knight," Collins'e "Peerage," vol. vi, p. 550. 1 " Sir Roger Vaughan of Porthaml in Talgarth, member of Parliament for Brecknocksbire, 154i, 1552, 1553,1554, 1558, Kt, 1550; married, first, Eleanor, eldest daughter of Henry Somel'set, Earl of Worcester; and second, Joan, daughter of Robert Whitney, by Constance Touchett, his second wife, with whom Sir Roger had lands in Ta.lgarth.'' "Gene­ alogies of Morgan and Glamorgan," p. 241. CHAPTER V

THE WHITNEYS OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

James "Whitney,- marri'.age to Blanche Milbourne,- her ancestry and possessions. Description of Icomb. Jam~ "Whitney, Receiver of Neu:port, 1521-22. James Whitney, Sewer for the Chamber, 1516; Receiver-General, etc., 1530. Robert Whitney of I comb; marriage; in charge of estate of Duke of Buckingham, 1523 ; Commisswne1· of Peace for Gloucestershire, 1524; Sheriff of G'loucestershire, 1527, '28, '29, '30; nominated Knight of the Bath at Cor<>natun1 of Anne Boleyn, 1533; pensioned from 1lfonastery lands, 1535; "Attendant upon the King's person," in war of 1536, supplying forty nun; death, 1541; will. John Whitney, the "bedjelloe" of Roger .As­ cham. Robert Whitney knighted, 1553 ; summoned by privy council, 1555, 1559; in Parliament, 1559 ; marriage; ancestry of his wife Sybil Baskenille; quarterings of Whitney Arms,· Inquest post mortem, 1567. James Whitney knighted, 1570; Sheriff, 1574, 1586, 1587 ; Suitor for hand of Barbara Gamage ; death, 1587 ; will.

CONTEMPORARIES, Persons. Events, King Henry VII...... 1485-1509. Battle of Flodden Field ..... 1513. King Henry VIII...... 1509-154i. Beginning of Reformation .. 1517. King Edward VI...... 154i-1553. Conquest of Mexico ...... 1519. Queen Mary ...... 1553-1558. Fall of Wolsey ...... 1529. Queen Eli'Zabeth ...... 1558-1603. Exe~ution of Anne Boleyn .. 1536. Martin Luther .... b. 1483, d. 1546. Persecution of Protestants, 1553-58. Thomas Wolsey . b. 14il, d. 1530. Massacre of St. Bartholomew .1572. Thomas Cranmer. b. 1489, d. 1556. Rise of Dutch Republic ...... 1079. Thomas Cromwell. b.1490, d. 1540. First Colonists in Virginia .. 1585. MaryQueenof Scots, b.1542, d.158i. Conquest of Spanish Armada, 1588. Sir Walter Raleigh, b. 1552, d. 1618. Edict of Nantes ...... 1598, 116 Wh itneys of the Sixteenth Century 117 HE head of the Whitney family in the early T years of the sixteenth century was James, or, as Judge Cooke, perhaps improperly, calls him, "Sir James Whitney of Whitney Court." 1 With him begins a pedigree, proved, 1634, in the College of Arms, where the original manuscript still is. According to this, a copy of which is in the Appendix, he married Blanche, fourth daughter and co-heir of Simon Milbourne, a lady of wealth and of a lineage so distinguished as to be worthy of careful attention. Sir John Eynesford (or Eylesford), elected a repre­ sentative for Herefordshire in ten Parliaments, died leaving an only child, Elizabeth, who inherited his very considerable estate. Elizabeth Eynesford married Sir Piers Milbourne of Lincolnshire, by whom she had an only child, John. John Milbourne married, in 1434, Elizabeth, daugh­ ter of Sir Walter Devereux, and died leaving one child, Simon. Elizabeth survived him for many years. On their tombstone was this inscription :

"John Milbourne, who was Peter's heir, A Squire was he, and lyeth here. And eke his wife, Lord Devereux daughter Who here was buried forty years after."

1 Cooke's "History of Herefordshire," HUlldred of Grir:nsworth, p. 52. From the Conquest till the wars of the Roses, knighthood, though be­ stowed by the sovereign on each individual with appropriate ceremo­ nies, in a leading county family like that of Whitney was, to all intents and purposes, hereditary, like the title of Baronet at the present day. Each head of the family, if he had not before gained it by distin­ guished public service, received it on succeeding to the estate. During that long period of civil strife, with half the kingdom in arms against the crown, the custom of necessity ceased, and for several generations we :find that there were none but plain Esquires among the descendants of some of the Conqueror's most famous knights. 118 The Ancestry of John Whitney Simon Milbourne, twice Sheriff of Hereford.shire, increased his fortune by marrying an heiress, Jane, only child of Ralph, a younger son of Sir John Basker­ ville, and died leaving only daughters, who thus in­ herited through both their parents. One of these daughters was Blanche, who married James Whitney.

Sir John Eynesford, Ch~tian, daughter of M. P. ten times, Sir Gerard de Fw·nival. 1 Sir Piers Milbourne, T Elizabeth. I John Milbourne, Elizabeth, daughter of T Sir Walter Devereux. I Simon Milbourne, daughter of J••;•Ralph Baskerville. 1 James Whitney, Blanche.

Lady Whitney's maternal ancestors were equally distinguished. Sir John Blackett (or Blaket), of Icomb in Glouces­ tershire, who fought at A.gin court, married Margaret, daughter of Sir John Eynesford, above mentioned, and died in 1431, by his will bequeathing his body "to the Chapel of the Blessed Virgin in the church at Icomb," and leaving as his heiress a daughter, A.nne. Anne Blackett married Ralph Baskerville, son of Sir John Baskerville, and had an only daughter, Jane. Jane Baskerville married Simon Milbourne, and had a daughter, Blanche, who married James Whitney. TOMB OP sm .muN BJ.,ACKJ}T'f, In tbf:' Pal'lRh Clmrrh at fr<>ml:>.

Whitneys of tlie Sixteenth Century 119

Sir John Blackett, -, Margaret, daughter of of !comb, --,Sir John Eynesford. Ralph Baskerville, I A;ne.

Simon Milbourne, Jane. I I James Whitney, Blanche. Her descent through the Baskervilles is also worth tracing. This family was founded by a knight who came over with William the Conqueror, fought at Senlac, and was one of those named in the famous roll of Battle Abbey. He settled at Eardisley Castle, near Whitney, and his descendants intermarried with the best West of England families, served as Sheriffs of Herefordshire twenty-one times, and were elected Knights of the Shire eleven times. Sir J obn Baskerville, who fought at Agincourt, married Elizabeth, daughter of John Brugge, of Letton and Staunton in Herefordshire, and died, leaving a second son, Ralph, who married Anne, daughter of Sir John Blackett. Sir John Baskerville, Elizabeth, daughter and I heiress of John Brugge. I Ralph Baskerville, Anne, daughter of Sir John Blackett. I I Simon Milbourne, Jane Baskerville. T James Whitney, - Blanche Milbourne. 120 The .Ancestry of John Whitney Through this marriage with an heiress, the last of a line of heiresses, the Whitneys added to their ar­ morial shield a number of quarterings from the fami­ lies whose names had become extinct-of which more will be said later - and gained, with other property, the beautiful old manor-house at !comb, built about A. D. 1400, by Sir John Blackett, whose marble effigy can still be seen in a chapel attached to the parish church close by. The following description of the monument, shown in the accompanying photograph, is from the pen of Rev. David Royce, A. M., Vicar of Nether Swell, Gloucestershire, a distinguished antiquarian : It is, says Mr. Royce, a recessed tomb with a straight­ sided arch, handsomely and doubly cusped. The tomb has in front seven arched niches, and one at each end. In each niche a figure. In the centre the Eternal Father support­ ing the Crucifix. On either side are two kneeling figures, the one, the knight; the other, his wife in horned head­ dress. On either side of these, again, are angels bearing shields- in the two outer niches, their respective patron saints, S. John the Baptist, and S. Margaret. The knight is thus accoutred: -his head (encased in a bascinet to which is fastened the camail or tippeL of chain­ work) rests on his tilting helmet, surmounted by his crest­ a cap of maintenance with a horse's or ass's ears erect, like feathers on either side. Over a habergeon or skirt of chain mail, a jupon, charged with armorial bearings, viz., Quar­ terly, 1 and 4, az., a bend between 6 cross crosslets, or, tre­ foils fitchee, or, Blaket; 2 and 3, gules, 3 Danish axes, or, Hackluit. They are not halberds, as Nash supposes, for Lewstou. Three epaulieres, or overlapping plates, edged or picked out with gold, protect the shonlders - rerebraees and vambraces sheath the arms - the collar of knighthood, with trefoil clasp, adorns the neck (ergo Sir John)-the GROL"ND PLAN,

"======-==--•oft

C

PLAN OF FIRST FLOOR. A. Hall. B. Withdrawing-room. C. Courts. D. Parlour. E. Gat.eway. F. Ber'l'ants' Hall. G. Cellar. Bl Chapel. I. Bolar.

!COMB PLACE, GLOUCESTERSHIRE.

Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 121 legs are enclosed in plate - the genouilleres are fan-shaped like the elbow-pieces - sollerets and spurs arm the feet, resting against a dog - on the right side is an anelace or misericorde attached to a baudric, passing horizontally over the hip, and (what is unusual) a studded belt, passing diag­ onally from the waist, carries the sword on the left side. The hands are clasped in prayer. There is something very striking in these effigies. The soldier dies in panoply as each soldier of Christ should die. Then there is the repose of the figure - the meek uplifting of the hands in prayer, as II if the last moment of life were spent in imploring the mercy so soon to be needed." The still, solemn, reverent posture, befits the sanctity of the place where the memorial is enshrined. The attitude of the effigy-a continuing symbol of the attitude of the spirit, discharged from the war, expectant, ever praying for the accomplishing of the number of the elect and the hastening of the Kingdom.

The same learned gentleman, in a paper read be­ fore the Worcester Diocesan Architectural Society, August 11, 1869, thus describes the manor-house:

ICOMB PLACE Is a venerable memorial of the stability and grandeur of England in olden time. This building is a rare type of the II places" of gentlefolk in the :fifteenth century. It is not remarkable for any contrivances or arrange­ ments for defence. There are the remains, indeed, of a deep broad moat, fed by springs from the neighboring bill-ex­ cavated perhaps for the defence of a former stronghold upon this same spot. The aspect of the present house, on the south side, is commanding, overlooking (what may be termed) a ravine. On the west, however, the house itself is overlooked and commanded by one of the spurs of tbe Cotswolds. It was built or rebuilt iu the 1ifteenth century, when mansions had begun to lay aside their warlike char- l6 122 The Ancestry of John Whitney acteristics, and to adopt the more comfortable arrange­ ments of the Tudor period. The plan of Icomb Place is quadrangular, yet not true to the square. The west side of the first quadrangle is several feet wider than the east. This irregularity has not arisen, apparently, from more recent alterations. They were not, perhaps, very nice on such a point in olden times. As regards the condition of the house, it is one of decay and desolation. Still it is a matter of congratulation that the shell survives, and that so much remains to furnish a clue to its original arrangement. On approaching the house for the first time, the eye is surprised and attracted by the portal, which-projecting a little from the main building, :flanked by buttresses, and surmounted by a handsome traceried window, with an em­ battled parapet in line with the eaves of the roof - has much the effect of a gateway tower. The mouldings of the gateway are bold and characteristic. The four-centred arch is of the depressed form. The original gates still retain their position: they are of oak, framed, ledged, and stud­ ded with nails. The window above the gateway is light and graceful, al­ though not enriched with cusps. It consists of four lights - a central and bolder mullion dividing these into pairs. The arch of each light is ogeed. The tracery is composed of eight elongated oval openings, with label knees from the cornice over. The windows in the front wall were originally seven. Four to the right of the gateway-two in the upper story, of two lights, plain arched, square-headed, and labelled; and two of three lights of the same description below. The three to the left of the gateway, viz., one next to the latter (perhaps a look-out window), and two others to the east (one above, the other below), are of the same character as those just mentioned, only without labels. Two later win­ dows have been inserted to light a more recent stair. All ,_ -~::.~~~ --=--=':;'"~-· - --~~ . -1·. -·- ::...-_ -·- -

ICO:MB PLACE. Tbe Onteway.

Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 123 these windows, excepting the one over the gateway, once ornamental with artistic glazing, and the heraldic or storied pane, are now walled up. The original shutters remain. Two tall square chimnies, on this north side, spring from the wall midway, as on a bracket. These are well conceived, relieving the front from flatness, and breaking the line of the long roof, which is terminated at each end by a coped gable. On entering the gateway, right and left are doorways Tudor-headed - the one, left, opening into, probably, the porter's lodge, or an apartment for the domestics. This room is lighted by the two windows in the north front (left of the gateway already described), and by a two-light win­ dow of later date to the east, or end wall. A door at the south-east corner opens into the store-room or cellar of the establishment. The occupants of this room were of a sturdy and devoted spirit, to judge by one specimen. In a View of Frankpledge (most kindly lent me by C. S. Whitmore, Esq., of L. Slaughter,) held in 2 Henry V., Richard Tybaray, bailiff of the hundred, presented Nicholas, servant of John Blaket, for resisting him in the discharge of the functions of bis office, and for drawing his dagger upon him, for which burst of feeling, said Nicholas was fined 20d., accord­ ing to the value of the dagger. This room is provided with a good fireplace. The door on the opposite side of the gateway opens into a large apartment lighted by four windows, two looking north (already noticed), a larger one in the west gable of four lights, and the fourth, of a single compartment look­ ing south into the quadrangle. Here again we find a sub­ stantial stone fireplace. This may have been the general room of the family. If so (and if of the date of Sir John Blaket, the hero of Agincourt) here,-with Margaret,daugh­ ter of Sir Ralph Hastings, whose maternal arms were once in the chantry window-and subsequently with Margaret Wroughton or Worstan (his second wife, and probably a daughter of Sir John Eynsford), and with their children 124 The Ancestry of John Whitney Edmond and Anne Blaket-and in his later days with Elizabeth Trillowe (his third wife, and widow of Sir Thomas Wilcotes),-Sir John Blaket, released from the toils and perils of war, enjoyed domestic seclusion and repose. And an imposing group it was, if Margaret in Nosely Church, Leicestershire, or Elizabeth Blaket in Northleigh, Oxon, be faithfully represented by their effigies - (See Skelton's " Oxfordshire" for an engraving of the latter exquisite sculp­ ture) - or Sir John by the figure in the chantry of !comb Church - or, again, if this were the domestic apartment, a lively scene it was, when Simon Milbourn of Icomb (who married Sir John Blaket's grand-daughter) with his eleven daughters lived and moved within it. We pass from this room by a door in the south wall to another somewhat spacious apartment, forming the west side of the quadrangle. The first thing which catches the eye is an oriel (more striking externally) carried up the whole height of the building. Next to this oriel is a large six-light window of good workmanship, enriched with cusps. There is a fireplace opposite, and a winding stone stair in the south-west corner of this room, leads up to the chapel. In the south wall, near the east angle, is a Tudor­ headed doorway into the grand dining-hall. This was prob­ ably a gathering room or ante-room to the hall,-or it may have been a private dining room in the which the knight and his successors preferred a more quiet repast. Then the oriel at the end might answer, on a small scale, to those in larger dining halls,-or it may have been a nook into which people might retire for a quiet gossip, or for a little Gothic :flirtation. From this room, by the above door, we enter the spa­ cious and lofty hall, lighted by two fine transomed windows, with oval openings in the head on the north, and by one on the south, of similar design to the one over the gateway. The southern window has been converted into a doorway, in the splay of which is fixed a circular plain stoup, which looks too fresh to have been an ancient appendage to the '•~~~~- '.\\. ··t\t:\f:

ICOMB Pf,ACE, I.NTERIOR OF FIRBT COURT.

Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 125 hall. A capacious :fireplace exists near the dais-end in the southern wall. At the east end is a screen with two en­ trances, but this is later work of James l's time. In this hall is still a fine table, 22 ft. 8 in. long, 33 in. broad, 5 in. thick, of which 17 ft. 4 in. is one solid piece. The fine wain­ scot in the porter's lodge and other parts of the building, with draped or linen pattern panels, probably came out of the hall. In one corner stands an important consequential weapon - a halbert, with crescent axe, and hooked beak, with square pole ironed and studded-a relic of the gran­ deur and ceremonial of Tudor times. After this dry archi­ tectural detail, may Imagination play her part ! Then would she people this grand place with stately lady and stalwart knight, ·with the dignified and venerable Abbot of Bruerne, ever a welcome guest-with gentle priest-with gallant esquire -with grave official-and busy servant. There presided Sir John Blaket in damask gown-having laid aside the stiffness and stateliness of the knight for the graces of courtesy and hospitality. Fish, :flesh, and fowl, and pasties of the doe, are brought in with solemn pomp. The "crater m·genteus vocatus the great bolle of silver, the quarter-potte of silver" (bequeathed to the Abbot of Bru­ erne), sparkle with Ippocras or :Malvoisie. The conversa­ tion runs on the party politics of those unsettled days-ere long it turns to martial scenes - the recital of some feat of military daring stirs the blood, and then, old walls, did ye not ring with a lusty cheer for English prowess, of brave men and good soldiers, ever lavish of their very life for England's security and fame. Then, in turn, softer music of minstrels in the gallery (over the screen) modifies the noise below-whilst tl'ophies on the walls, won in perilous campaign, or banners bearing the insignia of the family, seem to fl.utter ~nd rustle in unison and sympathy. But from romance to reality. Leaving the hall, we find our­ selves in the passage connecting the quadrangles. At the end, opening into the front quadrangle, is a fine sharp­ pointed Perpendicular door, with jambs moulded halfway 126 The Ancestry of John Whitney down, aud with shields and tracery in the spandrils. At the other end a plainer door. This passage, called '' the screens," divides the hall from the buttery. The hatch still remains, at which we must again imagine what stores were dispensed to the cook-what rations to the domestics­ a.nd, better still, what bounty to the poor. To the north of the buttery, forming the east side of the front quadrangle, were the celler and larder - the impor­ tant store-house of the establishment. The kitchen appears to have been beyond the buttery, forming the east side of the second quadrangle, and now part of the modern resi­ dence. The south and west sides of the second quadrangle are now used as offices. In this quadrangle, on the west side, was, perhaps, the bakehouse, mentioned in Edmond Blaket's will. In the south-west corner of this quadrangle, now used as a back-kitchen, is a wide open :fireplace, with a massive timber mantel; and a never~failing supply of water from the neighboring spring.

The First Floor. We will now retrace our steps to the south-west corner of what has been called the withdrawing-room. There the stone stair, afore-mentioned, conducts into what tradition has handed down as the Chapel. For our forefathers cared not, alone, for their own animal gratification and comfort, and temporal dignity, nor for the mere shelter and support, board and lodging, of their dependents. They were equally careful for the spiritual welfare of all. Most houses of any size had one portion set apart for God. There the domestic chaplain officiated night and day. There the members of the household congregated. This room, too, would be as a bond of peace knitting all hearts in Icomb Place together. The well-spring of repose it was· amidst the excitement pe­ culiar to those days. Here uplifted heart and hand would feel themselves relaxed, yet braced for future exploit. This chapel has a good window of three lights in the east wall, >-

·._ --- - ':"':!-.,

-----<-~....._ •.· --~

!COMB PLACE, Upper portion ot the projection In the northwest angle of the tlrst Court.

!COMB PLACE. Doorw11r into tbf' paseaire at tbe end of tbe Din!Dg-Hall. South side of tirst Court.

Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 127 well moulded and boldly cusped, like the window in the withdrawing-room below. The mouldings are of similar sections with the window in the chantry. Close by this window, to the left, is the upper and more elaborate portion of the oriel before mentioned. It may have served the pur­ pose of a small private oratory, or it may have been a tri­ bune, or kind of family pew. The window of the chapel appears to have been splayed away, with reference to this singular projection. Close by the entrance from the stone stairs is a door opening into a room, south of the chapel, set apart, per­ haps, for the chaplain. On the left of the :fireplace in this room, a square window, low down, communicates with the chapel. Or may this room have been the sick room of the Place, and this opening answer to those in the hospital of S. Cross 7 The heads of two priests are carved on the cor­ nice of the oriel, outside, together with the head of a lady in mitred head-dress, and of a gentleman in a cap or hat with fall. There is a fireplace in the chapel with oaken kerb. The roof of the chapel is of the barrel or waggon kind - the rafters massive and close, each with an arched rib like those in the chantry aisle of the church (if laid bare), or those in New College cloisters. From the chapel we pass (by the garderobe on the left), into the room of the Place. Originally the solar-a gal­ lery-a place of resort for dancing and amusements. It is a very long room, reaching the whole length of the build­ ing, originally. It is a magnificent room. Here is a fine specimen of the timber roof of the period, with its prin­ ciples, purlings, and broad curved braces, A flat panelled ceiling appears to have been introduced, probably for warmth's sake, at a subsequent period, of which the hori­ zontal beams alone remain. The stair with its partitions, now dividing this room, seems of later date. These par­ titions look as if they had been brought from the Hall. Two rooms were formed out of one to make things more snug. The two windows, to the right of the principal 128 The .Ancestry of John Whitney gateway, as before stated, were inserted to light this newly constructed stair. Each of these rooms has 11, :fire­ place - or there were two fireplaces in the original solar, which was lighted by six windows - one in each gable­ one of two lights looking into the quadrangle-two on the north, already noticed, with the window over the gateway. The internal finish of this window is to be admired, with its intra-mural arch and open spandrils. And, if Fancy may be allowed to introduce herself again, in such a matter-of­ fact thing as an archieological survey, she would :fill this room, on some grand gathering, festive occasion, or high day, with the illustrious throng of the then neighboring great-such as Hastings of Daylesford, Baskervilles of Coombe, Cliffords, Bassets-ladies of dignified yet gentle mien - men, noble in descent, sage in council, and daring in action - the pride and flower of English chivalry. A door at the south-east corner of this room admits into the east side of the quadrangle - perhaps the sleeping apartments. Here are the bedrooms of the present inhab­ ited portion, accessible by stairs of later date, close to the buttery hatch. In one of the rooms is a fine Jacobean ti.re­ place, which, with the outside appearance of this part, would make one suppose that the room, in later times, had been an up-stairs withdrawing-room. The iron work of the win­ dows is noticeable, particularly the ingenious latch and bolt arrangement. In a pane of the window of this room is the following couplet : "June, 1691. "Let others learn to live, there's nothing I Esteem worth learning but the way to die. Sept. 8, 1691. H. Cope." London to Icomb. On another pane which has disappeared­ " June, 1688. " Sanat, viviflcat, Ditat quoque Surgere mane. H. Cope." Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 129

There are attics above, now without floors. On the end wall of one is drawn, in chocolate, in full sail, a three-mast ship. One over the east end of the hall is ca.lied Dyke's chamber.

The present proprietor, Mr. S. M. Simpson, has re­ cently restored the building, and, repairing the rav­ ages of five hundred years, occupies it as a residence, the most beautiful of any in the surrounding country. The photographs shown give some idea of its appear­ ance, but not much of its situation, which is on high ground in the Cotswold hills, commanding a view toward the east and north for many miles. To James and Blanche Whitney, according to the Harleian Manuscripts, were born four children, viz.: (1) Robert, their heir; (2) James, spoken of at length below; (3) Watkin, who married Margaret, daughter and heir of Jenkin Reese of Clyro in Radnorshire, and (4) Elizabeth, who married Thomas Morgan of Arkston, and was the mother of Anne, who married Henry Carey, Lord Hunsdon, K. G., who played so important a part in politics during the reign of Eliza­ beth, and lies buried in Westminster Abbey. While some of these children were young James died, and it seems that his widow soon married Sir William Herbert, Knight, of Troy in Monmouthshire, a dis­ tinguished man, by whom she had two sons, Sir Charles Herbert, Knight, and Sir Thomas Herbert, Knight. It is so stated in Harleian Manuscript No. 1041, Visitation of Gloucestershire, 1623, in British Museum; and in Cooke's "Hundred of Grimsworth," page 52. The other Harleian Manuscripts represent her as a widow when she married Whitney. Which­ ever are correct, Whitneys, and not Herberts, in­ herited her lands. 17 -130 The Ancestry of John Whitney Of James Whitney the elder, comparatively little is known. He may have died too young to have achieved public position. There is, however, one record that probably refers to him, though some have connected it with his son, James, Jr. Henry VIII. began his reign, so distinguished for extraordinary events, in 1509. In his twelfth year, 1520, the country was thrown into great excitement by the arrest of Edward, Duke of Buckingham, un­ der a charge of treason, followed by his conviction and execution on May 17, 1521. The Duke had been one of the most influential and wealthy men in Eng­ land, owning vast estates in eleven English coun­ ties, to say nothing of possessions almost equally great in Wales. Upon his arrest all these were se­ questered and placed in the hands of those who happened at the time to stand highest in royal favor. Next after his Castle of Thornburg in value was his Borough of Newport in the Marches, "with its haven full of shipping and a proper Castle with three towers close to the water's edge, the middlest tower having a vault or entry to receive into the said Cas­ tle a good vessel." This, in the distribution, fell to "James Whitney." There is, among the state papers, a record of a letter, written January 20, 1521-22, by John Daunce and John Hales, the King's General Surveyors, to "Jas. Whitney, Receiver of the lordship of Newport in the Marches of Wales, or to Thomas ap Morgan, his deputy." A little later, as we shall see, both his sons, Robert and James, Jr., were appointed to similar offices. There is no information obtainable as to whether they found them profitable, but contemporary "Re- Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 131 ceivers" were reputed to have acquired fortunes thereby. As this James, Jr., became a man of some promi­ nence in public affairs, it will be well to devote a lit­ tle space to him before telling the story of his elder brother, Robert. In 1516, at the Court of Henry VIII., among the "Names of the King's Officers and Servants, sworn to attend in his Chamber" as " Sewers for the Cham­ ber ordinary," are mentioned:

"Roger Banbrigge, Jas. Wkitney, .Anth. Isley, James Hill, John Barney and Ric. Gifford." 1

From this we can be certain that he was a young man of superior personal appearance, for Henry was noted for having none but large and handsome men about him. He seems to have been appreciated to a remarkable degree, for, as appears from the following, he was fairly loaded with honors. By Patent Roll, Privy Seals, p. 1, m. 19, in Record Office, under date of 21 Henry vm., March 12, 1530, "Jas. Wytteney, one of the Sewers of the Chamber," was commissioned "Receiver General of the lordships of U ske, Kererlion and Tryllok, parcel of the Earl­ dom of March in South Wales; Constable of the lordship of Tregruke; Beadle and Coroner of Edle­ gon; and Receiver of the lordships of Newport, Wen­ loge and Mayhen, in the Marches of South Wales," vice Thomas ap Robert, deceased. It further appears, by Patent of February 4, 29

l Royal MSS. 7 F. xiv., No. 100, in British Museum. 132 The Ancestry of John Whitney Henry VIII. (1538), p. 3, m. 38d, that '' Henry, Earl of Worcester, Charles Herbert, James Whitney, Ric. Gold­ smyth and William ap John ap Evan" 1 were ap­ pointed commissioners to make Inquisition Post Mortem, in the lordship of Carlyan, in Netherwene, South Wales, on the lands and heir of Thos. Bowles. On the 23d of the following month Whitney was granted an annuity of £15 per annum, issuing from the manors of Carlishelton, in Marches of South Wales, late of "Wm. Griffith, deceased, in the King's hands by the minority of George and Ann, children and heirs of the said Wm., with wardship and mar- riage of said heirs." · He made his residence at Troy, in Monmouthshire, quite likely with his stepfather, and died there, un­ married, in 1544, leaving by will all his property to his half-brothers Charles and Thomas Herbert, whom he appointed executors.2 Turning now to Robert Whitney, the elder brother, we find that he married Margaret, the daughter of Robert Wye of Gloucestershire, thus allying himself to one of the best families of that county, and took up his abode, quite likely before his father's death, in the manor-house, at !comb. His name is mentioned in a great number of the state papers of the reign of Henry VIII., the follow­ ing being the more important: In 15 Henry VIII. (July, 1523) an account was filed by the commissioners having in charge the confis­ cated lands of the late Duke of Buckingham, who

1 William, son of John, son of Evan-the ordinary style of a. Welsh name. This man's son would be known as ap William ap .John. 2 Will dated May 23, 1544, Proved in Prerogative Court of Canter­ bury, July 5, 1544. Whitneys of the Sixteenth Oentury 133 reported that they had placed the stewardship of " Breknoke, Hay and Huntington" in the hands of "Llewellyn ap Morgan, Hugh Mervyn, John Wal­ bieff, Robt. Whyteney, Jas. and Roger Vaughn." Of Hay and Huntington, both close to the parish of Whitney, we have already spoken. Brecknock is thus described by J. S. Brewer, in his introduction to the calendar of the state papers of that reign, quoting from ancient writers:

A very proper walled town, well builded, and as well paved, with many honest inhabitants in the same; enclosed on the west side thereof with the Castle, which is a good and strong hold, with all houses of offices and lodgings builded after the old fashion. The Castle had a hall, the roof of which was newly and costly made with pendants after a goodly fashion, and into the said Castle water was conveyed by a conduit. Adjoining was a forest and a great mere in length nigh three miles and in breadth a mile, well replenished with :fish and specially with breames.

In 16 Henry VIII. (May 2, 1524) "Rob. Wytney" was put in commission of the peace for Gloucester­ shire, and continued to be a magistrate, as appears from more than a score of documents, for the rest of his life, and as such took part, on several important occasions, in "Gaol Deliveries at Gloucester Castle." In 19 Henry VIII. (Nov. 16, 1527) he was commis­ sioned sheriff of Gloucestershire, and again Novem­ ber 7, 1528, November 21, 1529, and November 11, 1530. The most interesting record, however, is in 1533, on the occasion of Henry's marriage with Anne Boleyn. "Additional" Manuscript, No. 21116 f. 48 in Brit- 134 The Ancestry of John Whitney ish Museum, treating of this occasion, has the fol­ lowing: The Appointment what number of officers and servitors that shall attend upon the Queen's Grace, the Bishop and ladies, sitting at the Queen's board in the Great Hall at Westminster, the day of the coronation as followeth: • • • • • • • KNIGHTS OF THE BATH -Marquis of Dorset ; earl of Derby; lords Clifford, Fitzwater, Hastings, Mountegle and Vaux; Mr. Parker, lord Morley's son; Mr. Wynsor, lord Wynsor's son; John Mordant, lord Mordant's son; Fras. Weston, Thomas Arundell, Mr. Corbet, Mr. Wyndham, John Barkeley, John Haddelston, Ric. Verney of Penley, Thos. Bonynges, Hen. Savile, John Germayne, Rob. Wkitneye of Gloucestershire, Geo. Fitzwilliams, John Tyndale.

It appears 1 that six out of this number, including Whitney, did not accept the honor of the highest grade of knighthood thus offered to them. What was his reason for declining we can only conjecture. He may have been ill at the time and unable to attend at court, or possibly, like many other conscientious men in England, he thought the marriage unlawful and therefore did not care to have any connection with it. His declination must have been made with tact, for he continued in favor, and on September 30, 1535, when the famous suppression of the religious houses began, had granted to him a part of the in­ come arising from the property lately belonging to the Monastery of Brewerne. From his action with reference to the Church of Rome, Henry, in 1536, found himself with a serious 1 Ha.rleian Manuscript No. 41, f. 2. Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 135 rebellion on his hands in Lincolnshire. The sup­ pression of it was entrusted to the Earl of Derby, and there is still in existence, at the Record Office, a memorandum, in his handwriting, of "The names of such noblemen and gentlemen as be appointed to at­ tend upon the King's person" in the army that was being raised. Opposite each man's name is placed the number of men he furnished, including

"Glouc. ROBT. WITNEY, 40." Further along Whitney is mentioned in a list of those to whom personal letters were to be written. There is also in the Record Office a curious lot of memoranda in the hand of Roland Lee, Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, made about the same time, called "Remembrances." The sixth was

To remember the farm of R-Olright, Co. Gloucester, be­ longing to the Monastery of Ensam Oxf. which Mr. Whitney hath, that it would please Mr. Secretary to help Lewes, my servant, to the same.

This means that he was going to write to the prime minister, Cromwell, to try to get away from Whitney a lease of some of the confiscated monastery lands, doubtless, as most such things were in those days, a matter of favor and a particularly profitable thing for the holder. The attempt was unsuccessful, for it appears that Robert had the land at the time of his death. He died in 1541, leaving a widow and nine children, viz.: 1, Robert; 2, John; 3, Charles; 4, George; 5, William; 6, James; 7, Richard; 8, Blanche; 9, Mary; 136 The Ancestry of John Whitney not counting two other acknowledged sons who were illegitimate. His will was proved in the Prerogative's Court of Canterbury, and is still of record in Somerset House, London, as follows :

THE LAST WILL OF ROBERT WIDTNEY, Esquire, Dated 10 May 33d Henry VIII. [1541] Proved 11 June, 1541. (P. C. C. 30, Alenger) In dei nomine Amen. I, ROBERT WHITNEY of Icombe in the County of Glouc' Esquier being of hole mynde the Tenthe day of maye in the XXXII!d yere of the Raigne of oure soueraigne Lorde Kyng Henry the eight make my will and testament as herafter folowithe. Furste I bequethe my soule unto almightye god and my body to be buryed where god shall please. Also I bequethe to my sonne Robert my II best gownes and my best dublett and my bason and Ewer of sylver. And all the Resydue of my plate I geue and bequethe to Margaret my wyfe. Also I bequethe to John my sonne when he comythe to thage of Xx.III! yeres my lease and ferme of Rollrighte in the Countye of Orlorde withe the Indenture of the same remaynyng in my Caskett at Icombe aforsaide and at that age be to baue foure hundred yewes V oxen VIII kyne twoo horses or the price of them as they shalbe praysed in the lnventarye and in the meanetyme till he come· to the saide age XXIIII yeres my wyfe to take the proffittes of the saide f erme. Also I bequeathe to my sonne Okarles when be comythe to the age of XXIIII yeres my lease and ferme in Greate Ryssenton called Nylis wt the Indenture of the same re­ maynyng in my Caskett at Icombe aforesaide and at that age foure hundred wethers or the price of them as they ,i,, . ;.,: .. . : / . i:,'"c

ICOlvfB PL.ACE, VIEW LOOKIN

WMtneys of the Sixteenth Century 137 shalbe praised in the Inventarye and in the meane tyme my wyfe to haue the proffittes of the same ferme. Also I bequethe to my sonne George when he comythe to the age of XXIIII yeres my lease and ferme of Malgas­ bury and three hundred shepe or the V alure thereof as they shalbe praised in the Inventarye and my wyffe to take the proffittes of the same f erme in the meane tyme tyll the saide George come to the saide age of XXIIII yeres. Also I bequethe to my sonne William when he comythe to the age of XXIIII yeres my lease and ferme called the Chauntery landes in Greate Ryssinton wt the Indenture of the same Remaynyng in my Caskett at Icom be aforesaide wt foure hundred wethers at that age or the price of them as they shalbe praysed in the Inventarye and in the meane tyme my wife to take the proffittes of the same f erme. Also I will if anny of my foresaide sonnes dye before the forsaide age to them lymitted and then the nexte young­ est brother to haue his older next brother's legacy at the forsaide age Relingquisshing his legacye and porcon be­ fore to hym lymittide the whiche legacye and porccon shall remayne to his next youngiste when he comythe to the for­ saide age and so lynyally to Remayne to the one from the other. That is to say as well to them as yett not namyd as to the other beforenamyd. Also I bequethe to James my sonne twenty pounde. And also I bequethe to Rycharde my sonne twenty pounde. And if it happen eyther of them do dye before the age of XXIIII yeres that porcon to hym before bequethide to be Voyde. And if it happen either of them to haue anny of theire brothern porcons before lymittide that then theyre former legacye to cease and be voyde. Also I geue and bequethe to my Daughter Blaunche to her maryage of II hundred markes Also I geue and be­ quethe to my Daughter Mary to her maryage a hundred pounde. Also I geue to my twoo sonnes not legitimate the one called .Anthony being at Icombe and the other called Charles 18 138 The Ancestry of J'ohn Whitney being wt Master Willis VI£ XIII' Illld apece and they to have theire legacy at the age of XVIII yeres or before at my wyfe's dyscretion. Also I will that my wyfe haue all monye goodes and Cattells that she bathe gotten to be her owen to her use. Item, I will that my sarantes haue meate and Dryncke tyll Midsomer and my olde saruntes at that tyme to haue XII monnethes wages. Further I will that wt the proffittes of my fermes my Childern that will abide withe my u-yfe haue meate Dryncke and apparell after her discretion fur­ ther I will that after my debtes legaces and funeralls borne that my wyfe haue all the rest of my goodes and cattills to her owen use whome I make my Soule Executrix. In the pfis of my father in lawe Robert Wye and Jane Wye his wife maisteris Jane Parker Thomas Marshall Rycharde Colter Davy Meryke and Thomas Marten. Item, the Resydue of myne apparell unbequethide I will that my wife geue it amonges my childern and saruntes after her discrecon. Item, if ther be anny Doute in the saide testament I will that it be declared by the saide Robert Wye. Also I will that Margaret my wyfe shall haue all my landes in Icombe for terme of her lyfe.'' The will dealt only with personal property, as, by operation of law, all the real estate descended to the eldest son, Robert. John, the next in age, had an interesting history. Through the influence, doubtless, of his father and uncle James, he procured an appointment at court, apparently as a page, attendant upon the little prin­ cess, daughter of Henry VIII. by Anne Boleyn, afterward Queen Elizabeth. There he became the " bedfelloe" of Roger Ascbam, a brilliant young man, A. B. Cambridge, 1534, and A. M. 1536, who was act­ ing as Elizabeth's tutor. The story of their friend- Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 139 ship is thus told by the latter in his "Ready Way to the Latin Tongue" :

And now take heede, lest your scholar do not better in some poynt than yourselfe, except ye have bene diligentlie exercised in these kindes of translating before. I had once a profe hereof, tried by good experience, by a deare frende of myne, when I came :first from Cambridge, to serve the Queen's Majestie, then Ladie Elizabeth, lying at worthy Sir Anthony Deny's in Cheston. John Whitney, a yong gentleman, was my bed-felloe; who, willyng by good nature, and provoked by mine advice, begun to learn the Latin tonge after the order declared in this booke. We began after Christmas ; I read unto him Tully de Amicitia, which he did every day twise translate, out of Latin into English, and out of English into Latin againe. About St. Laurence tide after to prove how he profl.tted, I did chose out Torquatus' taulke de Amicitia, in the latter end of the first booke de Finibus; because that place was the same in matter, like in words and phrases, nigh to the form and faction of sentences, as he had learned before in de Amicitia. I did translate it myself into plaine English, and gave it him to turn into Latin; which he did so choise­ lie so orderlie so without any great misse in the hardest points of grammar that some in seven yeare in gram.mar schooles, yea, and same in the universities to, cannot do half e so well. This worthie yong gentleman, to my great­ est grief, to the great lamentation of that whole house, and specillie to that most noble ladie, now Queene Elizabeth her­ self, departed within few days out of this world. And if in any cause a man may without offence of God speake somewhat ungodlie, surely it was some grief e unto me to see him hie so hastilie to God as he did. A court full of soch yong gentlemen, were rather a paradise than a. court upon earth. And though I had never poeticale head to make any verse in any tonge, yet either love, or sorrow or both, did ring out of me then certain careful thoughts of 140 The Ancestry of John Whitney my good will towards him ; which, in my mourning for him, fell forth more by chance than either by skill or use, into this kinde of misorderly metre :

Myne own John Whitney, now farewell, Now death doth parte us twain; No death, but partyng for a while, Whom life shall joyne agayne.

