2020 한국 사이버성폭력을 진단한다 Diagnosis of Cyber Sexual Violence in Korea 2020 2020 한국 사이버성폭력을 진단한다 Diagnosis of Cyber Sexual Violence in Korea 2020
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Part 1. How has ‘pycam̀ become ‘Filming’? 07 1 The History of Amendments of Acton Special Cases Concerning the Punishment, etc. of Sexual Crimes 08 2 Re-interpretation of the IIVTCC 7 Cases in the 1990s. 22 3 Cyber Sexual Violence and Megalia 28
Part 2. Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 57 1 Scrutinizing Online Sexual Violence 58 2 The Manhood of Korean Men in Their 20s and 30s 86 3 The Next Front: ‘Jerk-of Materials’ Not Recognized as IIVTCC 104 4 The Trafc in Women 120
Conclusion: Right Now Is Our Feminist Moment 132
Endnote 155 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’?
Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 07 1. Before the Amendment of the Act on Special Cases 1.1 Concerning the Punishment, etc. of Sexual Crimes The History of Before the legislation of the Act on Special Cases Concerning the Punishment, etc. of Sexual Crimes, the only legal basis to report Amendments of Acton and punish sexual assault was the Criminal Act. The term ‘sexual violence’ was never clearly stated in any law, of course, Special Cases Concerning and any crimes of sexual nature were classified under chapter 32 of the Criminal Act, named “Crimes Concerning Chastity.” the Punishment, etc. According to the articles under chapter 32 of the Criminal of Sexual Crimes Act, “a person who, through violence or intimidation, has sexual intercourse with a female (article 297)”, “a person who, through violence or intimidation, commits an indecent act on another (article 298)”, “a person who has sexual intercourse with a female or commits an indecent act on another by taking advantage of the other’s condition of unconsciousness or inability to resist (article 299)” could be punished. The report rate of sexual violence was strikingly low, and even if the victim decided to report the crime, the complaints for such cases had to be filed within six months after the incident, and lodging a complaint against a lineal ascendant of the principal himself or of his spouse was not allowed (article 224 of the Criminal Procedure Act).1 From the late 1980’s to the early 1990’s, sexual violence cases showing a significantly diferent aspect from the earlier cases had occurred and received public attention. These cases sparked the beginning of the anti-sexual violence movement. Unlike the cases that had been publicized until the mid 1980’s, these cases targeted individual women and not any specific groups of women such as female workers. Moreover, the perpetrators of these cases were acquaintances and family members of the victims. These characteristics of the aforementioned cases drastically changed the public’s understanding of ‘sexual violence’.2
08 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 09 As a part of the anti-sexual assault movement, Korea is. Moreover, gender-based violence such as marital rape and Women’s Hot Line, along with Korea Sexual Violence Relief domestic violence was not included in the same act. Therefore, Center, Daegu Women’s Association, and Committee on Kim Bu- ‘sexual violence’ regulated by the law was only restricted to nam Case, established the Special Committee for the Legislation ‘violent actions of sexual nature.’6 of the Act on Special Cases Concerning the Punishment, etc. of Sexual Crimes (hereinafter referred to as the Special Committee for Sexual Crimes). These organizations later joined the Korean 2. The History of Criminalization of ‘Obscene Acts by Using Women’s Association United in forming the Special Committee Means of Communication’ and ‘Taking Photographs or for Sexual Crimes.3 One of the key agendas of the Special Videos by Using Cameras, etc.’ Committee for Sexual Crimes was ‘sexual self-determination.’ The current law often applied to the punishment of online Women’s organizations during that time characterized sexual sexual violence, especially of taking photographs or videos violence as ‘violation of sexual self-determination’ for two and distributing them against the will of the featured person, reasons: “Firstly, to dismantle the patriarchal perspective is article 13 (Obscene Acts by Using Means of Communication) concerning sexual violence such as rape and indecent act and 14 (Taking Photographs or Videos by Using Cameras, etc.) of by departing from the traditional framework of ‘Crimes Act on Special Cases Concerning the Punishment, etc. of Sexual of Chastity’; and secondly, to lay down the foundation for Crimes (hereinafter referred to as Act on Punishment of Sexual expanding the scope of actions that could be punished under Crimes). Let us look into the brief history of amendments of the name of ‘sexual violence’.”4 Furthermore, the Special these two articles. Committee for Sexual Crimes defined sexual assault as “an act of imposing any forceful verbal or non-verbal action regarding 1) Act on Punishment of Sexual Crimes, Article 13 sex. Sexual violence in the broad sense includes both sexual (Obscene Acts by Using Means of Communication) violence in the narrow sense and domestic violence. Sexual The article concerning ‘obscene acts by using means of violence in the narrow sense refers to all forms of violation communication’ was newly legislated along with the 1994 of the sexual self-determination of a person.” In other words, Special Act on Sexual Violence. At the time, article 14 of the their definition of sexual violence was not limited to ‘violent same act stated, “a person who sends another person any actions of sexual nature,’ and it included acts of violence that words, sounds, writings, drawings, images, or other things that stem from gender inequality, such as domestic violence.5 may cause a sense of sexual shame or aversion by telephone, Despite these discussions on sexual violence, Act on mail, computer, etc., with intent to arouse or satisfy his/her Punishment of Sexual Crimes and Protection, etc. of Victims own or the other person's sexual urges, shall be punished by (Repealed in 2011) of 1994 did not include the definition of imprisonment for not more than one year or by a fine not sexual violence nor the concept of ‘sexual self-determination.’ It exceeding three million won.” Since the amendment of the merely listed the preexisting chapters 22, 31, 32 and article 339 same law in 2006, the penalty of the aforementioned crime was of the Criminal Act without specifying what ‘sexual violence’ increased to imprisonment for not more than two years or by a
10 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 11 fine not exceeding five million won. Enacted 2010, Article 12 (Obscene Acts by Using Means of In 2010, the Special Act on Sexual Violence was separated into Act No. 10258 Communication) Act on Punishment of Sexual Crimes and Act on the Prevention of (EEstablishment A person who sends another person any words, Sexual Assault and Protection, etc. of Victims thereof (hereinafter Date 4. Apr, 2010) sounds, writings, pictures, images, or other things that may cause a sense of sexual shame or aversion referred to as Act on the Prevention of Sexual Assault). Items by telephone, mail, computer, or other means of related to ‘obscene acts by using means of communication’ in communication, with intent to arouse or satisfy article 14 of the Special Act on Sexual Violence were moved his/her own or the other person's sexual urges, to article 12 of the Act on Punishment of Sexual Crimes. The shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than two years or by a fine not exceeding five content of the article and penalty did not change a lot, but some million won. vocabulary was modified—“etc.” was revised to “other means of communication”, and “drawings” to “pictures.” Later in 2012, the Amended 2012, Article 13 (Obscene Acts by Using Means of Act on Punishment of Sexual Crimes was amended again and Act No. 11556 Communication) (Complete A person who sends another person any words, items related to ‘obscene acts by using means of communication’ Amendment Date sounds, writings, pictures, images, or other things in article 12 were moved to article 13. 18. Dec, 2012) that may cause a sense of sexual shame or aversion by telephone, mail, computer, or other means of communication, with intent to arouse or satisfy his/her own or the other person's sexual urges, Enacted 1994, Article 14 (Obscene Acts by Using Means of shall be punished by imprisonment for not more Act No. 4702 Communication) than two years or by a fine not exceeding five (Enactment Date A person who sends another person any words, million won. 5. Jan, 1994) sounds, writings, drawings, images, or other things that may cause a sense of sexual shame or aversion by telephone, mail, computer, etc., with intent to arouse or satisfy his/her own or the other person's 2) Article 14 of the Current Law sexual urges, shall be punished by imprisonment (Taking Photographs or Videos by Using Cameras, etc.) for not more than one year or by a fine not The 1997 incident of hidden camera installed in women’s exceeding three million won. bathroom of Sinchon Grace department store initiated the Amended 2006, Article 14 (Obscene Acts by Using Means of legislation of a law concerning ‘taking photographs by using Act No. 8059 Communication) cameras, etc.’ (article 14 (2)) of the Special Act on Sexual (Partial Amend- A person who sends another person any words, Violence. The article stated, “a person who takes photos or ment Date 27. Oct, sounds, writings, drawings, images, or other things 2006). that may cause a sense of sexual shame or aversion videos of another's body, which may cause any sexual stimulus by telephone, mail, computer, etc., with intent to or shame against the latter's will, by using a camera or similar arouse or satisfy his/her own or the other person's mechanism shall be punished by imprisonment for not more sexual urges, shall be punished by imprisonment than five years or by a fine not exceeding ten million won.” for not more than two years or by a fine not exceeding five million won. In 2006, the partial amendment of the Special Act on
12 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 13 Sexual Violence allowed criminalization of a broader range of Newly Established Article 14 (2) (Taking Photographs or Videos by actions related to photographs. Along with taking pictures or 1998, Act No. 5593 Using Cameras, etc.) videos of another’s body against the featured person’s will, (Partial Amend- A person who takes photos or videos of another's “distribution, sale, lease, or public exhibition or screening ment Date 28. body, which may cause any sexual stimulus or of the photos or videos so taken” were included in actions Dec, 1998) shame against the latter's will, by using a camera or similar mechanism shall be punished by subject to punishment. Furthermore, paragraph (2) was newly imprisonment for not more than five years or by a established, stating, “circulation of the pictures or videos taken fine not exceeding ten million won. pursuant to paragraph (1), for the purpose of profit-making, by means of an information and communications network.” Amendment 2006, Article 14 (2) (Taking Photographs or Videos by Act No. 8059 Using Cameras, etc.) As the Special Act on Sexual Violence was separated into (Partial Amend- 1 A person who takes pictures or videos of the Act on Punishment of Sexual Crimes and the Act on the ment Date 27. another's body, which may cause any sexual Prevention of Sexual Assault in 2010, items concerning ‘taking Oct, 2006) stimulus or shame, against the latter's will by using a camera or other similar mechanism, or photographs using cameras, etc.’ of article 14 (2) of the former who distributes, sells, leases, or publicly exhibits Special Act on Sexual Violence were moved to article 13 of the or screens such pictures or videos so taken shall be Act on Punishment of Sexual Crimes. The content of the article punished by imprisonment for not more than five and penalty did not change a lot, but some vocabulary was years or by a fine not exceeding ten million won. 2 A person who circulates the pictures or videos modified—“another’s body” was revised to “another person’s taken pursuant to paragraph (1), for the purpose body”, and “publicly” to “openly.” of profit-making, by means of an information and In 2012, the Act on Punishment of Sexual Crimes was communications network referred to in Article amended. Items regarding “taking photographs or videos by 2 (1) 1 of the Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and using cameras, etc.” in article 13 were moved to article 14, and Information Protection, etc. (hereinafter referred paragraph (2) was newly established. The paragraph stated, to as "information and communications network") “even though taking photos or videos under paragraph (1) was shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than seven years or by a fine not exceeding thirty not against the will of the person photographed or filmed million won. at the time of taking such photos or videos, a person who distributes, sells, leases, provides, or openly exhibits or screens Newly Established Article 13 (Taking Photographs or Videos by Using any photos or videos of the former's body so taken, against the 2010, Act No. 10258 Cameras, etc.) former's will, thereafter, shall be punished by imprisonment (Enactment Date 1 A person who takes pictures or videos owf 15. Apr, 2010) another person's body, which may cause any for not more than three years or by a fine not exceeding five → sexual stimulus or shame, against the latter's will million won.” Hence, even if another person agreed to being by using a camera or other similar mechanism, or photographed or filmed at the time, distributing the images or who distributes, sells, leases, or openly exhibits or screens such pictures or videos so taken shall be videos against that person’s will became a punishable act. punished by imprisonment for not more than five The Act on Punishment of Sexual Crimes was amended years or by a fine not exceeding ten million won.
14 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 15 again in 2018. A passage on article 14 paragraph (1) which stated → 2 A person who circulates the pictures or videos taken pursuant to paragraph (1), for the purpose “another person’s body” was revised to “a person’s body.” This of profit-making, by means of an information and amendment allowed the punishment of distribution of photos communications network referred to in Article or videos of one’s own body, if the distributor does so without 2 (1) 1 of the Act on Promotion of Information the former’s consent. Moreover, a person who distributes both and Communications Network Utilization and Information Protection, etc. (hereinafter referred the original photograph or video and its duplicate became to as "information and communications network") punishable by law, and the penalty that person shall serve shall be punished by imprisonment for not more increased. than seven years or by a fine not exceeding thirty million won.
