JOURNAL OF JOURNAL JOURNAL OF AFRICAN A FRICAN EL ELECTIONS E CTIONS Vol 18 Vol N o 2 O ct 2019 Volume 18 Number 2 Oct 2019 remember to change running heads VOLUME 17 NO 1 i Journal of African Elections EDITOR Denis Kadima ARTICLES BY Essa Njie Abdoulaye Saine Albano Agostinho Troco Dércio Tsandzana Bethel Uzoma Ihugba Charles Alfred Wishes Tendayi Mututwa Oluyinka Osunkunle Brenda Mututwa Robert Nyenhuis Mattias Krönke Stephen Chan REVIEWS BY Tom Lodge Ivor Sarakinsky Volume 18 Number 2 Oct 2019 i ii JOURNAL OF AFRICAN ELECTIONS Published by EISA 14 Park Road, Richmond, Johannesburg, South Africa P O Box 740, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 11 381 6000 Fax: +27 (0) 11 482 6163 e-mail:
[email protected] © EISA 2019 ISSN: 1609-4700 (Print) ISSN 2415-5837 (Online) v. 18 no. 2: 10.20940/jae/2019/v18i2 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher Printed by: Corpnet, Johannesburg Cover photograph: Reproduced with the permission of the HAMILL GALLERY OF AFRICAN ART, BOSTON, MA, USA For electronic back copies of JAE visit www.eisa jae.org.za remember to change running heads VOLUME 17 NO 1 iii EDITOR Denis Kadima, EISA, Johannesburg MANAGING EDITOR Heather Acott EDITORIAL BOARD Chair: Denis Kadima, EISA, South Africa Cherrel Africa, Department of Political Studies, University of the Western Cape, South Africa Jørgen Elklit,