Therefore, my heart, cease sighs and sobbes, Cease sorrowes seede to sow; Whereof no gaine, but greater grief And hurtfulle care may grow.

Yet when I thinke upon such giftes Of grace, as God him lent; My losse, his gaine, I must awhile, With joyfulle teares lament. Yong yeares to yielde soch frute in court, Where seede of vice is sowne, Is sometime read, in some place seen, Amongst us seldome knowne.

His life he led de, Christes lore to learn With will to worke the same; He read to know, and knew to live, And liv'd to praise his name.

So fast a frende, so foe to few, So good to every wight, I may well wishe but scarcelie hope; Againe to have in sight.

The greater joy his life to me, His death the greater payne, His life in Christ so surelie set, Doth glad my hearte againe. Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 141 His life so good, his death better, Do mingle mirth with care, My spirit with joye, my flesh with grief, So deare a frend to spare.

Thus God the good, while they be good, Doth take, and leave us ill; That we should mend our sinfule life, In life to tarry still.

Thus we well left, he better reft, In heaven to take his place, That by like life and death, at last, We may obtaine like grace.

Mine own John Whitney, againe farewell, A while thus parte in twaine; Whom payne doth part in earth, in heaven Great joy shall joyne agayne.

George, who will be mentioned again, the fourth son, married and resided at Icomb. What became of the other children is not known. Robert, the eldest son of Robert of !comb, went back to Whitney, which, with the single exception just noted, was the residence of all the heads of the family. At his father's death, in 1541, he was still a minor, so Sir James Baskerville, Knight, of Eardisley, a few miles from Whitney, was appointed guardian of his person and property. The latter had a daugh­ ter, Sybil, whose acquaintance young Whitney thus had an opportunity to make, and whom, at some time prior to 1544, he married. Sir James died in 1546, and his will, proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, is still of record in Somerset House. 142 The Ancestry of John Whitney Whitney was named as a legatee and as one of the executors.

THE LAST WILL OF SIR JAMES BASKERVILLE, OF EARDISLEY, CO. HEREFORD, KNIGHT. (P. C. C. 24 .Alen)

Dated 4 Jan 1544-5. Proved 9 Dec 1546

"In the name of god amen. The iiijth day of January in the XXXVth yere of the Reigne of our soueraiyne Lorde Henry the viijth by the grace of god King of Englande Fraunce and Irelande Defendor of the faithe and yn earth supreme hedd of the churche of Englande and Irelande I Sr JAMES BASKERVILE, Knighte, being of hole mynde and in par:fitt remembraunce make my testament and last will in manner and fourme following - firste I bequeth my soule to almighty god to or Lady Saint Mary and to all the holie company of heaven .And my body to be buried wtin hal­ lowed grounde where it shall please God to take me to his marcye. Item I geue and bequeth to the cathedrall churche of he reford iijs iiijd. Item I geue and bequeth to the Vicary of Erdesley my goostely father for my forgotten tithes if anny be tenne shillinges. Item I geue and bequeth to Robert Whitney my sonne in lawe tenne kyne nowe being in Over parke and six Oxen being in the custody of Thomas Kedwarde my sarvaunte John houlle and Bedowe Kadogan wt twoo beddes appareled accordingly. Item I geue and bequeth to the saide Robert thone [i. e, the one] haulfe of suche wilde cattall as I haue in the mounteynes in Ow Eluell wtin the Countie of Radnor ex­ cepte my mares and Coltes. Item I geue and bequeth to the saide Robert my litle Saulte of siluer withe a couer to the same. Item I geue and bequeth to Edmou11de Vaughan i.f it Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 143 please god that he accepte my doughter Elizabeth in mar­ riage my Lease of Indenture concerning the tithes of Kyngton and Birley wt the hole proffetM ~teyning to the same during the terme of yeres yett to come specified wtin the same Lease And also an other Lease of Indenture concerning the tithes of Elastonn whiche I hadd by the as­ signement of Rees ap Glin and ouer that I gene and bequeth to the saide Edmonde wt the marriage of the saide Elizabeth the some of a hundreth mros [i. e. marks.] sterling to be paide wtin one yere aftre the aspowselle hadd solempnyzed and don betwixt the saide Edmounde and Elizabeth so that she be ordered and ruled by my Lady her mother the whiche some of a hundred mrcl I will that it shalbe levied out of my plate excepte my best standing Cupp. And my execu­ tours to see my doughter Elizabeth to haue her chambr and aparell convenyent for her degree againt the tyme of her saide marriage. And if it happen the saide Elizabeth to decease before she be married to the saide Edmounde or anny other man Then I will that the hole legacye bequethed unto her shall remayn unto Elyanor my youngist doughter to the preferment of her marriage so that she be likewise ordered by my Lady her mother. And if it happen the saide Elyanor to decease before she be marryed then her hole legacye to remayn to Elizabeth my wiffe. Item I gene and beqneth to Humfrey my youngist sonne my Lease of Indenture of Benfelde wtin the parrishe of Bredwardyn wt the stocke of Cattall6 nowe in the pos­ session of John Thomas. And if it happen the saide Hum­ frey to decease wtout issue of his body laufully begotten Then I will and bequeth the same Lease wt Cattall6 afor­ saide to Walter Baskervile my sonne and to his heires. And if it happen the saide Walter to decease wtont heires of his bodye laufullye begotten then the same to remayne to John Baskervile his brother and to his heires during the terme of yeres yett to come comprised in the same Lease. 144 The .Ancestry of John Whitney Item I geue and bequeth to J.AMEs my sonne and heire apparant viij ox.en twentye kyne and all my wilde mares wt theire coultes nowe being in the mounteynes of Eluell aforsaide twentye young beastes of twoo yeres and three yeres olde uppon condicon that the same James his heires and Ex.ecutours doo acquite and discharge me the saide Sr James and myn ex.ecutours agenst the king our soue­ raigne Lorde his heires and Successours of and for the payment of ffiftye poundes st [i. e. sterling] due to or sayde soueraigne Lorde the king for the wardeshipp of Robert Whitney Or el6 I woll that the saide Cattalll and Mares to be soulde by myne executours for the payment of the saide ffiftie poundes. The Residue of all my gooddes and Cattall6 mouable and unmouable not bequethed I geue and bequeth to Eliza.. beth my wiffe she to dispose the same as she thinketh goodd for the welthe of my soule and the preferment of my Childerne whiche Elizabeth my wiffe Robert Whitney John Baskeriiile my sonne and EDM0UNDE V AUGRAN if he doo marry my doughter Elizabeth I make myne Executours and Sr Anthony Wingfelde knighte of the gartre and viz cham bleyne to the King6 maiestie to be Oversear that this my last will be pfourmed. In Wittnes wherof I the saide Sr James to this my p:ii.t last will haue putte my Seale Theis psonnes whose names be subscribed being pnt bering wittnes to the same. Per me Willum Stor clicum. Teste Willimo Baylie Walterus Crompe gent Richardus Done."

TRANSLATION OF PROBATE. "This Will was proved 9 Dec 1546 by Robert Johnson Notary Public, Proctor for Dame Elizabeth the relict and John Baskervile the Executors, Probate being reserved for Robert Whitney the other Executor when he shall come and seek for it." AUTOGRAPH OF ROBERT WJIYTNEY, ,JANUARY 6, 1551(52). Lny Bnhsldy Roll ½U In tho Pnhllc Record Office, London.

Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 145 In 1550 "Robert Whytney Esqui.J.-e" was appointed royal commissioner for the hundreds of "Hunting­ don" and " Strettford" to assess and collect a tax known as a Lay Subsidy, and the original returns, bearing his signature, are still on file in the Record Office, London. A photograph is shown of one of these, dated January 6, 5 Edward VI. (1551-52). The next record we have of him is that already quoted in the introduction, of his being made a knight in 1553. Strype,1 in his quaint style, de­ scribes how "Sir Rob. Witney," and others, were "the Knights of the Carpet, dubbed October the 2d, the day after the Queen's (Mary) coronation, at the Palace at Westminster, before her in her chamber of presence, under the Cloth of State; by the Earl of Arundel; who had of her Highness commission to execute the same." In the records of the Privy Council, of a date two years later, can be found this minute:

ACTS OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL

"At Grenewiche the XIth of Marche, 1555.

Thapparaunce The Lord Chauncelour Mr. Comptroller Therle of Pembroke Mr. Secretary Petre The Bishop of Ely

A Lettre to Sir ROBERT WHITNAYE of the countye of Hereford, Knight, to give ordre fourthwith upon receipte hereof that George Wkitnaye his brother maye make his undelayed repayre hither to the Courte."

1 "Memorials," by John Strype, vol. iii, p. 181. 19 146 The .Ancestry of John Whitney There seems to be no way of ascertaining the ob­ ject of the summons. "Sir ROBERT WHYTNEY, Knight" of the County of Hereford, appears as a member of the parliament that was summoned to meet at Westminster, January 23, 1558-59. While in attendance, some of his "ret~ynours" became involved in a quarrel in the city of Lon­ don, which brought Sir Robert into trouble with the. famous Court of Star Chamber. This tribunal, or­ ganized to punish such crimes " committed by the great families, or their adherents, as the ordinary law courts could not, or through fear, dared not, deal with," was an instrument of the State used to extort confessions of guilt by means of torture. As might have been expected, its secret sessions devel­ oped into a terrible source of abuse, and became one of the greatest disgraces in the annals of a country which had hitherto boasted of immunity from any­ thing of like nature. Of the proceedings in the case of Whitney we know nothing beyond what is dis­ closed in a minute of the Privy Council: "At the Starre Chamber xxjth of Aprill 1559.

The Lord Great Seale M':' Secretary The Lord Treasourer M~ Cave Therle of Shewisbury M~Mason The Lord Cham berlayne M! Sackevyle M. Vicechamberlain

A letter to Sir ROBERT WHITNEY, knight, requyring and commaundinge him in the Quenes Majsties name, to cause not only so many of hys servauntes and reteynours as haue been lately here within the Cytie of London within this moneth now laste paste to appeare before the Lordes at the Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 147

Courte within xxti dayes after the date of the sayd letter but as ruany besydes of his sayde servaunts to doo the lyke as have been with him and are within the said moneth de­ parted from the sayd Cytie aboute his affairs or otherwise." Harleian Manuscript No. 1545, fol. 69, in the Brit­ ish Museum, has tricked upon it a Whitney ar­ morial shield, with some, though not all of their quarterings as they existed at this time. .A facsimile of it, as blazoned at the College of Arms, is shown in the accompanying plate, which is to be read as fol­ lows: the numbering being from left to right, begin­ ning at the top and taking the four rows in succession : 1. WHITNEY. Azure, a cross cheeky or and gules. 2. MILBOURNE. G-ules, a chevron between 3 escallops argent. 3. ETh'ESF0RD. Gules, fretty ermine. 4. FuRNIVAL . .Argent, a bend between 6 martlets gules, a crescent for difference or. 5. VERDON. Or, a fret gules.1 6. LuvETOT. Argent, a lion rampant per fess gules and sable. 7. BASKERVILLE, .Argent, a chevron gules between 3 hurts, a crescent for difference. 8. BoTELAR (Botler or Butler). Gules, a fess cheeky arg. and sable between 6 cross crosslets or. 9. REES. Quarterly, per fess indented gules and ermine, in chief a fl.le of 3 per pale or and sable. 10. LENTH.A.LL (Leinthall). Gules, a fess ermine, in chief a file of 5 or. 1 "Although the Coat of Verdon appea.rs among the Whitney quarter­ ings, both in the College of Arms and in the Harl. MS. above cited, I find that the Whitneys cannot claim descent from that ancient house; the heiress of Verdon having married into the elder branch of Furnival while it was the yollllger line of the latter family, as indicated by the crescent for difference, from which the Milbourne coheiresses sprang." C. E. Gildersome-Dickinson. 148 The .Ancestry of John Whitney 11. LE GROS. Quarterly Argent and azure, on a bend sable 3 martlets or. 12. BREDWARDINE (Pedwardine). Argent, 2 lions passant in pale azure, langued gules. 13. SOLLERS. Or, a chevron azure between 3 lions' heads erased gules. 14. BRUGGE (Bridges). Argent, on a cross sable a leop­ ard's face or. 15. BLACKETT. .Azure, a bend coticed between 6 cross crosslets fi.tchee or. 16. WHIT:t-.'EY. .As above.

All these extinct families, merged, or partially merged, in that of Whitney, were in their day of high standing and distinction. In the age of chivalry each knight had an emblem or device pictured on his shield and embroidered on the garment worn over his coat of mail-from this came the designation coat of arms. Such a custom was necessary to identify the wearer, whose face, when in battle, was concealed by the visor of his helmet. The symbol used suggested, if possible, some distin­ guishing quality of the bearer or some event in his history. Hence crusaders usually adopted a cross or combination of crosses, which appeared in many forms and colors. As arms became numerous there was danger of confusion, and it became necessary to regulate them. They were therefore made hereditary, and officers called heralds were appointed by the sovereign to keep a registry of them, and devise all that might be adopted in the future. From time to time they made a tour of the kingdom, called a Heralds' Visi­ tation, and those families claiming coats of arms showed their right to bear them by formally proving Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 149 their descent from an ancestor whose title had been previously established or was unquestioned. When one entitled to a coat died without male issue, his female heirs inherited it and transmitted it to their children. This gave rise to what was known as quarterings. For example, Ralph Baskerville had no son, so his daughter Jane inherited his arms. The latter mar­ ried Simon Milbourne and had no son, so her daugh­ ter Blanche inherited both the Baskerville and Mil­ bourne arms; Blanche married James Whitney, and their son, Robert, inheriting from both father and mother, was entitled to combine or "quarter" on his shield all the arms belonging to either of them. The fact that fourteen coats-of-arms other than that of Whitney are here shown on the Whitney shield in­ dicates that this number of their ancestors had been heiresses, each representing a family whose name "ran out." The Milbournes and Eynesfords have already been noticed. Of the others Furnival was founded by a knight whose name appears in the "Roll of Battle Abbey." 1 Sir Gerard de Furnival accompanied Rich­ ard I. on the Crusade to the Holy Land, and greatly distinguished himself at the Siege of Acre. William de Luvetot fought at Senlac, and after­ ward possessed the whole of Hallamshire. The family ending in a daughter, Matilda, King Rich­ ard Cceur de Lion, her guardian, gave her in mar­ riage to the sou of his companion in arms, Sir Gerard de Furnival, above mentioned. The Botelars were great barons, frequently summoned to Parliament.

1 Burke's "Roll of Battle Abbey." 150 The .Ancestry of John Whitney From them were descended, through a female line, the Lords Ferrers of W emme. Rees was one of the most famous Welsh names. Sir Roland Leinthall "tooke many prisoners at Agincourt, by which preye he beganne the new building of Hampton Courte" 1 in Herefordshire. The Bredwardines derived their name from a parish adjoining Whitney. Sir John de Brugge, of Brugge Sollers, in Herefordshire, a sheriff of Herefordshire and a member of parliament, was also at Agincourt with Whitney, Baskerville, Lein­ thall, and Sir John Blackett.2 The Baskerville Pedigrees show the following: Gerard de Furnival, a knight, who followed Rich­ ard Creur de Lion to the Holy Land.

Gerard, Lord Furnival of = Matilda, daughter and heir- Sheffield, a baron faith- ess of William de Luvetot of ful to King John, and a Worksop,Nottinghamshire. crusader who died in Je- rusalem 3 Henry III.

Thomas, Lord Furni val, slain by the Saracens, ancestor of the Lords Furnival.

Ge=d de Furnival I Christian, daughter and hcir of Wischard Ledet and wid­ ow of Henry de Braybroke. I l Leland's "Itinerary." 2 1 Duncomb, vol. i, p. 89, WHJ.1'NEY QUARTKlUNGS, ae tl'lcktd ,11,,m llnr\,)\au Mar:n~~ri1,t No. 15t5, t,,l. ~~. l.u tlm llritl.:fit t,ht:i,~UIU.

Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 151 Sir Gerard de Furni val = Joan, daughter (possibly granddaughter) and coheir of Sir Hugh de Morville, one of the knights who killed Thomas a Becket in Canter­ bury Cathedral in 1170.

Sir John Eynesford of Burghill I Chri•~•- Sir Piers Milbourne Elizabeth, daughter and heir.

An extension of this down to Blanche Milbourne, who married James Whitney, has already been given. The immediate ancestry of Sybil Baskerville, who married Sir Robert Whitney, shows how closely united by blood were all these great families.

Sir John Baskerville, - Elizabeth, daughter of John of Combe,1 and Eardisley; Touchett, Baron Audley. died 1455.

Sir James Baskerville, - Katherine, daughter of of Eardisley, Sheriff for Walter Devereux, Lord Fer- Co. Hereford, 38 Hen. rers, of Chartley, lineally VI., 4 Edw. IV., and 14 descended from King Ed- Hen. VII. Made Knight ward I. Banneret, for extraordi­ naryvalor, on the field after the Battle of Stoke, 1487. Knight of the Bath at coro- nation of Henry VII.

1 A John Baskerville was at Agincourl, but he may have been this man's father. 152 The Ancestry of John Whitney Sir Walter Baskerville, - Anne, daughter of Morgan of Eardisley, Sheriff for ap Jenkyn ap Philip of Co. Herefordshire, 9 Edw. Pencoyd. IV. Knight of the Bath at marriage of Prince Ar- thur, 1501.

Sir James Baskerville, - Elizabeth, daughter and co­ of Eardisley, heir of John Breynton by Sybil, daughter and coheir of Simon Milbourne, and sister of Blanche, who mar­ ried James Whitney.

Sir Robert Whitney

Burke's " Dictionary of the Landed Gentry," ed. 1852, has the following account of the Baskerville line: "The family of Baskerville is one of the most an­ cient and honorable in England, its name is upon the roll of Battel Abbey, it has ever maintained the highest rank among the gentry, and it can boast the blood of the Plantagenets. " The Baskervilles came into Herefordshire soon after the conquest, and settling at Eardisley, became connected with the first families of the county, served the office of Sheriff no less than twenty-one times and were elected Knights of the Shire in eleven parliaments. "Their pedigree has been authentically deduced and is duly registered in the College of Arms. "Sir Robert Baskerville, K.nt. of Eardisley Castle, Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 153 in the Co. of Hereford, m. Agnes, dau. and heiress of Nesta dau of Rees ap Griffith, Prince of South Wales, and was s. by his son. " Sir Ralph de Baskerville, Lord of Eardisley in the time of Henry II. who m. a dau. of Drogo, brother of Richard Lord Clifford, and was s. by his son. "Sir Roger de Baskerville, of Eardisley, living in the reign of Henry II. who espoused a dau. of Rothes de Gros, Knt. Lord of Orcop, and was succeeded by his son. "Walter de Baskerville, of Eardisley, temp. Rich­ ard I. who was s. by his son, " Walter de Baskerville, who m. Susan dau. of Sir John Cregdon,Knt. and had three sons, Walter (Sir) of Eardisley, temp Henry III. who left two daus. his coheirs; Richard (Sir) of whom we are about to treat, and George, Lord of Lowton and Pickthorne, the second son of Walter. " Sir Richard de Baskerville, M. P. for the Co. of Hereford in 1295 and 1297, became Lord of Eardisley at _the decease of his elder brother. He m. a dau. of Sir -- Sollers, Knt. and was s. by his eldest son, "Sir Walter de Baskerville, Lord of Combe, who m. in the 26th Edward I. Sibill, dau. of Peter Corbet, of Caux: and dying about the 12th Edward II. was s. by his son, "Sir Richard de Baskerville, Knt. of Eardisley, M. P. for the Co. of Hereford in 1347, who m. in the 14th Edward II Jane or Joane, dau. of Sir Richard Poines, or Poynings, Knt. and was s. by his son, "Sir Richard Baskerville, Knt. of Eardisley, living temp Edward III. who m. Isabella, dau. and heiress of Sir Walter Paveley Knt. by whom be had a son bis successor. 20 154 The .Ancestry of John Whitney "Sir Richard Baskerville, Knt. whom. Joan, dau. of Adam de Everingham, of Lexington, and dying 16 Sept. 1395, was s. by his son, "Sir John Baskerville, Knt living in the reign of Henry IV. This gentleman m. Elizabeth, dau. and heiress of John Brugge, of Letton and Staunton, who had issue. John (Sir) his successor and Ralph, b. 21 Oct. 1410, who m. Anne, dau. and coheiress of Sir John Blackett, Knt. and left an only dau. and heiress Jane, m. to Simon Milbourne, of Tillington. Sir John Baskerville was succeeded by his eldest son, "Sir John Baskerville, Knt. of Combe, b. 12 Feb. 1403. In Sir Harris Nicolas's "History of the Battle of Agincourt," Sir John Baskerville is stated to have been in the retinue of Henry V.1 He m. Elizabeth, dau. of John Touchett Lord Audley, and dying 23 Dec. 1455, was s. by his eldest son, "Sir James Baskerville, Knt. of Eardisley, M. P. for the Co. of Hereford in 1476, and Sheriff 38th Henry VI. 4th Edward IV. and 14 Henry VII. He was made a Knight Banneret on the field, after the battle of Stoke, near Newark, in 1487, and a Knight of the Bath at the Coronation of Henry VII. He m. Kath­ erine, dau. of Walter Devereux, Lord Ferrers of Chart]ey, lineally descended from Edward I. and had "Sir Walter Baskerville, Knt. of Eardisley, Sheriff of Hereford, 9th of Edward IV. who was created Knight of the Bath on the marriage of Prince Arthur in 1501 and had " Sir James Baskerville, Knt. of Eardisley, who m. Elizabeth, dau. and coheir of John Breynton, of the Co. of Hereford, by Sibella dau. and coheir of Simon l It must have been this man's father if the date of birth is correctly given, for the battle was in 1415. Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 155 Milbourne, grandson of Sir John Milbourne by Eliza­ beth, dau. and heiress of Sir John Eynsford," &c. The descent of Katherine Devereux from the :first Edward was as follows:

Edward I. El~or, dau. of the King of Castile. 1 Humphrey de Bohun, Earl - Elizabeth. of Hereford and Essex. Lord High Constable ; killed at battle of Bor- oughbridge, March 16, 1321. Robert de Ferrers, 2d Baron - Agnes. Ferrers of Chartley. Sum­ moned to Parliament Feb. 25, 1342. - At battle of Crecy. Died 1347.

John de errers, 3d Baron = Elizabeth, dau. of Rolf, 1st Ferrers of Chartley. In Earl of Stafford, who had the wars of Gascony, 1350. a principal command in the Died April 2, 1367. van at Crecy.

Robert de Ferrers, 4th Baron - Margaret, dau. of Edward, of Chartley. Died March Lord Le Despencer. 13, 1413.

Edmund de Fen·ers, 5th Ba- - Eleanor, dau. and coheir of ron of Chartley, a partici­ Thomas, Lord Roche. pant in most of the great battles of Henry V. Died 1436. 156 The .Ancestry of John Whitney

William de Ferrer~ 6th Ba- Eliz:beth, dau. of Sir Ila- ron of Chartley, mon Belknap, Knight. 1 SirWalterDevereux,Knight = Anne, only child. Baron Ferrers in right of his wife. Killed at Bos­ worth Field, August 22, 1485.

Sir James Baskerville, - Kathlrine. Knight, of Eardisley, Knight Banneret, Knight of the Bath, &c. Through the Baskerville marriage, there£ ore, there came into the Whitney family, the second time, a strain of royal blood, the first having been through Constance, daughter of James Touchett, Baron Aud­ ley, before mentioned. In the Appendix is a chart, arranged by 0. E. Gildersome-Dickinson, Esq., of 12 Great Turnstile, Lincoln's Inn, London, a distinguished genealogist, which shows more clearly the intermarriages of the Whitney, Milbourne, and Baskerville families, and, incidentally, that, in addition to those mentioned, Sir Robert had in his " Impalement" the following arms, being almost without exception those of Nor­ man families that in their day played a prominent part in the history of England. Ledet, Gu, a fess dancette between 14 cross cross- lets or. Foliot, Barry nebuly of 6, ermine and gu. Reincourt, Azure a fess indented between 6 garbs or. De Morville, Azure semee delis fretty or. Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 157 Engayne, Gu, a fess indented between 6 cross crosslets or. Trivers, Argent, 3 bears statant in pale sa. Stuteville, Barry of 12, arg. and gules. Paveley, Az. a cross florettee gules. Sapie, Arg. on a bend gules 3 buckles or.1 By his wife Sybil Sir Robert had three sons and two daughters, viz., James and Eustace, who suc­ cessively succeeded to the estate ; Robert, who was the grandfather of John Whitney, the emigrant; Blanche, who married Robert Greville, and Elizabeth, who married John Bryce. He also acknowledged and brought up another son, William, who will be again mentioned. Sir Robert Whitney died, as stated in an inquest post mortem, on August 5, 1567. This inquisition is exceedingly interesting, inasmuch as it shows to what noble proportions the Whitney estate had grown, till it included eight manors, viz.: 1, Whitney; 2, Pencombe; 3, Ocle Pitcherd; 4, Kings Caple; 5, Icomb; 6, Boughroyd; 7, Comwich; and 8, Clifton, not mentioning leased land, of which, from the will of Robert of !comb, we have reason to suppose there was a considerable quantity. It does not appear how or when the new manors, Boughroyd, Comwich, etc., came to the Whitney fam­ ily. The name Ocle Pitcherd indicates its source, and that it was acquired by marriage is indicated by the British Museum pedigrees in the appendix. Sir Robert's descendants, therefore, undoubtedly have for an andestor Sir Miles de Picarde, a Sen.lac knight, who helped Sir Bernard Newmarch conquer

1 To this list there probably should be added1 Pycard, Gu, a fess or between 6 escallops arg; Delamere, arg. a. fess between 8 cinqs gu. 158 The Ancestry of John Whitney Brecknock, and secured great estates in Hereford­ shire, Wales, and the Marches. Sir Roger Pychard (Picarde) in 1222 possessed Straddewy, afterward known as "Tretower" Castle, .Almaly, Thurkellston, Bishops Stanford, Great Cowarn, and Ocle Pychard.1 The manor was held by the Whitneys as early as 6 Henry VI., 1428, for in that year "Robert Whytney of Whytney" was taxed for" one Knight's fee late of John Clanbowe in Ocle Picard." 2 Inquest port mortem. Chancery. 9th Elizabeth, No. 126. (1567.)

TRANSLATION. Co. Hereford-This Inquisition indented taken at Here­ ford in the County aforesaid the 18th day of September in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lady Elizabeth by the grace of God of England, France & Ireland, Queen De­ fendor of the Faith &c. the Ninth before George Wistham Esq. Escheator of our said Lady the Queen in the County aforesd by virtue of a brief by our said Lady the Queen to him the said Escheator directed, upon the death of Robert Whitney, Knight, deceased, This Inquest being taken on the oaths of James Gomond Esq, John Breynton Esq, John Dansey gent, Walter Walwyn gent, Thomas Pembridge gent, John Parry of Wormebridge, gent, Jenkin Figgyns gent, Thomas Mordediche, gent, William Perowe, John Thomas of Kyngston, Richard Dayneham, Thomas Detyns, and Philip Moore, who say upon oath that the said Robert Whitney, Knight, in the said brief named, was a long while before his death and at the time of his death siezed in his demesne as of fee of and in the Manor of Whitney & of and in twenty messuages 1 two hundred acres of [arable] land,

1 "The Family of Picard or Pychard," London, 1878. 2 See "Lay Subsidies of Hereford," in Record Office, Bundle J.8ij-. 3 Apparently the "messuages" were exclusive of the "two hundred acres," etc., and a similar thing is true of corresponding statements below. Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 159 twenty-eight acres of meadow, thirty acres of pasture, ten acres of woodland & of ten shillings rent with the appurte­ nances in Whitney & of & in the avowdson of the Church of Whitney in the county aforesaid. And the said Robert Whitney being thus so siezed sometime before his death, to wit, on the fourteenth day of October in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord Henry VIII late King of Eng­ land the thirty-eighth, as by his charter to the said Jurors upon the taking of this Inquisition as evidence shown Gave and Granted to Richard Seyborne for good counsel by him bestowed a certain annual rent or annuity of thirteen shil­ lings and four pence issuing out of all and singular his manors, lands and tenements in Whitney, Co. Hereford and Boughroyd, Co. Radnor, to have and receive the said annuity or annual rent of thirteen shillings and four pence to the said Richard Seyborne for the term of his life at the feasts of the Annunciation of the Blessed Mary the Virgin and St. Michael the Archangel by equal portions yearly paid and if it should happen the said annuity or annual rent of thirteen shillings and four pence be in part or in all unpaid after such festival or festivals that it should then be lawful for the said Richard Seyborne or his assigns in the land or lands either in whole or part to enter to distrain the issues and price of the said annual rent or annuity of thirteen shillings and four pence to the amount of the arrear or ar­ rearages if it shall please the said Richard Seyborne to have such satisfaction. And the said Richard Seyborne is in full life now residing at Sutton in the said County of Hereford. And moreover the same Robert some while before his death to wit on the fifth day of March in the year of Ed­ ward VI late King of England the first as by his charter bearing date the same day and year now exhibited in evi­ dence before the Jurors aforesaid Gave and Granted to one Morus Apowell one annuity or annual rent of forty shil­ lings a year issuing out of the Manors of Whitney and Oole Pitcherd and Boughroyd and of all and singular his manors, 160 The .Ancestry of John Whitney messuages, lands and other tenements and other heredita­ ments wheresoever within this Realm of England & Wales to have and enjoy and to receive the said annuity or an­ nual rent of forty shillings aforesaid to the said Morus Apowell and his assigns during the natural life of the said Morus payable at the Feasts of St. Michael the .Archangel and the Annunciation of the Blessed Mary the Virgin by equal portions and if it should happen that the said annuity or annual rent of forty shillings from any cause either in part or whole should be unpaid after such festival or festi­ vals that then it should be lawful for the said Morus Apow­ ell or his assigns out of the said manors or premises to enter any part of the said manors and other premises to distrain for the said rent as aforesaid and having so dis­ trained to take and carry away the said distraints to the value of such his rent of forty shillings or any part of the arrears till the same be paid. And the said Morus is sur­ viving in full life and now residing at Monmouth in the County of Monmouth. And moreover the said J u.rors say that the said Robert Whitney sometime before his death and at the time of his death was also similarly seized in his demesne and as of fee of and in the manor of Pencombe in the County aforesaid and of and in fifteen messuages, two hundred acres of [ar­ able] land, thirty acres of meadow, forty acres of pasture, half a pound of pepper and of and in forty pounds and forty pence rent with the appurtenances in Pencombe and of and in the avowdson of the Church of Pencombe in the County aforesaid, and being thus so seized the said Robert Whitney, knight, sometime before his death to wit, 15 May, 1565, in the seventh year of the reign of our said Lady the Queen at Whitney in the county aforesaid made and de­ clared his last will in writing and by the same his will amongst other bequests gave and devised to one Eustace Whitney his younger son one annuity or annual rent of six pounds thirteen shillings and four pence per annum issu­ ing out of and in his said Manor of Pencombe with the ap- ..... ~

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Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 161 purtenances in the said County of Hereford to have and to receive the said annuity or annual rent to the aforesaid Eustace Whitney for and during the whole term of the life of the said Eustace Whitney twice a year to wit at the feast of St. Michael the Archangel and the Annunciation of the Blessed Mary the Virgin in equal proportions. .And if it should happen that the said rent or any part thereof should by chance in all or in part remain unpaid after the said fes­ tival or festivals then it should be lawful for the said Eus­ tace or his assigns to enter the lands of the said Manor or any part thereof and distrain for such arrear or arrearages and carry off the distraints till the same be duly paid and satisfied. .And they say, moreover, the said Eustace is in full life now residing at Whitney aforesaid . .And also the said Jurors say that the said Robert Whit­ ney, Knight, by his said will gave and bequeathed to one Robert..;JYhitney 1 and then of his younger sons a like annu­ ity or annual rent of six pounds thirteen shillings and four pence a year issuing out of the said manor of Pencombe to hold &c. to the said Robert Whitney the younger for the term of his life with like clauses, conditions and distraints as to the said Eustace were granted as by the said last will now exhibited before the said Jurors as evidence appeareth. And moreover the said Jurors say upon oath that the said Robert Whitney, knight, sometime before his death and at the time of his death was likewise seized in his demesne and as of fee of and in the Manor of Boughroyd Co. Radnor and of and in six messuages, three hundred acres of [ara­ ble) land, one hundred acres of meadow, eighty acres of pasture and of and in three pounds rent with the appurte­ nances in Boughroyd aforesaid in the said County of Radnor. And also the Jurors say that the said Robert Whitney, knight, at the time of bis death was seized in demesne as of fee of and in the Manor of Olyfton in the county of War­ wick and of and in twelve messuages, forty acres of [ara-