Amendment 2012, Article 14 (Taking Photos or videos by Using 3. Limitations of the current Act on Punishment of Sexual Act No. 11556 Cameras, etc.) Crimes Articles 13 and 14 (Complete 1 A person who takes photos or videos of another After numerous amendments of articles 13 and 14 of the Amendment Date person's body, which may cause any sexual stimulus 18. Dec, 2012) or shame against the latter's will, by using a camera Act on Punishment of Sexual Crimes, many ofenses still or similar mechanism, or who distributes, sells, evade legal punishment. Let us look into the types and leases, provides, or openly exhibits or screens the characterizations of violations that cannot be punished by the photos or videos so taken, shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than five years or by a current law. We will go over the following four aspects of the fine not exceeding ten million won. current law: the criteria deciding which images or videos count 2 Even though taking photos or videos under as violation of one’s rights is arbitrary and misogynist; not all paragraph (1) was not against the will of the person cases of circulating photographs or videos are specified by the photographed or filmed at the time of taking such photos or videos, a person who distributes, sells, law; a person who possesses and watches the aforementioned leases, provides, or openly exhibits or screens any images or videos cannot be punished; the current law does not photos or videos of the former's body so taken, classify blackmailing someone with Intimate Images or Videos against the former's will, thereafter, shall be that are Taken or Circulated without Consent (hereinafter punished by imprisonment for not more than three years or by a fine not exceeding five million won. IIVTCC) under sexual crime. 3 A person who circulates any photos or videos taken under paragraph (1), for the purpose of 1) Which images or videos count as IIVTCC? profit-making, by means of an information and communications network referred to in Article According to the current law, a person who took pictures or 2 (1) 1 of the Act on Promotion of Information videos of another person’s body against the latter’s will cannot and Communications Network Utilization and be punished unless the body parts of the victim is considered to Information Protection, etc. (hereinafter referred ‘cause any sexual stimulus or shame.’ Only the photographs or to as "information and communications network"), shall be punished by imprisonment for not more videos of the body parts that are socially perceived as causing than seven years or by a fine not exceeding thirty ‘sexual stimulus’ are punishable by law, and the victim’s sexual million won.
16 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 17 shame or distress is not taken into account. The law does not erase them, even if the victims had already requested them to specify the criteria for deciding which images or videos infringe delete the photos or videos. the victim’s rights, and interpretation of the prosecutor and the This limitation can cause various injuries on the victim. On court varies from one case to another. For example, of two cases the one hand, it pains the victims that someone continues to involving the pictures taken from the back, one photo was watch the IIVTCC of themselves. On the other hand, regardless decided to have caused ‘shame’ on the victim, and the other one of whether someone actually watches the photos or videos of was not. them or not, the fact that someone has access to their photos or videos and can watch them whenever they want causes 2) Not all cases of circulating photographs or videos are extreme anxiety to the victims. It is very difcult to alleviate specified by the law such distress of the victims when the possession of the IIVTCC There are cases of circulating photos or videos that are not are not subject to legal punishment. included in the category of ‘distributing, selling, leasing, or Since there is no legal basis for enforcing the deletion of providing’ specified in the current law. For instance, showing the IIVTCC, it is not easy for the victims themselves to request a photo of another person’s body to someone in person does people who have access to their photos or videos to erase them. not qualify the aforementioned category of punishable acts, In fact, even though the victims had caught someone taking because it is ‘showing,’ and not ‘distributing, selling, leasing, or photos or videos of them against their will, concern for their providing.’ With online spaces expanding and digital technology safety makes it difcult to tell the person who took photos or advancing, new ways to distribute photos or videos will videos of them to erase them on the spot. Since there is no continue to appear. It is impossible to predict all of those new legal measure that requires the deletion of the IIVTCC, victims methods of circulation, and specifying all of such individual cannot take any further action if the person who has access cases in the law will be difcult as well. to the photos or videos refuse to erase them. Sometimes the In punishing the circulation of photographs or videos, we ofender blackmails the victim into providing more photos or must focus on the fact that the photos or videos are shown to videos or meeting them in person. In this context, the absence the third party other than the one in the photos or videos and of any legal measures to force the ofenders to delete the photos the one who photographed or filmed them. Therefore, article or videos leads the victims to more dangerous situations. 14 paragraph 2 must be revised in order to include cases of circulation that does not fall under the category of ‘distributing, 4) The Act on Punishment of Sexual Crimes cannot be selling, leasing, or providing’ and ‘openly displaying and applied to blackmailing someone with IIVTCC screening.’ The current law classifies blackmailing someone with images or videos of sexual nature under general ofense of blackmailing. 3) There is no legal basis to restrict possession of IIVTCC If the images or videos were taken against the victim’s will, the The current law does not ban possession of IIVTCC in itself. Act on Punishment of Sexual Crimes can be applied, but if the Hence, the police cannot force people who possess IIVTCC to victim had agreed to be photographed or filmed at the time, the
18 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 19 person blackmailing with such images or videos can only be of Sexual Crimes shows the progress in the perspective in which punished under the Criminal Act on crimes of intimidation. our society views the victims of sexual violence. Inclusion of Two problems arise with this limitation of the Act on circulating the images or videos against the will of the person Punishment of Sexual Crimes. Firstly, the ofense can be in them, even if they were taken with consent at the time or trivialized. Because the images or videos have not been they were taken by the person in the photo or video, in the list circulated yet, the investigative authority does not take the of sexual ofenses proves that our society started to accept the ofense seriously. However, complete deletion of the image injuries of those who lie outside of conventional perception of or videos becomes impossible after it has been circulated, victims. and the injury on the victim turns irreparable at that point. Still, we have a long way to go. We must raise our voices to Therefore, it is important to revise the Act on Punishment of amend our legislation in order to punish more sex ofenses that Sexual Crimes to be applicable before the images or videos are are not specified in the Act on Punishment of Sexual Crimes. circulated to reduce the severity of the injury. Punishment of these ofenses by the Act on Punishment of Secondly, if the case does not qualify as an incident of sexual Sexual Crimes require the court to change their understanding violence, the victim cannot exercise the right given to victims of ‘sexual violence’, and this change is necessary for the victims of sexual crimes during the investigation and court procedures. to claim their right as victims of sexual crimes. Until that day Public defender will not be appointed to them, and the comes, we will continue fighting. investigation of the case is assigned to the Detective Division, and not to the Investigation Division of Crime against Women. This may lead to difculties on the victims such as not being assigned to a female investigator or not given a separate room for giving statements.
Concluding Remarks The law is always a step behind from societal problems. It was only after the “hidden camera” incident had occurred in 1998 that law concerning punishment of taking photos or videos using cameras was legislated, and article 14 of the Act on Punishment of Sexual Crimes was completely amended after the ofenses of online sexual violence had received public’s attention. There always exist ofenses that cannot be prosecuted by the law. Of course, the process of revision in the Act on Punishment
20 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 21 In May 23rd 2018, the KCSVRC held a press conference at the National Assembly, demanding the amendment of article 14 of the Act on Punishment of Sexual Crime. Back then, article 14 prescribed the punishment only of the case in which “a person who takes photos or videos of another person's body, which may cause any sexual stimulus or shame against the latter's will, by using a camera or similar mechanism.” However, by the end of 2018, the article was amended and nonconsensual distribution of a photo or video, even if the picture of video was taken by the featured person, became punishable under the law.
22 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 23 “Red Scarves”: Porn or Evidence of Crime? 1.2 In July 1997, a videotape that had been in circulation under the Re-interpretation title of “Red Scarves” became the subject of a national scandal when news programs aired sensational reports on it. The 7 of the IIVTCC Cases video featured two teenage boys and one teenage girl engaging in sexual intercourse and was apparently filmed by one of in the 1990s. the participants using an 8-mm video camera. It had been in circulation under the radar for two years already by the time it made news headlines. The media deplored the video as a symbol of Korean teen depravity. It was the media, however, that sparked and led the scandal at the time, forgetting its duty of impartiality and neutrality. The kind of witch hunt the media launched against the girl on the tape showed the lengths of violence to which the media could go, completely abandoning its ethics. On July 15, 1997, the evening Korea Broadcasting System (KBS) news aired footage of the teenagers disembarking a police vehicle, with the anchor narrating: “Here is Miss ___, who dared to perform in a work of lewd content when she was only 15 years old.” Relaying the police report that the girl had been raped by four men prior to filming, the news anchor went on: “Miss ___, daunted by the dark incident that stigmatized her, agreed to the filming of this pornographic material without hesitation.” A daily ran an article that condemned the girl for having dropped out of middle school and become a “professional sex worker” by the time the video was made. The news reporters who had flocked to the police station to which the “actors” had been brought kept asking the girl when she had her “first experience” and whether she had ever been pregnant. When criticism arose over the manner in which the media treated the girl, news reporters shrugged their shoulders, asking whether the girl was “deserving of polite treatment and respect.” Given her “performance” on the video tape, the
24 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 25 reporters publicly wondered whether she “had the necessary The Arrival of High-Speed Internet and Dawn of Illegally- qualifications to claim protection accorded to normal women.”8 Recorded Sex Videos The twisted causality the media inserted between the In the same year, a micro video camera, measuring only three girl’s past as a rape victim and her willingness to star in a millimeters in diameter, was discovered in one of the stalls at pornographic film, the claim that she worked as a sex worker, a women’s bathroom at Grace Department Store in Sinchon, and the public questioning of whether she was deserving of the Seoul. The culprit was one of the department store’s employees. respect accorded to women all speak to the depth of the harsh Four months later, a man was arrested while inserting an crusade that the media waged against the girl in the name of 8-mm video camera into the space between the floor and the chastity. The prevailing view that women who had lost their wall of a stall in the women’s bathroom at the Seoul Station. virginity could not be victims of sexual violence fueled the Again in the same year, public outcry erupted over the nationwide frenzy that condemned the filmed girl as depraved. circulation of illegal recordings of a bathroom at a women’s That national frenzy also eclipsed the fact that “Red Scarves” university, raising the public profile of “nonconsensual video was, without a doubt, evidence of crime—namely, the crime of recordings” as a serious social problem. Treated as “amateur distributing a video without the featured person’s consent. The porn,” these videos were mainly condemned as evidence of maker of the videotape, who was the featured girl’s boyfriend society-wide voyeurism and moral insensitivity. Nevertheless, at the time of its making, persuaded his girlfriend to agree to criticism from feminist organizations that such videos filming on the condition that he would “delete it immediately.” infringed on the rights of actual women never gained much In reality, bootlegged copies of the videotape were circulated on traction with the public. the black market for prices ranging from KRW 20,000 to KRW Backgrounding the proliferation of unconsented video 100,000. Once the videotape made it to the Cheonggyecheon recordings of women, which began to make the headlines area, there was no stopping the mass replication of the film regularly in the late 1990s, was the advancement of technology. and its wide circulation. Camcorders became household items, and anyone could Witnessing the soaring demand for “Red Scarves,” porn purchase closed-circuit cameras. It was a ripe environment producers in South Korea began to produce videotapes with for nonconsensual video recording to flourish. Some of these similar content and themes, featuring actual or seemingly videotapes, labeled “private porn,” were sold for millions of won underage women. With “Red Scarves,” Korean society shifted its per copy at Seun Mall and other similar places.9 focus from sexualizing adult women to sexualizing underage The installation of high-speed Internet cables in 1997 and girls. The year 1997, moreover, marked the transition from PC afterward catalyzed the unstoppable mass circulation of communication to the Internet. Scenes from the videotape nonconsensual video recordings. A female celebrity nearly lost captured by anonymous Internet users began to proliferate and her entire career and reputation in 1998 because an illegally- spread along Internet servers. filmed sex tape of her was circulated on the Internet. In the past, men had to go to Seun Mall or the Cheonggyecheon area to obtain pornographic videotapes. Arrival of the Internet saved
26 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 27 Korean men these trips by giving birth to countless online forums upon which illegal video recordings were traded in the form of CD-ROM disks or compressed files. A person who worked in broadcasting at the time confessed in an interview: “These tapes were an essential part of contractors’ eforts in lobbying influential figures in the broadcasting and film industries.”10 The accelerated pace at which Internet networks were distributed and upgraded in Korea raised the critical issue of “pornographizing everyday life.” By the dawn of the 21st century, it became easy for anyone to duplicate, circulate, and consume illegal video recordings of sexual content via PC communications and the Internet. At the same time, works of a sexual nature became far more obscene than erotic films and videotapes of the past.11 Soranet, first opened in 1999 and finally shut down in April 2016, was a leading online forum in which men “played” by sharing innumerable illegal recordings and pictures of women. Users “played” in this cyberspace by The picture features women who gathered in July 15th 1995, to protest against the uploading women’s pictures or videos, and leaving derogatory illicit filming that had happened at Sinchon Grace department store. An employee of the department store had installed a camera measuring three millimeters in and insulting comments below. diameter on the toilet ceiling in a ladies’ room on the third floor. The shutdown of this notorious online forum came about as a direct result of Megalia’s campaign against it, which had begun in 2015. Participants waged this first-ever digital women’s movement in Korea by shifting the focus of criticism from women featured in so-called amateur porn to the makers and viewers, and by correctly reminding the public that enjoying such porn was not just mere entertainment, but an actual crime. This is a report on Megalia’s fight against misogyny that continues to pervade Korea’s cyberspace to this day.