1 The grandfather of John Whitney, emigrant.

21 162 Tke Ancestry of John Whitney ble] land, two hundred acres of meadow, three hundred acres of pasture and also of and in eight pounds rent with the appurtenances in Clyfton in the said County of Warwick. Moreover the said Jurors say upon oath that the said Robert Whitney, Knight, at the said time of bis death was seized in demesne as of fee of and in the Manor of Oom­ wiche Co. Somerset and of and in five messuages three hun­ dred acres of [arable] land, one hundred acres of meadow, eighty acres of pasture and of and in three pounds rent with the appurtenances in Oomwiche aforesaid in the said County of Somerset. And also the said Jurors say upon oath that the said Robert Whitney, Knight, a long while before bis death was seized in demesne as of fee of and in the Manor of Icombe in the County of Gloucester and being so seized the same Robert Whitney by bis deed indented bearing date the twenty-fifth of May in the seventh year of our said now Lady the Queen (made) between the said Robert Whitney by the name of Robert Whitney of Whitney in the county of Hereford, knight, of the one part and certain Henry Jones, Thomas Vaughan and Peter Vedle by the names of Henry Johnes knight natural [i. e. lawful] son and heir of Lady Mary Jones widow late wife of Thomas Jones knight deceased, Thomas Vaughan Esq. and Peter Veale gent, of the other part, gave, granted and confirmed to the said Henry Jones, Thomas V a_ughan and Peter Veale by the name of the Manor of Icombe one messuage, his houses, edifices and mansion in Icombe aforesaid with the appurte­ nances called Icombe Park and the lands, tenements, mead­ ows, pastures, feedings woods, underwoods with all his hereditaments whatsoever with all and singular the ap­ purtenances as have heretofore been accepted, reputed or taken to be part or parcel of the said manor of Icombe situ­ ate, lying and being in Icombe or elsewhere in the county of Gloucester to have and to hold the said Manor of Icombe and all the premises with all and singular the appurtenances Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 163 to the said Henry, Thomas and Peter their heirs and assigns forever to the use and behoof of her the said Mary for the term of her natural life and from and after the decease of the said Mary to the use and behoof of him the said .Robert Whitney knight and his heirs forever as by the said deed now before the Jurors exhibited plainly appeareth, and the said gift, grant and confirmation was made by force of a certain Act in the Parliament of Henry VIII late king of England in the twenty-seventh year of his reign at West­ minster touching uses &c. He is moreover seized of and in the reversion of a free tenement in Icombe aforesaid which after the death of the said Mary shall belong to James Whitney son and heir of the said .Robert Whitney, knight, the which Mary is surviv­ ing at Whitney. Moreover they say upon oath that the said .Robert Whit­ ney, Knight, at the time of his death was also seized in de­ mesne and as of fee of and in the Manor of Ocle Pitcherd and Kyngs Caple twenty messuages, five hundred acres of [ar­ able] land, two hundred acres of meadow and three hundred acres of pasture with the appurtenances in Ocle Picherd and Kyngs Oaple in county Hereford aforesaid and that the said Robert being so seized in all and singular the several man­ ors, lands and tenements aforesaid with the rest of the premises with their appurtenances died so seized after whose d·eath all the manors and other premises with all and singular their appurtenances descended and of right ought to descend and come to James Whitney Esq. son and heir of the said .Robert Whitney, knight, deceased. And moreover the Jurors aforesaid say that the said manor of Whitney with the appurtenances were at the death of the said .Robert Whitney, Knight, holden of the Honor of Kynton by knight service and valued per annum in all their rights beyond reprisals at XXXVI£ Vl8 VIIId. And that the said Manor of Pencombe with all its ap­ purtenances in the Manor of Pencombe with the lands &c. in Pencombe aforesaid were holden of the manor of Ewias by 164 The Ancestry of John Whitney fealty only and valued per annum in all its members at XVIII£. And the said Manor of Ocle Pitcherd with the appurte­ nances and all the tenements in Ocle Pitcherd were holden in knight service of our said Lady the Queen as of her Honor of Webley as the twentieth part of a knight's fee and valued per annum in all at XVI£ Vl6 Vllld. And the Manor of Kyngs Oaple and all the lands and tenements in Kyngs Caple at the death of the said Robert Whitney, knight, were holden of John Selenger, knight, as of his manor of Kylpeck by fealty and suit of the Court of the manor aforesaid and valued in all their members at VIP\ And the .Manor of Icombe with the appurtenances were holden of our Lady the Queen as of her manor of Slaughter parcel of the possessions of the dissolved Monastery of Zyon in free socage. And the said Manor of Boughroyd with the appurte­ nances in the County of Radnor and all the lands and tene­ ments in Boughroyd aforesaid were holden of our said Lady the Queen by knight service as the twentieth part of a knight's fee and valued per annum above reprisals at XII£. And the said Manors of Olyfton and Oomwiche were holden of others than of our said Lady the Queen, valued per annum beyond all reprisals at XXXVII£ as the said Jurors think. And the said Jurors say moreover upon their oath that the said Robert Whitney, Knight, held no other manors, messuages, lands, tenements, rents, reversions and services in the day that he died at Whitney aforesaid the fifth of Au­ gust in the said Ninth year of our Lady Elizabeth as afore­ said and James Whitney, Esq., son and heir of the said Robert Whitney, knight, is aged twenty-three years at the taking of this Inquisition. In witness of which thing, &c. Unfortunately, diligent search in the different ec­ clesiastical courts has thus far failed to disclose Sir WhUneys of the Sixteenth Century 165 Robert's will referred to in this inquisition. With the increased facilities for examining records, which, it is to be hoped, the future will supply, it is not im­ probable that some time it will turn up and give us much more information as to his family and estate . .A.s has been said, John, the emigrant, was the grandson of Sir Robert's third son, Robert, Jr.; so the remainder of the line of Whitneys of Whitney lack the interest, to the .American family, that at­ taches to ancestry. James Whitney, eldest son of Sir Robert, was born in 1544, and succeeded to the estate in 1567. Three years later he was knighted. In "A Book of Knights" by Walter C. Metcalf, London, 1885, is a list from an old manuscript, of "The Names and Armes of those that were advaunced to the honour­ able Ordre of Knighthode in the God.lye, quyet and fortunate reigne of Queen Elizabeth," including sr Robert Whitney dubbed at Wyndesore 1 anno 1570. and further down Sr James Whitney 1578. The records of the College of .Arms show that both of .these are mistakes. No Whitney was knighted in 1578, and no Robert Whitney in the reign of Eliza­ beth. James was the only one, and his date was 1570. In looking up this matter the interesting fact was discovered that Sir James, when he paid to the col­ lege the fees attendant upon knighthood, by some inadvertence was overcharged, and the mistake does not seem to have ever been rectified in the three

1 Windsor. 166 The .Ancestry of John Whitney hundred and twenty-five years since elapsed. The matter is therefore respectfully referred to the rep­ resentatives of Sir James's residuary legatee. In 1581, as commissioner, he collected the Lay Sub­ sidy, aud a facsimile of his signature annexed to a report is here shown. In 1574 he became sheriff, was reappointed in 1586, and died in office the following year. Though he never married, the knight's life was not without its romance, and there is even a suggestion that his celibacy was the result of disappointment in love. In the "Gentleman's Magazine" for 1847, commenc­ ing at page 484, there is printed an interesting col­ lection of Elizabethan letters relating directly or indirectly to Barbara, Countess of Leicester. This lady was the only daughter of John Gamage of Coity in Glamorganshire, Wales, born in 1562, and left an orphan at an early age, heiress to a great es­ tate. Her cousin, Sir Edward Stradling, of St. Do­ nats Castle, in the same county, was her guardian. Her hand was sought by a multitude of suitors before it was finally bestowed on Robert Sydney, afterward Earl of Leicester, younger brother of the celebrated Sir Philip Sydney. Sir Walter Raleigh intimated that her marriage was a matter of bargain and sale, and the correspondence bears out this idea. With a single exception, all the ambitious young men seem to have done business entirely with the guardian, and to have considered that the lady had no voice in the matter. Edward Popham wrote to Stradling in behalf of Sir Robert Lindsey, second son of David, Earl of Crawford. Sir Henry Johnes, of ..A.bermarles, in .. i_;_:

AUTOGRAPH OF sm JAMES WTTY'l'NEY, KNIGHT, JUNE 1, 11>81. Lay RubRldy Roll H: In tho rubllc Ro<'ord Otnec, Loudon.

Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 167 County Carmarthen, urged the claims of his son, afterward Sir Thomas J ohnes. Sir James Croft, a privy councilor, lord deputy of Ireland, and comp­ troller of the Queen's household, brought all his in­ fluence to bear in behalf of his grandson, Herbert Croft; while the Earl of Pembroke, the most influ­ ential man in South Wales, demanded the heiress for young Sydney, the brother of his countess. Meanwhile, Whitney, trusting apparently in personal qualities alone, was, as appears from the following letter, regarded as a dangerous rival:

To the right worn Sr Edward Stradling, Knight. Sr: I understand that Sir James Whytney hath byn in your country to gayne that which I would fayne haue, but what sucaesse he hath had I knowe not. Wherefore I am most earnestlye to pray you to take the paynes to wrytte unto me thereof, for the which curtesye, as I am already for a great many, soe shall I for this thinke my selfe excessively bounde to you. I hope I shall, ere yt be longe, see you, be­ ing bould to trouble you; those to whome I fynde my selfe behouldiug I knowe not how I may, but I woulde be right glad to fynd any occasion to deserve some parte of your curteseyes. Thus, hoping that you will contynue your fa­ vour towards me in this matter, I comytt you to God. From the Courte, this fyfth of July, 1584. Your kinsman at commaund in what I maye, Herb. Croft.

Later Charles, Lord Howard of Effingham, after­ ward the Earl of Nottingham, interfered in the mat­ ter, and the strife waxed so hot that the Queen herself took a hand. This we learn from a letter of Sir Walter Raleigh. 168 The Ancestry of John Whitney To the R. worshipfull Sr Edward Stradlinge, Knight. Sir Edwarde. Her Majestye hath now thrise caused let­ ters to be written unto you, that you suffer not my kins­ woman to be boughte and solde in Wales, without her Majesties pryvetye, and the consent or advice of my L. Chamberlayn and myselfe, her father's cosen germayns; consideringe she hath not anie niror kyn nor better; her father and myselfe came of twoe systers, Sir Philipp Cham­ pernownes daughters. I doubte not but, all other perswa­ sion sett aparte, you will satisfi.e her Highnes, and withall do us that curtesie as to acquaint us with her matchinne. Yf you desire anie matche for her of youre owne kynn, yf you acquaynt us withall, you shall fynde us res.dye to yeilde to anie reason. I hope, sir, you will deale hes.rein moste advisedlie ; and heerin you shal euer fynde us readye to re­ quite you in all thynges, to our power. .And soe with my verye hartye commendacions, I end. In haste. From the Courte, the XXVIth of September, 1584. Youre moste willinge frend W. Ralegh. ·-

With this went a letter of Sir Francis Walsingham, containing the Queen's command that the young lady be brought to court. But two hours before it reached Stradling he had yielded to the demands of the Earl of Pembroke, his feudal lord, to whom he was under such obligations that he could not venture to oppose his will, and the union with Sydney had been ar­ ranged. With the exception of Whitney, the unsuccessful gallants do not seem to have been deeply wounded, and soon fixed their affections elsewhere. Sir James died, at the age of forty-three, on May 31, 1587, having, on his death-bed, made the follow­ ing will: Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 169

THE LAST WILL OF SIR JAMES WHITNEY. Dated 20 May, 1587. Proved 16 June, 1587. (P. C. C. 38 Spencer.) In the name of God amen. The twentith Daye of Maye a thousand five hundretb eightye seauen. I, JAMES WHITNEY, of Whitney, Knighte, being sick in bodye yet of good and perfect remembraunce thanke be to Almighty God, Doe make, ordayne and constitute this my Last Will and testa­ ment in manner and forme following. First, I commend my sowle to the mercy of God my maker and redeemer. And my bodye to be buryed in the parishe churche of Whitney where my Father and other my auncestors are buryed. Item, as touching the Disposing of all suche Lands and Worldly goods as it bathe pleased God to blesse me with all I devise giue and bequeathe unto Eustauce Whitney, my brother, all those my severall mannors, Lands and Lord­ shippes of Whitney, Pencombe, Ocle Pitchard and Kings Capell, within the county or sheire of Hereford, Bougkrid and Tre­ mayne [Truman] within the County of Radnor, Icombe in the County of Gloucester, Clifton upon Dumnesmoore in the County of Warwick, and Comwiche in the County of Somer­ set with all and singular the Lands, tennements and inhere­ ditaments to the said mannors and Lordshippes and to every of them belonging with all and singular.the appurtenances to have and to holde unto the said Eustauce Whitney for terme of his naturall lyfe and after his Decease to his heires males and to all the heires males of his bodye Lawfully begotten. And for Defaulte of yssue male of the bodye of the said Eustauce the Remainder of all and singular the said Ma.n­ nors, Lordshippes Lands, tennements and hereditaments to Ge.orge Whitney, my uncle, and to the heires males of his bodye lawfully begotten; And for Default of suche yssue the Re­ mainder thereof to William Whitney, my uncle, and to the heirs males of his bodye lawfully begotten; And for De­ faulte of suche heires the premises with tbeire appurtenuces

22 170 The Ancestry of John Whitney to remain and to be to Thomas Whitney of Clyro and to the heires males of his bodye Lawfully begotten; .And for Lack of such heires the same to remaine to Thomas Whitney of Castleton and to the heires males of his bodye Lawfully be­ gotten ; And for Lack of suche heires the same to remaine to Richard Whitney brother to the said Thomas and to the heires males of his bodye Lawfully to be begotten ; And for Lack of suche issue the same to remaine to James Whitney of Clifford and to the heires males of his bodye Lawfully begotten; And for Lack of suche yssue the same to remaine to Frauncis Whitney of London gent and to the heires males of bis bodye Lawfully begotten ; And for Lack of suche heires male the same to remaine to Eustauce Whitney of Clifford and to the heires males of his bodye Lawfully be­ gotten; And for Lack of heires males Lawfully to be be­ gotten of the bodyes of all and euery the aforesaid persons then the same mannors and Lordshippes and every of them and all other the premises with theire appurtenuces to re­ maine to Quene Elizabeth, her heirs and successors Kings and Queues of this Realme forenr. Provided allwayes and my will is that if the said Eustauce Whitney my brother or any of the heires males of his body lawfully begotten or to be begotten or any heire male of the bodyes of any issue male of the body of the said Eustauce to be begotten or any other to whome the remainder of the premises is by this my Last will and testament limitted and appointed or the heires males of the bodyes of any the fore­ said person or persons shall Directly or indirectly publiquely or privately goe abowte indevour intend pg,ctyze or putt to use to make any feoffment levye any fine or suffer any re­ coverye or otherwise to make any Discontynuance in or upon the premises or any parcell thereof whereby the re­ mainders before by this my Last Will and Testament limit­ ted and apointed or any of them shall or maye be Dis­ contynued altered chaunged Debarred made frustrate or voyde, That then and so often the estate before Lymitted to any suche person or persons and the beires males of bis ~ t_:~ ~: .. :-.,_ . ;(• '.\)'.;f '.ly ~ ~:~i~\~;~:·;"?'. .·~i~'~ _,.;.. .. ~ •.,., .. ,.ti\: ,. ' ·:>S,~ , ){~r-, ·/ ;,---~- : .!--·<'.'... • f~j ! -~ -~

•j

TI-U1 PARISR CHURCH AT WTIITNIW.

WMtneys of the Sixteenth Century 171 bodye Lawfully begotten shall for so muche of the premises as is or shalbe intended to be alyened or Discontynued con­ trary to the true intent and meaning of these presentes shalbe and remaine to suche other person or persons to whome the same should or oughte to have remayned or come by these presentes and true meaning of this my Last Will if the same person or persons so intending to make alyenation or Dis­ contynuaunce as is aforesaid weare then Deceased withoute yssue male of his bodye Lawfully begotten. Item. I Demise giue and bequeathe unto Thomas Stephens of Whitney the yonger all my purchased Lands viz., Tal­ bodwyn within the Lordshippe of Peynes Castell within the County of Radnor. The third parte of the farme of ..4.berth­ lewne in the County of Brecon whiche I late purchased of Roger Vaughan of Hinton in the County of Hereford, gen­ tleman, And one yard Land in Oclepitchard whiche lately I purchased of one Thomas Knott To have and to holde all the said three Last recited parcells of Lands and Tene­ ments with all and singular theire appurtenuces to the said Thomas Stephens for and During the terme of his na­ tural! lyfe. And after the Decease of the said Thomas my will is that the same shall remaine to the foresaid Eustauce my brother During his naturall lyfe onely And after his Decease successively to all the heires males in the foresaid former entayle specified according to the true tenor and meaning thereof and upon suche condicions and limita­ cions as before are sett Downe, Limitted and appointed for the guyding and Directinge the estate and estates remainder and remainders of the manors and Lordshippes as is first mencioncd in this my Last Will and testament. Item. My will is that .Eustauce Whit·ney, my brother shall haue and enjoye all and singular the proffltts, emolu­ ments and commodityes arysing and coming forthe and owte of my Lease whiche I have of the Lordship of Clifford During his Lyfe time and after his Decease my will is that the same farme and the residue of the yeares in the said Lease conteyned and whiche then shalbe unexpired shalbe 172 The Ancestry of John Whitney and remaine to every suche person and persons to whome my said mannors, Lordships, Lands, tenements and heredita­ ments be by this my Last will and testament appointed to be and remaine after my Decease with the same and Lyke condicions and Limitacions as are herein mencioned for the limitacion of the inheritaunce of the same mannors, Lord­ sbipes, Lands, &c. Provided further that it shall not be law­ full for the said Eustauce my brother nor bis heirs males nor to any other the persons and heirs above named to alyenate sell assigne or surrender or forfeiete or sette lease otherwise than for tbeire natu.rall lyfe of everyone of them nor suffer the saide Lease to be alienated soulde assigned or surrendered forfeyted or sette Lease the terme of yeares there in ex­ pressed or any pa.rte or parcell thereof otherwise than is beforesaid. Item. I giue and bequeathe unto my sister Blanche Greuil the sum of one hundred pounds of good and Lawfull money of England to be paide unto her by mine Executors. Item. I giue and bequeathe to the fower Daughters of my said sister Blanche Grevill, viz., Anne, Blanche, Katherine, Dorotliye Grei·ill, one hundred pounds sterling apeece to be paid to them at the severall Dayes of theire marriages or within one halfe yeare after and next following. Pro­ vided that if any of the said foure Daughters happen to Dye before the solemnization of any of theire said marriages, That then the Legacye of her or them so dying to be equally devided amongst the rest that live and survive. Item. I giue and bequeathe to Foulke Grevill sonne unto Robert Grevill and Blanche my sister the some of one hun­ dred pounds of good and Lawfull money of England to be paid unto him when he shall come to the full age of one and twenty years. Item. I giue and bequeathe unto Alice Price my sister's Daughter nowe Dwelling in the howse with me the some of Foure hundred pounds of lawfull Englishe money to be paid unto her at the Daye of her marriage or within one yeare next after if so be that the said .A.lice is choosing of Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 173 her marriage and husband shalbe onely ordered Directed and ruled by the advyce counsel and agreement of the righte Reverend Father in God Marmaduke nowe Lord Bishopp of St. Davids and my uncle George Whitney. Item. My will is that my uncle Ge.Qrge Whitney, Julyan his wyfe and theire sonne George shall quietly and peace­ ably haue holde occupye enjoye and possesse the Lordshipp of Icombe aforesaid for and During theire naturall lives and the longer liner of them anything aboue expressed to the contrary notwithstanding, yielding and paying there-fore yearly threescore and six pounds thirteene shillings and foure pence of good and Lawfull money of England to my foresaid brother Eustauce Whitney and the heires above mencioned and expressed. Item. I giue and bequeathe to William Whitney the base sonne of Sr Robert Whitney, Knighte, one annu.itye or yearely porcion of twenty pounds sterling During his naturall lyfe or after the Deathe of Richard Syrell of Pencombe to haue in Lewe thereof the farme wbiche the said Richard nowe holdeth at his charge During his Lyfe. Item. I giue and bequeathe unto Blanche Whitney of Clifford my kinswoman tenne pounds sterling to be paid within one yeare after my Decease by mine Executors. Item. I giue and bequeathe to Harrye Price als Henry Price and Anne nowe bis wyfe and to the childe with the whiche the said Anne nowe goeth withall and is (gravida facta) twoe Fermes in Clifton whereof the one is presently in myne occupation the other in the tenure or occupation of one Margerie Frost a.ls Jordan and the twoe other tenne­ ments whicbe nowe the said Henry and Anne enjoyeth lying in the villages of Stowe, Millhaughe and Whitney, During theire three lives and the Longest Liver of them, They and every of them paying the olde anncyent and ac­ customed rent to my heires before expressed. Provided all­ ways that it shalbe lawfull for them and every of them to sett and lett the said tennements During theire lives. Item. I giue and bequeath to William Penkin the tene- 17 4 The Ancestry of John Whitney ment or farme which he holdeth of me in Stowe During his naturall lyfe paying the olde anncyent and accustomed rent for the same as before. Item. I giue and bequeathe unto Okarles Jones my ser­ uhte the grounde which he nowe holdeth of me During his naturall lyfe paying the olde accustomed rent for the same. Item. I giue and bequeathe unto Thomas Walwill of Hereford, Ohamboyes meadowe During his lyfe rent free and afterwards to my foresaid heires. Item. I giue and bequeathe to every of my householde serunts as well men as women (if my brother Eustauce will not entertayne them into his service or for to so many of them as he will not entertayne and kepe) three yeares wages apeece, The names of whiche servaunts are hereun­ der expressed with the sume of theire severall wages by the yeare uppon theire heades. Imprimis William Byrte forty shillings ; Thomas Patye forty shillings ; William Tumor forty shillings; Thomas Smith a1s Williams forty shillings; Roger Williams forty shillings; John Morgan twenty-six shillings eight pence; William Taylor, forty shillings; Thomas Brewar forty shillings ; Edward Hors­ man twenty-six shillings eight pence; Thomas Walter, Bayliffe, twenty-three shillings foure pence; Thomas Prich­ ard, thirty-three shillings foure pence; Thomas ap Owen • • • • • • 1 John Sheparde als Hall fortye shillings ; John Williams twenty shillings; Edward Ystauce twenty shillings; Symeon Abeynon, Watkyn Price twenty-six shil­ lings eighte pence; William Morgan referred to the executors; Robert Picke forty shillings and referred to the executors; Robert Price als Lycence eightene shillings; John Price my foote boye eighte pounds onely to be imployed by my ex­ ecutors to his proffltt; Dame Cooke forty shillings in all; Margaret Bradford eightene shillings. Item. I giue and bequeathe Margaret Richard two shil­ lings; Margaret Jones twelve shillings; Elizabeth Hall XI!s; Katherine Thomas thirtene shillings.

1 So in original. Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 175 Item. I giue and bequeathe to Marye Milnes Daughter to my uncle George Whitney twoe hundred pounds of good and Lawfull money of England to be paid to her within one yeare next after my Decease. Item. I giue and bequeathe towards the repa.raeon of the Cathedrall Churche of Hereford three pounds six shil­ lings eighte pence. Item. My will is that .Anne Edmonds, Henry Edmond and John Edmond her sonnes shall have and enjoye the tene­ ment they nowe holde and the keping of the boate with the proffi.tts thereunto belonging during theire three lives and the longer liver of them paying onely twenty shillings by the yeare to my foresaid heires. Item. My will is that myne executors hereafter to be named shall and maye after my Decease Demise and sett these three mannors and Lordshippes viz., Oclepitckard, Clifton and Oomewitche for three lives or fourscore yeares at the auncyent and accustomed rents and all suche fynes as they shall receive for and uppon my Demise to be by them made to reserve and take towards the payment and Dis­ charge of all my Debtes, Legacies, Annuityes and Funerall expences. And if there be any overplus of the saide fynes together with the moveable goods after my Debts Legacyes annuityes and Funeral! expenses Discharged Then my will is that the rest and overplus thereof be Delivered to mine executors. Provided allwayes and my will is that Eustauce Whitney my brother shall enter into bond obligation of tenne thousand pounds to myne executors and overseers not onely to fulfill and performe all the singular the con­ tents in this my last will and testament specified and con­ teyned but also to permitt and suffer all and singular my gifts, Legacies, Leases, grants and Annuityes to stand in force and to be performed according to the true meaning purpose and intent of this my Last will and testament. And further witball to suffer and permitt all and singular my serunts whiche bold any Land of me by Lease or otherwise peaceablye and quietly to enjoye and possesse 176 The Ancestry of John Whitney the same During the yeares and termes in tbeire said Leases and grants conteyned into whicbe bonde if my said brother Eustauce will refuse to enter or will not suffer and permitt all and singular the clauses articles gifts graunts annuityes Leases thing or things in this my Last will and testament specified to be performed accordingly by myn executors and overseers, Then my will is that my Uncle George Whitney shalbe my next and ymediate heire and that the saide Eustauce Whitney my brother shall reape no proffit or benefite by this my Last will and testament. But thereof and every parte and parcell thereof shalbe clearely secluded Disannulled and Exempted. And if my saide brother Doe refuse as is aforesaid Then Doe I hereby revo­ cate all my former Legacies to him or to any the yssues males of his bodye Lawfully begotten before bequeathed anything in this my Last will and testament conteyned to the contrary notwithstanding. All the Rest of my goods and chattells as well moveable as unmovable before not Demised given or bequeathed, I give and bequeathe to George Whitney and William Whit­ ney my uncles and to Rickard Skippam of London, my kinnesman towards the Discharge and payment of all my Debts Legacies Annuityes and Funerall expenses the whiche said George Whitney, William Whitney and Richard Shippam I doe make constitute and ordayne executors of this my Last will and testament to see the same truly and faithfully kepte fulfilled and performed according to my true meaning And Doe nominate and appointe the saide Reverend Father in God Marmaduke nowe Lord Bisshopp of St. Davids and the Worshipfull Mr. John Watkins Deane of the Cathedrall Churche of Hereford to be overseers of this my last will and testament. Item. My will and meaning is that this my present Last will and testament shalbe orderly Drawen and putt in writ­ ing according to Lawe and my true meaning by Counsell Learned in the Lawes of the Realme so that no poynte clause or thing whiche shalbe materiall therin conteyned Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 177 be altered and changed contrary to my intent and purpose whiche my meaning intent and purpose yf any Doubte or question shall happen at any time hereafter to arise I re­ ferree to be Declared and Deluded by the Right Reverend Father in God Marmaduke Lord Bishopp of St. Davids and the said Mr. John Wa.tkins and Mr. George Whitney my un­ cle or to any twoe of them. Item. My will is that all and singular sncbe plate as I have shalbe aud remayne to the howse of Whitney forever as standards never to be soulde nor removed the particular parcells whereof are hereunder specified, nominated and Declared. In wittnes wherof I have hereunto subscribed my name and putt my seale of armes the Daye and yeare of our Lord first above written viz. vicesimo May 1587. Item. If my foresaid brother Eust.auce Whitney will not sufi'er and permitt the foresaid Thomas Stephens of Whitney the yonger quietly and peaceably to enjoye and possesse all those my purchased Lands whiche by this ·my Last will and testament I haue given him During his naturall lyfe and according to the true meaning of this my last will and tes­ tament Then my will is and I giue and bequeathe and by these presents assigne and sette over unto the saide Thomas Stephens all that my Lease of the mannor or Lordshipp of Clifford with all my righte title or interest I haue or oughte to haue therein or thereunto with all and singuler the Lands bereditaments and appurtenances with all emoluments prof­ fitts and comodityes whatsoever to the same in any wise be­ longing or apperteyning During his naturall Lyfe paying therefore onely the olde accustomed rent Due by my saide lease unto suche as by the said Lease it is Due and the resi­ due of the yeares unexpired after his Decease my will is it shalbe at the disposicon of myne executors and overseers.

THE PARTICULIARITYES OF MY PLATE. Imprimis, one Bason and ewer of parcell gilte Item, one nest of gilte gobletts with one cover 23 178 The .Ancestry of John Whitney Item, twoe white bolls parcell gilte with a cover Item, one standing cuppe Dubble gilte with a cover Item, twoe greate saltes gilte with a cover to them 1 Item, one white gobblett. Item, one casting bottle gilte. Item, twoe gilte potts. Item, one pott parcell gilte. Item, one spoone bowle. Item, six gilte spoones. Item, seaven white spoones of Divers sortes.

TRANSLATION OF PROBATE,

Probate of the above written will was granted at London, before the Venerable Master William Drury, Doctor of Laws, Master keeper or Commissary &c. the 16th day of the month of June, 1587, by the oath of Francis Clerk, Notary Public, Proctor for George Whitney, William Whitney and Richard Shippam the Executors in the said will nominated, to whom was committed &c. well and truly to administer &c. being sworne upon the Holy Evangelists of God.

In the Record Office there are the fragments of parchments that were once the pleadings in a suit in Chancery, begun in October, 1595, entitled "Thomas Myll 2 vs. Eustace Whitney et al," brought to estab­ lish, in opposition to the foregoing will, another, made a week earlier. They originally consisted of the bill of complaint, the answer and demurrer of Eustace 'Whitney, and the answer of William Whit-

1 "The families of the nobles and gentry dined in the great hall with all the se~ants. Half way down the table stood a large salt-cellar of silver or pewter. Above this sat the master, his family, and guests; be­ low it were retainers and servants of all degrees; hence the expression, to sit above, or below, the salt." "Royal History of England," p. 244. 2 Married a daughter of George Whitney of !comb, uncle to Sir James. Whitneys of the Sixteenth Century 179 ney, uncle to the said James and Eustace. Much of the writing is destroyed by the rotting away of the material on which it appeared, but enough is left to explain why a second will was made. William, for example, makes this statement: And this defendante further sayeth that true yt ys that all the tyme of the laste sicknes of the saide Sir James Whytney whereof he dyed, wch this defendante taketh to be the tyme when the saide Sir James Wbytney did ftrste cause his laste Wyll and Testamente to be sett downe in Wry­ tinge, there was greate displeasure or dislike betweene the saide Sir James Whytney and the saide Eustauce Whytney. But afterwards and before the departure out of this lyfe of the saide Sir James Whytney he the saide Eustauce Whyt­ ney, by the medyacon of this defendante, beynge uncle unto both the said parties, was reconcyled unto the said Sir James. .After wch reconcyliacon he the saide Sir James V."hytney did [and here occurs a hole in the parchment]

The sums of money mentioned show that Whitney was, in personal property, to say nothing of his es­ tates, a wealthy man. "Foure hundred pounds," the amount given to Alice Price, now would only be equal to two thousand dollars, but then it was equiv­ alent to nearly or quite twenty thousand dollars. Such things are relative. It will be noticed that forty shillings was then the highest pay per annum that any of Sir James's men-servants received. In the fifteenth century haymakers received only a penny a day; laborers, three half pence; carpenters, two pence; and masons, three pence.1 In the reign of Henry VIII., beef and mutton sold for a half pen­ ny a pound, and veal and pork for three farthings;

l "Royal History of England," p, 155. 180 The Ancestry of John Whitney yet fresh meat was seldom eaten by the common people, and by gentlemen only from Midsummer to Michaelmas.1 In the beginning of the seventeenth century, when King J ames's translation of the Bible was made, it seemed proper enough, in the parable of the vineyard, to speak of the laborers as receiving each their "penny" for bearing " the burden and heat of the day." There is an interesting subject for speculation in the question, what finally became of those articles of plate that were to "be and remayne w the howse of Whitney forever as standards never to be soulde nor removed." 1 "Royal History of England," p. 224. CHAPTER VI

THE LAST OF THE WHITNEYS OF WHITNEY

Eustace Whitney, Sheriff, 1596; marriage and family. Sir Robert Whitney, knighted, 1617; Sheriff, 1639; officer in Cavalier Army at Worcester; marriage to daughter of Sir Thomas Lucy, and family, Constance Whitney's monument in St. Giles. Lucy Booth's mon­ ument in Hereford Cathedral. Sir Thomas Whitney, knighted by Charles II.; the last of the Whitneys of Whitney. Dispositwn of the estate ; chain of title ; present condition. Whitney Castle. Whitney Court,

USTACE WHITNEY, second son of Sir Robert, E succeeded Sir James in 1587, and held the estate twenty-one years. He married, somewhat late in life and after thus becoming head of the family, Margaret, daughter and coheir of William Vaughan of Glasbury. The births of all their children, except the eldest, are re­ corded in the Parish Register of Whitney. They were: 1. Eleanor, who married Sir Henry Williams, Knight, of Givernevett, Brecknockshire. 2. Joan, born September 15, 1591, who married John Wigmore of Lacton, Herefordshire. 181 182 The Ancestry of John Whitney 3. Robert, born September 23, 1592, who will be spoken of at length later. 4. Thomas, born July 28, 1594. Admitted June 22, 1610, to St. John College, Oxford. Eustace was not knighted, and, so far as appears, held but one public office, that of sheriff of Hereford­ shire in 1596. The old register contains these two entries, almost obliterated by time:

Margret wyfe of Eustace Whitney was buried 26 of July, 1606. Eustace Whitney Esq. was buried the 12 daye of July, 1608.

Robert Whitney, eldest son of Eustace, succeeded him when only fifteen years of age, and, when not more than eighteen, married Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Lucy, Knight, of Charlecote in Warwick­ shire. This was the same Lucy who prosecuted Wil­ liam Shakspere for poaching and was lampooned by the latter, in revenge, as "Justice Shallow." Accord­ ing to all other authorities he was a worthy gentle­ man. Charlecote is one of the most beautiful spots in England and an object of interest for all visitors to the Shakspere country. By comparing the pedigrees shown in the Appen­ dix with the Whitney register, we find that there were born to Robert and Anne no less than twelve children, viz. : 1. Constance, born about 161 O, and buried in St. Giles without Cripplegate, London, May 25, 1628, whose epitaph we shall have occasion to mention. 2. Lucy, born about 1610, who married, first, Wil-

The Last of the Whitneys of Whitney 183 liam Smallman, Esq., of Kinnersley, Herefordsp.ire, and afterward John Booth, captain of a troop of horse in the service of Charles I. during the Civil War. She was buried in Hereford Cathedral in 1673, and also had a monument and epitaph worthy of notice. A peculiarity of these mortuary records is that, ac­ cording to them, Constance and Lucy were each "eldest" daughter of Sir Robert. They certainly were nearly the same age a,nd possibly were twins. It is more probable that Constance was the first born, but, having been brought up from early child­ hood by her maternal grandmother, and having died forty-five years before her sister, she was forgotten when the Booth monument was erected. 3. Anne (probably not next in age), born February 8, 161~, who married, January 17, 1634, Thomas Rodd of Foxley in Herefordshire. The signature of Rodd is on the pedigree, shown in Appendix, which was registered in the College of Arms in 1634. 4. Robert, born April 10, 1615, who died before his father without. issue. 5. Francis, who died before his father without issue. 6. Richard, baptized February 6, 1621, who died before his father without issue. 7. Thomas, baptized January 6, 1622, who inherited the estate. 8. Eleanor, who married a Doctor Wright. 9. Susan, who married Henry Williams, Esq., of Cabalva, near Whitney. 10. Elizabeth, who died young. 11. Bridget, baptized October 11, 1629, who was buried at Whitney February 8, 1630, and 12. William, baptized October 2, 1631, who died before his father without issue. 184 The Ancestry of John Whitney Whitney received the honor of knighthood from James I. in 1617, and in 1639 was sheriff of Hereford­ shire. For a number of years he was, as had been sev eral of his ancestors, commissioner to collect a royal subsidy, and a photograph is shown of his signature made in that capacity, February 20, 1640-41. When the Civil War broke out, espousing the cause of the king with all his heart, he sold !comb and incum­ bered the rest of his estate to provide funds for it, and, as is said,1 bravely led a portion of the Cavalier forces on that disastrous day for Charles II., Crom­ well's "crowning mercy," at Worcester, September 3, 1651. Not long surviving the defeat, he died and was buried at Whitney September 15, 1653. As already noted, his eldest daughter had long be­ fore been laid beneath the pavement of St. Giles, where sleep John Milton, John Fox, Sir Martin Fro­ bisher and others of world-wide fame. Mr. Baddeley, in his interesting account of this church,2 thus de­ scribes her monument, a photograph of which is here shown: CONSTANCE WHITNEY, Buried May 25th, 1628. This very curious monument on the wall in the north aisle has given l'ise to much speculation as to its meaning. It represents a woman in her grave clothes rising from her coffin, and with hands outstretched receiving from a cherub on each side a crown.and a chaplet. It is no doubt intended

1 By Mr. Green, in introduction to "Works of Geoffrey Whitney." 2 An "Account of the Church and Parish of St. Giles without Cripple. gate, in the city of London," by John James Baddeley, Churchwarden, 1887. The Last of the Whitneys of Whitney 185 to be emblematic of the Resurrection ; but a legend has been handed down from one church custodian to another, that "it represents a woman awakening from a trance, into which she bad fallen, and in which state she had been buried. The Sexton in his desire to possess himself of a valuable ring she wore, cut her :finger to obtain it, and in doing so, awakened and saved her from a horrible death." It is further stated that she returned home to her husband, and became the mother of several children, but the fa.ct that the inscription on the monument states, amongst other things, that she died at the early age of 17, is surely inconsistent with such a tale. There is no date given on the monument, but the Regis­ ter's record is "Mrs. Constance Whitney, [Buried) May 25th, 1628." The title Mrs. or Mistress was not restricted then, as now, to married ladies.

The inscription, on the representation of a coffin, runs as follows:

TO THE MEMORIB Of Constance Whitney, eldest daughter to Sr. Robert Whit­ ney, of Whitney, the proper possession of him and his an­ cestors, in Herefordshire for above 500 years past. Her mother was the fowrth daughter of Sir Thomas Lucy of Charlecote, in Warwickshire, by Constance Kingsmel, daughter and heyre of Richard Kingsmel, surveiour of the Court of Wardes. This lady Lucy her grandmother soe bred her, since she was 8 years old, that shee excelled in all noble qualities becomminge a Virgin: Of so sweete proportion of beauty and harmonie of parts, Shee bad all sweetnesse of manners answerable, .A delightfnll sharpeness of witt, .An offensles modestie of conversation, .A singular respect and pietie to her parents, But religious even to example. :u 186 The Ancestry of John Whitney She departed this life most Cbristianly at seauenteene, dyeing the griefe of all, but to her grandmother an unre­ coverable loss, save in her expectation shee shall not stay long after her, and the comfort of knowing whose shee is, and where in the resurrection to meete her.