28 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 29 Birth of Megalia 1.3 Everyone in Korea Cyber Sexual Violence remembers how volatile the state of afairs was and Megalia on the Internet in 2015. Male users wielded unchallenged power in cyberspace, unabashedly labeling and denouncing any women they did not like as “kimchi girls.” Korean society as a whole was too tolerant of the violence and crimes perpetuated against Post on Gyeolmotgael these so-called “kimchi girls” in the digital sphere. Even more alarmingly, things were not so diferent in the ofine world. Megalia12, which first appeared as an online forum publicly opposing misogyny on the Internet, actually lasted for only a couple of months. A schism developed between the initial participants and many left for other web communities, and the site was shut down by the end of 2015. For our purposes, though, we shall use the term “Megalia” to refer to all related flows of women’s movements against digital misogyny before and after the website’s existence. In other words, we should understand “Megalia,” from now on, as a term that refers to a school of digital feminism and a specific mode of feminist campaigns that first arose in 2015 and continue to exert profound efects on the digital space in Korea today. The birth of Megalia took place in the digital realm, but has gone on to exert far-reaching efects throughout ofine Korean society. Nevertheless, we shall focus, in this report, on the achievements that Megalia scored against sexual violence
30 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 31 in cyberspace. A comprehensive account of all of Megalia’s victories, big and small, will more than likely appear in the future. This report may contribute to achieving an in-depth understanding of Korea’s digital feminism.
With a New Strategy Even though a number of female-dominated online communities raised voice against misogynistic Internet culture of South Korea, the problem remained unresolved. However, the strategy taken by Namyeongael13, an online forum at a website called DC Inside (hereinafter DC), was a bit diferent from that of other female-dominated online communities. Diferent from many of the latter, Namyeongael was based on an open forum in DC rather than having its basis in an enclosed community. Therefore, Namyeongael users were familiar with male- dominated Internet culture of South Korea, and were capable of using the language that was exclusively used by male Internet users. At this time, the ‘man-hatred’ sentiment was beginning to be developed. During the outbreak of MERS epidemics in South Korea, a number of broadcasting companies aired false news that two Korean women had refused to be quarantined. This resulted in a drastic increase of misogynistic posts and comments in cyberspace. Women Internet users immediately recognized that such comments were representation of deeply rooted misogyny rather than reasonable criticism. Especially the Namyeongale users expressed their anger toward such misogyny by re- appropriating misogynistic languages used at Ilgan Best (hereinafter Ilbe14). Such re-appropriation was the beginning of ‘Mirroring’ or unfiltered languages later used by Megalia. As explained in the following paragraphs, such strategies made [Above] Post on Megael, an online forum that later became Megalia. a breakthrough in the circumstances in which other female- [Below] Posts on Namyeongael.
32 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 33 dominated online communities’ responses to online misogyny had not been much efective.
With a Number of Daughters and Sisters Then the MERS Gallery (hereinafter Megael) opened, which became a playground of Namyeongael users who had been ‘playing’ with the MERS issue. A large number of people quickly joined at Megael: more than 10,000 posts were uploaded at Megael almost every day. Megael users did not restrict their scope of activities at Megael: they also actively used President Lee Myung-bak gallery, Southeast Asia gallery, and
34 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 35 anonymity. Moreover, Megalia pursued feminism and most of lines of their postings usually read something like: “Have any its posts featured unfiltered language use. idea what Korean men are looking at when they say they watch Megalia itself lasted only for three to four months. At the ‘porn’?” The sources of these captured images were indeed end of 2015, Megalia was separated into a couple of online infinite, but what really shocked Megalians were pictures communities including Womad. In this book, when referring and videos of women using the toilet, in postings bearing the to ‘Megalia,’ we indicate the online feminism of South Korea names of the places where they were filmed (“Home Plus in which emerged in 2015 and still afects the Korean Internet ______neighborhood,” “Hyundai Department Store in ______ecosystem, rather than a specific website that was open in 2015. neighborhood,” etc.). They could not believe that these everyday The Megalian activism largely afected not only the intimate spaces were so frequently featured in illegal porn. online ecosystem but also the entire South Korean society. Once it became known that the innumerable tiny holes women Even though this chapter mainly focuses on Megalia’s found in stalls in public bathrooms were not found at all in accomplishments regarding cyber sexual violence, we sincerely men’s bathrooms, the so-called “bathroom videos” became a believe that one day all other achievements of Megalia will be central issue. Male users’ response on predominantly male gathered and recorded in detail. websites (“Those women must be lying; how can there be any holes in bathroom stalls?”) efectively confirmed women’s suspicion and fueled the digital battle. Megalia and the Capturing of Cyber Sexual Violence The main keyword at the time was “safe urination/ Megalia has fought misogyny, which means it fought the whole defecation.” The anger at the fact that women were denied of Korean society. Megalia raised and fought on countless even the right to urinate and defecate in complete privacy— issues. The problem of nonconsensual video recordings was at with men sexualizing even their most basic physical function— the beginning of the movement, and was a major battleground swept across female-dominated websites. Another reason why upon which Megalians achieved notable victory. “bathroom videos” became a central issue was that criticism on Koreans today are aware of the “webhard (cloud storage) women who were filmed without their knowledge while using cartel” that facilitated and thrived on the production, public bathrooms was not as severe as that on women in illegal distribution, and consumption of IIVTCC15 of women. Back recordings of sexual intercourse. While voraciously consuming when Megalia started out, however, little was known about this these sex tapes, men criticized the women featured, saying structure. We now have a better understanding after years of they should have behaved “chastely” if they did not want to be fragmentary struggle against nonconsensual video recordings, filmed in such a way. Yet these same men were also watching all of which Megalia used to help bring the issue to the surface. illegal recordings of women using the bathroom. This hypocrisy It all began with hidden micro-cameras in women’s made Megalians realize that women, regardless of how they bathrooms. Since their very first days on their online forums, behave, are always victimized and criticized. Megalians began to gather captured images of nonconsensual It was around this time that Megalians also began to raise video recordings circulated on illegal porn sites. The subject the issue of Soranet, an illegal porn web platform which was
36 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 37 Upon starting their illicit filming eradication project, Megalians collected the slangs used in Soranet and shared their meanings.
synonymous with all illegal porn websites in Korea. Even women who had little interest in such subjects were familiar with the name. The vast majority of the captured images of nonconsensual video recordings, including bathroom videos, were found on Soranet. Soranet users also planned rape together. At the time, it was the largest such site with a mainly Korean clientele, counting more than a million members and thriving outside the law for 16 years with servers overseas and frequently changing domains. Women, who had had little knowledge of men’s digital culture and practices up until this point, were shocked to discover the reality of Soranet, with Megalia’s help. After discovering Soranet, Megalians organized a massive digital campaign in June 2015 against IIVTCC. Screen capture of a Soranet post
38 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 39 Exposing the Rape Culture Megalians were prepared to fight any and all issues they raised and the subsequent controversies they engendered. They publicized diverse issues simultaneously. There were a wide range of issues to be raised, and Megalians also intuitively Post in Ilbe, in which the writer uploaded illicitly taken pictures of his female cousin. captured the connections between these issues. They successfully showed that these disparate issues were fragments of a larger underlying problem. their workplaces or classes when men were around. Now they Having witnessed what men did on Soranet, Megalians realized the true nature of the male gaze they were under. seized on the fact that these were not just far-and-between Furthermore, Megalians decried the police for refusing, in cases. Not only did the website have an enormous membership efect, to do anything about Soranet for over a decade on the base upwards of a million, but Megalians also grappled with grounds that its servers were located overseas. Postings on the the banality of misogyny sustaining the Korean male culture. Megalia website claimed that, although victims of illegal video Megalians searched and compared the resulting images Google recordings and pictures filed ofcial requests for investigation, returned when they entered “street” in English and “ ,” the police force, the majority of which was male, handled such 뾾뷶쬲 which also means “street” in Korean. The results were shocking. requests passively and stalled investigations. Megalians labeled The images returned for “ ” overwhelmingly featured male police ofcers “hannam cops,” arguing that they were 뾾뷶쬲 women walking on streets who were photographed or filmed also Korean men (hannam) who secretly enjoyed Soranet. Such without their knowledge. The discovery convinced Korean denunciation of the police later became a foundation on which women that streets and bathrooms are essentially the same the reluctance of the investigative authorities to bring an end to Korean men. The same pattern held for image results for to crimes against women began to be perceived as a major “subway girl” and “ ,” “bus girl” and “ ,” and “stairs pillar of the male-centric cartel that perpetuated misogyny. ��싆 츊퐪싆 girl” and “ .” 빊쑮싆 Megalians also publicized the fact that the members of an online forum known as Ilbe (short for “Ilgan Best”) engaged Megalian Activism in the practice of sharing nonconsensual video recordings or Megalia propagated a distinct brand of activism, combining the pictures of their sisters or female cousins. Noting that the egalitarian culture and extreme efciency of anonymous cyber culture of illegal filming and photography pervaded almost all activism prevalent in female-dominated online communities, male-dominated cyber spaces, Megalians attributed the culture the strength of the fury motivating participants at the time, to misogyny that shaped and governed Korean men’s thinking. and the organizational resources that came pouring in on For years, Korean women did not understand why they were a massive scale. Megalian activism spread beyond Internet afraid of inadvertently showing cleavage, sitting in chairs with servers to make tangible diferences in the ofine world. their legs apart, or even taking short naps in the corners of Witnessing the actual material diferences that their online
40 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 41 discourse began to empower these women with newfound self- confidence. The kind of efcient mobilization seen in women’s protests at Hyehwa Station has its background in these settings. Megalian activism shone most brightly when applied to cyber sexual violence. It was easy to find actual perpetrators in the online sphere, contrary to the cases of ofine sex ofences. These digital sex ofenders had long been shielded from public criticism. They were thus hopelessly ill-equipped to deal with the organized attacks from women. At midnight on July 5, 2015, members of an online message forum known as Gyeolmotgael launched an attack on the Soranet message board entitled “Peeping.” The dozens of Megalians participating in this attack repeatedly uploaded posts bearing titles like “while girlfriend is looking away” and “curvy girl on subway” that, in fact, contained images of a penis cutter, a cut penis, and texts of statutes prohibiting illegal filming. This greatly perplexed Soranet users. In November the same year, a Twitter account named “Are you a Soranet user?” emerged. Soranet, which Twitter account named “Are you a Soranet user?” had been evading the law for years by frequently changing its domains, had an ofcial Twitter account on which it announced guns, toured public bathrooms in their vicinities to break new domains. The “Are you a Soranet user?” administrators hidden tiny cameras and block the holes. Some individual mentioned Twitter users following Soranet’s ofcial account. members also pooled their resources together to manufacture Surprisingly, the ofcial Twitter accounts of a number of brand- “No Bathroom Filming” stickers and attached these to the name corporations, public enterprises and government agencies public bathrooms around them. Megalia soon caught on to were mentioned and quickly canceled following Soranet’s this sticker campaign and produced an ofcial version of such ofcial account in great embarrassment. The campaign quite stickers. efectively shamed Soranet users without resorting to blatant Soon after the issue of bathroom videos was publicized, expressions of anger. Korean women found unique posters stuck to the walls of The ofine activities of Megalia were mostly meant to serve public bathroom stalls, showing gazing eyes or faces of men women and raise their awareness. When bathroom videos were crawling out of toilet bowls. Megalians also organized two the central issue and many women complained of having to fundraising campaigns using Naver.com’s crowd-sourcing block every tiny hole they find in bathroom stalls with toilet platform, raising KRW 10 million twice to erect an electric paper, numerous Megalians, armed with ice picks and glue billboard at Gangnam Station that read: “Beware Hidden
42 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 43 Filming.” Members of male-dominated online communities decried the message as an example of “misandry.” The mounting criticism from men eventually led to the removal of the billboard.