Her sister Lucy's monument, in Hereford Cathedral, was hardly less interesting. Thomas Dingley, the antiquarian, who compiled "A History from Marble," in the reign of Charles II., made a pen-and-ink draw­ ing of it, within a few years after it was erected, which, a few years ago, was reproduced, through photolithog­ raphy, by the Camden Society-fortunately, for, dur­ ing repairs in the cathedral, it was broken and its frag­ ments scattered. He described its location as " over against ye clock house on a side wall in a chappel part of the North of Hereford Cathedral," and showed a tablet bearing the arms of Booth (argent, 3 boars' heads erased and erected sable) quartered with those of Whitney (az. a cross cheeky or. and gules), and below it a larger stone with the inscription. Gosling, in his "History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of Hereford," printed in 1717, re­ f erred to the same as being "At the West End of the North Isle, on a black marble Tablet, enchased in white, rimmed with Gold and supported by two twisted Corinthian black Marble Pillars, on the Top two Angels trumpeting." The arms remained on the wall of the chapel, but the other stone was removed to the cloister, and its setting of" Corinthian pillars,"" Angels," etc., disap­ peared. There was no one to object to this act of vandalism till, in the summer of 1894, it was noticed by one of the American family, Hon. William Collins The Last of the Whitneys of Whitney 187 Whitney, of New York, who took steps to have the existing portions reunited in their original position. From the accompanying illustration a good idea may be gained of its present appearance. The inscription is in these words :

P. M. S. Lucire Booth (Filial natu-ma:ximoo Roti Whitney de Whitney Eq:Aurt! Et in primis Nuptus Gulo Smallman Armig datre) mrestissimus Conjux Johannes Booth Armiger erigi curauit

Hoc Marmor Non magis Prosapi! claruit quam Pietate excelluit cujus indubitatam Charitate erg! Pauperes dedit Tesseram Affabilitas erg! Omnes emicuit et Conjugalis Affectus in Ea fuit Specimen Patientia indomitam Morbi ferociam Superauit, et cum ad nouam Palrestram Sole exorto Vestes induisset Corpus Exuebat placideq in Domino dormiebat "t III N A A SSalut: 1673 OblJ on pr nno <. iEtat sure 64.

Pseuche The Sicke Diseased, Wearied and Oppreet Fly to the Graue for Refuge and for Rest Let then this sacred Earth my Body close And noe rude Hands its Quiet interpose Whilst I this Tabernacle of Clay forsake And to Elysium doe my Journey take But when The Trumpet a Retreat shall sound And peirce the Ca.uernes of this holy Ground These sca.tterd Ashes shall to Me repairs And re vnited equall Glory share. 188 The Ancestry of John Whitney

TRANSLATION. To the pious memory of Lucy Booth (eldest daughter of Sir Robert Whitney, of Whitney, knight, and :first married to William Smallman, Esq.) her most sorrowful husband, John Booth, Esq., has erected this monument. Her charity to the poor gave undoubted proof that she was no more remarkable for her illustrious lineage than she was for her fervent piety. She was courteous toward all and a model of conjugal affection. Her patience conquered the fierce fury of disease: and as, at dawn, she was girding herself for another day's strug­ gle in the battle of life, she put off mortality and peacefully slept in the Lord. She died April 5, 1673, in the sixty-fourth year of her age.

Thomas Whitney succeeded his father, Sir Robert. Charles IL, after he came to the throne in 1660, es­ tablished a new order of knighthood, to be known as "Knights of the Royal Oak," -in memory of his es­ cape, after the battle of Worcester, by hiding among the thick foliage of a tree while his pursuers passed beneath it,-and nominated Whitney as one of the charter members. Burke, in his '' History of the Commons," edition of 1836, gives a list of the knights with the annual income of their estates, that of Whitney being .£2000. Few were as large, and the indication is that, despite the impairment of his property, he was still a wealthy man. The order was afterward abandoned on ac­ count of the apprehension that it might perpetuatA the memory of dissensions in a manner that would endanger the safety of the kingdom. Sir Thomas married, in December, 1666, Elizabeth, lf.()NU'MEN'l' OP CONST.A...~CE WUIT:NEY. In Church of at. OiJOa, Witb<>llt Crl1111lega1~l. Lm1

SURROUNDING-A OP BOOTH MONUMENT. In Hcrefo:rtl Cal,hed.l'lll.

T ABLE'r rn 'MEMORY Cl'F' LUCY {WIDT.1'.""EY) BOOTJ!. In Horeford C~thudml.

The Last of the Whitneys of Whitney 189 daughter of Colonel William Cope of !comb, and died without issue in 1670, leaving four surviving sisters, viz.: Anne Rodd, Lucy Booth, Elinor Wright, and Susan Williams, and thus the family of Whitneys of Whitney came to an end. There is still in existence a document, written in 1690 by Robert Price, which sets out what, in his opinion, was then the condition of the title of the manors of Whitney and Clifford. The author was altogether wrong in his opening statement, for, as we have seen, Clifford was not acquired till the time of Sir James, who died in 1587, and the family of Whit­ ney had no existence before the Conquest. With the other matters he doubtless was personally familiar.

THE CASE OF THE M.ANNORS OF WHITNEY & CLIFFORD

IN THE COUNTY OF HEREFORD The Mannors of Whitney and Clifford, with all ye rents and farms belonging to them, were ye ancient inheritance and Patrimony of ye Whitneys, long before the Conquest, and have lineally descended to Sir Robert Whitney; who, hav­ ing several sons and daughters by Dame Anne Whitney his wife, did, by his deed of bargain and Sale of Release dated the 10th day of March in ye 16th year of the raigne of King James ye first, convey ye mannor of Whitney to himself for life, ye remainder to Robert his eldest son and ye heirs male of his body, ye remainder to ye second, and so to ye tenth son in tayle male, and for want of such issue to ye said Sir Robert Whitney and his right heirs forever. Sir R. Whit­ ney by Dame Anne his wife had issue, Robert, Richard, Thomas, Francis, Lucy, Anne, Elinor, and Susanna. Sir Robert died in the year 1652. Robert his eldest son dying without issue, in the life time of Sir Robert, Richard 190 The Ancestry of John Whitney and Francis dye without issue, Thomas marrying Elizabeth Cope, daughter to Colonel Cope of Icombe in the County of Gloucester, her levying a fine "Sur cona 1 • • • • • of the mannors of Whitney and Clifford in 1 . . • • • in ye 18th year of King Charles ye Second and then settled some part of ye demesne of the mannor of Whitney upon her for a Joynture. Afterwards in April, in ye 21st year of ye reign of King Charles ye Second, Covenants by deed executed to levy an­ other fine (out of the same land) and that was to Thomas Whitney for life, and as to part of ye demesne of Whitney, Clifford and Castleton Farm to Elizabeth his wife for her life and remainder to Thomas Whitney and his right heirs forever. As for the mannors of Whitney and Clifford and all ye messuages and lands of which 1 was before declared to ye use of ye said Thomas Whitney and his right heirs forever. Some short time after this deed and second fine Thomas Whitney died without Yssue whereupon Elizabeth his relict (and now the wife of Mr. Sergeant Geers) entered and now holds by ye second deed and fine; the manors of Whitney and Clifford and several farms, and ye reversion of Mrs. Whitney, now Geers, joynture descended to Lucy, Anne, Elinor and Susanna, sisters and heirs to Thomas Whitney who last died seized. 1. Lucy Whitney was married to Mr. Smallman and after­ wards to Captain Booth by whom she had 3 daughters and her fourth part of ye sayd copartenery is now in John Dut­ ton Colt and Thomas Stanley Esq. by those daughters. 2. .Anne Whitney married Thomas Rodd Esq., by whom she had issue Robert Rodd her only sou Thomas Rodd and .Anne bis wife dying, Robert Rodd in possession of ye fourth part of Whitney and Clifford bas issue three daughters, Lucy, Anna Sophia and Frances. Robert Rodd in con­ sideration of a marriage to bee had between Robert Price then of Lincoln's Inn, Esq, and Lucy Rodd and in part of

1 Illegible. The Last of the Whitneys of Whitney 191 portion, by deed dated 22nd of October, 1681, conYeys his fourth part of ye Mannors of Whitney and Clifford and all his interest in the estates of Thomas Whitney, deceased, to ye said Robert Price and his right heirs forever. 3. Elinor Whitney. She marryed Doctor Wright who by deed and :fine conveyed their fourth part to Constance Wil­ liams (now wife to Sir David Williams) and her right heirs forever. 4. Susanna Whitney marry'd Henry Williams of Cabalva, Esq., who are both dead, and Rickard Williams their son and heir inherited ye fourth part of ye said estate which is now descended to Thomas his Brother and heir. Thus the Title stands as to the Estate at Whitney and Clitford. I do not :find that Clifford was ever entailed either by Sir Robert Whitney or his son Thomas, and if it had, Thomas Whitney's fine and deed by which he placed the fee simple of his whole estate in himself has bar'd any en­ tayl as is known in ye family. Mr. Price having an absolute estate in the fourth part of ~nitney and Clifford (as appears by his afore-recited title) has sold this estate of his to Mr. Wardour by bargain and sale enrolled to which conveyance there is annexed a Schedule of Leases of part of the Estate. Two principal Leases Mr. Price has bought in and of the rest will procure copies very suddenly to Mr. W ardour's satisfaction. As the estate is of great antiquity in the fam­ ily and now expires more for want of the name than out of any necessity there is to sell it, there being but two debts, one a Judgment, another a Mortmayne made by Mr. Thomas Whitney and both under a thousand pounds, which do or can affect ye estate. If there be any doubt in any re­ spect as to the Title Mr. Price desires ye Querys may be sent to him to which he doubts not but to give a full and satisfactory answer.

NOTE.

The evidences of ye Estate are by consent of ye Coheirs of Whitney, lodged in ye hands of 192 The Ancestry of John Whitney 1 Sir David Williams, who has a fourth part therein. 2 A copy of Sir Robert Whitney's Settlement is sent up. 3 A copy of Mr. Thomas Whitney's settlement on his lady and both fines. 4 A Lease and Release being Mr. Price's marriage settle­ ment, ye original is sent up. 5 Mr. Penoyre's Lease of part of ye estate of Whitney. 6 Mr. Randall's Lease of part of ye Estate and assign­ ment of them both. Robert Price, March 10th, 1690.

Mr. Price does not seem to have had any know­ ledge of the entail created by the will of Sir James Whitney, which provided for the passing of the property to other male lines after the failure of that of Eustace, and in no case allowed it to go to females. Unless this entail was barred, which, as to Clifford at least, seems doubtful, Mrs. Rodd and her sisters, their representatives and assigns, never acquired any title except a prescriptive one based on adverse pos­ session. There will be occasion hereafter to note that about 1676 it possibly was disputed. The descent of Whitney and Clifford from the time of Mr. Price to the present day is said to have been as follows: By purchase, the interests of all the other heirs were acquired by Ann Sophia Rodd and her husband William Wardour. By the will of their son, who had built the present church in 1740 and the court in 17 45, it passed to a relative, Tomkyns Dew, and has since been vested in his descendants. At present (1895) it is held by trustees, in trust for a young child, Rosamond Clifford, daughter of the The Last of the Whitneys of Whitney 193 late Tomkyns Dew of Whitney Court, who died a few years since. To the Rev. Henry Dew, brother of said Tomkyns, rector of Whitney, and to his accomplished and hos­ pitable family, the writer is indebted not only for much of the foregoing information, but also for many other courtesies. The property has recently been o:ff ered for sale, and perhaps its present condition cannot be more succinctly stated than by quoting the advertisement in the " Hereford Times," June 3, 1893.

HEREFORDSHIRE.-WHITNEY COURT AND CLIFFORD EsTATE.-To be sold, either together or in parcels, this beautifully situated Freehold Residential Estate, practically in a ring fence, comprising a total area of 2,650 acres or thereabouts (of which 300 include valuable Woodlands, chiefly Oak and Larch), and Rights of Pasturage on Mer­ bach Hill, together with the Advowson and Rectory of Whitney and the Manor or Lordship of Whitney and Clif­ ford. The Farms are well let and of convenient sizes. The Castle of Clifford (famous as the birthplace of " Fair Rosa­ mund ") is situate on the property. The River Wye, which intersects the estate, affords a.bout seven miles of excellent Salmon, Trout and other Fishing. The Partridge Shooting is good. The Radnor and West Hereford Hounds hunt the district. Whitney Court is a very commodious Mansion, with Lodge, Gardens, and Stabling, and is within one mile of Whitney Station and Post-office. Clifford Place, a smaller Residence, makes a very good Shooting Lodge. Rentals, which are moderate, including £80 tithe rent charge, pro­ duce £3,600 per annum.-For particulars and plans apply to Messrs. J. R. Bridgford and Sons, Land Agents, 28 Oross­ street, Manchester; or Messrs. Glynne, Jones .and Jones, Solicitors, Bangor. 25 194 The Ancestry of John Whitney The site of Whitney Castle is indicated on the ordnance maps prepared by the British government, but regarding it, as Mr. Robinson in his "Castles of Herefordshire" remarks, "we can say little more than that there is no trace of a castle there now, but tradition asserts that, beneath the river, which changed its course in the year 1730, are still to be seen marks of masonry which might have belonged to such a structure. Certain it is that as late as 1675 the tower of a castle was, if not in existence, at least in the memory of those who dwelt beside it." As has been said, successive floods not only under­ mined the castle,1 but washed away the original manor-house, the rectory, the church, and the churchyard. There is still in use, however, a baptis­ mal font which was saved from the original church, an interesting relic, for from it doubtless was christ­ ened more than one child who afterward became the head of the Whitney family. Reference to the map will show that the channel of the Wye has shifted across the valley a full half mile. Originally the course was nearly straight from Clifford Common to Lockster's Pool, but the swift stream, deflected by striking the little hill on which stands Clifford Castle, ate away the bank and finally burst its bounds and went further and further to the north till it was stopped at the base of the wooded hills known as Rhydspence Plantation and Whitney Wood. When the railroad cutting at Clifford, about thirty

1 The castle was probably, like others in the neighborhood, on an artificial mound surrounded by a deep moat connected with the stream. This and the alluvial foundation rendered it particularly liable to be undermined. WH.fTNK\'." COT.TRT.

BAPTISMAL FONT. Snppoil(«i t.o h1rn• been !lllV'l!il from th~ ruins of the church built lly t-h<• Whitney,.,

WFUT.NEY· RECTORY..,

The Last of the Whitneys of Whitney 195 feet deep, was made in 1863, there were found all the way down layers of sand and leaves, four to twelve inches in thickness, deposited by successive :floods, and even birds' eggs, in perfect preservation, many feet beneath the surface of the ground. The present court, a photograph of which is shown, probably much inferior to the mansion that was the residence of the Whitneys, is supposed to have been begun by William W ardour,-the second proprietor of that name, who also built the present church, - and to have been added to according to the needs and tastes of subsequent lords of the manor. It stands close to the water's edge, and is a rambling, roomy structure, of no particular style of architec­ ture, but comfortable and not lacking in pictur­ esqueness. The only building in the neighborhood contemporary with the later Whitneys is Rhydspence Inn. The rectory, built by the present incumbent, is a beautiful modern building, commanding a view of the wide sweeping valley, with the chimneys of cot­ tages and farm-houses peeping from among the trees, and Merbach Hill looming up beyond. Intending visitors should secure hotel accommo­ dations at Hereford or Hay, from which Whitney can be reached, in a few minutes' ride by rail, several times a day. CHAPTER VU

COLLATERAL WHITNEY FAMILIES

The Whitneys of Coole Pilate. Geoffrey Whitney, Poet. Thomas Whitney of Hay, Soldier. William Whitney of Abergeoir, Soldier. John Whitney of London, friend of the .Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Whitney of London, Merchant Taylor. Walter Whitney of London, Plasterer. Sir William Whitney, Baronet. Thomas Whitney of Dieulacres, ..ibbot. Captain James Whitney, "High­ waym«n," Captain Thomas Whitney, "Pirate."

HE present work does not afford space for any T general account of the Whitneys of England as distinguished from those of the place that gave them name. Only a few can be mentioned before turning again to trace the ancestry of the emigrant. As the estates were kept together and descended through a line of eldest sons, the cadets in each generation, as a rule, had to seek their fortunes else­ where. Some were successful and made for them­ selves a name and position. Their descendants, how­ ever, were few, and in each place where they acquired real estate, the male line, after a few generations, ran out. All of these families can be traced to the common cradle of the race on the banks of the Wye. 1116 Collateral Whitney Families 197 The most important was that established, as early as the reign of Richard II., at the manor of " Coole Pilate," in the parish of Acton, near Nantwich, in the county of Cheshire. From it came Geoffrey Whit­ ney, a poet of no mean ability, author of "A Choice of Emblemes," and other works. He was born about 1548, probably in the family manor-house; was edu­ cated in the grammar-school at Audlem in the same county, studied several years at Magdalen College, Cambridge; was under-bailiff of Great Yarmouth, in Norfolk, from 1580 to 1586, and then passed over (probably in the service of his patron and friend, the Earl of Leicester) to Holland, where he studied at the University of Leyden and published his "Choice of Emblemes" in 1586. Though credited with three other works, this was his masterpiece. It consists of two hundred and forty-seven engraved devices, to each of which is appended an original stanza embodying a sentiment, a moral maxim, or a rule of action. It was highly regarded by his contemporaries, Peter Colvius of Bru.ges singing:

So shall this book on happy pinions rise Through lips of learned men its course to fly; My augury such : - high fame herself outvies, That never Whitney's praise may fade and die.

And John Allen of Baliol, Oxford, responding :

Geffry thy name subscribed with thy penn, Extractinge honour from the noblest men; For by thy Emblems thou dost moralize Fram'd Poems, titted for all human eyes. Refl.ectinge on the naturall state of man, Enviinge none, assistinge whome he cann, 198 The Ancestry of John Whitney Y ealdinge such frutfull rarityes that all Which Whitney knew may wittely him call Honor'd of men; what can thea.re more be said In givinge due, wheare due ought to be paid. Whearfore like Momus 'gainst him do not cry, Though Whitney 's dead His name shall never dye !

After his death, it was lost sight of and almost for­ gotten for nearly three centuries until reproduced in facsimile at London in 1866, with an elaborate in­ troductory dissertation and explanatory notes by the Rev. Henry Green, M • ..A..1 He died in 1601, leaving the following will, proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury at London:

THE WILL OF GEFFREY WHITNEY, gentleman. Dated September 11, 1600. Proved May 8, 1601. W oodhall fol. 33. In the name of God, Amen. I JEFFERY WmTNEY, of Ryles Green in the Countie of Chester, gentn, being sick in bodie but of sounde and perfect memorie, thancks be to god there­ fore, make and sett downe with my owne hande this my last will and Testament in manner and fonrme followinge. First I bequeath my sowle to Almightie god my Creator beseching him for the merritts of Ihesus Christe my onlie Savior and Redemer in his great mercie to receave the same into the congregacon of the faitbefull to live with him for­ ever. And for the burial! of my bodie to be at appointe­ ment of my Executor. And for such smale worldlie good es as the Lord hath blessed me withall my will ys they shalbe disposed as fol­ lowetbe.

1 The above poetical extracts are taken from Mr. Green's work. It will be noted that the second is an incomplete acrostic, GEFl"REY WHI. RITYI,;:,"''PENCE ...,,. . INN.

Collateral Whitney Families 199 First I bequeath to my brother Brooke Whitney the resi­ due of yeares yet remaininge in my Farme or lease which I hold of Richard Cotton of Cambermere esquier together with the deede of the same Lease and all my severall par­ cells of howsholde stuffe remaininge within my house there as allso eleven sylver spones a silver salte a tipple pot with silver and all other my goodes there and apparell whatsoever. Item I bequeath unto him my Dunne nag. Item I bequeath my Librarie of Books whole without dimishinge to Gefferie his sonne yf yt shall please God to indue him with learninge in the lattin tonge or else to anie other of sonnes which shall attaine unto the same; yf none of them prove a scholler then I leave and bequeath them to my brothers disposinge. Item I bequeath to him a trunck with Lynnen and ap­ parell together with my plate remaininge in the safe cus­ todie of my Cosen Jefferie Whitney of Draiton. Item I bequeath unto him all such debts as are due unto me by bond bill or otherwise. Out of which legacies so be­ queathed to my brother as is remembered my will is that he shall pay unto Joan Mills twentie pounds within one quarter of a yeare after my decease. Item to James Woodgate Tenne Poundes at his age of twentie yeares on this condicon that he applie himselfe to the gettinge of some arte or trade to live honestlie withal and not otherwise. Item I bequeath to my sister Eldershae five marks. Item to my sister Baron Fortie shillings. Item to my sister Evans Fortie shillings. Item to my sister Margerie twentie shillings. Item to Martha Colby ten shillings. Item to Charles Evance ten shillings. Item to Helen Evance ten shillings. Item to Marie Eldershae Fortie shillings. Item I bequeath my best ringe to my Ladie Nedehan. The second Ringe in goodnes I bequeath to my sister in lawe Mawdlin Whitney. 200 The Ancestry of John Whitney Item I bequeath my third Ringe to my Cosen Elizabethe Arnedell. My forth to my Cosen Mills. My sea.le Ringe to my Cosen Geffery Whitney. And my Brooche to my Cosen Walter Whitney. Item I bequeath to my brother Eldershae my gowne and fustian dublett. Item to Edmond Eldershae another of my dubletts with a paire of best breeches and a pa.ire of nether stocks. And for the performance of this my will, I nominate and appointe my brother to be my sole executor. In witnes whereof I have subscribed to theise presents the eleventhe daie of September Anno Dni one thousand six hundred and in the two and fortethe yea.re of the Raigne of our gracious soveraigne La.die Queene Elizabeth. By me GEFFERY WHITNEY.

Witnesses hereunto Angell Baron, Walter Whitney, John Browne.

Among the wills proved in the Prerogative Court 1 are several other interesting ones of Whitneys, who, though they died outside of Herefordshire, unques­ tionably belonged to the main Whitney family. The following are abstracts of a few. of them :

THOMAS WHITNEY, of Hay, in Brecon, Wales. Will dated May 16, 1544; proved February 18, 1545. Being about to go to war. Wife Elizabeth. Son, and heir apparent, William. Son, James. Daughters, .Alice and Elizabeth. Father-in-law, William David. WILLIAM WHITNEY, of Abergeoir in Brecon, Wales. Will dated July 1, 1558; proved May 3, 1563. About going to war towards New Haven. Son, William. Brothers, James and John. Sisters, Eleanor, Margaret, and Elizabeth. Father-in-law, William Vaughan. Speaks of a bond given

1 Copies of such willa a.re now to be seen at Somerset House, London. Collateral Whitney Families 201 by him to James Whitney, of Cli.:fford, and Richard Whit­ ney, of Hardwick. JEFFREY WHITNEY, of London, Citizen, and Merchant Taylor. Will dated October 20, 1602; proved February 8, 1602-3. Sister, Katharine, wife of John Cartwright, of Drayton-in-Hales, in Shropshire, and their children, Jeffrey, John, Jane, and Mary. Brother-in-law, Edward Mauncell. Brother-in-law, William Yeadley. Sister, Yeadley. Late partner, Master William Webbe, Citizen, and Merchant Taylor, of London.

The foregoing extracts were published by the late Henry Austin Whitney in his "Memoranda relating to Families by the Name of Whitney in England," and he adds another, from the Commissary's Court in London, of the will of a relative of the "Embleme" writer:

WALTER WHITNEY, Citizen, and Plasterer, of London. Will dated July 25, 1608; proved August 11, 1608. De­ sires to be buried in the church of St. Bridget, alias St. Brides, where he is a parishioner. Bequeaths to the poor of St. Brides 40s. To his mother, Jane Grinsell, the new wife of John Grinsell, £6, 13s. 4d. To his brother Thomas Whitney, dwelling at York, £6, 13s. 4d., and one jewel of gold that was given to testator by his cousin Jeffrey Whit­ ney. To his brother Thomas Grinsell, of London, Iron­ monger, £6, 13s. 4d., and his best cloak or a mourning cloak, at his choice, and his best Fla.nders hose. To the company of Plasterers, 40s. for a repast or supper after his burial. To his cousin Arundel, a book ; and to cousin Elizabeth Arundel, his wife, a book of Emblems; and to their six children, each 5s. in gold. To Blkabetk Whitney, 5s. Several bequests of apparel and household std, and a musical instrument called a, gittern. Appoints his wife Margaret executrix. 26 202 The .Ancestry of John Whitney In the Prerogative Court also was proved the will of John Wbitney, a friend of the Archbishop of Canter­ bury, who evidently died a bachelor.

THE WILL OF JOHN WHITNEY,

OF ST. SEPULCHRE, LONDON, GENTLEMAN. Dated 21 May 1597. P. C. C. 46 Cobham.

In the name of God amen The one and twenteth day of May in the nine and thirtieth yeere of the raigne of or Sowaigne Lady Elizabeth by the grace of God Queene of England Fraunce and Ireland Defender of the faith &c I JOHN WHITNEY of London, gentleman, being sick in body but of good and pfect minde and memory (laude and praise be geven to Almightie god therefore), Doe make and declare this my last will and testament in manner and fourme fol­ lowing that is to Say First and principally I commend my Soule and Spirite into the hands of Almighty god my heavenly father, assur­ edly trusting through the death and passion of his deere sonne or lorde and Savyoure Christ Jesus, to obtaine remis­ sion of all my sinnes & offences. And my wretched body I committ to the earth in hope of a joyful resurrection the same to be buryed in decent manner according to the dis­ cretion of Myne Executor and over Seer heereafter named. And as touching the distribucon of such mortall goods as god bath blessed and endued me wthall I gene and be­ stowe the same in manner and fourme following that is to say first and principally I will that all such debtes as I shall owe to any pson or :psons at the tyme of my decease shalbe duly and truly paide and satisfied wtbin convenient tyme after my decease. Item I geue & bequeath to the most Reverend father in god JoHN by the puydence of God Archbishop of Canter­ bury my very good lorde and mre my ring of gould set wth a turquoys in tokenn of my good will towardes his grace. Collateral Whitney Families 203 Item I geue and bequeath unto my Nephewe Eustace Whitney of Clifford in the County of Hereford Esquier forty poundes of lawfull mony of England and my case of pistoles with a touch box of latten a horne :fla.ske and a moulde for pellet. Item I gene and bequeath to my Cosen James Whitney sonne of the saide Eustace, the some of forty poundes of lawfull mony of England and my chaine of goulde waying nine ounces lacking three pence waight and contayning by estymacon three hundred fourescore and seaventeene linkes of french Crowne goulde. Item I geue and bequeath to the said James Whitney to and for the only and pro,p use and behoofe of the same James & of his executors and assign es all that my lease in. tereste terme of yeeres and demaunde wth at the tyme of my decease I shall maie might or ought to have to of and in the Rectorie and tietbs of Clifford in the said County of Hereford wth thappurtenaunces and every or any pa.rte thereof. Item I gene and bequeath to my loving freende Henry Maylord my fetherbedd, boulster, pillowes, Twoo Spanish blanckette, and twoo Cadowes. Item I geue and bequeath to Elizabeth Dicke my Chest, And to Joane Newman my Cupbourde, And to Richard Wrighte fourtie Shillinges in monny. Item I make & ordaine the saide James Whitney the sole and only Executor of this my last will and testament To whome I geue and bequeath the resydue of my goods not herein bequeathed after my debtes paide my funeralls discbardged and this my last will and testament pfourmed And over soer of this my last will and testament I make & ordaine my loving freend Richard Watkins of london Sta­ eoner to who me for his pain es in this behalf to be takenn I geue and bequeath the some of ftue poundes. And to my Cosen Thomas Whitney of Clifforde I geue and bequeathe the some of thirty shillings to buy him a Cloke. 204 The .Ancestry of John Whitney In witnes whereof hereunto I haue Set my hand and seale yeaven the day and yeere first above written. A CODICILL. Item. I geue and bequeath to Mris Ellen King, in recompence of such somes of mony and duties as I owe unto her, the some of twenty and one poundes. "JOHN WmTNEY

"Sealed and delivered in the pee of Willm Maylerd Chris­ tofer Stafell. "Proved at London 25 May 1597 by James Whitney the sole Exr,"

When the monasteries were suppressed it is re­ corded that a Thomas Wbitney was abbot of Dieu­ lacres. There was also, for some time after the Wbitneys of Whitney became extinct, a knightly family of con­ siderable wealth in Clyro, in the Welsh county of Radnor, established by Sir William Whitney, Bar­ onet, in the reign of James I. Quite a number of the name, in addition to those that have been identified in the foregoing pages, are found among the graduates of Oxford and Cam- bridge. . And the list would not be complete without men­ tion of two "Captains," men of the greatest vigor and ability, who suffered from being born too late, and were condemned for doing what, in earlier times, would have gained for their ancestors only praise. They were "Captain" James Whitney, the "gentleman highwayman"-a prototype of Captain Tom Faggus in Blackmore's famous " Lorna Doone " - and Cap­ tain Thomas Whitney, the "pirate." Macaulay calls the former "the most celebrated Collateral Whitney Families 205 Captain of banditti in the Kingdom." The latter is not so well known. He was the captain of the ship" Encounter," the largest of Sir Walter Raleigh's fleet, in his last disas­ trous voyage in search of "El Dorado," and was re­ ferred to, in a letter of his commander, as" Whitney, for whome I sold my plate at Plymouth, and to wbome I gave more creditt and countenance than all the Cap­ tain es of my fleete." 1 Raleigh also, in his "Apologie" for his voyage to Guiana, in explaining the difficulties and delays in fitting out the expedition, alludes again to the plate incident, saying n Captaine Whitney, whome I also stayed for, had a third part of bis victuals to provide; inasmuch as having no money to help him withall I sold my Plate in Plymouth to supply him." The defeat of Raleigh's company in a collision with the Spaniards, and the failure of his search for gold, cost him his head. Whitney did all he could to per­ suade him not to return to England till he had some­ thing with which to satisfy the greedy king, and, when he could not influence him, stayed behind. As Steb­ bins puts it,2 " The collapse at St. Thom 3 shook the faith of his (Raleigh's) Captains in him. Henceforth they expected him to prefer their wisdom to his own. vVbitney and Wollaston planned the plunder of home­ ward-bound Spanish ships. They would have liked him to abet them. They warned him that he was a lost man if he returned to England. When they could not persuade him, they resolved to go off by them­ selves. At Grenada they carried their intention into

l Edward's " Life of Raleigh," vol. ii, p. 362. 2 "Life of Sir W. Raleigh," p. 325. a St. Thomas, on the Orinoco, in" Guiana" (Venezuela). 206 The Ancestry of John Whitney effect. Mr. Jones, the Chaplain of the Flying Chud­ legh, says Raleigh authorized any captain to part if he pleased as the aim of the voyage could no longer be accomplished." Edwards says that " the precise circumstances are obscure. But both men (Whitney and W ollaston) were bent alike on wreaking some vengeance upon the Spaniards for what they had suffered in the fruit­ less expedition, and on carrying home some booty to compensate their losses." Just what became of Captain Whitney is uncertain, but while searching the mortuary registers of St. Margaret's Church, Westminster,-where Raleigh's headless body was buried in 1618,-for information, given in detail in the following chapter, there was found the following, which probably indicates that his final resting-place was beside his old friend and commander. 1621, June 13, Capta.ine THOMAS WHITNEY.1

l This may have been the Thomas, born in 1594, younger brother of the last Sir Robert Whitney, who entered Oxford in 1610. Administra­ tion on his estate was granted June 20, 1621, to Frances Whitney, his widow. CHAPTER VIII.

THE ANCESTRY OF JOHN WHITNEY.

Bobert, third son of Sir Robert Whitney. Thomas Whitney of West­ minster, son of Robert; his marriage, children, cuath, and estate. John Whitney, son of Thonias, shown to haf!e been the emigrant by the records of the Merchant Taylors Company. Life of John Whit­ ney, Puritan Emigrant.

CONTEMPORARIES, Persons. E1Jent.s. Queen Elizabeth ...... 1558-1603 Settlement of Jamestown ..• 1607 King James I...... 1603-1625 Settlement of Plymouth . . . . 1620 King Charles I...... 1625-1649 First Newspaper in England 1622 The Commonwealth, Settlement of Boston...... 1630 etc...... 1649-1660 Battle of Edgehill ...... 1642 King Charles II...... 1660-1685 Batt-le of Marston Moor. . . . . 1644 Raleigh ...... b. 1552, d. 1618 Battle of Naseby ...... 1645 Shakespeare ..... b. 1564, d. 1616 Execution of Charles I. . . . . 1649 Ba.con ...... b. 1561, d. 1626 Battle of Worcester ...... 1651 Cromwell ...... b. 1599, d. 1658 Plague in London ...... 1665 Milton ...... • b. 1608, d, 1674 Great Fire in London...... 1666

HE investigations made by the late Henry Aus­ T tin Whitney of Boston, about thirty years ago, disclosed that John Whitney, the first of the name to come to America, embarked at the port of London, in the spring of 1635, with his wife Elinor and his sons John, Richard, Nathaniel, Thomas, and Jona- 201 208 The .Ancestry of John Whitney than. Also that the two elder children were born at Isleworth, a parish on the Thames just above London.1 It has also long been known that the emigrant from the start assumed a position of prominence in Watertown, where he settled, and filled acceptably for many years public offices, in connection with which he left documentary records which show him to have been a man of education. The conclusion naturally followed that his birth­ place was in or near London and that he sprang from a family of good social position, but no definite informa­ tion on either point has heretofore been obtainable. As it is believed that the records about to be cited will forever set at rest any question as to his origin, they will be discussed with considerable detail. The pedigree in the College of Arms mentions Robert, third son of the Sir Robert who died in 1567 and brother of Sir James and Eustace; and we have already seen that in an Inquisition, taken after his father's death, the jurors reported that '' the said Robert Whitney, Knight, by his said Will, gave and bequeathed to one Robert Whitney, and then of his younger sons, a like annuity or annual rent of six pounds thirteen shillings and four pence a year, issu­ ing out of the said Manor of Pencombe, to hold &c. to the said Robert Whitney, the younger, for the term of his life." If we had this will in full we would probably know where Robert, Jr., lived. As it is, we can only con-

1 See "A Brief Aooount of the Descendants of John and Elinor Whitney;" also "Memoranda relating to Families by the name of Whitney," etc., in library of New England Historical and Genealog­ ical Society, Boston, Mass. ~".:/. .-:;•~~-~--\!~? ---~~.;;; t}/~7~1!:}~;~~.:>~:·.:->.:· i..:: .. ,;-· ;., .., ~;;;.:'.:~·.-" lf*"'

.. Ill:-:-::-.._._, ...... - AUTOGRAPH OF SIR ROBERT WHITNEY, KNIGHT, FEBRUARY 20, 1640(41). Ll\y BubRl,ly Roll H;: in tbc Publio Record omc-,, Loruton.

The .Ancestry of John Whitney 209 jecture that it was in Gloucestershire, from the fact that the Heralds' Visitation of that county, in 1623, found in Harleian Manuscript No. 1041 (see Appen­ dix), gives his marriage and children as follows :

Robert Whitney _ Sibill, d. to Sir James ~---~1 Baskerville. Robert Whitney Elizabeth, d. to Morgan ap I Gwillims. WilllI·am ThomasI R'1c h Iar d N'1c hll o as .w.argare·u· I t A nneI The same list of his sons and daughters is given in the Visitation of London for 1634, printed in publi­ cations of the Harleian Society, Vol. XV, at page 157; in the printed Visitation of Herefordshire, Weaver's Ed., at page 75; and in the Visitation of Herefordshire, Harleian Manuscripts, in British Mu­ seum, No. 1159, folio 65; No. 1140, folios 65, 66; and No. 1545, folios 68, 69. Another of ·the Harleian Manuscripts, No. 1442 (see Appendix), gives a line of descent from this Thomas Whitney as follows: Folio 66. . Sr Robert Whitney of Whitney, Kt. I Sir JJmes Euslwe Robt. Wh~tney 3 sonn of Sr Robert Whitney Kt. Tko. WkiJney of Westminster Robert w'iiitney of Westminster j John Whitney aet. 38, ano. 1676. 27 210 The Ancestry of John Whitney Folio 67. Robert Whitney 3 sonne of Sr Robert Whitney, Kt. Thomas hitney of Westminster, Gent. Robert Whitney! of Westminster mar. Mary da. of John Towers of Shropshire. John Whitdey, claimeth to be heire male of the whole Family.

The fact that "Thomas Whitney, Gent," lived at Westminster attracts our attention, for Westminster, being part of what is now popularly known as the city of London 1 and close to Isleworth, is in the neighborhood where we may expect to get track of the emigrant, and the possible advantage of investi­ gating him appears greater from the fact that he had a grandson "John," not the Watertown John,-for it appears that this one was born in 1638, three years after the emigration,-but possibly his namesake. Turning to the available records relating to the city of Thomas's residence, we find, first, a marriage license, by the dean and chapter of Westminster, of which the following is a translation:

The 10th day of the Month of May, 1583, there issued a license for the solemnization of Matrimony between Thomas Wkytney of Lambeth Marsh, gentleman, with Mary Bray, daughter of John Bray of Westminster, taylor, to be cele-

l!n the seventeenth century London and Westminster were distinct municipalities lying side by side. Westminster .Abbey was a.bout two miles from the Guildhall, London. The Ancestry of John Whitney 211 brated at any time in the year, Lent expected, and a bond is drawn up.

Lam beth Marsh is a name still applied to the re­ gion at the Surrey end of Westminster Bridge. Here was and still is the Palace of the .Archbishop of Can­ terbury. The incumbent at that time was the one to whom, as we have seen, a John Whitney, in 1597, willed his "ring of gould set wth a turquoys." This has suggested to some the idea that his Grace may have been a patron of young Thomas. The marriage took place in St. Margaret's Church, now under the charge of Archdeacon Farrar, which stands by the famous Abbey. The record in the register is:

May 12 Dai 1583, Thomas Whiteney to Mary Bray.

From the St. Margaret Registers, kept by the officiating clergyman, it appears that they had the foil owing children : 1. Margaret, baptized October 18, 1584, and ap­ parently named after an aunt. There is, in these registers, no record of her death, but the parish ac­ counts for 1604-5, kept by the church wardens, state that money was received for " Margaret Whitney's grave." Inasmuch as these two classes of records as a rule agree, the indication is that she died in some other parish, where the funeral service was held, and was brought home afterward for interment. The register of Isleworth, seven miles from Westminster, has this among its death records:

January 12, 1604, 5, Margaret, ye daughter of Thomas Whitneye. 212 The .Ancestry of John Whitney As no such person was ever baptized at Isleworth and not the slightest evidence can be found that any Thomas Whitney lived there, it is pretty obvious that we have, in the last-mentioned entry, an explanation of the peculiarity of those at Westminster. The sug­ gested connection between Westminster and Isle­ worth is to be borne in mind in reading what follows. 2. Thomas, named for his father, baptized July 25, 1587; buried August 19, 1587. 3. Henry, baptized November 11, 1588; buried Jan­ uary 4, 1588-89. 4. Arnwaye, baptized February 2, 1589-90; buried August 11, 1591. The origin of this peculiar name is suggested by a monument to a person living at these dates, still to be seen in St. Margaret's, inscribed:

Interred here in graue, doth Thomas Arnwaye Lye, Who in his life tyme loued the Poore & in that loue did dye, For what he left, to Helpe the Poore; HE did devise the same, Not idlell Folke, but such as woulde them selfs to Goodness frame, The Thriftie peopell by bis will that in this parishe dwell Fyue poundes for ther comforte may haue if yt they use it well From yeare to yeare if carefullie they looke unto their charge, Of such men as this Arnwaye was God make the number large.

5. JoHN, named probably for either his maternal grandfather or the friend of the archbishop before mentioned,-possibly for the archbishop himself,­ baptized July 20, 1592. This is about the date at which we would naturally conclude a man was prob­ ably born who, like the emigrant, had a child in 1619. The Ancestry of John Whitney 213 6. Nowell, baptized October 30, 1594; buried Feb­ ruary 28, 1596-97. 7. Francis, baptized January 27, 1598-99, died in Westminster in August, 1643. 8. Mary, named for her mother, baptized August 2, 1600; buried August 8, 1600. 9. Robert, named for bis paternal grandfather, baptized November 10, 1605. This was the Robert mentioned in the pedigrees above cited who, accord­ ing to one of them, had the son John born in 1638. This enables us to identify him with the Robert Whitney mentioned in the registers of the parish of St. Peter's, Cornhill, London, who had a son John baptized there February 10, 1638, and other children, Thomas, Richard, Robert, and Margaret, and was buried there in 1662, the record of the last being 1662 Aprill 3. Robert Whittney, Marckaunt Taylor, pitt in the east yeard. All the children of Thomas of Westminster are thus accounted for, except John. Of Thomas's life little can be learned. In his day there was scarcely anything at Westminster except the abbey and the court. He was a "gentleman" and, as we shall see, in comfortable circumstances, so it is not unreasonable to suppose that he had some governmental position. He paid taxes, as appears from a certificate, made in 1611, of which the following is a copy: Certificates of residence (Bundle 16) letter W. Midd. Wee whose names are heere underwritten Ooiiiissionn' of or Sov'aigne Ld : the Kinges Ma.tie wthin the cittie and libties of W estmins. and the Dutchie of Lane, for the 214 The .Ancestry of John Whitney tax.inge levynge and collectinge of the second payment of one subsedye graunted by the laitie to the Kinges Matie at the J>liament holden in the Vllth yeare of his highnes' Raigne, doe certifie to the right hoble the Ld. Trer and to the Barons of the Exchequier and to all other his Ma.tie officers and Comission's to whome it shall ap,ptaine. That Thomas Whitney of the pishe of St. Margarett in W estmr aforesayd was taxed and assessed at the second payment of the sayd subsidie in the sayd pishe of St. Margarett in W estmr where be was most conv'sant and residant wth his familie and houshold at the tyme of the taxaton and p'sentment of the sayd subsidie and for the most _pte of the yeare next before and hath made payment accord­ inglie as by the hand of the Collector heereunto doth ap­ peare. In witnesse whereof wee the Coiiiissionn' to this p'sent certificate have sette our handes and Seales the Xllth day of Maye 1611 in the IXth yeare of the Kinges Maties Raigne of England Fraunce and Ireland and of Scotland the XLIIIIth. Edw. Forsett. Ed: Doubledun. I have rec. of Thomas Whitney of St. Margarett in W estmr for the second and last paymt of one subsidy graunted to the Kinges Matie in the VIIth yea.re of his highnes Reigne the somme of Ills Ed: Dobbinsoun. Midd. Citas W estmr, Thomas Whitney in bon. III£ Ills His father-in-law, John Bray, died in 1615, and in ".Act Book III.," folio 26, at Somerset House, there is a record, made December 6, 1615, of the probate of his will and the appointment of "Thomas Whitney and Mary his wife," executors. The will itself cannot be found, for all the registry books of that year are lost. Mrs. Whitney, according to the churchwardens' ac- The Ancestry of John Whitney 215 counts, hired a part of a pew in St. Margaret's Church. She is on record, for example, as paying "IIIs JIIId" for it in 1605, and "IIIIs" in 1616 and 1621. The fact that the transaction was in her name and that a whole pew was not needed may indicate that Thomas was not particularly interested in such matters. .A possible reason is that he had embraced Puritanism and become a nonconformist to the discipline of the Church of England. "Mrs. Mary Whitney" was buried September 25, 1629, and the churchwardens wrote down

Of Mris Marie Whitney, for her graue VIs-VIIId " " " Cloathe IIs-VId " " " Bells Vls - " Thomas died in 1637. The Register of Burials has 1637 Aprill 14. Mr. Whitney. The churchwardens complete the identification with the entry: Mr. Thomas Whitney for his Graue Vs-IIIId " Cloath Ils- Vld " Bells VI11- " And in another place say : Received of diners other Inhabitants of the Parish, att the Buriall of their friends and children, as their Benevo­ lence to the poore Hospitall Children appearing by their names and summes as followeth : At the Burial of • • • • Thomas Whitney XXa.

He left no will, so on May 8, 1637, as appears from the records of the court of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, administration was tf!,ken out. 216 The Ancestry of John Whitney

TRANSLATION. On the 22d day of the month aforesaid by the venerable Thomas Eden, Doctor of law, the Commissary &c. adminis­ tration was granted of all and singular the goods, rights, credits and chattels of Thomas Whitney, late while he lived of the parish of St. Margaret in the City of Westminster, deceased, as is said, intestate, to Francis Whitney and Rob­ e.rt Whitney, natural and legitimate sons of the deceased, to whom administration &c. Subsequently the administrators charged them­ selves with an estate of two hundred and thirty-nine pounds ten shillings-equivalent to somewhere from six to ten thousand dollars at the present day, less debts, one of which was, To severall workemen, as Brickelayers, carpenters, glaz. yers and other workmen for materials and other charges touchinge the repayringe of the said deceased's dwelling howse before his death the some of XL£

There is no record of the distribution of the estate or further statement as to the next of kin. His real estate, if any, passed directly to his heirs, and that he had such property is suggested by both the fact that, on one occasion, be was called a "yeo­ man," and by the sum just mentioned as laid out in repairs on his residence, too large to have been ex­ pended on a hired house. It will be noted that, though we have no reason to suppose him dead, John, son of Thomas, in 1637, did not receive administration, though older than Francis and Robert. If he was the one who went to Watertown in 1635 the explanation is apparent, .and therefore we come The .Ancestry of John Whitney 217 down to the question whether the John Whitney who lived at Isleworth and emigrated to Massachu­ setts was identical with the John Whitney, son of Thomas and Mary, who was born at Westminster in 1592. The records of the Merchant Taylors Company, Threadneedle street, London, establish such identity. Under date of February 22, 1607, it is recorded that John Whitney, son of Thomas Whitney, of the city of Westminster, yeoman, was apprenticed to William Pring of the Old Bailey. March 13, 1614, John Whitney was made free by William Pring, his master. Nov. 8, 1624, "Robert Whitney, son of Thomas Whit­ ney of the city of Westminster, Gentleman, 1 was appren- ticed to John Whitney in 2 Thistleworth." The whole proof is here in a nutshell, for "This­ tleworth" was but another spelling for Isleworth. " Kelly's Directory of Middlesex" for 1894 says : " lSLEWORTH is a large parish on the left bank of the Thames, 9 miles from London• • it is a place of con­ siderable antiquity, being mentioned in Domesday

1 There was no inconsistency in describing the same man in one place as "yeoman" and in another as "gentlet!lan," Both terms were applicable to Thomas Whitney. The former indicated the possession of real property. "A yeoman is he that hath free land of (at least) fort.y shillings by the year; who was anciently thereby qualified to serve on juries, vote for knights of the shire and do any other act where the law requires one that is probus et legalis homo." (1 "Black­ stone's Commentaries," 406.) The latter indicated simply noble birth, "one who bears or is entitled to a coat of arms" (Sir Edward Coke). All the sons and grandsons of a knight were gentlemen. Strietly speaking, the term "esquire" was applicable only to "the eldest sons of knights and their eldest sons in perpetual succession" (Camden). It was commonly applied to any possessor of a landed estate, not a knight, and to his heir apparent. 2 Manuscript illegible, 28 218 The .Ancestry of John Whitney Book as Gistleworth. It was afterwards called Yhis­ telworth, Istelworth and, in Queen Elizabeth's reign ' Thistleworth,' but for the last two centuries it has been spelled Isleworth." The record further shows that, January 14, 1632, "Robert Whitney was made free by John Whitney his master upon the report of his master." There never was but one John Whitney in the Merchant Taylors Company, so it appears that John Whitney, who was the son of Thomas Whitney of Westminster, was the same John Whitney who lived at Isleworth in 1624, and we know that John Whitney who lived at Isleworth in 1624 was the John Whitney who emigrated to Watertown, Massachusetts, from the following entry of baptisms in the Isleworth Register: 1619, May 23, John Whitne, Ellen his wife, had their daughter Mary baptiz. 1621, September 14, John Whitne and Ellen his wife, had John their son baptized. 1623, 4, January 6, John Whitne and Elinor his wife, bad the (ir) sone Richard baptized.

We now recall certain facts to which attention has been directed in passing. The Robert Whitney, son of Thomas, mentioned in the pedigrees, had a son John, and now, seeing that this Robert was John the emigrant's younger brother and also the emigrant's apprentice, we recognize the appropriateness of his selecting such designation for his first-born. The said Robert was a "Marchaunt Taylor" (see register of burial), and we now see how he gained admittance into the company. Margaret Whitney, daughter of Thomas of Westminster, died in Isleworth, and now f~l/4,~,~ ,('~ ~~~- 7'-f~· ~~ ~~ gli.ut (>,, i-f~~i.,V '!1~'14,EC 9cw~r ,S~( ..((-~

The .Ancestry of John Whitney 219 we find her brother John located there. What especial attraction did this place possess T The registers, per­ haps, answer the question. Years ago Mr. Henry Austin Whitney published the fact that at Isleworth, as early as 1574, was located William Whitney, who had, among his sons, a Nicholas, a William, and a Robert. The pedigrees cited at the beginning of this chapter show that Thomas of Westminster, son of Robert, had older brothers, Nicholas and William. May it not have been that William Whitney of Isleworth was the uncle of Margaret and JohnT The British Museum pedigrees, in the Harleian Manuscripts, which mention the younger John, ne­ phew of the emigrant, in one case give his age in 1676, which indicates the date of the compila­ tion, and in the other state that he claimed " to be heir male of the whole family." If we recall that in 1670 the male line of the Whitneys of Whitney failed, it is apparent that the two things have some connec­ tion. It may mean that young John claimed to be heir to the property under the entail of Sir James, 1587, or perhaps nothing more than that he made himself out the nearest male relative of Sir Thomas, who had ended the line. Of the merit of the former contention it is difficult to speak because in Sir J ames's settlement the rela­ tionship to him of most of the persons mentioned is not stated; the latter, however, is capable of in­ vestigation. Sir James, who died without issue, had but two brothers, Eustace and Robert. Sir Thomas was Eustace's last male descendant, and careful inquiry shows nothing inconsistent with the theory that, in 1670, this John was the only male descendant of Rob- 220 The .Ancestry of John Whitney ert then living in England. This fact, however, did not make him "heire male of the whole family," for his uncle John of Watertown was one degree nearer to Sir Thomas. Probably the two Johns had no knowledge of each other's existence, for the elder emigrated three years before the younger was born, and bad then been in the New World thirty-five years. Having thus shown that the emigrant was second cousin of the last representative of his name at the cradle of the race, and probably, after 1670, the he­ reditary head of the Whitney family, nothing is left to complete this sketch but a brief summary of what is known concerning him. John Whitney was the fifth child and third son of Thomas Whitney, "gentleman," and Mary Bray, born at "\Vestminster and baptized in the parish church of St. Margaret, July 20, 1592. While a boy he was well educated in the common branches, probably at what was then known as "the Westminster Gram.mar School," established by Queen Elizabeth, situated close by and already in a flourish­ ing condition. The institution is now called St. Peter's College. At the age offourteen his father apprenticed him to William Pring, of the Old Bailey, London,-a street now leading by Newgate prison,-with whom he served seven years. Pring was a " Freeman" in the Merchant Taylors Company, of which, upon his at­ taining his majority in 1614, Whitney became a full­ fledged member. This may indicate that he engaged in the manu­ facture or the purchase and sale of cloth, but such conclusion need not be drawn from the name of the Tlie .Ancestry of John Whitney 221 body with which he was connected, any more than we must necessarily infer that a man lays brick because he belongs to the Order of Freemasons. Then, as now, the "corporation" of the city of London proper was made up of a limited number of "freemen," or" citizens," who chose from their num­ ber a certain number of aldermen, and the latter, in turn, elected the Lord Mayor. In proportion to the total of the adult male population the number of "freemen" was small; for, to become one, membership was necessary in one of certain peculiar organizations called "companies," a thing hard to obtain, and, par­ ticularly that in the older and richer ones, a distinc­ tion greatly valued. The one we have particularly mentioned, even in its early days, was not, as some have supposed, an or­ ganization of workmen. Its members were merchants, and among the most prosperous that the city could boast. The chartered" Livery Companies," so called from the fact that their members had a distinctive dress for festive and ceremonial occasions, grew out of the medieval trade-guilds, which, in London, though sim­ ilar in some respects to those on the Continent, had many peculiarities. With the familiar features of modern trade-unions they combined others of a social, political, and re­ ligious character, and difficult for us at the present day to understand which made them exceedingly powerful. Though they had then already flourished for many years, the earliest definite information we have of them is about A. D. 1180. Then the most important one was that of the" Weavers,"who included in their ranks 222 The .Ancestry of John Whitney the whole clothing industry-tailors, drapers, haber­ dashers, fullers, shearmen, cloth-workers, and cloth­ sellers. Henry II. granted them a charter which changed the "guild" to a "company" and recog­ nized and confirmed the rights and privileges which they had previously claimed and exercised. So great was their prosperity that it led to their destruction. The new company became so formidable that King 1 John suppressed it. Says Mr. Lofti.e, " This mea­ sure appears to have been absolutely necessary to the well being of the City as the numbers, wealth and an­ tiquity of the weavers' Guild made it little less than a rival to the governing body." They broke up into sections,2 forming new guilds, of which the most important were: 1. the "Weavers," 2. the "Cloth­ workers," and 3. the " Taylors and Linen .Armorers"; all of which, in the course of time, obtained separate charters. The "Weavers," who were what would natu­ rally be understood from the name, never had much strength; the "Cloth-workers," who included cloth­ ing manufacturers and tailors as the word is now understood, were a large and vigorous body, but the most important of all were the "Taylors and Linen Armorers," for, though few in number, they were all of them merchants, and many of them had great wealth. Edward III. in 1327 granted to the new organiza­ tion last mentioned their first charter as "Taylors and Linen .Armorers of the City of London," and under

1 "London," by W. J. Loftie (1892),p. 49. 2 "The weavers had paid two marks of gold annually for leave to hold their Guild, and the City authorities were willing to pay ten times that sum for their abolition. They probably broke into sections of which the tailors retained the ancient name, 'tela.rii,' though theclothworkers probably included the greater number of members.'' Loftie, p. 49. The .Ancestry of John Whitney 223 it they continued a practical monopoly, already se­ cured, of certain lines of both foreign and domestic trade in woolen and linen fabrics, and prospered accordingly. As time went on the others we have named, and si­ milar ones in other kinds of business, were chartered, one after another, and, as they grew stronger, the guilds grew weaker. In 1557 the latter were abol­ ished by act of Parliament. As the result of a long struggle, the details of which there is not room here to trace, by 1475 these com­ panies bad secured complete control of the municipal franchise, and were thus a governing oligarchy.1 No one could have any voice in the management of public affairs unless he first became a member of one of them. This marked the beginning of a gradual change from their original character and purposes, for those not connected with trades -professional men, mem­ bers of the nobility, and even the sovereign himself­ sought admission as a means of securing political power. A "freeman," in his will and other public documents relating to him, would almost always be described as a "Merchant Taylor," or "Goldsmith," or "Skinner," according as he belonged to one or another of these companies, but such description did not necessarily mean that he was a cloth merchant, or a jeweler, or a tanner; he might well be a literary man, a lawyer, or a gentleman of leisure.2 1 Loftie, p. 114. 2 "In 132i, the year of the accession of Edward III, charters were granted to three of the livery companies, namely, the Goldsmiths, the Skinners and the Linen Armorours, otherwise called Merchant Taylors . .Although the companies are thus for the first time fully recognized by the crown, the organization of the trades had been progressing steadily 224 The Ancestry of John Whitney The "Taylors" at an early date came to consider their title a misnomer and took steps to change it. Maitland, in his " History of London" (1756), tells how it came about. "Many of the members of the company being great merchants and Henry VII a member thereof, be, for his greater Honour, by Letters Patent of the eighteenth of his Reign, Anno 1503 reincorporated the same by the name of the Masters and Wardens of the Merchant Taylors of the Frater­ nity of St. John the Baptist of the City of London." 1 The exact form of the new name was '' The Men of the Art and Mistery 2 of Merchant Taylors of the Fraternity of St. John the Baptist." Maitland goes on to state that in his day "they consist of a Master, four Wardens, thirty-eight assis­ tants and three hundred and ninety-four Livery men whose fine is twenty Pounds when admitted. To whom belongs a spacious and stately Hall in Thread- for many years and during the whole of the reign of Edward III the practice of reading and approving regulations went on in the Guild Hall. In 1363 thirty-two 'misteries' were recognized, most of which, and many others besides eventually blossomed out into full blown com­ panies of the modern kind, having become wealthy enough to obtain royal charters. We find howei!er few, if any traces of companies formed for the purpose of carrying on trade. The ' 1ni8tery' met for a different purpose, and was composed of men who traded each on his OtDn account!' Loftie, p. 113. 1 " This yere (XIX of Henry VII) the taylours sewyd to the Kynge to be called Merchant Taylours; whereupon a grete grudge rose among dyvers craftys in the Cyte agaynst them.'' "Arnold's Chronicle," p. xlii. 2 "The livery companies with their political and municipal power, are so far as I can ascertain peculiar to London. No other City has per­ mitted such a development of its misteries and trades; nowhere else iu England have chartered associations of the kind attained such wealth and power. The very word 'mistery,'oftenmisspelledmystery, implies skilled knowledge or 'mastery' of a branch of industrial art. This mas­ tery was nowhere else more fully acknowledged and respected." Loftie, p.186. The Ancestry of John Whitney 225 needle Street to treat the business of the Company in. They are possessed of a great Estate." Admission was secured only on vote of the com­ pany, and payment of the" fine," and, in the ordinary case, the candidate must have been an "apprentice" to a member for at least seven years. In the century that elapsed between the reincor­ poration and John Whitney's admission, the char­ acteristics of the Merchant Taylors became less and less commercial and more and more social and political. They established a school and made it one of the best in England.1 They founded chari­ ties which still flourish, and in many ways were a powerful influence for the advancement of civiliza­ tion.2 In his day they were easily the leading livery company. We can obtain some idea of its position from an ac­ count of an event that took place the year that he was apprenticed, recorded at page 352 in " A Survey

1 In 1555 Sir Thomas White, a past master of the Merchant Taylors' Company, founded St. John's College, Oxford. In 1561 White, Rich­ ard Hilles the then master, Sir William Harplll', and other promi­ nent Taylors, making at the same time liberal private contributions, induced their company to endow a school in London "for the better education and bringing up of children in good manners and liter­ atlll'e," providing that it "shollld have continuance by God's grace for ever.'' Prior to that, the only public schools of any merit were St. Paul's, founded by Colet for 153 boys, and Westminster, founded by Queen Elizabeth, for 120. The Merchant Taylors offered room from the first for 250, and gave 100 free scholarships. Edmund Spenser, the poet, author of the Faerie Queene, was one of the first pupils. Among the graduates have been many distinguished in the professions, including no less than four archbishops and twenty­ nine bishops. An interesting account of the school appeared in the "Illustrated London News" for September 28, 1895. 2 The charities of the company now amount to over a quarter of a million dollars a year. 29 226 The Ancestry of John Whitney of the Cities of London and Westminster," by Robert Seymoure, published in 1735, as follows:

July 16, 1607, the day of Election of Masters and Wardens of the Merchant-Taylors Company, that used to be kept with great Solemnity and Feasting, King James I, with Prince Henry and divers Honourable Personages, dined at Mer­ chant-Taylors Hall, and were entertained with great Variety of Musick, Vocal and Instrumental, and Speeches. The King dined in the Chamber called the King's Chamber. Then the Master of the Company, John Swinnerton,attending with the four W ardens,and othereminentAldermen and Citizens, after a Speech congratulatory made to him by Sir Henry Montague, Recorder, presented him with a Purse of Gold: And Richard Langley, Clerk of the Company, deliver'd unto his Majesty a Roll, wherein were enter'd the Names of such Kings and Nobles, and other great Persons that had been Free of their Company, Viz: Seven Kings, one Queen, seventeen Princes and Dukes, two Dutchesses, one Archbishop, thirty-one Earls, five Countesses, one Viscount, twenty-four Bishops, sixty six Barons and Lords, two Ladies, seven Abbots, seven Priests, and one Sub-prior, omitting a number of Knights, Esquires, &c. The King then said, that he was Free of an­ other Company, yet he would so much grace the Company of Merchant-Taylors, that his eldest Son the Prince should be Free thereof; and that he would see and be a Witness, when the Garland should be put upon his Head. And then they resorted unto the Prince, who dined in the Great Hall; and the Company presented him with another Purse full of gold; and the Clerk deliver'd his Roll. And his Highness said, That not only himself would be Free of the Company, but many other of his Lords, and commanded one of bis Gentlemen and the Clerk of the Company, to go to all the Lords present, and to require them that loved him, and were not Free of other Companies, to be Free of his Com­ pany: And so were accordingly made Free twenty-two Earls and Lords, and a great many other Knights and Es- The .Ancestry of John Whitney 227 quires ; and of the Clergy, Dr. Montague, Dean of the Chapel, and Adam Newton, Dean of Durham, and the Prince's Tutor, and three Noblemen of the Low-Countries, Ambassadors to the King; Viz: John Berke, Lord in Gods­ chalk Coort, Counsellor of Dort; Sir John de Maldere, Knt. Lord of Heyes, &c. and Chancellor of Zealand; Sir Noel de Caron, Knt. Lord of Schoonwel, &c. Ambassador Ledger from the States. The Names of the English Nobles, that had their Freedoms of this Company granted them at this Time, were, the Duke of Lenox, the Earl of Nottingham, Lord Admiral ; the Earl of Suffolk, Lord Chamberlain; the Earl of Salisbury, Principal Secretary to the King; and several other Knights and Gentlemen, Scotch and English. There have been about 18 Lord Mayors of this Company." 1

When, therefore, Thomas Whitney thus apprenticed young John, his eldest surviving son, he gave him a good start in life and the best advantages his means afforded. A heavy premium, probably, had to be paid to his master in 1607, and another one to the company, when in 1614 the boy, at the age of twenty-one, was made "free." Though we cannot be certain that Mr. Pring was a cloth merchant, such was quite likely the case. There is little doubt that he was a merchant of some kind, and if so, he was of high standing in the com­ munity or he could not have belonged to the Mer­ chant Taylors Company. The apprentice did not " le1;trn a trade," as we now understand the expression, but rather" served a clerk­ ship " in the office of a large commercial house, where he learned to be a skillful penman and neat and ac-

1 lt is to-day one of the so-called "Great Companies," with its Hall still in Threadneedle street. 228 The Ancestry of John Whitney curate accountant, of which we shall hereafter see so many evidences in the Watertown records. Soon after starting in business for himself, Whit­ ney married. The Christian name of his wife was Elinor, but most diligent search, exhausting, as is believed, all sources of information in or near Lon­ don, has failed to disclose her surname. Probably, as in the case of his younger brother Robert, who, ac­ cording to the Harleian pedigrees, went to the west of England for a bride, the marriage ceremony was performed in some remote locality. Locating in Isleworth, he had born to him, as al­ ready noted, Mary, in 1619 (named for her grand­ mother), John, in 1621, and Richard, in 1623-24. There, later, in 1624, his brother Robert was appren­ ticed to him, and soon after he moved away. Mary must have died before the embarkation, for she did not accompany her parents to America. She may be referred to in the following record of a burial in the parish of St. Mary Aldermary, London :

1626, Feb.15, Mary, a child of John Whitney.

That this is so is rendered more probable by the fact that, among the baptisms of that parish, is 1627, Dec. 10, Thomas, sonn of John Whitne dwelling in Bowe lanne.

The emigrant had a son Thomas who must have been born about this time. If he is thus located it indicates that the removal from Isleworth to "Bowe lanne" was not direct, for a Nathaniel is unaccounted for who, in age, came between Richard and Thomas. Bow Lane can still be seen, a short street leading The .Ancestry of John Whitney 229 from St. Mary Aldermary to Bow Church, where hang the famous bells. In 1632, according to the records of the Merchant Taylors, J obn Whitney filed the proper certificate to gain for Robert admission into the company, and prior to that, in September, 1631, he placed his eldest son, John, Jr., then a boy of ten, in the Merchant Taylors' School, then the best educational institution in London, and still one of great distinction. The name appears in each annual catalogue till 1635, when the family started, in the little ship "Elizabeth and Ann," for their voyage to the far-away shores of New England. Jonathan was born about 1633, and it is ,possible that during this period of several years, when we do not know John's residence, he had one or two other children, who died in infancy. The causes that led him to leave forever his na­ tive land are familiar history. The great Puritan emigration in which he joined was a natural result of the spirit of the age which had already caused the " Reformation," and then was developing into a struggle for a growth of civil and religious liberty under the British Constitution,-a struggle that in 1635 seemed hopeless. From 1629 till 1640 no parliament assembled in England, and every previously prevailing theory of right and justice was violated. Taxes were assessed without legislative sanction, and without regard to custom or equality. Monopolies of trade in the· necessities of life were granted to royal favorites. Knighthood- before an honor-was forced upon every man of means for the sake of the fees thereby secured. " Forced loans " from the common people 230 The .Ancestry of John Whitney were the order of the day. Men had to pay for or­ dinary personal liberty, protection of property, and the privilege of earning their daily bread. By the King's proclamation country people were forbidden to enter London; all the shops on Cheapside, except the goldsmiths', were closed; the building of more houses was prohibited unless-and the rule was gen­ eral - special leave was purchased. Then came the famous ship money, the inquisitorial Court of High Commission, and a persecution of the Puritans that recalled Queen Mary's bloody reign. The Star Chamber was allowed to reduce a wealthy gentleman to poverty for merely sneering at the badge of a nobleman, and to sentence a clergyman to whipping, mutilation, and perpetual imprison­ ment for expressing an unfavorable opinion of cer­ tain bishops whose characters were worthy only of detestation. The majority of those who first settled Massachu­ setts came there simply because the condition of affairs in the land of their ancestors had become unendurable.1 To one of the prevailing schemes for raising un­ authorized revenues, perhaps, we are indebted for our knowledge of the exact time of the emigration. License to leave the kingdom had to be purchased, and in the Record Office a document containing the following is still on file:

l "The bulk of the country party abandoned all hope of English freedom. There was a sudden revival of the emigration to New Eng­ land, and men of blood and fortune now prepared to seek a home in the west. Oliver Cromwell is said by a doubtful tradition to have been prevented from crossing the se11,s by a royal embargo. It is more certain that John Hampden purchased a tract of land on the Narra­ gansett."-Green's "History of the English People." The Ancestry of John Whitney 231

9-10 Charles I., (1635) A Register of the names of all the Passengers which passed from the port of London in this year, • • • • • • xiij Aprilis 1635. • • • • • • p.24 In the Elizabeth & Ann Roger Coo,p, Mr. Theis pties hereunder expressed are to be imbarqued for New England having taken the oaths of Allegeance & Supremacie & like­ wise brought Certificate both from the Ministers & Justices where their abidings were latlie of their conformitie to the discipline & orders of the Church of England & yt they are no Subsedy men.1

Husb. Robert Hawkynns ...... 25 wm. Hubbard .... .' ...... 35 Jo: Whitney ...... 35 Tho: Hubbard ...... 10 Jo: Palmerley ....•...... 20 Tho: Eaton...... 1 Richard Martin ...... 12 Marie Hawkynns ...... 24 Jo: Whitney ...... 11 Ellin Whitney ...... 30 Richard Whitney ...... 9 Abigall Eaton ...... 35 Nathaniell Whitney ...... 8 Sara Cartrack ...... 24 Tho, Whitney ...... 6 Jane Dimand...... 9 Jonathan Whitney ...... 1 Mary Eaton : ...... 4 Nie Sension...... 13 Marie Broomer...... 10 Henry Jackson ...... 29 Mildred Cartrack...... 2 Joseph Alsopp ...... •... 14 p. 24d 15th Aprill 1635. In the Eliza: & Anne de Lon m' Roger Cooper v' New England, Percy Kinge 24 yers a maid servant to m' Ro: Crowley.

1 See "The Original Lists of Persons of Quality" • • who went from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600-1700." Edited by John Camden Hotten, 1874, 232 The Ancestry of John Whitney

27 Aprilis 1635. Theis under written names are to be transported to New England, Roger Cooper Mr, bound thither in the Elizabeth & Ann, the pties have brought Certificate from the Minister at Westminster & the Justices of the Peace of his Confor­ mitie the ptie hath taken the oaths of Alleg : & Suprem:

a. carpenter, Richard Brocke, 31 Daniell Preston, ...... 13 Edward Sall 24 p. 31d 29 Aprilis 1635, Theis under written names are to be transported to New England imbarqued in the Elizabeth & Ann Roger CooJ.l Mr the ptie have brought Certificate from the Minster of the pish & Justices of Peace of their Conformitie to th or­ ders & Discipline of the Church of England & yt they are no Subsedy men,

Rich. Goard ...... 17 Joseph Fa.ber ...... 26 a smith, Tho. Lord ...... 50 Tho. Pound ...... 21 uxor Dorothy ...... 46 Robert Lord...... 9 Thomas Lord ...... 16 Aymie Lord ...... 6 Alln Lord ...... 14 Dorothy Lord...... 4 Wm. Lord ...... 12 Josias Cobbett ...... 21 John Lord ...... 10 Jo: Halloway ... , ...... 21 James Cobbett ...... 23 Jane Bennet ...... 16 Wm. Reeve ...... 22 p. 32 oedem 29 Aprilis 1635 a Taylor Christopher Stanley 32 uxor Suzanna. 31 Wm, Samond 19

It is to be noted that Whitney made his arrange­ ments more than two weeks before the vessel sailed, which indicates that he was still living in or near London-and also that some of his fellow passen- The .Ancestry of John Whitney 233 gers were from "Westminster," and therefore quite likely acquaintances. It is also to be noted that the ages given were in­ correct. The eldest son, John, born at ls]eworth in 1621, then fourteen, is put down as eleven. His brother Richard, born at Isleworth in 1624, then eleven, is put down as nine. Elinor, who, according to the record in the first church at Watertown, was sixty when she died in 1659, must have been thirty­ six instead of thirty, and JOHN himself, born in 1592, was forty-three instead of thirty-five. The fact that all are given too young, and the regularity of the scaling down, has suggested, in the minds of some, that the misstatement was inten­ tional; but the advantage of falsification is not ap­ parent, unless, under the regulations, there was some­ thing to be gained by having all the children under fourteen. Mr. Henry Austin Whitney, referring to the sub­ ject, says: " That these lists were not always exact, and indeed were often purposely incorrect, we have many examples ; and, in this instance, the ages were doubtless given too young through design, either to avoid some clause in the Subsidy A.ct or some of the many embarrassments thrown in the way of emi­ grants." To the writer, however, it seems more probable that the recording of ages, which must have been solely for identification, was deemed a formality of little importance, and the clerk who made the me­ morandum guessed at them from observation with­ out troubling himself to ask questions. That the whole matter was carelessly attended to appears on the face of the record. It is evident that Mr. Whitney had not, prior to 30 234 The Ancestry of John Whitney embarkation, publicly cut loose from the Church of England. This is not surprising, in view of the fact that a nonconformist could not depend on protection of either property or life. The same oppression that drove out the Puritans from 1630 to 1640, a few years later, led to a popular uprising that plunged the country into civil war and cost the King his head. The vessel did not sail till some time in May, which, allowing for a prosperous voyage, would bring it to Boston Harbor about the first of July. Pushing on from there, the emigrant went a few miles up the Charles and settled at Watertown, within the limits of the present village, on high land, afterward, in consequence, called" Whitney Hill." This locality had been known by the Indians as " Pequusset" and was one of their favorite camping­ grounds. When Governor Winthrop came over in 1630, with a large company of new settlers, Sir Richard Saltonstall, Rev. George Phillips, and a few families left the main body at Charlestown and went a few miles up the river and located farms upon its banks. Their settlement was at first known as "Saltonstall's Plantations," but after a few years it was formally named Watertown from its natural characteristics. The first houses were built east of Mt. Auburn Cemetery, toward Cambridge, on the spot where antiquarians think the Norsemen landed, long before the time of Columbus. With John and Elinor Whitney in 1635 came a comparatively large reinforcement of stalwart men and devoted women, who soon made the town as prosperous as any in New England. As Drake in his history of it well says : The .Ancestry of John Whitney 235 "Some of these emigrants were from the West of England, but the greater number came from London and its vicinity. They were Puritan Non-Conformists who, self-exiled from their native land, sought on an unknown shore that liberty of religious worship which had been denied them at home. They came to stay and their familiarity with husbandry or some useful handicraft, assured the permanency of their settle­ ment. A nobler body of men or one better equipped physically and morally for the conquest of a wilder­ ness and the founding of a new state, the world has never seen." They were of as high a class as any that ever came to New England, and in intelligence and social standing far superior to most of them. Some had been men of property and position at home, and had no reason for emigration beyond the intolerance of their religious belief.1 Though Puritans in sympathy, they were not of the narrow, bigoted sort, and their

l "Nor were the emigrants, like the earlier colonists of the South, 'broken men,' adventurers, bankrupts, criminals; or simply poor men and artisans like the Pilgrim Fathers of the Mayflower. They were in great part men of the professional and middle classes ; some of them men of large landed estates, some zealous clergymen like Cotton, Hooker and Roger Williams, some shrewd London lawyers, or young scholars from Oxford. The bulk were God-fearing farmers from Lin­ colnshire or the Eastern counties. They desired in fact 'Only the best as sharers in their enterprise,' men drawn forth from their fatherland not by earthly want, or by the greed of gold, or by the lust of adventure, but by the fear of God, and the zeal for a godly worship. But strong as was their zeal, it was not without a wrench that they tore themselves from their English homes. 'Farewell, dear England!' was the cry that burst from the first little company of emigrants as its shores faded from their sight. ' Our hearts,' wrote Winthrop's followers to the brethren whom they bad left behind, 'shall be fountains of tears for your ever­ lasting welfare, when we shall be in our poor cottages in the wilder­ ness.'" Green's "History of the English People." 236 The Ancestry of John Whitney history is free from the blots now so much regretted in that of Salem and Boston. On March 3, 1636, by vote of the General Court of the colony, John Whitney was admitted a "free­ man." Only church members and persons of high character and standing in the community could have this honor. Many settlers were never admitted. None but "freemen," however, were allowed to hold office or "vote for rulers." Upon the :first page of the Town Records, which be­ gan in 1634, is this : January 3, 1635. Agreed that no man being foreigner coming out of England, or some other Plantation, shall haue liberty to sett downe amongst vs vnless he first haue ye Consent of ye Freemen of the Towne. And a little later this, under date of December 13, 1635: Agreed by the Consent of the Freemen (in consideration there be too many Inhabitants in the Towne and the Towne thereby in danger to be ruinated) that no Foreainer comming into the Towne or any Family arising among ourselves shall bane any benefl.tt either of Commonage or land vndivided but what they shall purchase except that they buy a man's right wholly in ye Towne. Under date of July 15, 1636, there is the first list of inhabitants in connection with a division among them of certain land. It is entitled "A Grant of the Great Dividends to the freemen and to all the townsmen then inhabiting, being 120 in number." Among these names we :find those of many of the progenitors of the most distinguished American families. For ex- mple: "Adams, Bartlett, Bigelow, Browne, Brooks, The .Ancestry of John Whitney 237 Clarke, Coolidge, Dix, Dwight, Garfield, Hitchcock, Kimball, Lawrence, Philipps, Paine, Pendleton, Shaw, Sherman, and Saltonstall." On this occasion Whitney secured 50 acres. He had previously purchased a homestead of 16 acres, of which Henry Austin Whitney has this account:

He purchased a 16-acre homestead, which had been granted to John Strickland, who was dismissed from the Watertown Church May 29, 1636, and was one of that colony from Watertown that went and planted W ethers­ :6.eld, the oldest town on the Connecticut River. This home­ stead was the permanent residence of Mr. Whitney. In 1668 he requested his youngest son Benjamin, who had settled in York, Maine, to return and live with him on the homestead with the assurance that it should be his own after his father's decease. In 1671, Benjamin, with his father's consent, conveyed his right and obligation in the homestead to his brother Joshua 1, who had settled in Gro­ ton, for £40. After the decease of his father Joshua re­ turned to Groton and on the 29th of October, 16971 sold the ancient homestead to Deacon Nathan Fiske. He also purchased outright from another earlier settler a farm of one hundred and twenty acres. This is one of the largest tracts of land mentioned in the early records, for, situated in the primeval wilderness, it was a great undertaking to enclose and improve even one acre. About 1640 there was made up the first" Inventory of Grants and Possessions," in which, at page 50, is the following: "JOHN WHITNEY SEN. 1. An Homestall of Sixteen Acres bounded the East with William Jennison the west with Martin V nderwood the

1 Bom in America. 238 The .Ancestry of John Whitney North with Isaac Mixer & the South with William Jen­ nison. 2. Two acres of Meddow in Beverbrook Meddow bounded the west with William Jennison & the South with the Brook. 3. Fifty acres of vpland being a great Divident in the 3 Division and the 16 Lott. 4. A Farme of One Hundred and twenty Acres vpland bounded the North with the highway the East with Edward How & the west with Abram Browne. 5. Ten acres of Meddow in the remote Meddowes bounded the North with the highway the South with his owne the East with Edward How & Garret Church. 6. Ten acres of Plowland in the hither Plaine and the 1 Lott. 7. One Acre of Meddow in Pond Meddow bounded the west with Isaac Sterne the South with John Stowers the East with the highway. 8. One Acre of Meddow bounded the west with Martin Vnderwood & the East with Lawrence Waters. 9. Eighteen Acres of upland beyond the further Plaine & the 45 Lott."