Soranet, Again Megalians realized that they had successfully captured the attention of Soranet users, i.e., Korean men at large familiar with the male culture and language in the digital sphere. The so-called “Hidden Filming Squadron,” the select members of Gyeolmotgael who led the campaign against illegal video recording, held a press interview, in which they argued that their message board had been “terrorized” since they had mentioned Soranet.16 Soranet-related postings on Gyeolmotgael were indeed bombarded with profanity- and obscenity-filled responses. Men who were obsessed with masturbation and the works of illegal filming continued to attack women activists who fought cyber sexual violence.
Ultimately, though, Soranet had to pay the piper.
The petition Megalians organized in November 2015 to bring Soranet down quickly garnered more than 80,000 signatures. Perceiving the mounting pressure from women and the Korean public, the National Police Agency launched ofcial investigations. At a plenary meeting of the Safety and Public Administration Committee in the National Assembly, Assemblywoman Jin Seon-mi (Democratic Party) publicly exhorted the head of the police agency to investigate Soranet. Megalians showed their appreciation by ofcially contributing “No Bathroom Filming” sticker campaign, which was led by certain individual to Jin’s campaign fund and leaving positive comments online. Megalians at its beginning, soon became an official campaign of Megalia as whole. Jin raised well over KRW 10 million in just a few days. In
44 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 45 December, a leading program of investigative journalism, “Unanswered Questions,” covered the issue of Soranet and illegal filming. Soranet was finally closed in June the following year. The shutdown of Soranet is an event people most often associate with Megalia, and is also often perceived as Megalia’s greatest victory. This was the first triumph against systemic misogyny that many women in their 20s and 30s, often consumed as objects of cyber sexual violence, ever experienced. That women can triumph over sexual violence is no longer a theory, but is now a realizable goal that exerts substantial efects on women’s daily lives. (Image Caption p.45) Post on Geolmotgael Skeptics say that second, third, and subsequent “Soranets” would emerge to replace the original one. Post-Megalia women, however, are not deceived by that.
What Made Megalia Possible
1) Digital Sphere: A Space of Freedom and License, but Not for Women In Loving to Survive: Sexual Terror, Men’s Violence, and Women’s Lives, Dee Graham defines women’s lack of access to other women’s thoughts and opinions, attitudes and emotions, and needs as ideological isolation.17 If you are a woman, you can easily think of examples. You may have experienced discomfort or displeasure while surrounded by men at work, home, or school, and have no other women to turn to and ask whether you’re wrong to feel so uncomfortable. (Many women struggle to express their anger without first having their anger objectively justified. This is the outcome of their social
멾좉빶맲멚킪믎 conditioning.) Graham also notes that, even in predominantly
46 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 47 female gatherings, women can experience this ideological isolation if there is at least one man in their midst.18 Men are ofended when women pay attention to each other and not to them. Their mere presence has the efect of interfering with free exchanges of opinion between women. Physical isolation also leads to ideological isolation among women. Graham believes that the conventional nuclear family, with only one adult male and one adult female, has efectively isolated women from one another.19 Why does patriarchal society want women isolated from one another? Because when women get together and begin to talk about their problems and struggles, they inevitably ask themselves why it is only them, and not men, that experience such difculties. Through such discourse, women will ultimately realize that the fault is with An Internet user sneering at female-dominated online forums the social structure itself. Discourse between women is crucial to the development of women’s identity and their own points of view. Such discourse is what lifts them out of ideological Revealing their gender was often an invitation to sexualization isolation.20 and verbal sexual harassment.21 Even in the digital sphere Freedom is the chief characteristic of the digital sphere, where their physical appearance remained unknown, women which enables users to transcend physical distances, and even constantly feared voyeurism. Korean male users quickly distances in time to an extent. Megalia showed to women developed a new play, namely by appropriating and mocking that women, too, can use the Internet to overcome physical the particular language and customs of female-dominated constraints on their freedom and escape ideological isolation. online forums. Members of female-dominated online forums Women were finally able to ask one another: “Am I wrong message boards had to raise their barriers high to fend of to feel so uncomfortable about so-and-so?” Other women’s voyeuristic male users. These online forums evolved into responses—“I find it disturbing, too!” and “You are right to isolated islands over time, requiring membership candidates feel that way”—boosted their courage to raise new issues and to verify their gender, granting membership only to those reassured them they were not alone. approved by the administrator, or accepting membership This newfound freedom for Korean women in the digital applications only at certain times of the year. sphere, however, was limited to cyber forums and spaces Internet users who were careful to keep their gender hidden heavily dominated by women users. The vast majority of are assumed, by default, to be men. As in ofine spaces they women Internet users were reluctant to disclose their gender dominate, men became the standard for norms in the digital on more open and mixed-gender forums, such as DC Inside. sphere as well, while women have been treated as objects of
48 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 49 either worship or hate. Maintaining closed women-only online communities and keeping one’s gender hidden on open and mixed-gender online forums have been wide strategic moves to protect oneself. This, in turn, generated a variety of practices and customs unique to women-only communities. At the same time, however, it also fueled the vicious cycle of male dominance in the digital sphere at large.
2) We Are Here. Megalians shattered the implicit gender code in the digital sphere by mirroring men’s “play” with jokes only women could make and enjoy. The extent of male Internet users’ ire is evident in their characterization, shared on male-dominated online forums, of Megalians as “men disguised as women.” Young Korean men have criticized the presence of women-only lounges at universities and workplaces as amounting to reverse A male user of Gaedrip Dotcom reacting to Megael discrimination. This kind of emotional response to Megalians, however, is akin to what men would show in reaction to women lying and sleeping, in their pajamas in mixed-gender better than men themselves. This was inevitable. The strong club lounges need not reflect critically on the culture in which they are Conceived as an open online forum and community, Megalia bred; all they need to do is to enjoy it. The weak, in contrast, actively destroyed male Internet users’ firm belief that there are painfully sensitive to the air of discrimination and could not be any woman in their midst, reminding them of the oppression in the culture of the strong, and toil to analyze undeniable presence of the other sex in the digital sphere. Men, and understand that culture. Megalians in their early days who never needed to disclose their gender on online forums successfully dumbfounded male Internet users by foreseeing until now, were forced to reveal and defend their gender.22 In and forestalling every possible negative response men could this process, Megalians revealed the true nature of not the think of making. By efectively disrupting conventions “Internet culture” per se, but of the male-centered Internet through this strategic “plagiarization” of men’s digital behavior, culture. Megalians successfully carried out the old feminist maxim: “Do Adding to male Internet users’ perplexity was the fact not destroy; make them obsolete.” Their tactics enabled Korean that Megalians seemed to know what men thought and how women to make their digital presence known to the other sex. they behaved. Megalians, in fact, knew the nature of the Internet culture and ecosystem that male users had built
50 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 51 An award-winning post in “Pre- Enlightenment Women’s Championships” hosted by Megalia
3) The More Connected We Are, the Stronger We Are. When women finally made their presence visible in the digital sphere, men were stupefied and women felt liberated. Women felt unchained by being able to confirm one another’s presence, thus ending their long-held ideological solitude. Women who had been staying all these years in the male-dominated ofine world, bound to their solitude because they had to assume and hide behind the male norms of digital behavior, were finally able to share and understand the struggles and complex feelings they had had to put up with. The pleasure from the demolition Male users of Gaedrip Dotcom reacting to Megael
52 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 53 of solitude was so overwhelming that even women who had been opposed to Megalia soon joined in. Megalians remember postings with such titles as “Came Here to Get PDF on Megal Bitches Who Put That Chauvinistic Comedian Out of a Job, and Went Away Having Been Enlightened.” They also remember a similar atmosphere and tone seeping into even more conservative women’s digital communities that were initially hostile to Megalia. Megalians celebrated their conquests by organizing “Pre- Enlightenment Women’s Championships,” congratulating one another for finally becoming “enlightened” and pledging to accept one another’s even pre-enlightenment self. In other words, Megalia was at its most powerful when it enabled participants to bond in sisterhood. Slogans of solidarity, such as “You are me” and “Your business is my business,” spread throughout women’s digital communities from Megalia. The Megalia forum itself shut down over three years ago, but the sentiment and messages of empowerment women discovered there have gone on to manifest themselves in innumerable ofine campaigns, including the countless Post-It notes circulated around Gangnam Station in memory of murdered victims of misogyny, the Me Too hashtags, the protests at Hyehwa Station, and other forms of discourse and struggle. Megalians continue to shape this day and era in various ways. The more connected we are, the stronger we are. This is still true.
54 Part 1. How has ‘Spycam’ become ‘Illicit Filming’? 55 Part 2. Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020
Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 57 2.1 1. Types of Online Sexual Violence and Their Examples Scrutinizing 1) Illegally Taking Photos or Videos in a Public Space and Circulating them Online Sexual Violence This case refers to photographing or filming another person’s body without the knowledge of the featured person and circulating the picture or video so taken through online network. This kind of illegal obtainment of pictures or videos occur in a variety of places such as public bathrooms, public transportation (e.g. subways and buses), locker rooms, shower stalls, schools, workplaces, restaurants and wholesale stores.
“I am an instructor at a private institute. One of my female students told me that some male students seemed to have taken photos inside my skirt while I was teaching the material right beside them. I thanked the female students and acted as if nothing happened, but my heart was racing. I talked to those boys in private, telling them that I am already aware of the photos. When I checked their phones, I found the photos taken inside my skirt. I also learned that they have shared these photos to the group chat that they are part of. I am still in shock that my students did that, even though we have always been in good terms with each other. I am terrified of what could be said about my photos on the internet.”