This made him one of the largest holders of real estate in Watertown. Out of that mentioned, and subsequent acquisitions, he, during his lifetime, made generous provision for his large family of sons. The location of" Whitney Hill," where he lived, is a matter of dispute. Without much doubt it was either where the stand-pipe of the water works is now erected, north of Mt. Auburn street, near Pal­ frey street, or the hill a little distance away crossed by Lexington street. His broad acres indicate that, as compared with his neighbors, he was in comfortable circumstances. That he was held in the highest esteem by them is The .Ancestry of John Whitney 239 shown by the fact that they admitted him, as a "free­ man" immediately on his arrival, and, in 1637, only two years after, elected him" selectman" and by re­ elections continued him in office for several terms. Henry Austin Whitney states that he was contin­ ually in office from 1637 to 1655. This is probably a mistake. At the top of the sixth page of the Town Records is this entry:

Decembr. 30, 1637. These 11 Freemen Chosen to Order the civill affaires of ye Town for this yeare to come: Thomas Mayhew, Daniel Pattrick, John Whitney, Edmund James, John Firmin, John Stowers, Abram Browne, F ~ - mund Lewis, Edward Garfield, Ephraim Child, Simon Eire.

From 1643 to 1647 the records of the town are en­ tirely lost. The first entry when they begin again is this, top of page 31 :

At a Generall Towne Meeting the 8 (9) 1647 ordered that John Sherman shall goe to the Courte to an­ swer the complaynt of Robert Saltonstall. To order the prudentiall affayers of the Towne, Mr. Brisco: Joseph Bemis: Will yam Hamant: J obn Sherman: John Whetny Sr.: Left Mason: Roger Porter: weare Chossen.

Page 33: .At a Mettinge of the seauen men at Mr. Whettnys the 30th (9) 1647. The list of all estates beinge taken in, by the seauen men, and the Comissioner: (before chosen) the town chose John Sherman to Drawe up the Rate for ye counstables to gather by: and also to send a list to the Treasurer, of the just sume of the whole estates of the Towne, &c. 240 The Ancestry of John Whitney Pages 71, 72 : the 30 of January 1647 at a publike Towne-meeting • • • • • • • Mr. Whetney is chosen to take the Inuoyce for the towne, &c.

This "taking the invoice" seems to have been figuring out the amount of tax payable by each owner of property. It was a matter which Mr. Whitney attended to for many years thereafter. He also appears to have been selected, on almost every occasion when such work was to be done, to audit the accounts of the other town officers. Very likely his business experience in England made him the best qualified for such work of any man in the set­ tlement. There are incidental references to him on nearly every page which show that he was constantly ac­ tiYe and in a variety of matters-for example,

Page 80: At a generall Towne Meetinge the 10 day-10 month 1649 • • • • Granted to Tho. Arnall a Smalle patch of land neere his house abougbt six Rod: so as it prejudice not the highway: to be sett out by John Whetny, Seir.

Page 84. At a meeting by the whole Towne the 16th of the (10) 1650 • • • Simont Stone, Ephraime Child, Thomas Hastings, Charles Chadwick, Samuel Thacher, Isaac Mexter, John Wittney were Chosen for the ordering of the towne offayres for the yeare following the .psent date. PA'1E OF WATERTOWN RECORDS. Writt~n \Jy John W-bltne:r, Town Clerk.

The .Ancestry of John Whitney 241 Pages 50, 51: At a generall towne metting Desember the 4th, 54. Voated that they will chose the selectmen for the yeer in­ sueing. Chossen to order the a:ffaier of the town for this yeer these men whose names are vndder written : Deaken Stone, Mr. Whitney, Edward Garfield, Isaac Mixer, Samuell Thatcher, Nathaniell Treadway John Winkall: • • • At a meting of the selext men the 29 of the 11 Ordered that John Whitney is tew ,Toyn with John Win­ coll and tew act in & tew dispose of parte of the goodes and estate of the widow Brobroke for the painge of severall Debtes and for mantinans of bur and bur Children and the are tew let bur house and land and are tew inquier after hure Detes and to reseue them as shall bee found due tew bur and tew make returne tew the rest of the selext men. It was agreed upon that John Whitney sener is tew take the Acounte of the rate that was Comited in tow the hands of Mr. Norcrose and Thomas Vnderwood. Granted unto Gorge Ademes fower akers of ground upon Kinges Comen and is tow bee layd out by Ensine Sherman. Granted at apublike meeting that Dea.ken Stone and Sameuell Thacher shall laye out for tew by goodman Leson Clothes for his nesety the some or ether forty or fifty shillings. Ordered that John Whitney sener shall take an aeount of the Cunstabeles Thomas Underwood and [ 1 Pages 53 and 54, written by Whitney as town clerk, show that he was a better penman than any of the first ten holders of that office, except John Sherman, and in composition and spelling was cer­ tainly equal to the best of them. If handwriting 31 242 The Ancestry of John Whitney contains any indication of character we are justified in assuming that he was a man who at some time in his life had been carefully taught and who then, at the age of sixty-three, was in excellent physical and mental condition. A photograph of page 53 is shown, which reads, in part, as follows : At ameeting of the select men at John Whitney 1 house the 27 of 12, 1654. Ordered that all swine shall bee sufficiently ringed all the yeare and yoaked from the first of Aprill to the end of In­ dian haruest with sufficient yoakes vnder the throat upon ye penalty of payinge one shilling for every defect the one halfe to the towne & the other halfe to him or them that shall find any swine not according to this order either in common or high way and if any swine not regulated ac­ cording to this order shall brake Into any garden or corne feild then the owners of the said swine shall shutt them up for 14 dayes and not suffer them to come in Shutting up to comon or high way till the 14 dayes be ex- repealed. pired vpon penalty of paying 12d for euery default to the vse of the aforesaid. William Page and Anthony White are Chosen to prose­ cute orders concerning swine and fenses &c.

On page 54 there is an agreement drawn up and signed by him in a manner that would do credit to a practising attorney. A facsimile of it is shown in the printed edition of the "Watertown Records," pub­ lished in 1894 : At a meeting of the select men at Leiut. Beres on the first Day of October 1655. It was agreed betwixt the select men of the one party & 1 This may be the signature to minutes of previous meeting, The Ancestry of John Whitney 243 Christopher Grant of the other ;ptie that the said select men in the behalfe of the towne shall giue vnto the said Chris­ topher Grant assureance of six acres of land formerly sold by the select men to the said Christopher & shall pay also vnto the said Christopher or his assaynes twentie shillings in wheate & one & fortie shillings & six pense more out of the next towne rates: all which payments the said Christo­ pher shall take in full satisfaction of all Debts dues & De­ mands whatsoeuer from the towne of We.tertowne from the beginning of the world to this present: in witnesse whereof both parties haue Interchangably set to their hands the Day & yeare aboue written. Christopher x. Grant JoHN WHITNEY. his marke

A photograph is given of a petition relative to lands in Watertown, now among the Archives in the office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, which also contains a good specimen of Whitney's signature. Owing to the loss of some pages of the first book of Town Records and the mutilation of others, it is impossible to say with certainty how many terms he served as a town officer-often enough to show con­ clusively that he was one of Watertown's most re­ spected citizens. There was no political position of greater honor. The" selectmen" were then what their name would suggest,-the pick of the freemen, administering all the town's affairs. There were some curious enactments which they were expected to enforce. For example, one affixing a penalty upon whoever " should suffer his dog to come to the Meeting upon the Lord's Day." In this connection the following entry in the rec­ ords, made in 1664, is interesting : 244 The Ancestry of John Whitney 14/1/64. Thomas Whetney was chosen to take care that no dogs come into the Meeting house upon the Sabath days or other times of Publique worship; by whipping them out of the house : or any that bee near to the house at such times: and to have for his paines and ca.re thirty shillings pr yeare. Att a Meeting of the Select Men at John Hamonds the 28/1/1664. Ordered that Thomas Wketney in regard of his present necessity shall have the one half of his sallery paid him in hand.

This "Thomas" was John Whitney's fourth son. In addition to their regular duties it was provided that the "selectmen" should take turns "every man his day to site upon the gallery to look to the youths that they may prevent miscarriages in the time of. public services on the Lord's Day." The community had no objection to a man's dress­ ing handsomely if he could afford it, but disliked dis­ play or foppishness. They shrewdly turned the love of display of some impecunious individuals to public advantage, by providing that they should be rated for taxation in accordance with their apparent wealth. The " selectmen," were directed " to take notice of sundry persons in this towne who are in their habits contrary to the law concerning the excess of appa­ rell," and to see that none '' except such as the law doth allow do either wear silke goods or silke scarfes, gould or silver lace or buttons, ribbons at knees or trassed handkerchiefs, upon the forfeiture of what penalty the law doth apoynt which is that they shall be rated in the country rate after £200 in the same." The following was the provision for a school :

Att a generall Towne_ Meeting upon ye 6th of the 11th month (50)

The Ancestry of John Whitney 245 It was voted and agreed upon that Mr. Rich: Norcrosse was chosen School Master for the teaching of children to read and write and soe much Lattin according to an order of Courtt, as also if any of the Sd Towne have any maidens that haue a desire to learne to write that the Sd Richard should attend them for the learning off them as also that he teach Such as desir to cast accompt and that the Towne did promise to allow the Sd Richard for his employment thirty pounds for this yea.re.

In June, 1641, the "Quarter Court" of the colony commissioned Whitney "Constable of Watertown." This office, which he held for many years, was one of much dignity. Henry Austin Whitney thus speaks of it: "At that time constables were appointed by the General Court, and, besides the duties attached to the office in latter times, they were required to col­ lect the taxes of the town and the levies made by the General Court; to pay the debts of the Colony due to individuals in their respective towns; to supply the town with sealed weights and measures; to set in order the watch in those towns where no captain dwelt; and to inflict the punishments ordered by judicial authority when there was not another ap­ pointed to do it. As a badge of his office a constable was required to carry a black staff five or five and one-half feet long with a top or head five or six inches long." He continued constable up to 1656, and probably longer. This entry is on the record:

Dece: the 9th l 656 Reced from the County Treasurer warrant for a rate of fifty ftue pounds thirteen shillings three pence hal£e peny .£55 13s. 3,½d. 246 The .Ancestry of John Whitney Deliuered at the same time into the hands of Mr. Whittney Constable, a rate signed vnder the hand of the townes Clarke somed vp and amounted to fi.fty-seuen pounds £57.

In 1658 this appears : Att a publique Towne meeting the 10th January 1658. Eph. Child chosen moderator. £, s dew to Mr. Whittney for 2 Invoyces . . . 1 - 5 - 0 dew to Mr. Whittney for 7 foxes O - 7 - 0 There was a bounty of one shilling for every fox killed, and he collected similar bills on several other occasions. There is a suggestion in the following that he con­ tinued in public office until, through old age-he was then in his seventy-second year-his powers began to fail: Att a meeting of the Select men at Seargeant Brights the 8th of the 12 mo. 1663 : Mr. Whittney making sum mistakes in Castinge the in­ voyce whereby sum wrong is done in seuerall rates it is Ordered that Joseph Tainter and Nathaniell Treadway shall revue the invoyce and what they find not to be right cast up thay are to cast it up right and amend it on the rates

It is noticeable how often he is referred to as 1 "Mr. Whitney" • This title was then comparatively seldom used and always with fine discrimination. None but the most highly respected citizens were considered entitled to it. · Seven instances of its application to him have al­ ready been noted. Here are some of the others :

l His father is given the same title in the Westminster Records (see his burial). The .Ancestry of John Whitney 247

Page 45. At a meeting of the Select men the 8/ 4/ 1654 Robert Geneson and John Knap Complaining that Ro­ bert Daniell that hee Did not fence his portion within their feild- It Did appeare by testymony of Mr. Whitny, and his own Confession, that all his Land was by his owne act in agen­ erall feild with them and hee Could not make it appeere that he hath taken himsefe orderly out. The sentance of the Select men is that wher as it Dooth apeere that Robert Daniel hath apassell of Land within their field Containing 8 or 10 akers mor or Less, that he shal fence for it by equall portion with the use of the Comoners.

Page 56: Credits giuen the last yeare. £ s d In pri: Edward Garfeild 1 7 6 John Win coll . 1 7 6 Widow Mixter . . 1 0 0 Mr. Whittney . . • . 1 0 3 Nath Treadaway . 8 3 0 Thomas Vnderwood 112 8 Mr. Norcrosse . . 10 9 3 Winter ...... 0 12 0 Edmond Bloyse . . . 2 10 0 To John Randoll for foxes . O 2 0 Charles Chadwick . . . . . 1 5 0 Mr. Browne for beeing Deputie . 2 8 0 To John Winckoll 3 0 O Parks 2 foxes . 0 2 0 Bush 1 foxe .. . 0 1 0 Fleg 1 foxe .. . 0 1 0 Sttratton 1 Day worke . 0 2 0 Bright to widow Brabrooke . 0 3 0 Thacher for Mr. Feake . . . 4 10 0 248 The Ancestry of John Whitney £ s d for Philpott . . . 3 0 0 For Beech .... 5 0 0 Christopher Grant . 0 12 6

48 8 8 Page 66: Creditor to the town £ s d Cha: Chadwick 1 10 0 Will Page ... 5 2 -Mr. Whittney for taking the townse invoyce . 10 for 3 foxes 3 John Stone 1 foxe . 1 Thomas Fleg 1 foxe 1 Rich. Child 3 foxes . 3 & 1 fox more &1 Joshua_ Fassum 1 foxe 1 John Witherall under the bands of John Hamond Constable for 8 foxes . 8 more John Witherall 8 foxes . . 8 John Bisko Constable brings in Thomas Smith for 6 foxes 6 Rieb : Sawtell 2 foxes 2 John Winter 2 foxes .... 2 Chri : Grant 1 f oxe ...... 1 more for the caring of things concerning Mary Davise her child to Garett Church 3 8 for the widow Brabroke to Bro, Bearsto 10 6 more for widow Brabroke to him . . . 1 8 0 Seargt. Bloyse for the pound . . . . . 5 0 0 Mr. Norcrosse creditor to the 13th of Jan 13 02 0 Left Beeres in Sundry pticulars wth. the tran- sportation of the corne . 13 6 8 to Left Beeres . . 3 2 8 Goodman Bloyse ...... 2 10 0 The Ancestry of John Whitney 249

£ s d Brother Thacher ...... 0 5 10 more to Brother Thacher For 52 weekes at 3s the weeke .. 7 16 0 & for the losse he ptends will be in the taking of this some ...... 0 17 4 Page 95: Reckoned wth Mr. Whittney & John Hammond Constables & apo a Country rate of this yeare £ s d in some ...... 57 0 0 ye a.re indebted apon yt rate & apo a towne

rate of ...... 72 138 2d ye are indebted to the towne ...... 3 12 7 & the bill of debts committed into there band is in pt unsatissflied as it stands a.po record.

Page 98: Creditt given to the towne. £ s d Mr. Norcrosse .. 15 3 0 2 County warents .. 10 0 0 to John Witberal . 0 5 0 to Geo Woodward .. 0 13 0 to Mr Whittney .. 0 5 0 Thacher ..•... 7 10 0 Mr Whittney . ... 0 5 0 Crisp for widow Brabrooke . 0 5 0 Bearsto for Knop .. 2 18 9 Left Beeres . . 6 1 9 Cha. Chadwick 1 0 0 bro. Bloyse . . 3 0 0 for ould Knop . • 10 0 0 Page 105: Att a meeting of the Select men att Capt Masans the 28 of march. 59 There beeing a Case J.lRented unto the select men of di.ffar­ ence concerning Fences, betwixt Will Bond & Mr Wkittney, 32 250 'The Ancestry of John Whitney and the sd Willi wai;: willing to referr the case to the 7 men ; but in the interim all pties concerned in the case, yt is to say Mr. Whittney, Martin V nderwood & Henry Spring, in reference to the fence in deference, namely the fence yt is the betwixt Will Bond one ,ptie & the three aboue named the other ,ptie who doe ingage to make thirty rod of the sd Fence di.ffarence, & to maintaine it from henceforth.

Page 108: towne Creditors. £ s d Edmond Bloyse . . . . . 3 0 0 l,fr. Wkittney ...... 1 0 0 Brother Thacher for foxes 1 4 0 Chosen to Order the towne affaires for this yeare Capt Masan, Ephraim Child Leftt Beeres, Sargt Bright Michakk Bearsto, Charles Chadwick, Tho. Hastings. Chosen to keepe the towne Booke is Emphraim Child. John Coolig Senjor & Nathan Fiske for Surueires. Josep Mosses & Willia Shattock are Chosen for to looke to the order concerning hogs & Fences, & are to be regu­ lated by such orders as shall be apoynted by the Select men. Mr Norcrosse was Chosen for Schoolemaister for this yeare apon the same tearmes as in former yeares. Page 111: Mr Norcrossecomplaining of some neglect of the schoole howse as yett not finished, the select men promised a re­ dresse. Charles Chadwick, & Ephraim Child are apoynted to make the Country rate, & to call into them Mr. Whittney who hath the invoyce. Page 116: A meeting of the Select men the 8th of January 1660. att Bro. Bearstoe. Upon a complaint of such as haue to gather the Country The .Ancestry of John Whitney 251 rate wee weare informed yt the estate of the deceased Joh Flemin was left out of the sd rate. It is ordered yt Mr Whittney shall enquire apon whose head it is, to lett John Bernard know yt if he will not make it knowne, yt then Mr Whittney doe warne the sd John Berna.rd to make his answer the next meeting of the Select men, yt the country may not be wronged. Page 117: Creditor to the towne: £ s d Mr N orcrosse . . 12 0 0 Roger Willington 0 16 8 Mr. Whittney . 1 5 0 John Sawin .. 0 10 0 John Larance . 1 01 6 Tho. Tarboll . 0 6 0 Daniel Metup . 0 2 0 John Spring .. 0 1 0 Tho. Whittney 0 1 0 Rich. Bloyse . 0 1 0 Rich. Sautle . 0 2 0 John Bigula . 0 2 0 Jona: Browne 0 5 0 John. Winter 0 1 0 Left Beeres . 0 10 0 For the country rate . 8 9 6 Samuell Thacher for Mr Pheakes 7 16 0 Edmond Bloyse . 3 0 0 Edward Garfield . 0 4 0 John Benjamin . 0 1 0 John Stone ... 0 1 0 For the meeting howse 0 16 0 For the buying of the amunition 1 0 0 For the releefe of the pore . . . 10 0 0 For the meeting howse . . . . . 5 0 0 For the exspencses of the deputies at boston . 2 6 4 The fines of hogs comes to ...... 10 10 0 252 The Ancestry of John Whitney Page 126: November the 16th 1663 at a Generali town meeting. It was agreed that the pastuor shall have for his maintainace this yeer on hundered and forty pounds. Mr Whetney was Chossen to take an Inventory of the es­ tate of the towne. It will be noticed that, though many citizens are mentioned, "Mr." Whitney shared his distinction with but three others, of whom one was Mr. Norcross, the schoolmaster, and another Mr.Browne, the deputy to the general court. Of his wife Elinor, mother of his eight sons, noth­ ing appears except that she died in Watertown, May 11, 1659, at the age of sixty. His children were :

1. Mary, Baptized at Isleworth, England, May 23, 1619. Probably died young. 2. Jokn, Baptized at Isleworth, England, Sept. 14, 1621; m. 1642, Ruth Reynolds, daughter of Robert Reynolds of Watertown and Boston; had a family of five sons and five daughters, viz: (1) John, (2) Ruth, (3) Nathaniel, (4) Sam­ uel, (5) Mary, (6) Joseph, (7) Sarah, (8) Elizabeth, (9) Han­ nah, (10) Benjamin ; d. in Watertown, Oct. 12, 1692, aged 71 years. From him was descended ELI WHITNEY, the inventor of the " cotton gin." 3. Rickard, Baptized at Isleworth, England, January 6, 1624. Came to Watertown, Mass., with his father in 1635; m. in Wat. March 19, 1651, Martha Coldam. Moved from Wat. to Stow, Mass. in 1681. Had family of four sons and four daughters, viz: (1) Sarah, (2) Moses, (3) Johanna, (4) Debora, (5) Rebecca, (6) Richard, (7) Elisha, (8) Ebenezer; d. in Stow. The Ancestry of John Whitney 253 His descendants include General Josiah Whitney, Gen. eral James Scollay Whitney, Henry Melville Whitney, Hon. William Collins Whitney, Rev. Dr. Henry Whitney Bellows, Prof. Josiah Dwight Whitney, Prof. William Dwight Whit­ ney, and many other persons of distinction. 4. Nathaniel, Born in England; not mentioned in father's will. Probably died young. 5. Thomas, Born in England; m. Mary Kedall (Kendall) of Watertown. Had seven sons and four daughters, viz: (1) Thomas, (2) John, (3) John, (4) Eleazer, (5) Elnatban, (6) Mary, (7) Bezaleel, (8) Sarah, (9) Mary, (10) Isaiah, (11) Martha; d. in Watertown, Sept. 20, 1719, aged about 90 years. 6. Jonathan, Born in England about 1634; m. Oct. 30, 1656, Lydia Jones. Moved from Watertown to Sherbourne, 1679. Had seven sons and four daughtel's, viz: (1) Lydia, (2) Jonathan, (3) Anna, (4) John, (5) Josiah, (6) Elinor, (7) James, (8) Isaac, (9) Joseph, (10) Abigail, (11) Benjamin; d. in Sberbourne, Dec. 1702, aged 68 years. From him was descended Asa Whitney, b. Dec. I, 1791, in Townsend, Mass., who invented corrugated and annealed car wheels, was president of Reading R. R., &c. &c. 7. Joshua, The first Whitney born in America; b. in Watertown July 15, 1635, a few weeks after the landing of .the family. Was one of the first settlers of Groton, Mass.; had three wives, viz: Lydia, Mary, and Abigail; and four sons and seven daughters, viz: (1) Hannah, (2) Joshua, (3) Sarah, (4) Abigail, (5) Mary, (6) William, (7) Cornelius, (8) David, (9) Martha, (10) Elizabeth, (11) Eleanor; d. in Groton, Mass., August 7, 1719, aged 83 years. 8. Oaleb, Born in Watertown, and died 1640. 9. Benjamin, Born in Watertown, June 6, 1643. Lived in Watertown, York, Me., Cocheco and Sherbourne, Mass. ; had two wives, Jane and Mary; one daughter and three sons, viz: (1) Jane, (2) Benjamin, (3) Jonathan, (4) Joshua; d. in 8herbourne, 1723, aged 80 years. 254 The Ancestry of John Whitney These records, though meager, are perhaps enough to enable us to form some idea of Mr. Whitney's characteristics, physical and mental. That he was above the average in size and strength may be in­ f erred from the fact that he was selected for the office of constable, representing then the majesty of the law and the dignity of the State, and from his liv­ ing to be eighty-one and maintaining the manage­ ment of his farm until he was seventy-six. That he had a good education for the times is shown by an examination of his accounts, made up in a neat and orderly manner, and of the handwriting, spelling, and expression of his other records, and a comparison of them with those of his contemporaries. That he was scrupulously honest is evident from the fact that for so many years he was selected to handle the public money. That he was an active, energetic man of superior ability is certain from the fact that his merits were recognized so quickly in a community composed of an excellent class of citizens. Finally, we can be certain that he was a God-fearing Chris­ tian of the strictest conduct in private life, from the fact that he was a member of one of the earliest Puritan churches in the New World. In the Watertown Records for 1673 is this entry: John Whetny, widdower, deceased first of June, aged abought eighty-four years.1

His will, made upon his death-bed, written by his friend William Bond, is on :file in the office of the Re-

1 His actual age was eighty-one. An overestimate in case of an octogenarian is not surprising. The " a.bought" indicates that the clerk had no accurate information. The .Ancestry of John Whitney 255 gister of Probate for Middlesex County at East Cam­ bridge, Mass. The following is a copy :

I JORN WmTNEY SENlOR of Watertown, in ye County of Middlesex : being perfect and sound in memory and under­ standing blessed be God for it: doo declare this to be my last will and testament in manner and form as f olloweth Fst. I commit my spirit into ye hand of god yt gave it; and my body unto ye earth whence it was taken: 2 ly. I give unto my son John Whitney: my meadow called beever-brook meadow with ye upland yt doth aper­ taine thereto: and a yoake of oxen: or nine pounds ten shillings : and ten acres of my land called devedend land and a tnmke and one paire of sheets and one paire of pil­ low beers and two pewter dishes a great one and a small one: and the bed whereon I lie with all ye furniture there­ unto belonging. 3 ly. I give unto my son Rickard Whitney: ten acres of my land called devedend and two cows and a great sea chest. 4 ly. I give unto my son Thomas Whitt1ey ten acres of my land called devedend and two cows and a sad colored sute namely a paire of breeches and a close coate and pew­ ter dish. 5 ly. I give unto my son Jonathan Whitney: one iron kittle and a great brass skillit. 6 ly. I give unto my son Joshua Whitney: twenty acres of my land called devedend: and a cubs.rd and a little table and a cheste and a great kittle and a warming pan and a skillit. 7 ly. I give unto my son Benjamin Whitney: the old mare if she live: 8 ly. My will is yt what of my estate be left over after all is paid out as above sd namely of my movables yt it be equally divided betweene my executors and I doo nominate and apoynt my well beloved son John Whitney and Joshua Whitney; to be my executors to this my Will and testa- 256 The .Ancestry of John Whitney ment and doo desire my loving frind William Bond Senior: to see yt this my will be performed according to ye true in­ tent of it as is aforesaid and doo set to my hand this 3rd of Aprill: 1673. ye interline in ye line 24 ye word: divided: was done before any subscribing or sealing In ye presence of us : William Bond Senior ye marke of Sarah Bond Senior X (L. S.) John Whitney Senior.

17. 4. 73. at Charlestown Court attested on oath by Wm. Bond and Sarah his wife attest Thos. Danforth. [Endorsement] This is the last and third will of John Whitney.

The small amount given to some of his sons was because he had previously provided them with farms. The following is a copy of the inventory, also on file at East Cambridge. It is gratifying to note that " the old mare " lived.

This is an Inventory of ye estate of Mr. John Whitnie Senior: taken this 4th of June, 1673: by us whose names are hereunto subscribed. Imprs: Wearing cloths. £ s. d. a sad colorid Sute coat and breeches: 1 10 0 ye rest of bothe linin and woolin and shoos stockins hats gloves: being much worne: 2 10 0 ye bed whereon he lay with all the furniture thereunto belonging 5 0 O The .Ancestry of John Whitney 257 three pillow beers three sheets and three £ s d small old table cloaths 1 0 0 an old fether bolsster and fether pillow, 0 12 0 A sea chest 0 14 0 two old chests an old trunk an old box and an old cubard 0 14 0 two old tables one forme four old chairs 1 0 0 three pewter platters and basson a sacer an old great pot an old pewter botle and a chamber pot 0 12 0 a brass kitle 2 brass skillits a brass skimer a warming pan a small brass morter a title ladle of brass 1 2 0 an iron pot and pot hooks a tramell a iron kitle a spit a smoothing iron and two old frieing pans 1 5 0 three earthen vessells a great grater two cheeny dishes a dozen of trenchers a wooden dish three chees moals 0 3 0 a small trevet a paire of tongs and a small paire of scalls pund and half in weights a spindle for a wheele and a iron bullet 0 2 0 a churne and other lumber 0 5 0 foure cows 10 0 0 two oxen 9 10 0 an old mare 2 10 0 an old saddle and pillon 0 10 0 an old pa.ire of hoops and boxes for a cart a paire of iron pins for ye extree a pa.ire of lince pins and washers 0 10 0 a chaine a iron bar a spoone of iron an old adze a set for a saw 2 wedges and an iron pin for a ca.rt a hay crouse and other old iron 0 12 0 a grind stone with ye iron to it 0 4 0 an old ha.me a cart rope an old bage 2 old cushions 0 12 0 fifty acres of land called dividend 25 0 0 33 258 The Ancestry of Jolin Whitney three acres of meadow at Beever brooke with £ s d an acre and half of upland to it 20 0 0 an acre of meadow called plaine meadow 10 0 0 a forke and shovall O 2 0 also etc. etc. of O 14 O Joseph Underwood William Bond Nathan Fiske Senior. At a court at Charlestown 17.4.1673. Sworn by ye executors Thos. Danforth.

It is probable that differences of opinion in religion and politics restricted intercourse between the two branches of the family long before the emigration, and that this event cut it off entirely. The imme­ diate descendants of the Puritan were content to date the commencement of their history at 1635, and, with a new world of boundless possibilities before them, they neither knew nor cared what had gone before. If there were still Whitneys of Whitney, they would doubtless have traditions of many an event as joyous as the marriage feast of Robert and .Alice, and as terrible as the slaughter at Pilleth; tales would have been handed down of thrilling adven­ ture in border forays, of romance and intrigue, of gallant feats of arms at tournament and on battle­ field-tales the truth of which would be capable of confirmation; but, for more than two centuries, a lord of another name has held the manor and resided at Whitney Court. When, therefore, a\ this late day, two hundred and sixty years after he settled at Watertown, The Ancestry of John Whitney 259 we attempt to learn something of "the Ancestry of John Whitney," we have hardly a clue to guide us, and can only search at random among the great mass of, often unassorted, materials that makes up the archives of England, in the hope that some­ thing of interest has escaped destruction and that we may happen upon it. The foregoing pages embody what has thus far been discovered, and there is no stronger proof of the worth of the gallant knights and squires who made their home on the banks of the Wye, than that, with all this handicap, we can learn enough to tell a connected story of their lives. They certainly had in their veins some of the best blood of England and were held in high regard by their contemporaries. Mr. Green's remark that the family "yielded in nearly every generation one or more members of eminence" was fully justified. What little we know is of such a character as to render it sure that the full truth would do them even greater credit. They deserved a better fate than to be forgotten by their descendants, and it is hoped that hereafter many will rise up to do them reverence, so that, in the words of the Oxford scholar: Though Whitney 's dead his name shall never dye.

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,1 32 Butlt'r SoleD BrnL'•-,,,, L,-11,,1, 3b 3G Bruge.s of Sapit- Let ton

\\hitnl:"\' of · Whitrwy :}i Bladtr•t of lcomh

KEY TO D!PALED ACHIEYE:MEXT SHOWX ON OPPOSITE PAGE. Dexter, 1 and 26, azure, a crnss <'b<'qn:, or aud ~ules. DPxt~r 2 and Ainist.,r 14. gules. a chenon 11etwePn 3 esealops ar,reut. Dc·xter J a11d i-Jni•H·r 15. ll'llle~. frett:, Pl'lllllle. Dl'xter 4 nud 1otu1Rter 16, orire11t, a bend hetweeu 6 rnurtleta gulcs, u crPRC'l•Ht for dllkre11C'e. Dexter 5 and f.:Juister 17, ar!'<"nt, a Jinn rampant J)er res" gules aud sable. llexter 6 aml i-iuist1'r 18, 1,.'1.t]ea, a fesR dan<'ette between H cl'Oss erneslet~ 4 and 3, 3 and 4, or, !Jextc•r, aud l'.'ini•ter 19, burr, uebnlc' of tl, ermiue um! !,'ltl<',. Dexter 8 and Sinister 20, azure, a fess dancett<' lwtweeu fl ,rarhs or. Dt•xH·r Y ornl :-iuister 21, azure, semee delis, fretty or. Dexter 10 and Sinister ~2, 1-"llle,. n fess dtm<·etti• hetwet•n 6 cro,-~ c·rosslets or. Dexter 11 uuxter 14 and l'.'inistc•r 2 and 21i, quar­ terly 11er fe>R in1lt•ute1l 1rnks 1111<1 ermim•, iu <•uiel' u !lie of~ per fesA or auci sable. Dexter 15 a11d Sinister 3 and' 27, gUleR, a fess erwim•, iu chief a !lie of 5 or. Dexter 16 and Sinister 4 and 28, quarterly argent and azure, on a hend salllc 3 ruurrlets or. D<'Xter 17 nwl 1-iuister 5 and 29, ,rules, a fess cbeextn 20 and l';inist,•r ~ and 32, azure, a c1·u•s !leurftte or. Dex­ te1· 21 uu,l i,,iuii;ter 9 awl aa, ar,rt•ut. ,111 11 <·ros, aahk• a leo1111rd's faet• or. Dexter 22 uud $illiBter 10 and 34, ll'ltlt•a, a tes~ or Oetweeu 3 e"ealnpR 111'!,tf•llt. l)pxter 23 and 8tnister 11 a~S hNween 3 CllHJ,uefntls guJes. Dexter 25 11Ud l:'mi,-t1·1· 37, azure. a henu eutke

THE JMI'ALED ACUIE'i,"EMENT OF srn HOBEHT \VB.TT.NEY, Of' WHI'l'NEY, RNllJH.'l', AND DAME $YBIL, nm WU-']~, At< .BY THEr-l .ENTJTLl-:1> '£0 Rf; HOK:·a: 0:-1 TIU: DEATH OP f SYIHL, WI'fl'.:I(•IJ".I' 1!:11"-FB r.AW.l<'l.'.L, AN~(l ... .ELlZ. M.A.RttH.11.J,En IsY C. I-:. GI LDERfi(t.1\1.l:;-lHCKJ.NW)N 0~' LONDON. Dl<~X.TER, Q_UA.fi.TERr,Y OF TWlsN'l'Y-SlX. f:HNlS'11~1{, QUJ..R1.'£RLY (W 'THIRTY·l':I.GHT.

APPENDIXES

APPENDIX I.

JAMES WHITNEY BLANCH, rlaughter and ('oheire of Simon Mylhome of Tillington of Whitney, Esq. Com: Hereford, Relict of Sr, Wm. Herbert, Knight. I T Ro11EBT WHITNEY MARGARET, dau11:hter of Robert Wye of Whitney in Com: of Olocestershire. Hereford, Esq.

gr. ROBERT WHITNEY = 8111ELL, da: of gr. James of Whitney, Knight. I BnHkerville, Knight. I gr. JAKES WHITNEY of EusTAOB WHITNEY = JdABGABET, daur. & coheire RoBERT, BLA~OH, Wife of Robert Ore­ EL1ZA11ETH, Wife to John Whitney, Knil!(ht, eld­ of Whitney, brother I ofWillm Vaugha.nofGlas• vile, Esq: grandmother to Price of Manaugh, Co. est son; di01l with­ & heireof sr. James. bury, Com. Radnor. the now Lord Brooke. Radnor, Esq. out issue.

SIR Ro11EBT WHITNEY = ANN&, da.ughter of gr. Thomas THOMAS WHITNEY. ELEANOR, Wife to S•· Henry JoANB, Wife to John Wlgmore of Whitney in Co. I Lucy of Cha.rlcot, Com. War- Williams of Oivemevet, of Lugton in Com: Heref., llereford, Knight, Ao. wick, Knight. Com: Brecknock, Gent. gent. 16:14.

I I I I Ro11&aTWH1TN11:Y,eld­ CoNSTANTINE RICHARD. THOMAS. FBANOIB. WILLIAM LuoE, Wife to William ANNE, Wife to Tboma.s ELINOR. SUZAN. ELtZA11ll:TH. est son & heire a.p­ WHITNEY. WHITNEY, Smallma.n of K.in­ Hodde, of Fo:xley, Co: pa.rent, aged about 20 si.xt. son. ersley, Co: Heref: Hereford. yeares, 1634. gent. (8igned) Tboma.s Rodde for &• Robert Whitney. Extracted from the Visita.tion of the County of Hereford, made in the year 1634 (C. 25, fo. 75h) and e:xa.mined therewith this 23d day of September, 1892. Heralds College, London. CHARLES H. ATHILL, Rkkmond Herald of .Arm,. APPENDIX II.

PEDIGREE OF WHITNEY OF WHITNEY. The Visitation of Herefordshire, 1586, with addition• of later date. Harlelan Mannarript No. 1140, ff. 65h, 66. ln British Museum.

BALDWINUS WHITNEY= ftlia Pyehard. miles in com. Heref.

EosTACHIUB WHITNEY = ftlia Clanbow. de Whitney, miles. I I Roll'l"Us WHITNEY = fllla Russell. de Whitney. miles. I

EoS'!lcnms WHITNEY fllia Parrey. miles. T

fllia Tho. Rogers = Ro!Tus WHITNEY= CoNSTANTIA, ftlla Ja. dominl de Heref. de Whitney. I Baronis Awdle;y per fllinm Holland, comihs Kantcine.

JACOBUS WHITNEY= BLAUNCH, 111.et = WIiims Herbert, JOANNA, 11Ior Tho. Rogers, Filia nupta Willms. de Whitney. I una haeret Sy- miles maritus postea Vaughan de Herpf. Harper de Wellington monls Milbom. primus. in com. Heref.

WATKINUS WHITNEY - MARGARETA, fil. et haere RoBTUS WHITNEY = MARGARETA, ft). JACOBUS. RoBERTUS. ELIZABETHA, uxor Jenkins Reece de Cly­ de Whitney. Robt. Wye In Tho. Morgan de ron in Com. Radnor. com. Gloucestr!ae. Arkston. JENKYN WHITNEY. KATHERINE, uxor Ro»ERTUS WHITNEY - SvBYLl,A, ff.Ha Ja. JACOBUS et ELIZABETH, UX. 6EOROIUS WHITNEY, WILLMS, Willms Bastard duxit flliam Savage -~ ______inR_o_b_tl_Cl_o_u_g_h com. Salop._____ d_e_Wh~litney, miles. f Ba.skervile, militis. ob. e. p. de Banbury. in com. Wigom. 17 WILLMS WHITNEY, JACOBUS WHITNEY, Eu11TACI08 = MARGARETA, ff.I. et RoBTUR, BLAUNCH, ux. ELIZABETBA, UX. MARIA, ux. ff.Hue Bastardus. miles, ob. e. p. ff.I. eeeundm1 I co-haer. Willmi ff.I. 3. Robti Grevill, Jo. Pryce de Thomas Mills ,le Whitney. Vaughan de Frater Fulcoie. Managthye. de Camera Olyhery. Stellata.

THOMAS WHITNEY, RoBTUS WHITNEY ftlla Thomae ELIONORA, UX. JOANNA, UL Jo. Baehilaurius, 1616. miles, 1617. Lucy de Hen. Williams, Wigmore de Laeton Carlescott in militia. et haeret e:r:itu com. War., miles. Willm. 81 1 RoBTUS WHITNEY, CONSTANCE. L-uov. Amu. ELLENNOR. s. p. Folio 66b Roenrs WHITNEY j I RoBTUs WIUTNEY = ELIZABETH, ftlla Morgan! I Dugllm.

WILLMS. THOMAS. NICKOLAUS l\IABGARBTA, ux. .ANNA, uxor WHITNEY. Willmi Powell. Tho. Robridge.

EuBTACHIUS~ WHITNEY. APPENDIX III.

PEDIGREE OF WHITNEY,

The Visitation of Glouceste..,.bire in 162.'l. Harleian Manuscript No. 1041. In British Museum.

JAMES WHITNEY= BLANCHE, 4th dau. and = Sir William Harbl'rt of Wbitnl'y. I eoboir of Simon

ANNE, ux. Henry RoBARj WHITNEY._=_8_1_B_JL_L_,-d-.-to--S-ir_____ S_1_B_CBA.,.I_R_L_E_B ____ S_1_B_T-,loHAB SIR JAMES WHITNEY, ELIZABETH,I ux. Thomas ob. s. p. Morgan of Arkston. Cary, Lord James BaskPrville. HARBERT, Kt. HARBERT, Kt. Hunsdon, Kt. of the Garter.

ROB.ART WHITNEY= ELIZABETH, d. to Morgan ap Gwillims . . I I I I I I I 2WILLIAH. 3TBOHAB. 4 RICHARD. NICHOLAS MARGARETT. ANNE, ux. WHITNEY. Thomas Robage. APPENDIX IV.

PEDIGREE OF WHITNEY.

The Visitation of Herefordshire, 1586, with additions of later date. Hnrleian Manuijcript No. 1159, f. 65b. In British M1t8eum.

ROBERTIJ~WHnNEYT

RoBTUS WHITNEY T I I I GULIELMUS.I THOMAS. RICHARDUS. NIOBOLAUR MARoAT, u.x. ANNA, uxor. WHITNEY. Gulnii PowelL Tho. Robadge.

I EUSTACHIUS WHITNEY. APPENDIX V.

PEDWREE OF WHITNEY.

The Visitation of Herefordshire, 1586, with ad,lit.ions of later date. Harleian Manu,i~ript. No. 11!\9, ff. 64b, 65. In British llhtseum.

BAI,DWINUS WHITNEY= ----fl.Ii& miles in comit. Hereft'. I Pychard. I EuSTACIUR WHITNEY = ----- f\11& de Whitney, miles.

RoBERTUB WHITNEY = ----- fill& de Whitney, miles. Russell.

EuSTACHIUS WHITNEY = ----fili& miles. I

= JBTUS WHITNEY = CONSTANCIA, filia fllia Tho. Rogerus de Whitney. I Domni Baronls Audley de Hereford. per filiam Holland, Comitis Kanty.

I JACOBUS WHITNEY= BLANCH, fl.U&etuna = Gulmus Herbert, JOANNA, Ul[, Tho. filia nupta de Whitney. Haeredam Symon Miles Maritus Rogers, poste& Gulielmo Harper de Mylbonrne. primus. Vaughan Wellington in com. Heref. de Hereford. I 1 1 W ATKINUS WHITNEY = MARGARETA, flJia RoBTUB WHITNEY = MARGARETA, JACOBUS. RoBERTUS. ELIZAl3ETHA, uxor et HaereR Jenkinl de Whitney. I fllia Robt.i Tho. Morgan de R.-eee de Clyton ,vye de <'omit. in com. Radnor. 0 loucestriae. ,------'---.--,I -JENKYN "WHITNEY. KATHKRINA, uxor ROBERTUB WHITNEY - SYBELLA, fllia JACOBUS et ELIZABETHA, uxor 0EORGIUB WHITNEY, Robti Cloughe de Whitney, Jaco: Baskcrvile, Our.rnLMU!!, Oulielmus Bastard duxit -- flliam. in comit. Salop. Miles. Milit.is. oh. S. P. de Banbury.

GULIELMUSr-1 WHITNEY, fllius I Naturalis. GEOROIUB, MAmA, duxit ux.Tbo. Milles I I I deC&mer& ~ JACOBUS EUBTAOIUB WHITNEY = MARGARltTA, RoBER'l'UB, BLANOR, uxor ELIZABB. uxor fl.liam WHITNEY, de Whitney, fl.Us et eoh. fllius Robti Grevill, Jobie Pryce Stallata. Mile~, flliuR 2<1us. Gullelmi tertiue. Frater Fulconls. de Manygethys. Sav&ge oh. S. P. Vaughan decomit. de Gleysbeey. Wlgorne

Teo. WHITNEY, ELIONOIIA, JOANNA, anno. 116. RoJ~~:, JJ.ITNBY _l _Tb_o___ Lu_e_y fl.lia ux. Hen. ux. ,Jobans de Carleseott Williams, Wi!l,"lllore in com. Warwie, Militia. de Laeton Miles. ex habuit Exit.um Gulielml.

I RoBERTUS WHITNEY, CONSTANCIA. ANNA. ELINOIIA. S. P. APPENDIX VI.

PEDIGREE OF WHITNEY.

The Visitation of Herefordshire, taken In 1586, with additions of later elate. Harleian Manmcript No. 1442, ft'. 65b, 68. In British Museum.

BALDWINUS WHITNEY= ----ftlla miles, in Com: Heref. I Pyehard. I EUBTACHIUS WHITNEY = -----filia de Whitney, miles. Clanvow.

RoBTUS WHITNEY= -----ftlia ,le Whitney, Russell. miles.

EUBTACHIUB WHITNEY = -----filia miles. I Parrey. I ----- fllia Tho: Rogers= RoDTUB WHITNEY - CoNSTANCIA,fllia Jae: de Hereford de Whitney. Domini Baronis Audley pl'r flllam ---- Holland, Comitis Kantiae. I I ,JACOBUS WHITNEY = BLANCH, Ill: et una = WILLMUB HERBERT, JOANNA, nxor Tho. ---ftlia nupta de Whitney. I baereclum Symonis mile~ maritus Rogers, post.ea Willmo Harper de Milborn. primus. Vaughan Wellington m Com: de Hereford. HerPford.

I I W ATKINUS WHITNEY = MARGARETA, ftlia RoBTUB WHITNEY= MARGARETA, ftliR JACOBUS. ROBERTUS. ELIZABETBA, uxor et haeres Jenkin de Whitney. I Robt: \Vye in Tho : Morgan de Arkston. Ree~e de Clyton Co. (Hoeestriae. _J In Com : Radnor. I I I JENKYN WHITNEY. KATHERINA, uxor RoBEB.TtJB WHITNEY= SYBELLA ftlia JACORUR et ELIZABETBA. uxor GEORGIUB WBJTNEY, Roberti Clough de Whitney, miles. , Jacobi Bo.skervyle, W1L1,MUR, Willmi, Basta.rd duxit--ftliam in Com: Sa.lop. _J militfa. ob. s. p. Ile Banbury.

I JACOBUS EuBTAdrns = MARGARETA, ftlia et, ROBERTUS, BLANCH, ELIZA.BETHA., uxor WILLIIIUS WHITNEY, WHITNEY cob. Willim ftlius 3. n.xor John Pryce de WHITNEY, miles, de Whit- Vaughan de Robti. Managethys. ftlius ob. s. p. D<"Y, ftlius (Heysbery. Greevill, Bastardus. Rec1m,lus. frater Fulc.onis.

I I I • THOMAS WHITNEY, RoBTUB WHITNEY = ---ftlia Thomas ELIEONOB.A, uxor JOANNA, uxor Jo: Wig­ GEORGIUS MABu., uxor Bacbalourius. miles, 1617. Lucy de Ca.rlescott Hen : Williams, more de Laeton i,t duxit Tho: Mills de I in Co: Warwie, militl. babuit exita Willm8. Camera St.ellata. miles. ftllam Savage I in Co: RoBTUB WHITNEY, CONSTANTIA. Lucv. ANNA. ELLEONORA. Wigorn. s. p. APPENDIX VII.

PEDIGREE OF WHITNEY.

Harleian Manusr,ript No. 1442, f. fi7. In Briti1>b J\lu~eum.

S• ROBERT WHITNEY= RYBll:LL, daughter of of Whitney, Knil{ht, I f;r JamPs flnskerville, Knight.

S• JAMES WHITNEY EUSTACE ,vmTNEY = MAllGARET, da, & cob. of RoBERT WHITNEY, of Whitney, Kt, of Wbit.ncy, William Vaughan of 3 sonne of S• Robert Whitney, Kt. dyed witbout i.ssue. urot.ber & heire Glasbury in Co. Radnor. of Sr ,TnmeR.

7THOMAS WHITNEY of WeRtminster, Gent. THOMAS, S• RoBERT WHITNEY - ---da. of n Bntehilor. ofWhitney,Knight,1 Sr Tho: Lucy n° 1617. of ('nrlescot in I Com: Warwick, Kt. RoBERT WHITNEY of Westminster mar. Mary da. of John Towers I I I I I of Shropshire. CoNSTANCE. Lucv. RoBERT WHITNEY, ANN. ELLINOR. dyed without I isRne. JOHN WHITNEY, clnimeth to be heire male of the whole Family. APPENDIX VIII.

PEDIGREE OF WHITNEY.

The Visitation of Herefordshire, 1586, with additions of later date. Harleian Manuscript No. 1442, f. 66. In Briti!•h Museum.

SR ROBERT WHITNEY= SIBELL, da. of Sr James of Whitney, Kt. I Baskervile, Kt. I I I Sa JAMBS, EusT.&.CII:. RouT. WHITNEY, 3 sonn of .s. P· Sr Robert Whitney, Kt. I THO. WHITNEY of Westminster. I RouT. WmTNBY = MARY, d. of John of Westminster. Towers of Chestr. I JORN WHJTNBY at 38, ano. 1676. APPENDIX IX.

PEDIGREE OF WHITNEY OF WHITNEY.

The Visitation of Herefordshire, 1569, with additions. Harlelan Manuscript No. 1545, ff. 68b-f,9h. In British Museum.

SR BALDWIN WHITNEY = d. ofWbltt>ey~C.~H•n,l- ford. I "' Pitchard.

S• EUSTAOB WHITNEY =i d. of Whitney, Knt. _ of Clambow. I S• RoBERT WHITNEY = d. of Wbitney. of I Russell.

S• EuBTAOR WHITNEY= d. of Whitney, Knt. I - of 7 Parr. =, RoBERT WHITNEY = CONSTANOE, d. of James Lord d. of Tho. Rogers of Whitney. Audley by d. of --II ol- of Hereft'ord. land. Earle of Kent.

JAMES WHITNEY - BLANCH, d. & Heire = Sr Willm Herbert JOANE, ux. Roger ---ux. Wm. Harper of Whitney. of Simon Milborne. 1 Husband. Vaughan of Heref­ of Willington In com : ford. Here1ford. WATKYN WHITNEY= MARGA.RET'r,

WHIT~N_E_Y_. ___ o_~_S_b_~l-~-~-~-u_g_h ___ o_f_Wh_r,••Y• BM!ren-111<, K°'. ob. 8. l'. oh. S. P. !::.'.':\'!,::: ::~~'l'.!Js

WILLIAM WHITNEY, Sr JAM.Es, EUSTACE WHJTli.EY = MARGARET, d. & Coheire RoBERT WHITNEY = ELIZABETH, d. of BLAN

RoBERT WHITNEY. CONSTANCE. Lucn:. ANN. ELLEN. NICHOLAS WHITNEY, WILLIAM. THOMAS. RICHARD. MAROARETt..ux. ANN, ux. Tho. Wiliiam Holl. Roba.ge, ser• vant to Wm.E. ( of Pembrook. EUSTACE WHITNEY.

GEORGE WBITNEY = d. of Savage of MARY, marid Com. Worster. t.o Thom. MUia of the Star Cbamhre APPENDIX X.

ROBERT CHAUNDLER PEDIGREE, EXTRACT.

ViRit.ation of London, 1634. Publieations of Harleian Rociety, Vol. 15. page 157.

ROBERT WHITNEY, 2 sonne of WHITNEY of WHITNEY= I I . I 1111 THOMAS RoBAGB = ANN. MARGERY, NICOLAS. of Lelton ln I wife to RICHARD. rom. THOMAS. n.refonl. '7 Williams. WILLIAM.

RoBERT CIIAUNDLBB = ELIZA. of Cumberton mag- na in Com. Wigorn. INDEX

INDEX

Abergeoir, 200 Arc, Joan de, 74 Abergwilly, 94 .A.rkston, 129 Abermarla.is Castle, 94, 166 Arnall, Thomas, 240 Aberthlewne, 171 Arnedell, Elizabeth, 200 Abeynon, Symeon, 174 Arthur, King, 39, 111 Abingdon, 53 Arthur, Prince, 154 Acre, 149 Arundel, Earl of, 61, 114, 145 Act.on, 197 Arundell, Thomas, 134 Adams, George, 241 .Asca.lon, 33 Aelma.r, 22 .Ascha.m, Roger, 138 Agincourt, 74, 85, 102, 118, 119, Audlem, 197 123, 150, 151 Audley, Baron, 6, 151, 156 Agnes de Merleberge, 11, 12, 14, Audley, James, Baron, 38, 112, 114 15, 20, 21, 27 Audley, John, Baron, 151 Alba Pompeia., 56 Aumerle, 67 Alfred the Great, King, 6 Averances, Si Allen, John, 197 Avon, 84 Alkerugge, 97 Aymer, Count, 113 Almaly, 158 Alsopp, Joseph, 231 Bacon, Francis, 207 Aluua.rd, 10, 11 Baddeley, John J., 184 Alwintune, 25 Baldwin, Earl, 16, 113 Andrews, Bishop of Winchester, 93 Baliol College, 197 Angouleme, 113 Balta.sear, 107 Anjou, 113 Banbrugge, Roger, 131 Ap Griffith, Thomas, 94 Banbury, 103 Ap Griffith, Owen, 94 Bangor, 193 Ap Gwillims, Morgan, 209 Bannockburn, 52, 53 Ap Jenkin, Anne, Ap. XI Barbara (Gamage), Countess of Ap Morga.u, Llewellyn, 133 Leicester, 166 Ap Morgan, Thomas, 130 Ba.rkeley, John, 134 Ap Nicholas, Griffith, 92 Barney, John, 131 Ap Owen, Thomas, 174 Baron, Angell, 200 Apowell, Morus, 159 Barowe, Roger, 97 Aquitaine, Duke of, 61 Bartholomew, St., 116 2 79 280 Index

Baskerville arms, 147 Blackett, Anne, 118, 119, 124, 154, BaskerYille, Eleanor, 143 Ap. XI Baskerville family, 152 Blackett arms, 148 Baskerville, Humphrey, 143 Blackett, Edmond, 124 Baskerville, James, 6, 97, 100, 141, Blackett, John, 118, 119, 120, 123, 142, 143, 151, 156, Ap. XI 150, 154, Ap. XI Baskerville, Jane, 118, 119, 149 Blore heath, 74, 114 Baskerville, John, 88, 118, 119, 143, Bloue, Roger, 97 144, 151, 154, Ap. XI Blount, 31 Baskerville, Ralph, 118, 119, 149, Bloyse, Edmond, 247, 250, 251 153, 154, Ap. XI Bloyse, Goodman, 248 Baskerville, Richard, 153, 154, Ap. Bloyse, Richard, 251 XI Bloyse, Sergeant, 248 Baskerville, Robert, 152 Blythe, 79 Baskerville, Roger, 153, Ap. XI Boddenham, Ap. XI Baskerville, Sybil, 6, 141, 151, 209, Boleyn, Anne, 116, 133, 138 Ap.XI Bolingbroke, Henry, 67 Baskerville, Walter, 143, 152, 153 Bond, Sarah, 253 Baskerville, William, Ap. XI Bond, William, 5, 249, 250, 253, Battle, 17 254,258 Battle Abbey, 119 Bonynges, Thomas, 134 Baylie, William, 144 Booth, John, 183, 187 Bearsto, brother, 248 Booth, Lucy, 36, 187, 189 Beauflour, Thomas, 53 Boroughbridge, 155 Beaupenny, Thomas, 59 Boston, 207 Beaver brook, 257, 258 Boughroyd, 157, 158, 169 Bee, 26 Bow lane, 228 Becket, Thomas a, 151 Bowles, Thomas, 132 Belgium, 16 Bosworth field, 74, 101, 156 Belknap, Elizabeth, 156 Boteler arms, 147 Belknap, Hamon, 156 Bourghill, William, 97 Bellows, Henry Whitney, 253 Bradford, Margaret, 174 Bemis, Joseph, 239 Bray, John, 210, 214 Bennet, Jane, 232 Bray, Mary, 210, 220 Beres, Lieut., 242, 248, 249, 250, 251 Braybroke, widow, 241, 247, 248 Berke, John, 237 249 Berkshire, 25 Brayley, 52 Bernard, John, 251 Brecknock, 10, 102, 133 Berrington family, 29 Brecknockshire, 8, 30,115 Berwick on Tweed, 53 Bredwardine, 102, 103, 143 Bevan, Archdeacon, 9, 39 Bredwardine arms, 148 Bigula, John, 251 Bredwardine family, 150 Bisco, John, 248 Bremesese hundred, 25 Bishops Stanford, 158 Brewer, Thomas, 174 Black Mountain, 19 Brewern monastery, 134 Index 281

Breynton, Elizabeth, Ap. XI Cambermere, 199 Breynton, Isabell, Ap. XI Cambridge, 234 Breynton, John, 152, 154, 158, Ap. Cambridge, Earl of, 61 XI Camden, 7, 28 Breynton, Symon, Ap. XI Canterbury, Archbishop of, 202,210 Brictric, 25 Canterbury Cathedral, 151 Bridgford & Sons, 193 Cardiganshire, 39 Bright, Sergeant, 246, 250, 251 Carey, Henry, 129 Brilley, 48, 143 Carlishelton, 132 Brimstield, 79 Carmarthen, 93 Brisco, Mr., 239 Cartrack, Mildred, 231 Bristol, 44, 45, 72 Cartrack, Sara, 231 Brocke, Richard, 232 Cartwright, John, 201 Brockes Esse hundred, 43 Castel, Roger, 14 Bromleigh, 10 Castile, King of, 61 Bromwicbe, John, 97 Castleton, 170 Bromwiche, Thomas, 97 Castleton Farm, 190 Brooke, Edward, 115 Castleton, Lowel', 81 Broomer, Marie, 231 Castleton Nap or Nab, 81 Brown, John, 200 Caux, 26, 153 Browne, Abram, 238, 239 Caux Castle, Ap. XI Browne, Jonathan, 257 Cave, Mr., 146 Browne, Mr., 247 Cawdor, Earl of, 38 Bruce, Richard, 48 Caxton, William, 74 Bruce, Robert, 50, 53 Cedwyn, 107 Bruges, 59,197 Chadwick, Charles, 240, 247, 248, Brugge arms, 148 249,250 Brugge, Elizabeth, 154, Ap. XI Chartley, 151, 154, 155 Brugge, John, 119, 150, 154, Ap. XI Chamboyes meadow, 174 Brugge, Sollers, 150 Champernowne, Philip, 168 Brunles (or Brontlas), 79 Charlcote, 18:!, 185 Bryce, John, 157 Charles I., King, 42, 207 Buckingham, Earl of, 61 Charles II., King, 3, 4, 42, 184, 188, Buckingham, Duke of, BO, 130, 132 207 Buckinghamshire, 25 Charles, King of Navarre, 61 Builth, 79 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 55, 58 Burke, 11, 35, 55, 56, 67, 152, 188 Chepstow, 8 Byt"te, William, 174 Chepstow Castle, 8 Chester, 65 Cabalva, 183 Chesterton, John, 53 Cade, .lack, 105, 109 Cheston, 139 Caerlion, 107 Child, Ephraim, 239, 240, 246, 250 Cresar, Julius, 8 Child, Richard, 248 Calais, 59 Chirburgh, 61, 87 Caldwell, 47, 50 Church, Garret, 238, 248 38 282 Index

Cirencester, 114 Cope, William, 189 Clanbowe, John, 158 Cothi, Lewis Glyn, 101, 104, 108 Clarence, Duke of, 54, 55, 56, 66, 96 Cotswold hills, 121, 129 Clark, George T., 90, 103 Corbet, 50 Clifford Castle, 30, 76, 77, 78, 79, 193, Corbet, Mr., 134 194 Corbet, Peter, 153, Ap, XII Clifford Common, 194 Corbet, Sybil, Ap. XI Clifford, Lord, 134, 153 Cornewall, Thomas, 97 Clifford, manor and parish, 4, 8, 34, Coventry, Bishop of, 135 170, 171, 177, 189, 203 Cowarne, Great, 21, 23, 29, 158 Clifford Place, 193 Cowarne, Little, 21, 29, 47, 50, 54 Clifford, Sir Robert, 90 Cranmer, Thomas, 116 Clifton, 157, 161, 169, 173, 175 Crawford, David, Earl of, 166 Clinton, Lord, 80 Crecy, 155 Clipston, 54 Cressy, 33 Clothworkers Company, 222 Crigdon, John, 153, Ap. XI Clyro, 129, 170, 204 Crigdon, Susanna, Ap. XI Cobbett, James, 232 Croft, Edward, 80 Cobbett. Josias, 232 Croft, Herbert, 167 Cobham, Lord of, 83, 115 Croft, James, 167 Cocheeo, 253 Croft, Jasper, 38 Coedmore, 39 Croft, Richard, 97 Coity, 166 Crompe, Walter, 144 Colby, Martha, 199 Cromwell, Oliver, 42, 184, 207, 230 College of Arms, 6, 117, 152, 165, Cromwell, Rolf, 38 208 Cromwell, Thomas, 116, 135 Collins, 112, 115 Damand, Jane, 231 Colter, Richard, 138 Danesmoor, 103 Colton, Richard, 190 Daniell, Robert, 247 Colvius, Peter, 197 Dansey, John, 158 Colwan, 10 Dansey, Thomas, 97 Coman, 75, 91 Danyham, Richard, 158 Comwich, 157, 162, 169, 175 Daunce, John, 130 Cooke, William H., 9, 30, 117, 1!'.lfl David, St., 107 Coole, Pilate, 197 David, William, 200 Coolidge, John, 250 Davis, Mary, 248 Coombe (or Comb), 128, 153, Ap. Daylesford, 128 XI De .Abyndon, Simon, 53 Cooper, Roger, 231, 232 De Baskerville, Rawff, .Ap. XI Constance, daughter of Edmund de De Baskerville, Roger, .Ap. XI Langley, 114 De Baskerville, Walter, Ap. XI Constance, wife of Robert Whit­ De Beauchamp, William, 59 ney, 114 De Beaumont, Charles, 63 Cope, Elizabeth, 189 De Bedyk, William, 53 Cope, Henry, 128 De Bernai, Ralph, 19 Index 283

De Bliton, John, 53 De la Hay, Hugh, 38 De Bohun, Humphrey, 49, 155 De Langley, Edmund, 114 De Bra.broke, Henry, 150 De la Pole, Esmond, 59 De Bretevil, Roger, 79 Delamere arms, 157 De Brugg, John, 150 De Lodelowe, John, 53 De Bureford, John, 53 De Lodelowe, Roger, 53 De Callers, Robert, 53 De Longue-epee, William, 79 De Camora, Ella, Ap. XI De Lnvetot, Cecilia, Ap. XI De Caron, Noel, 227 De Luvetot, Emma, Ap. XI De Chaumpuent, Peter, 48 De Luvetot, Matilda, Ap. XI De Cbaundos, John, 47 De Luvetot, Richard, Ap. XI De Clifford, Joan, 78 De Luvetot, William, 149, 150, Ap. De Clifford, Walter, 79, 82 XI De Doncaster, William, 53 De M.aldel'e, John, 227 De Engayne, Ralph, Ap. XI De M.erleberge, Alured, 18, 19, 20, De Engayne, William, Ap. XI 21, 23, 27, 28, 34, 40, 43 De Everest, Walter, 48 De M.escheins, Ranulph, Ap. XI De Everingham, Joan, 154 De M.ontacute, William, 114 De Everingham, Richard, 154 De Montfort, Simon, 79 De Ewias, Sibella, 43 De :Mortimer, Ralph, 22, 23 De Ferrera, Edmund, 155 De M.orville arms, 156 De Fel't'ers, John, 155 De Morville, Hugh, 151, Ap. XI De Ferrers, Robert, 155 De M.orville, Joan, 151, Ap. XI De Ferrera, William, 156 De Morville, Roger Ap. XI De Frayne, 29 De Marville, Simon, Ap. XI De Furnival, Andal, Ap. XI De Nasard, Henry, 53 De Furnival, Christian, 118 De Navarre, Alferiz, 63 De Furnival, Gerard, 118, 149, 151, Dennis, St., 107 Ap.XI Deny, Anthony, 139 De Furnival, Thomas, Ap. XI De Oxonia, Edith, 44 De Garro, Peter, 63 De Oxonia, John, 44 De Geynville, Geo1frey, 48 De Picade (or Pycherd), 157 De Grandison, Otto, 48 Derby, Earl of, 134, 135 De Gros, Rothes, 153 De Reinbudecurt (or Reincurt), De Hamme, Reginald, 12, 14, 15 Guy, Ap. XI De Hastings, William, Ap. IX De Reinbudecurt (or Reincurt), De Hemegrave, Thomas, 43 Margery, Ap. XI De Hortesleye, Richal'd, 55 De Reinbudeeurt (or Reineurt), De Inkepenne, Roger, 53 Richard, Ap. XI De Kaillewy, Roger, 14 De Say, Hugh, 82 De la Barre, Thomas, 53 Despenser, Thomas, 114 De la Carre, Martin, 63 De St. Valeri, Maud, 10 De La.cy, 50 De Tregoz, Robert, 43 De Lacy, Henry, 79 De Trivers, Robert, Ap. XI De Lacy, Roger, 35 Detyns, Thomas. 158 284 Index

Devereux, Elizabeth,117,118,Ap. XI East Cambridge, 253 Devereux family, 29 Eaton, Abigail, 231 De'l"~reux, Katherine, 151, 155, Ap. Eaton, Mary, 231 XI Eaton, Thomas, 231 Devereux, John, 97 Edgehill, 207 Devereux, Walt.er, 117, 118, 151, Edmonds, Anne, 175 154, 156, Ap. XI Edmonds, Henry, 175 De Wakefield, John, 53 Edmonds, John, 175 De Whitney, Baldwin, 55 Edmund, Duke of York, 61, 66 De Whitney, EUBtace, 18, 14, 15, Edmund, Earl of March, 61 21, 27, 29, 47, 48, 49, 51 Edmund Ironside, 6, 13 De Whitney, John, 43, 44, 52, 53, 54 Edmund of Woodstock, 113 De Whitney, Randolph, 37 Edward the Confessor, 10, 15, 16, De Whitney, Robert, 43, 46, 54, 55, 20, 22, 24, 25, 78 57, 58, 59 Edward I., King, 6, 33, 42, 47, 49, De Whitney, Rogel', 47 52, 53, 113, 151, 154, 155 De Whitney, Thomas, 54 Edward II., King, 42, 50, 53, 113 De Whitton, Grey, 88 Edward III., King, 42, 55, 57, 66,112 De Wigemore, Rolf, 23 Edward IV., King, 42, 55, 101

De Wigemore, Turstin, 201 21, 24, 27 Edward VI., King, 42, 116 Dew, Rev. Henry, 9, 193 Edward the Black Prince, 57, 66 Dew, Rosamond Clifford, 192 Edward, Duke of York, 100 Dew, Tompkins, 192 Edwards, Edward, 2 Dicke, Elizabeth, 203 Eire, Simon, 239 Dinely, Ap. XI Effingham, 167 Dingley, Thomas, 186 Efrog, Predyr, 39 Dobbinson, Edward, 214 Elaston, 143 Dombyllon, John, 97 Eldershae, Edmond, 200 Done, Richard, 144 Eldersha.e, Marie, 199 Dorset, Marquis of, 134 Eleanor, Queen, 82, 113 Dorsetshlre, 25 Eleanor, wife of James Touchett, Doubled1m, Edward, 214 114 Douglas, Earl of, 76 Eleanor, wife of Edward I., 155 Drayton, 101, 115 Elizabeth, Queen, 3, 42, 116, 138 Drayton-in-Hales, 201 Elsedune hundred, 10 Drogo, 153 Elva.el, 109 Drury, William, 178 Ely, Bishop of, 145 Dugdale, William, 12, 13, 28, 79 Engayne arms, 157 Dumnesmoore, 169 Ensam monastery, 135 D1mcumb, 8, 9, 11, 20, 29, 50, 58, EtUD, 43 78, 88, 97, 103, 150 Eustace, Edward, 174 Duntune, 22 Eustace, son of Turstin, 12, 13, 14, Dykes, Chamber, 129 27, 36 Eardisley, 10, 34, 97, 119, 141, 142, Eva.nee, Charles, 190 151, 152, Ap. XI Eva.nee, Helen, 199 Index 285

Everingham, Adam, 154, Ap. XI Fox,John, 184 Everingham, John, Ap. XI Foxley, 183 Ewias Castle and Manor, 18, 19, 20, France, 85 23, 27, 28, 34, 40, 43, 163 Freeman, 26 Ewias, Lacy, 34 Frobisher, Martin, 184 Eynesford (or Eylesford) arms, 147 Frye, 59, 60 Eynesford, Elizabeth, 117, 118, 119, Fuk, Richard, 43 151, Ap. XI Fuller, Thomas, 58, 88 Eynesford, John, 117, 118, 119, 123, Furnival arms, 147 151, 155, Ap. XI Furnival, Christian, 118 Eyton, William, 38 Furnival, Gerard, 118, 149, 150 Faber, Joseph, 232 Faggus, Thomas, 204 Galeas, John, 55 Falstaff, John, 85 Galeas, Prince, 55, 56 Faner, Archdeacon, 211 Gam, David, 102, 103 Fassum, Joshua, 248 Ga.m, Gla.dys, 102, 103 Feake, Mr., 247 Gamage, Barbara, 166 Fecamp, 24 Gamage, John, 166 Ferrera, Lords, 150, 151 Garfield, Edward, 239 Figgyns, Jenkin, 158 Gaseony, 155 Firmin, John, 239 Geneson, Robert, 249 Fiske, Nathan, 237, 250, 258 Geoffrey, Plantagenet, 113 Fitz-Allen, Ali<"e, 114 Germayne,John, 134 Fitz-Hardy, Thomas, 89 Gethyn, Ellen, 102 Fitz-Barry, Thomas, 97 Geynville, Geoffrey de, 48 Fitz-Osborne, Roger, 23, 79 Ghent, 59 Fitz-Osborne, William, 18, 21, 23, Giffard, John, 79 78 Gifford, Richard, 131 Fitz-Poutz, Richarcl, 79 Gildersome-Dickinson, 147, Ap. XI Fitz-Robert, .Matilda, Ap. XI Givernevett, 181 Fitz-Robert, Walter, Ap. XI Gla.morganshire, 90 Fitz-Walter, Simon, 79 Glasbury, 76, 7i, 79,181 Fitz-Walter, Lord, 134 Glendower, Owen, 73, 76 Fitz-William, George, 134 Gleucnant,John, 59 Flanders, 23, 48, 59, 60, 78 Gloucester Castle, 133 Flanders, Count of, 59 Gloucester, city, 12, 13, 14 Fleg, Thomas, 248 Gloucester, Earl of, 114 Flemin, John, 251 Gloucester, Duke of, 61, 86 Flodden Field, il6 Gloucestershire, 25, 118, 120, 132, Foliot arms, 156 133, 209 Foliot, Margery, Ap. XI Glynne, Jones and Jones, 193 Foliot, Richard, Ap. XI Goard, Richard, 232 Foliot, Robert, Ap. XI Godstow, 83 Forest Farm, 10 Godwin, Earl, 15 Forsett, Edward, 214 Golafre, John, 62, 63 286 Index