2) Distributing sexual images or videos without consent of those who are photographed or filmed Sometimes videos of sexual intercourse, masturbation, or nudity are circulated online without the knowledge or consent of those in them. People who upload the videos online give them numerous titles, as if they are meant to be pornographic material. One video is often distributed with dozens of diferent
58 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 59 titles. The ofender sells these videos dubbing them ‘horny gf to build trust with the potential victim with the intention of at her place’, ‘the prettiest freshman getting fxxked’, ‘housewife committing a sexual ofence. Online grooming often happens crazy for sex’, while the victims sufer. via online chat room or a chatting application, targeting children and teenagers. The ofender often smooth-talks the “My ex-boyfriend kept begging me to take a video of us victim to film sexual videos of the latter or lures to meet in having sex. I agreed, saying that only two of us should person to rape or buy sex from the victim (More information watch it. About a month later, we erased the video together. on online grooming can be found on the chapter 2.3 and onward But one day, I got an email from an anonymous source— of this book.). probably from someone who knows me—saying that my sex video has been leaked, with a link to a website. The link led “I joined the chat room just for fun and started talking to to the same video that I erased several months ago with my one guy. He was a good listener and he sent me some money, ex. What should I do now?” so I thought he liked me. I sent him photos of my boobs and photos of me taking shower, but then he wanted photos of 3) Blackmailing with images or videos of sexual nature my genitals. I said no, and he got angry saying if I didn’t Ofenders at times blackmail the victim with videos of sexual love him. What if he showed my photos to other people? I’m nature to manipulate the latter. Since it’s difcult for the victim scared. I can’t tell my parents because part of it seems to be to ignore these threats, victims are often forced to comply to my fault.” the blackmailer. For example, some victims were blackmailed to do involuntary sex work or raped by the ofender. 5) Distributing sexually modified images Even if the victim had never uploaded or shared images with “My ex-boyfriend is blackmailing me. He said that he will sexual content, ofenders recreate images of the victim to upload photos of me in my underwear if I continue to ignore render them sexual, often with the intention to distribute his messages and phone calls. When I told him that I will them. Ofenders photoshop profile pictures or facial images on report him if he actually does so, he replied that he has a sex social networking websites to show sperm on the victims’ faces video of me that I don’t know of. He is now threatening me or to make them appear having an orgasm. Changing faces of that if I report him, he will send out videos of me having sex the pornography actors into other faces, and thus producing even to my friends and family. I am worried if he actually so-called Deepfake videos, is another example of this type of has the video, and I am so scared if he actually uploads it to ofense. the internet.” “A friend of mine found a set of photoshopped images 4) Online Grooming that used my face on the internet. It seemed like someone Grooming refers to an action by a pedophile or an older person photoshopped me into Japanese pornography. I was tied up of approaching a child or someone who lacks sexual experience naked in some images, and there was an image implying
60 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 61 that I was being raped by a group of men. Of course these 2 Sexual Insult photos made me appear completely naked, exposing my genitals and breasts. Some of these contents even revealed “I got to know a person from an online community. We have my personal information. These photos were uploaded by an never met in person, but we were close, so we even had anonymous account, but I really want to find out who did it some conversations about our personal lives. But today, we and make sure they are punished.” had a disagreement and he insulted me sexually in a public forum. This is really confounding, and I’m very upset. I want 6) Anxiety about Potential Distribution of Photos to make sure that he pays for it.” Since online sexual violence is so prevalent in today’s world, many women experience anxiety about potential distribution 3 Impersonating Another Person of images of them. Although the existence of those photos is not confirmed, many people feel extreme distress fearing “I’m not on social media, but a friend of mine recently found that someone possesses or watches photos or videos of them. an account that used my name. I checked it out, and I found Our organization classifies this case as a type of online sexual my personal information and photos on it. There were some violence, and we accordingly provide the victims with support. outrageous stuf saying “fuck me if you see me.” Some people think that this account is actually mine. What should I do “When I had sex with my ex-boyfriend, I remember him about this?” holding or putting his phone toward me. I didn’t suspect if he was taking photos back then, but I am afraid if he 4 Appropriating Images of Others secretly filmed me. Is it possible to check if there is a video of me online?” “I uploaded a photo of myself a while ago. It’s just a photo of my upper body, and it doesn’t have any sexual implications. 7) Examples of Online Sexual Harassment But a pornography website appropriated that photo for their advertisement. It’s humiliating to think if someone I know 1 Spreading Rumors about Sex Online saw that ad, and I am afraid if people I know would talk about that photo of me. I want them to take of my photo “Some people spread rumors of my sex life and insulted me and want to sue whoever used my photo.” in an online community for gamers. I tried to tell people that it’s not true, but they won’t believe me. Even the people who 5 Online Stalking I played games with don’t listen to me. I am having a rough time. Please help me.” “My ex-boyfriend keeps contacting me. I told him to stop, but he doesn’t listen to me. He said he was wrong and kept sending texts, emails, and messages through social media. He
62 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 63 then used violent language and said that he will be watching by constant harassment and stalking online extends to their me. I know that he is keeping an eye on my social media lives ofine. In a society where rape culture is still alive, the accounts, so I’m not uploading anything for now. This is victims are discouraged by the fact that someone persistently all getting too much, and I am exhausted. He’s just stalking pursue, watch, and harass them. me online for now, but what if he comes to my work or my place? I don’t want to worry about him anymore. I want him [Case 1] Creating an online account pretending to be someone out of my life.” else and posting pornographic material on it
6 Sending Unsolicited Sexual Content After breaking up with her partner, A received messages from her friends asking if some social “I met a guy on a dating app. I just wanted to be friends with media accounts using her name are actually hers. She him, so we exchanged numbers and talked on Kakao Talk did not think of this seriously at first, but similar for a few days. It wasn’t like that in the beginning, but he incidents continued to happen as those account sent started to bring up sexual stuf. I told him that I don’t want friend requests to A’s friends. When A finally looked to talk about stuf like that, but he doesn’t stop. He even up her name on the social media website, she found sent a photo of his dick and a video of him masturbating several accounts impersonating her. The problem was yesterday. I was so shocked that I couldn’t sleep last night. that pornographic material and links to illegal porn I am disgusted and I can’t take it of my mind.” sites were posted on those account. She immediately thought of her ex who was an active member of the 7 Online Verbal Sexual Harassment illegal porn website. Although she had suspicions that it was her ex who impersonated her and posted “There is a group chat of my close friends. There are both pornographic content on it, she did not have any women and men in that group. Recently, one of my male definite evidence that it was him. A received legal friends starting saying uncomfortable things like ‘you counsel in order to accuse him of sexual violence, but have a nice body’, ‘revealing outfits must look good on you.’ the attorney told her that it is difcult to pursue this Although other friends tell him to stop, he keeps harassing case as sexual violence, and her best bet is to report me verbally like that. Can I report something like this?” his actions as circulation of obscene content.
[Case 2] Pestering someone by leaving and then erasing comments 2. Cases that does not fall under a specific category Many cases of online sexual violence does not exactly fall under From time to time, C writes articles on her community one category or another. Victims of sexual violence often sufer website. The website sends C a notification when from inability to perform everyday tasks, as their fear caused someone leaves a comment on the article that she
64 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 65 wrote. From a while ago, someone started leaving women, it is difcult for them to prove the damage caused by comments on C’s articles and then deleting them it. What exactly do they encounter in this violence? immediately afterwards. Since the comments are Online sexual violence involving IIVTCC are greatly erased so quickly, there’s no way for C to find out influenced by patriarchal ideology such as misogyny, rape who is doing it and what the comments were saying. culture, and double standards in society’s judgment towards She just receives several notifications a day from an women’s sexuality from that of men’s. unknown person. This kind of pestering has continued This is why societal understanding of circulation of sexual for a few months, so C is paying much attention to the images matter to women who are in these photos or videos. If notification in order to find out who is doing it. Still, our society held values diferent from the ones it holds now, anxiety that C feels keeps aggravating. victims would not sufer as much as they do now. Although the direct ofense comes from those who committed the crime, the [Case 3] Appropriating personal information and signing up for structure of violence is completed by the work of the society as insurance, etc. to bother someone with endless phone a whole. calls 1) ‘Domestic Porn 25 ’ and Jerk-of Material Someone has been bullying B for the last two years. Male homosocial26 communities understand sexual violence as This unknown bully used a variety of ways to bother ‘Jerk-of Material.’ The ofender commits online sexual violence B such as using her personal information to sign up for a variety of reasons: to manipulate the victim, to hurt the for an insurance to make the insurance company victim, to consume images of women as ‘Jerk-of Material’, constantly call her, or attempting to change her to feel the sense of possessing the victim, to make money password non-stop and make her phone ring all by selling the images, to gain recognition from other men night. B is collecting as much evidence as possible to by showing of how sexually active they are, and to sexually investigate her case, but not much progress has been humiliate and degrade the victim. When someone gets hold made. of sexual images of victims for any of those reasons, male homosocial communities reduces this violence into a single object: ‘Jerk-of Material.’ 3. Online Sexual Violence and Intersecting Matrix of Power We have never discussed the true nature of online sexual Relations violence in a concrete manner. We used vague expressions like Men who consume IIVTCC23 as pornography call women in “consumption” to describe what men do with IIVTCC. But this those images ‘Ddal-gam( ),’24 or ‘Jerk-of Material.’ Through was to hide what men actually have been doing with these 욾붖 this process of sexual objectification, women, with warm blood images or videos. IIVTCC, called ‘Domestic porn,’ are used as running through their bodies, are turned into something less something to masturbate to. Those images are means of jerking than human. Although this causes extreme distress on these of, namely ‘Jerk-of Material.’
66 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 67 Women’s bodies have been treated in the same manner for who have several gigabytes of pornographic material “masters” thousands of years. Women were often replaceable with ‘nature,’ shows that the amount of material that men have collected and women’s bodies were conquered as much as nature was to indicates a certain type of power within a society of men. men. Technological advancements of the modern society seem This kind of behavior is so normalized that downloading to benefit all of humanity, but that has not been the case for ‘Jerk-of Material’ appears as a funny episode in a comic women. Development in technology allowed men to produce strip, which was produced and published by the Ofce for and share images that simulate women much more easily, Government Policy Coordination of South Korea in 2019 for the leading to newer ways to control and exploit women. Now, men purpose eradicating online sexual violence. have easier access to more violent and misogynist pornography One of the biggest problems of this comic strip is the last whenever they want it. Countless women became nameless scene where the main character sheds tears parting with the bodies for men to jerk of to, permanently displayed on the unnamed folder filled with pornographic material. This comic internet. does not call his collecting ‘Jerk-of Material’ on his hard drive We can read a few diferent context from the word ‘Ddal- into question, but rather describes not watching ‘Jerk-of gam27,’ or ‘Jerk-of Material.’ This new word reminds us of ‘Ddel- Material’ as something that men still desire but cannot do due gam’. Just as people went into the woods to collect firewood, to fear of legal punishment. It is clear that this comic strip is a men look for material to fuel their sexual desire while women story that is only relatable to men, since it is very far from real are reduced into an object that stimulates male desires. Like experience of women whose images are consumed by those chopped pieces of wood ready to burn, women’s body parts men. used to stimulate men lacks will, voice or power to act against Although this comic was created to eradicate circulation of the ones who are masturbating. It only becomes ash, still IIVTCC, the narrative it conveys evades its original intention without any sound. by trying to hard to appeal to men who are part of the problem Men think of finding new material to jerk of as an while hiding the pain of women whose images are consumed important task to do everyday. It may be said that ‘collecting’ by those men. Although this was one of the more appropriate new pornographic material is compared to regularly collecting government-driven countermeasures to eliminate webhard firewood in the mountains. Therefore, meme saying “Today, I pornography cartel, it lacked understanding of what the essence choose you!” is often used in a male online community. The of online sexual violence is. This incident also proves that this expression, “Today, I choose you,” is what the protagonist society and the government does not consider circulation and says when he chooses which pokemon should fight that day. consumption of IIVTCC as a serious problem, but rather think It shows that collecting and choosing ‘Jerk-of Material’ has of it as a series of funny episodes. become an important daily routine for men, and it also shows Men started to confidently claim the right to watch porn male satisfaction of having power to objectify and choose which for masturbation from some time ago. They then dubbed women they will jerk of to. Moreover, that men often boast any legislative attempts to regulate pornography as ‘LRRJO’, how large their collection of ‘Jerk-of Material’ and call those meaning ‘Laws that Restrict the Right to Jerk Of’. Nobody
68 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 69 prevented them from masturbating, but they interpreted regulating the distribution and production of porns as losing their ‘right to jerk of’. In this world, the images taken without the knowledge of women in them or against their will are treated as a subgenre of pornography that has a more ‘genuine feel’ to it, while men’s right to watch those images are socially accepted. ‘To jerk of’ does not simply refer to the act of masturbation, but it describes subjugating women inside those images and getting one’s dick hard. Choosing which image they will jerk of to is one of the few opportunities for beta males to make sure their masculinity is maintained. In this context, consuming ‘Jerk-of Material’ that has an apparent victim acts as a sort of rape. We have only reached a societal agreement that one shall not jerk of to ‘Jerk-of Materials that one should not watch’, since there are ‘Jerk-of Materials that one can watch.’ But if we never discuss misogyny behind ‘Jerk-of Materials that one can watch’ such as exploitation of women, violence towards women, and glamorization of rape and rape culture, our society’s understanding of human rights and violence related to pornographic material will not change.
70 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 71 2) The Power of Sight: Porn-opticon and Rape Culture gender watches them without much efort. Panopticon, meaning “all-seeing”, is a circular prison “‘All women are victims of rape.’ Whether they have actually designed to efectively observe prisoners, conceived by English been raped or not, women always fear being raped. Even the philosopher Jeremy Bentham. Inside a panopticon, a single sheer possibility of rape reduces the radius of their activity. security guard can watch over all prisoners without being seen. At school and at home, women are constantly reminded of French philosopher Michel Foucault introduces the panopticon the dangers of being raped and educated to be mindful of as a prototype of modern surveillance system in his book these dangers by curfews and dress code. As a result, they Discipline and Punish (1975). He compares the disciplinary shrink from fear whenever they walk down the street at power that controls its population without showing itself to the night or sense an unknown presence. They are socialized to guard who observes the inmates at the center without being be passive rather than to be active or to assert themselves. seen. This type of power disciplines people by making them In a word, rape is ‘nothing more or less than a conscious feel watched at all times, constantly reinforcing the efect of its process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in surveillance. a state of fear’”28 For those who are being watched, the fear they feel is heightened by the inaccessibility of the information that Susan Brownmiller claims that men utilizes rape as a main lies outside of their scope of knowledge, and this leads to the means to control society and dominate women. Terror for rape reinforcement of power for the one who watches them. The is employed as a power mechanism that wields influence over imbalance of sight results in the imbalance of knowledge. all women, and all men benefit from sexual violence committed The guard knows everything about the prisoner while the by a small number of them. They contribute to maintaining prisoner knows nothing about the guard. This creates a severe the reign of terror by neglecting to do anything about rape. This imbalance of power between the ones being watched and the is what we call ‘rape culture.’ ones watching, creating a devious power mechanism to oppress Just as fear of rape controls women’s lives, fear of being people. This is how IIVTCC and cyber sexual violence control photographed without their knowledge and becoming ‘Jerk- women; women have become prisoners of the ‘porn-opticon’. of Material’ started to dominate women’s lives. The ‘gaze’ that As women become ‘Jerk-of Material’ and sexualized images peeps through bathroom walls, motel rooms, locker rooms of them are reproduced as items for sale with a single click, the and bedroom windows had already become part of women’s fear that women feel are reproduced as well. Reproduced fear subconscious. Sexual violence is at once a result of a society overwhelms women, and inability to grasp what is actually built upon oppression of certain genders and a means to happening intensifies their fear. In this society where illegal reinforce that oppression by producing and controlling the photography and online sexual violence prevails, women are bodies of women. The mechanism of cyber sexual violence forced into anxiety and terror. operates in the same manner: someone of a certain gender are The double standard that emphasizes virginity only on put into ceaseless surveillance while someone of a diferent women facilitates the consumption and circulation of IIVTCC
72 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 73 of women. To men’s eyes, women are either a ‘virgin’ or a ‘whore’, and the women who are in IIVTCC of sexual nature immediately become ‘whores,’ as they have already lost their virginity. Men do not hesitate to jerk of to images of women who are already ‘fucked’ or ‘violated’ by other men. The comments on articles concerning the distribution of IIVTCC proves this mentality shared by many men.
“It’s already done, and watching it isn’t going to wear it out. Can’t we just leave it for the sake of human happiness?”
Opinion polls and comments below them of online male communities also reflects this mentality. These polls took place in the summer of 2017, after online sexual violence received public’s attention. As guards of the porn-opticon selecting which ‘Jerk-of Material’ to consume, men are aware of the imbalance of power between men and women as well as the power of their gaze. They are fully aware of the authority that they have over lives and oppression of women, and they indulge in that sense of control. The joy of giving pain to women by the mere act of watching them manifests in their reaction to online sexual violence. One of the IIVTCC was circulated under the title, “[Korean Sex Slave] this video fucked up her life completely. she got depressed and killed herself for real”. The rumor concerning the victim of this video—that she committed suicide—may not be true, but it is not difcult to read the pleasure from insulting women and having power over women’s lives shown from how men consumes this video. Their petty masculinity redeems itself through this distorted ‘conquest’ of women.
74 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 75 76 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 77 3) Concept of Chastity and Deprivation of Social Rights morally corrupt women deserve to be judged. The idea of a A woman’s social status is deprived when their identity as a ‘sexually corrupt’ woman showing their faces to the public sexually innocent woman is violated. In a patriarchal society, was outrageous to the Korean society back then. The society women who are forced to remain chaste are handed over understood these incidents as ‘sex scandal’ and not ‘sexual from her father to her husband through marriage. This is a violence’. Women in these videos were seen as women who had traditional method of ‘trafc in women’ occuring in agricultural lost her virginity and not as victims going through a difcult societies. Gayle S. Rubin theorized the structure under which time. The society back then did not know how to process these women are exchanged through the concept of ‘trafc in women’ incidents. How these incidents were seen back then makes no by locating the cause of oppression of women in the formation sense; nobody knows the name of the ofenders even though of kinship structure, which has its basis on marriage and those were clear cases of sexual violence while innumerable family. As the most traditional institution, familial structure amount of people downloaded and watched those videos thoroughly imposes chastity and ideology of sexual innocence without feeling any guilt. In a society that requires chastity to upon women. This is why victims of sexual violence finds it women, sexual violence are not understood as ‘sexual violence’. difcult to tell their family members about what they have Victims are alienated from the society feeling shame, and the gone through. This difculty also reveals the fear of announcing rest of the society relates to the ofender while he remains the failure of patriarchy; women’s experience of sexual violence anonymous and evades punishment. destroys their life because it nullifies their place in the society Although chastity is not as strongly imposed on women as a woman. today as it did in the past, victim shaming is still prevalent Whether an incident of sexual violence is acknowledged as to this day. Even if a woman does not restrict herself in a case of sexual violence depends on how strongly the concept the traditional frame of chastity, patriarchy and male of chastity is integrated to the societal norm. In 1997, MBC homosociality drag her name through the mud. They tell
78 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 79 ‘social rights’ and ‘dignity’ of an individual. If the society did not impose chastity upon women, and if the IIVTCC were not consumed as ‘Jerk-of Material’, circulation of sexual images may be treated as defamation, violation of privacy, or violation of personality rights. But in a society that shames the victim about losing her virginity, the aspect of sexual violence should be emphasized in the discussion concerning distribution of IIVTCC. Telling the victims of sexual violence that they should not be bothered by an outdated concept like chastity does not help them. Rather, we have to empathize with the victim and speak out about the structure and characteristics of this violence. We must acknowledge the pain of the victim while departing from the concept of chastity. We need to overthrow the matrix of double standards, rape culture, misogyny and male cartel that coexist with chastity. We can see a similar aspect of misogynistic violence in the comments on news articles about Jung Joon-young. Jung Joon-young shared videos of him having sex neither for revenge nor for money but simply to show of his masculinity in a group of his friends. Even after his ofense received public’s attention, he was seen as shameless, not as morally corrupt. This is because sexual intercourse is often a tool to win respect in a circle of men, while showing of one’s video of having sex can never be used as a way to gain recognition in a group of women. Chastity is not imposed on men. Therefore, a victim cannot take revenge on the ofender by sharing a video of him having sex. In a world where gender inequality exists, the same action afects women diferently from men.
80 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 81 South Korean men in their 20s and 30s today are united by the 2.2 common self-perception that they are “victims.” No longer able The Manhood to support their families with their income alone, they cannot rule over their wives and children as respected patriarchs. It of Korean Men is becoming increasingly difcult for them to act as leaders of a patriarchal society as well. Yet the conventional gender in Their 20s and 30s roles imposed by society persist. Korean men in this age group believe their “victimhood” lies in the sense of loss and distress they feel in being unable to meet the societal expectations of masculinity. But, we really need to ask whether Korean men of the previous generation have earned the title and authority of “patriarchs” by really supporting their families on their own. The truth is that this is not the case. Throughout contemporary history, Korean men have been able to act as patriarchs, i.e., support families on their income alone, only in exceptional periods, such as in 1987 and 1988 when the Korean economy was rapidly growing and in 1997 when the Korean economy was at its apex before the Asian Financial Crisis hit. Even then, not all Korean men had the chance to earn enough income befitting a patriarch. The influx of rural populations into urban areas began in 1964 and quickly gave rise to a new class of urban working poor. The urban working poor were wage earners facing extreme employment insecurity while fueling Korea’s accelerated industrialization. Except for the lucky minority who earned fortunes overnight in the late 1970s by joining the real estate speculation boom encouraged by the Chun Doo- whan administration, the majority of Koreans earned a day- to-day living by selling their labor. Of course, these Koreans included men and women alike.
82 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 83 The Myth of “Cheer Up, Dad!” Korea was not immune to the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, generating a tsunami of bankruptcies, corporate restructuring, and mass layofs. Amid this atmosphere, Koreans were bombarded with news reports on “fathers” who wandered in parks in their suits because they were unable to tell their families that they had lost their jobs. It is undeniable that countless men were put out of employment during this period. However, it was actually working women who were hit by the crisis first and even more harshly. In 1998, after a year of restructuring, women’s economic participation rate had dropped 2.7 percentage points to 47.1 percent. Men’s economic participation rate, in the meantime, had dropped 1.0 percentage points. Women’s employment level was unable to rise to the 29 pre-crisis level until 2004. “The only way to break through the IMF crisis is to cheer up your husbands.” Bae Jin-gyeong, who was the head of the Korean Women Hankyoreh 21, Vol 188, Dec. 25th 1997. Workers Association (KWWA) at the time, recalls that 91.2 percent of the calls her center received at the time were made When another global financial crisis hit in 2007, Korean by women who wanted advice after being laid of.30 Bae could corporations again resorted to restructuring, and 75 percent of divide those dismissals into three categories: elimination the eliminated jobs belonged to women.31 Whenever the Korean of entire departments whose workers were exclusively or economy struggled, it was working women who lost their predominantly women; selective layofs of women only secure jobs and were forced to take up precarious non-regular (leaving male workers employed); and wives, whose husbands work instead. worked at the same workplaces they did, being advised to The image of the male breadwinner is a product of quit, while their husbands were encouraged to stay on. The mainstream historiography that actively omits the history hardships of these women, however, never gained public of working women. Throughout human history, only a lucky attention, which was hooked on the catchy TV commercial few women who belonged to the nobility had the luxury of that replayed a song whose lyrics said: “Cheer up, Dad! We’re not having to earn a living. Even women in the conventional here for you!” The commercial featured a housewife rooting for family mold who did not work in paid jobs were expected to be her husband, alongside her kids, in a seemingly nice and cozy thrifty and wise in managing home finances and even to earn home. Images like this buttressed the myth of men being the family fortunes by investing wisely in real estate. Although sole breadwinners and efectively concealed the sufering of women inevitably entered the labor market during Korea’s working women. industrialization, the persistent prejudice of gender roles
84 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 85 limited their jobs to the periphery, while the “glass ceiling” prevented competent and educated women from climbing to the top of corporate ranks. The myth of the male breadwinner, in other words, is what has eclipsed the tears of working women.