Golden Valley, 19 Hampton, Isabella, Ap. XI Goldsmith, Richard, 132 Hampton, Richard, Ap. XI Gomond, James, 158 Hardwick, 201 Goodrich Castle, 8 Harold, King of England, 15, 16, Gough, Richard. 7, 28 17 Grant, Christopher, 243, 248 Harold Hardrada, King of Norway, Grantham, 53 15 Gray, Henry, 115 Harold, Earl, 20 Great Munden, Ap. XI Harper, John, 97 Great Ryssenton, 136, 137 Harpur, William, 225 Great Yarmouth, 197 Harry of Monmouth, 85 Green, Rev. Henry, 11, 33, 184, Harvard, 4 198 Hastings, 17 Greenwich, 145 Hastings, LorJ, 134 Grenada, 205 Hastings, Margaret, 123 Greville, Anne, 172 Hastings, Ralph, 123 Greville, Blanche, 172 Hastings, Thomas, 240 Greville, Dorothy, 172 Hawkins, Marie, 231 Gre,ille, Foulke, 172 Hawkins, Robert, 231 Greville, Katharine. 172 Hay, 4, 133, 195, 200 Gre,ille, Robert, 157, 172 Hay Castle, 9, 76, 112 Greytre hUDdred, 43 Henry I., King, 6, 31, 42, 113 Griffith, ap Nicolas, 92 Henry II., King, 6, 31, 42, 82, 113, Griffith, Anne, 132 20<) Griffith, George, 132 Henry III., King, 6, 31, 42, 44, 113 Griffith, William, 132 Henry IV., King, 42, 66, 72 Grimswortb hundred, 30 Henry V., King, 42, 102, 114, 155 Grinsell, 201 Henry VI., King, 42, 101, 114 Groton, 253 Henry VII,, King, 42, 101, 116, 151, Guiana, 205 224 Guildhall, 210 Henry VIII., King, 33, 42,116, 130, GUDuert, 22 132, 133, 179 Herbert, Charles, 129, 182 Hackluit, 120 Herbert, Thomas, 129, 132 Haddelston, John, 134 Herbert, William, 129, 132, Ap. XI Hales, John, 130 Hereford Cathedral, 186 Hall, Elizabeth, 174 Hereford, city, 8, 10, 44, 45, 195 Hall and Hollinshead, 114 Hereford, Duke of, 66, 67 Hallamshire, 149, Ap. XI Hereford, Earl of, 49, 155 Halloway, John, 232 Herefordshire, 7, 8, 17, 18, 19, 29, Hamant, William, 239 30, 33, 36, 42, 44, 46, 51, 72, 73, 85, Ha.mood, John, 244, 248, 249 97 Hampden, J obn, 230 Hezetre hundred, 22 Hampshire, 18, 25 Hilary, St., 107 Hampton Court, 150 Hill, J a.mes, 131 Index 287

Hilles, Richard, 225 Jones (orJobnes), Charles, 174 Hinton, 171 Jones (orJohnes), Henry, 162, 166 Holland, Thomas, 112, 114 Jones (orJobnes), Lydia, 253 Horsman, Edward, 174 Jones(orJohnes), Mary, 162 Hotten, John Camden, 231 Jones(orJohnee), Margaret, 174 Houlle, John, 142 Jones (orJobnes), Thomas, 162,167 How, Edward, 238 Jovius, Paulus, 56 Howard, Lord, 167 Hubbard, Thomas, 231 Kadogan, Bedowe, 142 Hubbard, William, 231 Kedwarde, Thomas, 142 Hudibras, 36 Kendall (Kedall), Mary, 253 Hume, 105 Kent, 105 Hunsdon, Lord, 129 Kent, Earl of, 113, 114 Huntington hundred, 145 Kererlion (Carlyon or Caerlion), Huntington manor and castle, 34, 131, 132 48, 49, 50, 76, 103, 133 Kilpeck, 164 King, Ellen, 203 King's Caple, 157, 163, 169 Icomb, 118, 120, 132, 136, 141, 157, King's Common, 241 162, 169, 173 Kingsmel, Constance, 185 !comb Place, 121 Kingsmel, Richard, 185 Iden, 105 Kington, 48, 143, 163 Ingebrnmus, 53 Kington Church, 103 Ipswick, 58 Kinnersley, 183 Ireland, 44, 45 Knap, John, 247 Isabella, wife of King John, 113 Knott, Thomas, 171 Isleworth, 208, 211, 212, 217, 218, 228, 233 Lacton, 181 Isley, Anthony, 131 Lacy, Walter, 88 Lambeth Marsh, 210, 211 Jackson, Henry, 231 Lanandiffry, 93 James I, King, 42, 91, 180, 184, Lancaster, Duke of, 61, 66 207, 226 Langley, Richard, 226 J a.mes, Edmund, 239 Larence, John, 251 Jamestown, 207 Ledet arms, 156 Jennison, William, 237 Ledet, Christian, 150, Ap. XI Joan, the fair maid of Kent, 113 Ledet, Wischard, 150, Ap. XI Joan Whitney, 115 Le Despenser, Edward, Lord, 155 Joan Vaughan, 115 Lee, Roland, 135 John, King, 10, 31, 42, 113, 150, Le Gros arms, 148 222 Le Gros, Eustace 38 J obn, Duke of Aquitaine, 61 Leicester, Earl of, 166 John, Baron Wake, 113 Leicestershire, 124 Johnson, Robert, 144 Leinthall arms, 147 J olantis, 55 Leintball family, 150 288 Index

Leinthall, Roland, 97, 150 Luther, Martin, 84, 116 Leland, 23, 150 Luvetot anns, 147 Lenox, Duke of, 227 Luvetot (De Luvetot), Matilda., 149, Leominster, 48 Ap. XI Leon, King of, 61 Luvetot (De Luvetot), William, 149, Let.ton, 119, 154 Ap. XI Lewis, Edmund, 239 Lewis, Glrn Cothi, 101, 104, 108 Magdalen College, 197 Lewston, 120 Maitland, 224 Leydon, 197 Malcolm III., 113 Lexington, 154, Ap. XI Ma.lga.sbury (or Malga.rsbury), 137, Lichfield, 135 Ap. XI Limebrook priory, 23 Manchester, 193 Lincoln, 47, 53, 207 Manitone, 19 Lincoln, Bishop of, 83 March, Earl of, 28, 55, 61, 66, 76, 83 Lincoln, Earl of, 79 Marches of Wales, 10, 18, 23, 24, 29, Lincolnshire, 117, 135 30, 32, 40, 48, 73, 76, 85, 100, 102, Lindsey, Robert, 166 130 Lingard, 26 Margaret, wife of Edmund of Wood- Lingen, 23 stock, 113 Lionel, Duke of Clarence, 54, 55, Margaret, wife of Edward I., 113 56, 66, 96 Margaret, wife of Malcolm III., 113 Llansaintfread. 10 Margarite, Queen, 101 Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, 49, 79, Marmaduke, Bishop of St. David's, 80 173 Llydd, Walter, 102 Ma.rmyon, 50 Lockster's Pool, 194 Marsha.I of Navarre, 63 Loftie, W.J., 222 Marston Moor, 207 Logharneys, 34 Martin, Richard, 231 Lolla.rds, 74, 84 Martin, Thomas, 138 London, 48, 84, 101, 105, 222, 231 Mary, Queen, 3, 42, 116, 145 Longford, 97 Mary, Queen of Scots, 116, 230 Longueville, 56 Mason, Mr., 146 Lord, Ann, 232 Ma.son, Captain, 249, 250 Lord, Aymie, 232 Ma.son, Lieutenant, 239 Lord, Dorothy, 232 Matilda, Queen, 16 Lord, John, 232 Matilda., wife of Geotl'rey Planta- Lord, Robert, 232 genet, 113 Lord, Thomas, 232 Matilda., wife of Henry I., 113 Lord, William, 232 Matilda, wife of William I., 113 Louis Vil., 113 Maud's Castle, 10 Lowton, 153 Mauncell, Edward, 201 Lucy, Anne, 182 Mayhew, Thomas, 239 Lucy, Thomas, 182, 185 Maylord, Henry, 203 Ludlow, John, 90 Ma.ylord, William, 204 Index 289

Meaux, 114 Morgan and Glamorgan, 90, 103, Melton, John, 61 112, 115 Merbach Bill, 81, 195 Morgan, John, 174 Merchant Taylors Company, 217, Morgan, Thomas, 129 218, 220, et seq. Morgan, William, 174 Merchant Taylors' School, 225 Morley, Lord, 134 Merchelai, 25 Mortimer, 30 Merestum, 22 Mortimer, Bartholomew, 35 Merrick, David, 138 Mortimer, Edmund, 55, 66, 73, 75, Mervyn, Hugh, 133 76 Met.calf, Walter C., 165 Mortimer, Hugh, 38 Metup, Daniel, 251 Mortimer, John, 105 Mexico, 116 Mortimer, Roger, 66 Milan, 54, 55 Mortimer's Cross, 74, 100 Milbourne arms, 147 Mosses, Joseph, 25 Milbourne, Blanche, 117, 118, 119, Mount Auburn Cemetery, 234 149, 151, Ap. XI Mowbray, Thomas, 67 Milbourne, John, 117, 118, Ap. XI Munden Furnival, Ap. XI

Milbourne, Peter (or Piers), 1171 . 118, 151, Ap. XI Nantes, 116 Milbourne, Simon, 97, 117,118,119, Nantwich, 197 149, 152, 154, Ap. XI Narbonne, Thomas, 57 Milbolll'De, Sybil, 152, 154, Ap. IX Naseby, 207 Millhaughe, 173 Nash, 120 Mills, Joan, 199 Navarre, King of, 61 Mills (or Milnes), Mary, 175 Nedehan, Lady, 199 Mills (or Milnes), Thomas, 178 Netherwene, 132 Milton, John, 184, 207 Netherswell, 120 Mixer (or M ixter), Isaac, 238, 240 Neuton, Thomas, 59 241 Nevil, Richard, 114 Mixer (or Mixter), widow, 247 Newark, 154 Molyn, 114 New College, 127 Monmouth, 8, 102, 111, 160 Newark, Johll, 59 Monmouthshire, 78, 129 Newmarch, Bernard, 30, 157 Monnow River, 19 Newgate, 109 Montague, Dr., 227 Newgate prison, 220 Montague, Henry, 226 New Haven, 200 Monteagle, Lord, 134 Newman,Joan, 203 Montgomeryshire, 8 Newport, 130 Montserrat, 56 Newton, 94 Monyngton, Thomas, 97, 100 Newton, Adam, 227 Moor, Philip, 158 Nicolas, Harris, 154 Mordant, John, 134 Norcross, Richard, 241, 245, 247, Mordant, Lord, 134 249,250 Mordediche, Thomas, 158 Norfolk, 197 39 290 Index

Norfolk, Duke of, 68, .Ap. XI Pembruge, Richard, .Ap. XI Norman, Henry, 53 Pencombe, parish and manor, 11, Normandy, 16, 24, 61 12, 14, 21, 24, 27, 28, 29, 31, 43, Norman Kings, 6 46, 47, 50, 54, 157, 160, 163, 169, Northampton, 50, 53 173, 208 Northeigh, 124 Pencoyd, 152 North Wales, 92 Penkin, William, 173 N oseley Church, 124 Penley, 134 Nottingham, Earl of, 67, 167, 227 Pequusset, 234 Nottinghamshire, 150 Percy, Henry, 76 Nylis, 136 Perowe, William, 158 Pevensey, 26 Ocle Pitcbard, 157, 158, 159, 163, Philip IY., 113 169, 171, 175 Philippa., wife of Mortimer, 55, 66 Odo, Earl, 18 Phillips, George, 234 Offa's Dyke, 19 Phoenix, Stephen Whitney, 37, 38 O'Gaunt, John, 57, 66, 80 Picke, Robert, 174 Oiddard, 22 Pickthome, 153 Old Bailey, 217, 220 Piedmont, 56 Oldcastle, Jane, 83 Pierce, Frederick C., 5 Oldcastle, John, 83, 84 Pilleth, 73, 74, 75 Oldcastle, Thomas, 38, 83 Planche, J. R., 24 Orcop, 153 Plantagenet Kings, 6, 113 Ormond, Earl of, 100 Plinlimmon Mountain, 8 Oxford, 26, 83, 197, 204, 206, 225 Plymouth, 205, 207 Poines (or Poynings), Richard, 153 Page, William, 242, 248 Pomrient,John, 87 Palmerley, John, 231 Popham, Edward, 166 Paris, 88 Porter, Jane, 49 Parker, Jane, 138 Porter, Roger, 239 Parker, Mr., 134 Porthaml, 115 Parry, John, 158 Pound, Thomas, 232 Patrick, Daniel, 239 Powis, Lord, 115 Patye, Thomas, 174 Poyntz, Jane, Ap. XI Pauncefort, 29 Poyntz, Nicholas, Ap. XI Paveley arms, 157 Preston, Daniel, 232 Paveley, Isabella, 153 Prerogative Court of Canterbury, Paveley, Walter, 153 136, 141 Pavia, 57 Price, Alice, 172, 179 Payne's Castle, 10, 170 Price, Anne, 173, 190 Pelliparius, Richard, 53 Price, Francis, 190 Pembridge, Thomas, 158 Price, Harry, 173 Pembroke, Earl of, 100, 103, 145, Price, Lucy, 190 167 Price, Robert, 174, 189, 190, 191, 192 Pembruge, Elizabeth, Ap, XI Price, Watkin, 174 Index 291

Prichard, John, 174 Rollright, 135, 186 Prince of Wales, 49, 50 Rosamond, Fair, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, Pring, William, 217, 220 193 Priour, John, 53 Ross, 8 Pyea.rd arms, 157 Rouhale, Richard, 59 Pyca.1·d (De Pica.de), Roger, 158 Royce, David, 120 Russell, Thomas, 38, 90 Queens County, 45 Ryles Green, 198 Ryssenton, 136 Radelaw hundred, 20, 25 Radnorshire, s, 30, 73, 129 Sackville, Mr., 146 Raglan Castle, 8 St. Botolph, 53 Raleigh, Walter, 116, 166, 167, 168, St. Dona.ts Castle, 166 205, 206, 207 St. Giles Fields, 84 Ramerick, Ap. XI St. Giles without Cripplegate, 30, Randall, John, 247 182,184 Record office, 6, 38, 42, 44 St, John's College, 225 Rees arms, 147 St. Margaret's church, 206, 211, Rees family, 150 212,220 Rees, John, 54 St. Mary Aldermary, 228 Rees, Thomas, 91 St. Peter's, Cornhill, 213 Reese, Jenkin, 129 St. Thomas, 205 Reeve, William, 232 Sa.la.din, 37 Reginald, Abbot, 12, 14, 15 Salisbury, Earl of, 61, 83, 114, 227 Reincourt arms, 156 Sall, Edward, 232 Reynolds, Robert, 25::! Saltonstall's Pla.nta.tions, 234 Reynolds, Ruth, 252 Sa.ltonstall, Richard, 234 Rhydspence Inn, 190 Sa.mond, William, 232 Rhydspence Plantation, 194 Sandwich, 106, 110 Riche.rd I., King, 23, 31, 35, 37, 42, Sa.pie arms, 157 149, 151, Ap. XI Sa.mesfield, 100 Richard II., King, 42, 58, 59, 65, 66, Sa.vage, 5 so, 114 Saville, Henry, 134 Richard III., King 42, 101 Sa.win, John, 251 Richard, Earl of Arundel, 114 Sawtell, Richard, 248, 251 Richard, Margaret, 174 Scotland, 49, 52 Richard's Castle, 82 Scudamore, Philip, 97 Robert, King of France, 113 Scudamore, William, 97

Robinson, Charles J., 51 311 36, 42, Seine, 114 194 Selenger, John, 164 Roche, Thomas, Lord, 155 Senlac, 17, 18, 25, 26, 149, 157 Rodd, Anne, 189, 190 Sension, Nicholas, 231 Rodd, Robert, 190 Sentbeger, William, 97 Rodd, Thomas, 183, 190 Servat, William, 53 Rolf, father of Turstiu, 24, 26, 27 Severn, 8, 45, 84 292 Index

Seyborne, Richard, 159 Stoke, 151, 154 Seymoure, Robert, 226 Stone, Deacon, 241 Shakespeare, William, 67, 85, 182, Stone,John, 248,251 207 Stone, Simon, 240 Shattuck, William, 25 Stowe, 173, 252 Sheane, 45 Stowers, John, 238, 239 Sheffield, 151 Straddewy, 158 Shepard, John, 174 Stradling, Edward, 166, 167, 168 Sherbourne, 253 Stratton Sugwas, Ap. XI Sherman, Ensign, 241 Strickland, John, 237 Sherman, John, 239, 241 Strype, John, 3 Shippam, Richard, 176, 178 Stury, Richard, 53 Shrewsbury, 76 Stuteville arms, 157 Shrewsbury, Earl of, 146 Sudenhalle, 12, 14 Shropshire, 115 Suffolk, Earl of, 227 Simpson, S. M., 129 Surrey, 18 Sisera's Palace, 110 Surrey, Duke of, 114 Skelton, 124 Sussex, 105 Slaughter, 164 Sutton, 158 Slaughter, Lower, 123 Swinnerton,John,226 Smallman, Lucy, 183, 187 Sydnal, 14 Smallman, William, 183, 187 Sydney, Philip, 166 Smith, Thomas, 174, 248 Sydney, Robert, 166 Sollers, 153 Syrell, Richard, 173 Sollers arms, 148 Somerset, Henry, 115 Tainter, Joseph, 246 Somersetshire, 18 Talbodwyn, 171 Somerset House, 6, 136, 141 Talbot, Gilbert, Lord, 38 South Wales, 92, 131, 132, 153 Talgarth, 115 Spalding, 53 Tankerville, Earl of, lUi Spring, Henry, 251 Ta.rball, Thomas, 251 Spring, John, 251 Taylor, William, 174 Stafell, Christopher, 204 Thacher, Samuel, 240, 241, 251 Stafford, Earl of, 61, 155 Thistleworth, 217 Stafford, Henry, 80 Thecle, St., 115 Stafford hundred, 21 Thomas a Becket, A.p. XI Stafford, Rolf, Lord, 38 Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, 61 Stanley, Christopher, 232 Thomas, Hugh, 38 Stanley, Susanna, 232 Thomas, John, 143, 158 Star Chamber, 146, 230 Thomas, Katharine, 174 Stauntou, 119, 154 Thoms, William J., 64, 67 Stephen, King, 31, 42 Thornburg, 180 Stepben8, Thomas, 171, 177 Threadneedle Street, 217 Stepulton, 34 Thu.rkelston, 158 Sterne, Isaac, 238 Tillington, 154, A.p. XI Index 293

Tinling, Wat, 33 Vaughan, Ya.rga.ret, 181 Tintern Abbey, 8 Vaughan, Roger, 101, 102, 103, 115, Tiptoft (or Tibetot), Robert, 48 133,171 Touchett, Constance, 6, 112, 115, Vaughan, Thomas, 53, 101, 103, 162 156, Ap. XI Vaughan, William,181,200 Touchett, Edmund, 115 Vaux, Lord, 134 Touchett, Elizabeth, 115, Ap. XI Vedle, Peter, 162 Touchett, Humphrey, 115 Verdon arms, 147

Touchett, James, 1121 114, 115, 156 Verney, Richard, 134 Touchett, John, 151, 154 Vernon-upon-Tayne, 87 Towers, John, 210 Villers, Rolf, 38 Townsend, 253 Viola.nta, daughter of Galeas, 55 Treadway, Nathaniel, 241,246,247 Vire, castle and town, 88 Tregoz, Robert, 43, 44 Virginia, 116 Tremayne (Truman), 169 Tretower Castle, 158 Walbiell', John, 133 Trillowe, Eliza.beth, 124 Walden, Roger, 59 Trivers arms, 157 Wales, 8, 29, 32, 33, 49, 92, 130 Troy, 129, 132, A.p. XI Wallace, William, 49 Trumper, Rev. Walwyn, 78 Wallewayne, Fulk, 97 Tryllok, 131 Wallewayne,John,97 Tumby, John, 53 W allewa.yne, Thomas, 97 Turner, William, 174 Walsingham, Francis, 168 Turstin, the fair, 24, 26 Walter, Thomas, 174 Turstin, the Fleming, 11, 12, 13, Walwill, Thomas, 174 14, 15, 22, 24 Walwyn, Ely, 79 Turstin, son of Rolf, 24, 25 Walwyn, Walter, 158 Tybary, Richard, 123 Wardon, Ap. XI

Tyler, Wat, 58 Wardour, William, 1921 195 Tyndale, John, 134 Warwick, 161 Warwick, Earl of, 61 Ulchet, 22 Waters, Lawrence, 238 Ultyng, John, 59 Watertown, 3, 4, 5, 210, 218, 2.'i4 Underwood, Joseph, 258 Watkins,John, 176,177 Underwood, Martin, 237, 238, 250 Watkins, Richard, 203 Underwood, Thomas, 241, 247 Weavers' Guild, 222 Uske, 131 Webbe, William, 201 Webley, 164 Vaga, 7 Wemme, Baron of, 59

Vanner, Henry, 59 Westminster, 31 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, Vaughan (Vaun or Va.uhn), Alice, 61, 63. 64, 77, 96, 97, 114, 134, 145, 101, 103, 112 146, 206, 210, 217, 231 Vaughan, Edmond, 142, 144 Westminster Abbey, 129, 210 Vaughan, J a.mes, 133 W eetmineter Grammar School, 220 7 , aughan,Joan, 115 Weston, Francis, 134 294 Index

White, Anthony, 242 Whitney, Isaiah, 253 White, Thomas, 225 Whitney, Joan, 115, 181, 220 White Tower of Whitney, 110 Whitney, Johanna, 252 Whitmore, C. S., 123 Whitney, James, 3, 117, 118, 119, Whitney, Abigail, 253 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 137, 149, Whitney, Ann (Anna or Anne), 151,157,203,208,219,252,Ap.XI 183, 190, 209, 253 Whitney, General James S., 4, 253 Whitney, Anthony, 137 Whitney, Captain James, 204 Whitney, .Arnewaye, 212 Whitney, John, 3, 4, 5, 87, 40, 135, Whitney, Asa, 253 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 157, 161, Whitney, Benjamin, 237, 252 165, 202, 207, 209, 212, 216, 217, Whitney, Bezaleel, 258 220, et seq Whitney, Blanche, 135, 137, 157, 173 Whitney, Jonathan, 207, 229, 231, Whitney, Bridget, 183 253,255 Whitney, Brooke, 199 Whitney, Joseph, 252, 253 Whitney, Caleb, 253 Whitney, Joshua, 237, 253, 255 Whitney, Charles, 135, 136, 137 Whitney, Josiah, 253 Whitney, Constance, 30, 182, 184 Whitney, General Josiah, 4, 253 Whitney, Cornelius, 253 Whitney, Josiah D., 4, 253 Whitney, David, 258 Whitney, Julian, 173 Whitney, Debora, 252 Whitney, Lucy, 182, 186, 190 Whitney, Ebenezer, 252 Whitney, Lydia, 253 Whitney, Eleazer, 253 Whitney, Margaret, 136, 138, 182, Whitney, Eli, 4, 252 209,211,210 Whitney, Elinor, 5, 181, 188, 191, Whitney, Martha, 258 207, 218, 228, 231, 233, 252, 253 Whitney, Mary, 135, 137, 213, 215, Whitney, Elisha, 252 228, 252 Whitney, Elnathan, 253 Whitney, Maudlin, 199 Whitney, Elizabeth, 129, 157, 183, Whitney, Moses, 252 201, 252 Whitney, Nathaniel, 207, 231, 252 Whitney, Eustaee, 83, 90, 97, 157, Whitney, Nicolas, 209, 219 160, 161, 169, 170, 171, 172, 178, Whitney, Nowell, 213 179, 181, 182, 203, 208 Whitney, Rebecca, 252 Whitney, Sir Eustace, 90, 92, 93, Whitney, Richard, 135, 137, 170, 94, 95, 96, 97 183, 201; 207, 209, 231, 252, 255 Whitney, Francis, 170,188,213,216 Whitney, Robert, 6, 32, 76, 84, 97, Whitney, Geffrey, 197, 198 100, 101, 102, 104, 108, 115, 129, Whitney, George, 135,137,141, 145, 180, 182, 184, 185, 136, 141, 142, 169, 173, 175, 176, 178 144, 149, 157, 182, 208, 213, 216, Whitney, Hannah, 252, 253 219, Ap, XI Whitney, Henry, 37, 212 Whitney, Sir Robert, 3, 5, 80, 36, Whitney, Henry A.,5, 201,207,219, 61, 63, 65, 73, 76, 86, 87, 88, 89, 233, 237, 239, 245 145, 146, 151, 152, 157, 158, 165, Whitney, Henry M., 4, 253 173, 181, 185, 187, 189, 208, 209, Whitney, Isaac, 253 Ap. XI Index 295

Whitney, Ruth, 252, 255 Wiltshire, 18 Whitney, Samuel, 252 Winchester, 53, 113 Whitney, Sarah, 252, 253 Winchester, Bishop of, 93 Whitney, Susan, 183, 191 Windsor, 3, 55, 165 Whitney, Thomas, 3, 4, 86, 87, 170, Wingfield, .Anthony, 144 182, 183, 188, 200, 201, 203, 204, Winter, John, 248, 251 207, 210, 211, 213, 215, 217, 228, Winthrop, Govemor, 234, 235 231, 244, 251, 253, 255 Winkall, John, 241, 247 Whitney, Walter, 200, 201 Wistham, George, 158 Whitney, Watkin, 129 Witherall, J obn, 248, 249 Whitney, William, 135, 137, 157, Wolsey, Thomas, 116 169. 173, 176. 179, 183, 200, 204, Wood, Richard, 48 209, 219, 253 Woodgate,James, 199 Whitney, William C., 4, 186, 253 Woodstock, 82 Whitney, William D., 4, 253 Woodward, George, 249 Whitney, William L., 5 Worcester, 184, 207 Whitney arms, 147 Worcester, Earl of, 115, 132 Whitney church, 36 Worksop, 150, Ap. XI Whitney Castle, 4, 8, 31, 3!!, 73, 76, Worm River, 19 78, 194 Wormbridge, 158 Whitney Court, 9, 31, 117, 193 Worston (or Wroughton), Mar- Whitney Hill, 234 garet, 123 Whitney, "Lord," 92, 93, 94, 95 Wright, Dr., 183 Whitney parish and manor, 4, 7, 8, Wright, Eleanor, 189 9, 10, 29, 33, 34, 45, 46, 47, 50, 54, Wright, Richard, 203 108, 109, 111; 157, 169, 189 Wyckliffe,John,83, 84 Whitney rectory, 195 Wye River, 7, 8, 45, 108, 111, 147 Whitney wood, 9, 194 Wye, Jane, 138 Wigemore, 100 , Wye, Margaret, 132, Ap. XI Wigemore Castle, 21, 22, 23, 28, 34 Wye, .Robert, 132, Ap. XI Wigmore, John, 181 Wymund, 14 Wilcotes, Thomas, 124 • Wyndham, Mr., 134 William the Conqueror, 6, 16, 17, Wynforton, 34 25, 42, 78, 113 Wynnealey, Robert, 97 William, Duke of Aquitaine, 113 Wynsor, Mr., 134 William Rufus, 42 Wynsor, Lord, 134 William II., King, 31 Williams, Constance, 191 Yeadley, William, 201 Williams, David, 191 York, 237 Williams, Henry, 181, 183 York, Duke of, 66, 114 Willia.ms, John, 174 Ypre, 59 Williams, Roger, 174 Williams, 811Ban, 189 Willington, Roger, 251 Zyon Monastery, 164

nMO!UlJl:fV DUl'DIWCl I'l'tJ tRT V..U,, U10t''1' "" COl!~'JC'?J~I 1..1111 ffl Ccu.R!l!G tffl'n 01 im. IRLYILU

t aa.1::.e~ at t.~ offi<'e of llr.~lnlle •' 115 lroa4wq1 law

Torie CU7. asad •ae lllfo!'lllll \hll\ he ud 4194 OllhNl'. 1110. &ppar.u\J.7

all 1l11 ,rhate eol'J'e1,ou.e11e1 " \lie office •u ...,""'• Ke ... a

11 \bvn.po111 callecl ;,11 Mr. iltre4 B. IIHT1• a\ bh bo■e in

llrnzTill•• Ii. 1',, ud ... the orlcillal of tbe ht.hr of Mr. Melville to hla. %\ -'•• \htr wve t~1H4e u4 plarecl plf \o,-tb_.. a,r.

IIIICT1aa 1\ahd t.hat Mr, W.hi.lle llu apes\ •n•al JUJ'I am'H4 la look1q ,q• origlDal 1'90ord1 1n oora-.Uou with hit lhihq pMaloc,. ilr. Man'1• '11 ..elt ~ heG 1Dhree\ed 1a •aee.la1r fo, ~ ~--··

..n4 ah\1d !'Ol"t'hv t.'hat be bad turailhed t.1i• ~opi1'a at t~, 11', ! .

P':lbllc L1llrPJ'f and lid aho ,,-ivea \'hell. T, Cle•alorietl Scei-'J.

l-,erd1q \lie eocl111a1Uoal aarrtap1 1' •1 hne IM111 t'fUitt ► lllt•lJ \hat. ,._ • Ha-«>• Kand 1114 Coutaaoe 41d aot l111!11G1h •'ho had al'l'iecl th.. •111 llecaue \b'lf Yilhed io tlhlel4. bl ■ fTOII tbe ll11C'•

1U1i)l.. wre.

L. D. MA.PIS

Lfflii tHliiWITB (cow)

BIIIBT ICP.Lltu.l Attor•1 & Ccna••ller at I.aw 1 U lrNdlrq. I. t.

Utred !. lt8rr1am. hq ••

!! I.oomut ~ffD\18 0 Lt-"1'enc• P11 rk. 1'rou-rille, r. ~. Dear Mr. Merr1a:

'1'ballke for 10IU"• of tbe 29th uU. Wbile \be llbi\aei,s U"e

undoubtedly all of one ~tock, I I.JI 110t P&re that the ezao\ c:oueetlti11.

ot John ot ~ater\o•fl and "em'7 of 1f•• '!aTea ha1 ner "911 worlced eut aaUafactor1~.

!he oorrection I sent :,ou 11 the oDl.7 one of a.~ l ■porh.nce

I ban th(N.lht of -1cill(.. 'l"h11 occa110ned • • ,recd d•al of work, ,:01.nc

1-ck to origill&l record,, •• ~ 111 ■ t..u1 lout ap had llli:ied \hlD,t:1 up

(Thi• correction pa1ted in Volu• of aboTe •• at the N. Y, Public Lillrar7 - 43nd Street. I, T. 0.)

I In chart, fac1Dg pa«e aJo, tbe father ot •lleaDOr•• who 1Ml'rie4 .r ..., foucbett, 1hDllld 'be l4auD4 l?oll&JM!, larl of bat• etc.• 1ll1teed of •Tbo••" "Folland• .. 1hhd; and othar cornct1on1 tllcra.ld ·N -4e h•e, nc1 OD ~ea 112 all! 11', \o eorretpond with the followiza« ehh•at of fach, Tt.11

. Cou\anee Plu\aput wu •~t• ef Prince Madld, Dake of T01•k_ ate., fifth IIOD of ll!war• rt! - &p-il 15, 1!78 a d11peqaUo• -• ..-••4 _. ale1'M•f ti, , 0 ,.. Iler e1pe11.aal to Tllo•• 1'Hpn1er, who attenarb llaeau lerl of Gloa.cH\er, lot.~ were lnfaah at t.lle U•• be bni~ Hen llora Sept.. n, 13'73, !he1 were 'M!Tlecl JF1or to laYIJJ.IU7 U, 1383, Jn lS99, c1urh~ the collftict 'beh.. 11 lUchard n allll ll11 Laaoa1t'l'ian eouh. Who, la t1'e 4apotition or the fol'Nl',:IIN•• 1'f•JU7 tT, 7hne Deapeuw P4 fbo•• "ollud, hrl of tent. were hater, in th• factlon appor\111.g 'lleba:nt, lflie,­ -..re hfHhd aa4 'beheaded..

011 the duth of !ho•• Rolland hh rounger ffoth.- • -~Dl'l, l'QCCNded to hh ti\11. ldlllllld and ~ Ooutance, wid.ow of De1peuer, eul>aeq,11111\ly lhe4 to­ gether ope'Al.1 •• hu1band am rife,cla1 ■111g to be le1all.J ■-ffied, (See J. H, 1 ...a,•• •Lanc• ■ ter and York-. Tol. r. Pa,;e 83), Of thia ~•ion, to•tlm betnen 1400 aad 1407 wa ■ llorn a 4au.&hter, Eleanor, who •l'J'1ed J••• Tncbet\ 0 :Baron Auc.U91. It ii recorded tbat i:.a~ !:lea110r 11 D&l9'1ng and affer.-ng barHU' J>ou!hter and heir to 1• u1de r.d1110ud, lah larl of lent and bogetrn alld bcirne h e1p.1,uHh had bet'W)'s him end Conetanc,, of late w7f to fho■a1 Lord Spencer•. :a probed "afore certein J'IICI" 111 Court Chrh\ezie and SplritueU u proTn am ~r1011a (i.e.,. docWD11nt ■ and 1 hin, w1tuusH) depo.,-irtt; for her •• in ..po,ueh had an4 aolam1fie4 bet117s 7e

1aicl lhlond and Cou1hnce 1 and t.h• u1de Alinor•• 117f to Jamee, to h«9t711 1•11d born 11 •1tbJ11.11e ye eaa "poueh • ( See latul1 Parlia■elltoriu 9 Re1117 VI, •• prilDted, Vol, tv. F·ap:375),

Betw ..n 1400 and 1407 Conatanc• certainly had no othv bu1band and M111nd no other •ite. Th-, were relatiTee, of about the 1ame .,e and eocial etation. Common ■htortune Nll 111«ht be a llo11d of qapath7. !ht pro'babilltT 1a that there wa ■ betnezi them a Talid JscledytictJ. marriage. The record in.dlcah ■ tha.t l'de'h marriage wa• rega.larly profld and a4,1ud1cated in a Co,irt of competnt ,tar1141ct1on, Bo.t, aa ah• wa1 1 J'ri11CtH of tbe blood. \be pll'a1 ■ alon ar aHent. of the 11.ng 1ee■1 to '-•" ...u 1UtCee1ar7 to 1ecare reoopitloa or U for .£!!ll. Plll'PGt••• la.ell &pPl'OTal, appareutl7, K,1117 n either cU4 11et ,raat er, after P'Ht.ing, •• )'Ulhli--., ••nu-'• 'R'h oppodt1011 would be aatval, aot onlT on account ot 'hle f!VMl'al antipathy to t.he Wollud aJld 1)e1pe11eer tamu.. , 'blll,•ffn •re,on accout 4tf hh baTing epeolal euity for Conetance, who con11ttant11 oppoHd M.■ eo far a, lq 11a lier power.

we11r, ,... an uurper. lie hed illP!'tloned t"e ri-'1Uul lleir to u,e throne. 70U1lr litort111181', 'la!'l of \ll!J'Cih. Lady Coa1t.uce. a'boat ■i4ai~t, hb. l~, l-40~, 'bJ th• u•• of tale• ka71, reached the roo ■ 111 Wlndaor Cattle, where the Warl ant ~1, llN'll•r nr• elHpl11«, uleaHd the■, aa4 thq plloped eff •1th 'her, and a ••11 bo~ other ret.a1ner1, on the road to Wal••• wller• Owen Qlelldower n, alre.q 1.11 o-pe11 reTolt. ~er ent.erprh• wat but one bra111:t, of a great eon•• in whicll all the 11alconhnh 1D t'he real ■ were Joined thr ..te11l11« t.'he atinct.iou of 'l•11J7'• power. She••• betrqed (b7 her 01m brother), oTertakeu, eel ..d, llll4 ttnallJ', en Karch 2 0 1405, colllllitted •• a pr1eoner to Ienilworth Cattle, Ber property••• forfeited to the crown. (See Political ~i1toJ7 of !DC:laJld, Vol. IV, pa«e 193; alto L1b~ard 1 1 ~htory of "Rllgl&Dd., 11 to the character of her tHacheroue 'brother• 1ee l!'ua1 H11tor7 of !~land, New Edition Vol. II, page 301), She died JoT, 28, 1416, a11d in 1420 ••• bu.r1ad in tbe Ab"be7 at aeadi!IC• ldlllllld waa mrtally woucled at the •l•«• or lll'lac 1n Br1\\aJW aDO 41•4 Sept, 18, l4ClB. The Ferlilllll8ntar7 Roll, ebOTe cited, ehowe that 1hortl7 before hl1 4•\h. eo•U• lu l.40'1 (Coapl•h PMr.... ). \he nae teroet hla 1no wbat...... l• t•m. at leaat.. a 1ftate• -.rr1ac•. wi\b \lte ab\er of t'he IJlaJm of llllaa: tll• INOUDt Hall1JIC • •?e aalc!e 14moa4 be the orc!luaee will• ant ..,-..-n of the full llD'lale Lord :t.ah IJ'a& Wenry the Jourthe. 7at O.d Ben, after Cl'fl• IIOtable aa4 loq allbaHlad had llll4 HDt umo ,., J>like or Mel.aae tor -.d... to be ha44e bat117a aa14e lllboa4 all4 Luce, hater to the aallle 1)Qlte of 1talue0 took to YJf aD4 optDlJ asc! solemnly "44ad tba 1alde I.uce aUe l,cn:aloD1• 1J lo\1111 Parl 1-lltorl•, 2 !fem"7 T • a1 Jll'iD\ad,

Vol. :tf, Pa«& 29 0 it appear, that the 'Dake or ltil&Jl or1~ullJ proahe4 • -■:rrb~ portion of 700 0001lorl11a, nt 414 not" lt. A rea10• tor hla refuaal a&7 pH11'b~ hen be.n t'!,e fact tllat lie d11coft1'ed t'hat •111114• oil aceoo.nt ef l!i.a relat1oq witl! Co111ta?1Ca 0 wa ■ , 1U1der the la,re of t'he C"trarch. lnel1«1bh for •DY UDlOD with I.uo7. 41'1• _,. ..••~tor ef \1'111 Otnatuoe n ..,._.ut ... c.. a1a11oe 'l'nc'hett., who asrried Ro'bert 11Mt11q of' ft.1tm7, u~ bee~• t.!!e ai>tbar of 111• c'llllc!reu.