A New Chapter of History Written by ‘Factory Girls’ in the 1970s We now need to understand the history of modern Korean working women, who first worked in textile and hair wig factories and supported the growth of light manufacturing in Korea in the 1970s. Koreans are familiar with the narrative of male workers, epitomized by the Grand Workers’ Struggle A scene from a textile mill at Pyeonghwa Market in the 1970s (Korea Labor and Society Institute). of 1987. Fewer are aware, however, that it was women, then known as “factory girls,” that began to write the history of labor activism in Korea. The dramatic life of Jeon Tae-il, who great asset. Women’s chief duty was to bear and raise children immolated himself for the sake of oppressed and mistreated to work on the fields. Their no-less-important duty was to factory girls, did much to paint a picture of working women support field-working members of the family by cooking, doing as helpless, but that was far from the truth. Factory girls, laundry, and cleaning the household. Furthermore, women who mostly started working in their early and middle teens, participated in the entire process of farming as well, from took great pride in their ability to earn wages and help their planting to harvesting and packaging. Yet women were utterly families, and were very aware of their status as workers, and alienated by the rule of primogeniture. Not only did they have played leading roles in organizing democratic labor unions. Yun no claim to their fathers’ property, they were also bound by the Jeong-yong, who started out as a domestic help and later found societal obsession with chastity, as it was the only means by work at a confectionery factory, recalls how she felt upon which patriarchal society could ensure the biological lineage of landing that job: “How can I describe the ‘fullness’ I felt in my fathers and sons in the absence of genetic testing. heart? I felt as though I had achieved a great success by finding The dawn of industrialization in the mid-1960s also a job that allowed me to commute to work in the morning and gave rise to urbanization. Young girls embarked on trains to come home at night. I could not be happier.”32 bound for Seoul, and flocked to chicken coop-like factories in Just six decades ago, up until the late 1960s, Korea was Cheonggyecheon, Guro Industrial Complex, and the like, playing largely an agrarian society. Even young children were forced an indispensable part in the growth of light manufacturing to work and help the family. Having a large family was a in Korea. That industrial growth, however, came at the high
86 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 87 price of the girls’ lives. Nearly 80 percent of the workers out of elementary school. The author recounts: “Since 1966, at Pyeonghwa Market, then the capital of Korea’s light I have been called ‘Assistant No. 7,’ ‘Seamstress No. 3,’ and manufacturing industry, were women, working as seamstresses ‘Forewoman No. 1’ instead of my name. I found my name again and apprentices. This most exploited class of workers made up when I joined the Cheonggye Labor Union in 1975.”35 These 40 percent of the entire national labor force, and most were women, who had lost their names at work and had also never only 12 to 15 years of age.33 Crowded into tiny rooms at night been addressed with love and respect at home, now assumed occupied by at least 10 girls each, they worked 14 hours a day, new titles, such as “commission chairs,” “propaganda directors,” taking various “wake-up” pills, to earn a meager KRW 700 and the like.36 Newly aware of their potential, these women a month when an 80-kilogram sack of rice cost KRW 3,400. went out into the world to fight the bigger fight that could They could earn KRW 3,000 a month once they had enough change their lives. Thus began the history of labor activism in experience, but it took at least two years to get to that level. It Korea. was difcult for many girls to survive in such conditions for The first major challenge the unionized women faced was two years. The occupational injury and hazard rates of South the fight against company unions. Company unions consisted of Korea, surveyed in 1976, were five times higher than those male workers, mostly in managerial positions. The unionized of the United States and 15 times higher than those of Japan. women had to undergo demoralizing sexual discrimination and Rumor spread that “Pyeonghwa Market girls are ‘broken’ after harassment in their fight against these men. “What do you girls three years of working there.”34 The vast majority of these know? You will give up and run away in a year.”37 “You were women remitted much of their wages back to their old and lucky to be a team leader in your factory. What qualifications ailing parents in the countryside so that the money could go to do you have to act as a chapter head?”38 Sentiments and verbal educating or marrying their brothers. Factory girls were major abuse like this were encountered every day. Back then, the assets to rural households and the national industrialization state actively practiced torture as part of interrogation and law drive alike. enforcement. There were undercover law enforcement agents and their informants zealous to stop these women. Against these odds, the women at Dongil Textile became the first to Leading the Democratic Union Movement unionize successfully after defeating the company union in Change has to begin somewhere. Once they discovered that 1972. Ju Gil-ja, one of the women who worked there, was the there were laws on work hours, nighttime work allowances, inaugural chairperson. Over the years, women went on to holiday work allowances, and retirement and severance occupy executive and leading positions at numerous unions. benefits, and that these laws were broken all the time, working This was remarkable progress, given the fact that men always women gathered together and began to push for the creation of assumed leadership over these unions even though the vast labor unions, governed according to democratic principles. majority of their members were women. As of the end of 1972, Shin Sun-ae, author of The Life of a Thirteen-Year-Old women made up 83.2 percent of the members of the National Factory Girl, found work in Pyeonghwa Market after dropping Textile Labor Union. Of the 1,383 members in the Dongil Textile
88 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 89 Union, 1,214 were women.39 By the end of 1977, women led 56 report in 2018, a higher percentage of women aged 25 to 29 chapters of 11 labor unions nationwide. Women led the entire were employed than men in the same age group for the first labor movement in Korea in the 1970s. time in 2017. In this age group, 69.6 percent of women were Women’s labor struggles in the 1970s, however, were employed, 1.7 percentage points higher than men’s 67.9 percent. largely denigrated and forgotten in subsequent decades. Even However, gender inequality still persists in obvious terms with historiographers studying labor activism neglected to indicate employment security and wages between men and women in the genders of key figures in the activist history during this their 30s and older. By the time they reach their late 30s, the period, feeding the public misperception that it was mostly employment rate of women drops to 56.5 percent. The wage a man’s fight. Now that we are trying to revive the forgotten gap also widens. Women in their late 20s may have a higher history of women, we cannot help but be inspired by the fact employment rate than their male counterparts, but they earn that it was working women who wrote the history of the only 91.7 percent of what the latter earns in terms of average democratic labor movement in Korea. monthly income. For every KRW 1,000 men earn in their early 30s, women in the same age group earn KRW 837. Women’s average wage drops further to 72.3 percent of men’s by the time The Illusion of Victimhood and the Male Identity of Korean they enter their late 30s. Women in their early 50s earn only Men in Their 20s and 30s 52.5 percent of what men in the same age group earn.42 Those who remember only women-less histories have let their The gender gap in employment still persists when we resentment build up into a false sense of victimhood based on consider workers with young children. The KEIS analysis of the the myth of the male breadwinner. One defining characteristic Youth Panel Survey (2016) shows that, whereas 98.3 percent of of manhood as shared by Korean men in their 20s and 30s men aged 20 to 38 with children worked, only 41.1 percent of today is self-given victimhood. Victims necessarily presuppose women did.43 ofenders. These men point their fingers at women as ofenders. The percentage of women working in non-regular jobs also The 604th issue of Sisain, which polled 440,000 Korean men, skyrockets as women age. Of women in their late 30s, 30.8 concluded that “misogyny is the zeitgeist of young Korean percent are non-regular workers. This rises to 37.1 percent for men today.”40 The same article states: “What grips the young women in their late 40s, and to 50.8 percent for women in their generation of Korean men is not the patriarchal chauvinism of late 60s. Contrast this with men, where the non-regular worker the past, but the rage at the fact that they have turned into ‘the ratio drops from 23.7 percent in the late 20s to 14.6 percent in weaker sex’.”41 The term “weaker” is what merits our attention. the late 30s, rising to 20.0 percent in the late 40s, and again to Korean men today perceive themselves to be the weaker and 22.6 percent in the late 50s.44 the victimized, and women as the stronger and the ofenders. Korean men are wrong if they think they are no longer able One factor contributing to men’s self-perception as victims to act as the main breadwinners in their households. They are is the reversal in employment rates of women and men. also wrong if they think they are the “weaker sex” in society According to the Korea Employment Information Service (KEIS) at large. Countless statistical sources prove this. Yet men
90 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 91 refuse to acknowledge this data, still feeling as though women their age are more welcomed on the job market than they. If young women are indeed more welcomed, that is not a fact to celebrate, but is rather a tragedy. Young and inexperienced women are the ideal workers in today’s ruthless neoliberal labor market. Society condones employers who pay these women less and lay them of more easily. With the service sector expanding, “friendliness,” “gentleness,” and “flexibility”— qualities associated with women—are in greater demand. Now that all Korean workers work in infuriating conditions, the rage Korean men express toward fellow working women is simply an instance of misplaced—and cowardly—hatred that does nothing to resolve the structural labor problem. Even in today’s precarious job market, men are better situated than women.
Self-Victimization, Self-Pity, Self-Consolation: Turning Women into ‘Jerk-of Material’ Identifying themselves as victims, men pity themselves and think they are entitled to abusing women, the perceived ofenders, as sexual objects. Violence is self-defense to these A post uploaded on Ilgan Best (“Ilbe”) on April 7, 2019. One of the responses made to self-defined victims. They are firmly convinced that they have the posting read: “I am proud to have been born a man with the executive capacity, every justifiable reason to resort to it. boldness, reason and intellect that cunts lack.” Cyber sexual violence is the most “cost-efective” form of violence such men can perpetuate, as all they have to do is because they wanted to insult and humiliate the latter. “Kimchi simply log onto their favorite forums. Digital misogyny in girls” are a more expansive category of whores, i.e., women Korea began with the whole “kimchi girls” discourse. No living detested by men. This newer category is still in continuum Korean woman can avoid the label. If men divided women into with the ancient history of misogyny. Madonnas and whores in the past, even that dichotomy has In a culture where the dominant practice is to demean disappeared now, with men generalizing all Korean women everyone by naming them “XX girls,” the unique names and as “kimchi girls.” The Madonna-whore distinction most likely traits of individuals simply turn into fodder for creating more began not because men wanted to worship the former, but hate speech. The unique characteristics of individuals are
92 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 93 obliterated and hate is the only victor that remains standing. them. It later turned out that the clown video was made for “Men who need women to hate keep making new ‘kimchi girl’ viral marketing, with the maker taking the motif from a recent molds to fit all women” into these molds to keep producing arrest of a man who was caught trying to break into someone’s women to hate. The result is the unending “girls” series, such home. The actually arrested man was indicted for attempted as “loser girls,” “dog pool girls,” and “doenjang girls.”45 Removing sexual assault because surveillance camera footage showed him the specific contexts surrounding women’s behavior makes it chasing after a young woman until she entered her home. easy to denigrate the entire class of women. Then the owner of a tteokppokki joint in Deungchon generated a stir in August 2019 by tweeting: “These days, I feel like raping someone. I should pull it together!” He had also Habitual Misogyny tweeted: “Why are women wearing nipple-revealing clothes For years, Korean men have been debasing women’s dignity when I bring them deliveries? Is it because they want me to purely for their own enjoyment. Postings bearing seemingly touch them or because they are out to trap me and call the innocuous subject lines, such as “What should I eat for police on me? Why do they do that when they have no interest dinner?” or “What should I do with my college timetable?”, in sleeping with me?” The man had indicated, in his profile, often accompany pictures of women, clearly taken without that he owned a tteokppokki joint and that he lived in Gangseo- the women’s consent, as “memes.” A nonconsensual picture gu. No police or prosecutorial actions have been taken against of a female relative, taken by a male user during family this man. holidays, keeps making its way to the “most popular” postings Then E-Mart, one of the largest supermarket chains in regularly as a “legendary” posting. Images are not essential to Korea, gained some notoriety in September 2019 when dozens misogynistic expressions. Even in text-only message threads, of managers working in the electronics sections of E-Mart men refer to their women friends, colleagues, or strangers as stores nationwide were revealed to have shared IIVTCC of a “cunts” and “blood urinators.” In the world of digital misogyny, woman and engaged in verbal sexual harassment in their group women are simply ‘Jerk-of Materials’ or trash cans. chat. They illegally accessed and retrieved naked pictures of a Is it surprising that this pervasive and habitual misogyny woman client from a broken laptop computer that had been that blurs the online-ofine distinction often translates into entrusted in their care for repair. The managers shared these actual and physical crimes? According to the Seoul District pictures and left comments like: “Would this bitch know that Policy Agency report from 2017, women made up 90 percent of her boyfriend entrusted his computer with her pictures saved?”, victims of violent crimes, and 93.5 percent of crimes of sexual “Share the entire folder!”, and “Her body isn’t even that hot.” violence.46 E-Mart denounced the incidence as “an instance of aberration,” In July 2019, the Korean public was alarmed by the so-called but it is not difcult to guess that this was probably not the “Shinrim-dong Clown” video uploaded on YouTube. It featured first time the dozens of electronics managers nationwide a man wearing a clown mask trying to unlock the doors of engaged in such “entertainment.” others’ homes and stealing delivered parcels sitting in front of Recall that the Shinrim-dong Clown produced the appalling
94 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 95 Beoltteok Tteokppokki tweet.
Surveillance camera footage showing the man later arrested for attempted rape.
Footage from the “Shinrim-dong Clown” video. E-Mart group chats (Daegu People’s Solidarity for Participatory Democracy)
96 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 97 video to advance his business interests. He unabashedly to stem from a common origin. Real doll makers market their exploited women’s very real fear to his advantage. The products by touting how “extremely similar” their products are tteokppokki joint owner openly uttered his desire to rape to real women, just as IIVTCC are circulated on the presumed someone without feeling the need to disclose his identity or “reality” of the sexual fantasies they arouse. Through the whereabouts. He did not fear that his tweets could present process of exposing the cyber sexual violence cartel, we have threats to his livelihood. The E-Mart electronics managers learned that many men do not distinguish between illegal shamelessly shared IIVTCC of their clients in their group chat. pictures or video recordings of women, on the one hand, and They are more than likely aware of Soranet and knew the pornography, on the other. The men who participate in the nonconsensual distribution of intimate pictures of a person circulation of those pictures and recordings are obsessed with was illegal. Yet they feared nothing. the gloss of “reality” on their sexual fantasies. Men who are initiated into the culture of rape by enjoying these recordings and pictures have turned into real-life predators, raping The ‘Real Doll’ Controversy and the State of Manhood severely inebriated women (“golbaengi”) and inviting strangers in Korea (“chodaenam”) to rape women together. To men who think of women as mere objects of hatred, women Sex toys for masturbation are instruments people use to are no longer equal persons. They hate “speaking, acting, and relieve their sexual urges as efciently as possible without thinking” women. Such young men are outraged by women engaging in the complicated acts of exchanging consent who do not pay equally on dates not because they want to and feelings. Real sex is a form of human communication. break the bills exactly evenly with women, but because women Masturbation using sex toys is simply an act of “handling” a refuse to obey them and still get away with paying less. Dating sexual urge and not sex itself. The insistence on creating life- is simply not “cost-efective” to these men. The uncertainty like sex dolls for the sake of masturbation appears to stem over whether their dates would agree to having sex today even from something deeper and darker than the physiological need though men spent money is a good enough reason for the to relieve a sexual urge. Sexual urges that can be relieved only men to break contact with them. Their obsession with “cost- by objectifying partners like dolls, i.e., only by completely efectiveness” is what inspires slogans like “Throw kimchi girls dominating and denigrating partners, is not normal. It is away; buy real dolls instead!” The eerily human-like sex dolls indicative of a social and psychological pathology. that neither think, nor speak, nor act on their own volition are In order to think that sex dolls are preferable to real women the “ideal woman” that misogynists want. because the former are more “cost-efective,” one must view The act of uploading pictures of female acquaintances and women as instruments that can be rated in terms of how asking other male users to “cum” on the pictures to “humiliate” efectively they can cater to one’s sexual demands. To men them, the production and circulation of Deepfake videos who think like this, women are not equal humans, but mere combining the faces of women celebrities with porn actresses’ ‘Jerk-of Materials’. Consider the series of recent scandals that bodies, and the demand for “customized” real dolls all seem dominated news headlines in Korea: Kim Hag-eui, the former
98 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 99 Vice-Minister of Justice who “received” women in exchange for doling out political and legal favors; Burning Sun, the Gangnam club that filled itself with “quality” women on a nightly basis to provide “rape” privileges for its well-heeled patrons; and the so-called “sex bribery” scandal involving women celebrities that ultimately pushed Jang Ja-yeon, an actress of minor fame, to her death. Underlying all these phenomena is the culture of rape prevalent in Korea that refuses to treat women as anything more than ‘Jerk-of Materials’ for men. Korean men who have been socialized to derive sexual gratification from dominating and humiliating women present a serious social problem that must be dealt with. In the following chapter, let us discuss the system of industries that reinforce this inhumane desire of Korean men.
100 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 101 1) ‘Jerk-of Materials’ Recognized as IIVTCC47 2.3 The so-called “domestic porn” in Korea consists mostly of The Next Front: illegally taken photographs or video recordings of women filmed without the knowledge and consent of the women ‘Jerk-of Materials’ filmed. What changes have we witnessed since we began to raise issues with this domestic porn? Not Recognized as IIVTCC One thing that can be definitively stated at this point is that the problem is still ongoing. Of the 314 victims counseled at the Korea Cyber Sexual Violence Response Center (KCSVRC) in 2018, 103 saw photographs or video recordings of themselves circulated without their consent. Of these, 42.7 percent of the images ended up on illegal porn websites, while another 34 percent were circulated via social media. Another 8.7 percent ended up being uploaded on online forums; 7.8 percent shared via instant messengers; 5.8 percent circulated via cloud storage known as “webhard” in Korea; and 4.9 percent shared via torrent. Given the fact that it is virtually impossible to stop the circulation of these images once they get out onto the web, a number of victims who came to the center for help in 2017 continue to require assistance with the deletion of their images found online to this day. The fact that numerous victims of these IIVTCC cannot have firm closure means that some users out there continue to consume those images. The recent scandal involving young Korean male celebrities, such as Seungri and Jeong Jun-yeong, who shared illegal images of women via their group chats, once again reminded the Korean public that it is very natural for young men to engage in such illegal activity among themselves. Korean prosecutors’ refusal to indict the owners and users of illegal porn websites, furthermore, indicates the strong need for a fundamental shift in paradigm on illegal images in the law enforcement establishment. As of the end of June 2018, our organization had reported to the National Police Agency
102 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 103 126 illegal porn websites that chiefly circulate IIVTCC of Korean or sexual activities, and that so-called “domestic porn” is indeed women and have servers overseas. When we checked back on a body of IIVTCC whose use and consumption ought to stop for these websites with the police as of the end of 2018, among 186 the progress of the greater society. cases which include charges against distributors and porn-site Will the consolidation of such societal consensus end all owners, 85 cases were unindicted, which makes 45.7% of the forms of cyber sexual violence against women in Korea? entire number of cases. The prosecutors enumerated a variety Unfortunately, we intuitively sense that it is not likely to of reasons for not bringing the administrators and users of be the case. The next battlefront we must aim at involves these websites to justice: there were “too few” illegal postings, “consensual” images produced and circulated. or the postings had been left on for “too short a time,” or the postings did not reveal the faces or other identifiable features of victims, or the ofenders “deserved” a second chance to correct 2) ‘Jerk-of Materials’ Not Recognized as IIVTCC their own behavior in society at large, given the professional reputations at stake or their ages. a. Online Grooming and the Continued Production of ‘Jerk-of All this inaction is frustrating, but undeniable progress has Materials’ been made in some respects. As of June 2017, when we checked the so-called “webhard” disks or cloud storage services by Case 1: Online grooming happening on free chat applications searching such keywords as “domestic,” “domestic unblurred,” (adapted from an actual case counseled at KCSVRC). “domestic NO blurring,” “hidden camera,” and “golbaengi,” we saw thousands to hundreds of thousands of search results I was in my final year at middle school, and felt kind of lost returned on each service. When we went back to these services about what kind of path I should take for my future now in October and November 2018, after we publicized the reality of that I was about to enter high school. I wanted to talk to an the webhard cartel, the majority of the keywords we had used adult about it, and downloaded a smartphone application earlier had been banned from usage. Webhard service providers that had the highest download count. I opened a chatroom appear to have finally realized the legal risks of allowing users with a subject line along the lines of: “Girl, 16 y.o., looking for to circulate so-called “domestic porn” and decided to put an end someone to talk to.” In less than a minute, someone entered to it by forbidding the use of these keywords. Earlier this year the chatroom. He introduced himself as a 30-year-old man (2019), the Korea Broadcasting Commission also employed a working for a talent agency. He went on to talk about the new Server Name Indication (SNI) blocking technique to block celebrities he helped with debuting. At first, I did not believe Koreans’ access to a great number of illegal porn sites with him. The more I talked to him, however, the more I came to servers overseas. trust him. After chatting like that for a few days, the man Thanks to the eforts of many women, Korean society has asked me to send him a naked picture of myself so that finally begun to coalesce around the consensus that it is not he could use it to help me become a celebrity. I was still right to obtain and circulate nonconsensual images of women not fully convinced, but sent him a picture anyway. When
104 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 105 I could not get a hold of him starting the following day, I began to panic. I felt so ashamed of what I had done that I KCSVRC Counseling Statistics 2018: Age distribution of online grooming victims. just could not talk to anyone about it. About a week later, though, I decided to tell my parents, and went to the police with them. The police ofcers there told me, though, that it was difcult for them to start an investigation because these instant messaging applications made it impossible to identify the ofenders. I live in fear nowadays, terrified that my picture is uploaded and shared somewhere without my knowledge.
The KCSVRC defines online grooming as grooming for sexual abuse that takes place on online platforms. The mass distribution of smartphones has made it easier for today’s teens to communicate online than of. They face few obstacles Online grooming and the process of sexual exploitation48 in downloading and using an infinite range of applications, including instant messengers. When instant messengers began to charge fees and require users to verify their identities 폶않핆앹픒 �폏줊헒콯퓮솒 �폏줊쫂 �폏줊픎킮캏헣쫂 starting in early 2014, teens moved onto free applications that �헟믊 �폏줊먾앦헪팖 �폏줊묺잲 퓮짣퓮 charge no fees and impose no age limits. Free instant messengers allow users to communicate in complete confidence by guaranteeing complete anonymity (because those applications do not collect users’ personal information). When one of the parties to the chat exits the future, interpersonal difculties, simple curiosity, unhappy chatroom, the messages they have shared until that point families, etc.—they routinely become targets of sexual crime are instantly deleted, making it very difcult for the police to as soon as they disclose their gender and age. The majority of identify and arrest ofenders charged with sexual abuse and male perpetrators involved in online grooming cases handled exploitation. These free instant messengers, guaranteeing total by the KCSVRC approached these girls in a friendly guise, anonymity and deletion of messages exchanged, significantly with seeming promises of unconditional support. Over time, increase the risk of sexual abuse and serve to shield however, they reveal their true selves when they are confident perpetrators. that the victims trust them. These perpetrators usually first Whatever the motives the young girls had in first striking ask the girls for naked pictures, and then also ask them for up chats with random strangers—concerns over an uncertain videos of themselves masturbating. When girls refuse to
106 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 107 comply with the second request, the perpetrators blackmail them, threatening to disclose the naked pictures they sent earlier. The ofenders maintain this chain as long as they want pornographic images from girls. This pattern of sexual exploitation was discovered across various platforms.
Case 2: Online grooming happening on social media and instant messengers (adapted from another case counseled at the KCSVRC).
After I began middle school, I realized that almost everyone in my class was on social media. I got a Twitter account so that I could blend in better. After joining Twitter, I discovered that a number of girls I knew from school also According to KCSVRC’s counseling records from 2018, 53 posted pictures of their almost naked bodies. Those pictures percent of the digital grooming cases it handled took place were shared with hashtags like #AberrationAccount and over social media and instant messengers. This is unsurprising #SkinColorAccount. One day, I posted a picture of myself when we consider that the majority of teens resort to social wearing only my underwear, and got a DM from someone media and instant messengers for daily communication over I had never met. He threatened me that what I did was in text messages or telephone calls. However, the majority of violation of the law against the circulation of lewd content, victims had also not expected that simply using social media and that he would not tell my teachers and parents about could expose them to sexual abuse and crime. Social media the picture if I did what he told me to do. I was so scared and is integral to the subculture of minors today. Hashtags like did as he said: I downloaded Line™ (an instant messenger), #AberrationAccount and #SkinColorAccount are now household and clicked on the link he sent me to enter a group chat. names to teenagers. A lot of members in that group chat were middle- or high- Social media accounts in which women post revealing school students. At 8 p.m. every evening, they did what pictures of their bodies quickly rise in popularity, amassing the group chat leader ordered them and posted pictures of increasing numbers of “likes” and admiring comments. Teens themselves doing it. The group chat leader usually ordered may feel tempted to increase their popularity on social media, that we insert an object into our genitalia or that we take either as a matter of strengthening their “influence” on peers and upload pictures of our completely naked bodies. We or as a matter of earning money or both. Whatever the reason kept doing it because the group chat leader blackmailed us is, revealing pictures and videos are traded on social media that he would distribute our pictures on social media unless as valued “commodities.” They are valued because there are we obeyed. consumers willing to pay for them. Adults often ask these
108 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 109 underage victims why they did what they did in the first place, photos than they had assumed. Studio owners persuade these assigning blame to the victims themselves. In order for us to models to agree to photo shoots by telling them that the fight and end this form of sexual violence, however, we must “photographers” there will keep the pictures only for their ask ourselves what kind of social structure allows women, own enjoyment and not for circulation. Some even include including underage girls, to try to monetize their physical this condition explicitly in their contracts. Nevertheless, these appeal. There are numerous cases in which victims appear as promises are never kept. The majority of victims come to though they very willingly post, transmit, and even trade their KCSVRC in search of help quite belatedly, after they realize (from revealing pictures and videos. Let us turn our attention to the acquaintances) that their naked pictures have been circulated so-called “photo shoot” sexual violence and live streamers who online. perform strip shows to understand how this seeming gloss of Third, during the photography sessions, the victims are “consent” is used against women. subjected to a variety of situations to which they had not consented before the photo shoots began. They are surprised to b. Photo Shoot Sexual Violence and the Production of ‘Jerk-of see significantly more photographers than they assumed and Materials’ to reveal their bodies more than they would feel comfortable A series of common patterns emerge from the recent instances doing. They are even subjected to unwanted physical touching. of sexual violence and abuse that involved photo shoots in It is nearly impossible for these victims, usually alone with studios. photographers, to escape such situations on their own. Either First, there is a clear hierarchy of power between the they are physically restricted to the studio or the ofenders photographer and the photographed subject. The ofenders are threaten them that they will “have to compensate the owners of independent studios who recruit other people to photographers” should they run away, that they “will distribute participate in upcoming photo ops. The subjects are usually the pictures already taken,” or that they can “make or destroy rookie models or wannabe celebrities in their teens or 20s, (the victims’) modeling careers.” who are lured to advertisements of part-time work involving Fourth, the outcomes of these “photo shoots” are mostly photo shoots. The ofenders coerce victims into agreeing circulated on “photographers’ online forums” on illegal porn to the photography session, which is abusive and sexually sites with servers overseas. There is a sizable volume of these humiliating, by either making the victims believe that the photos circulating online already. The ofenders capitalize ofenders have the power to determine the victims’ future or on the aspirations and destitution of women with the taking advantage of the victims’ financial difculties. determination to circulate their pictures on porn sites. It is not Second, sexual abuse takes place as the ofenders flagrantly uncommon to see requests, posted by other male users on such contradict the as-advertised extent of exposure or scope of message boards, for the pictures of certain so-and-so. distribution of photos taken. The subjects who arrive at the A Korean YouTuber whom we shall identify as “A” in this studio realize, either when they sign the contracts or when report mustered the courage to publicize what she had sufered they are interviewed, that they are in for far more “revealing” in one of these photo shoots. As a result, the studio owner,
110 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 111 whose last name is Choi, was brought to trial and sentenced voluntary porn, with viewers enjoying the strip shows and to 2.5 years in prison for distributing A’s pictures online and other sexual content performed by BJs without any feelings sexually harassing her. A continued her fight despite being of guilt. In the meantime, the captured images and even fully flooded with secondary attacks—questioning her motives recorded videos of these strip-show BJs are circulated on illegal (“Didn’t you actually want the money and fame from the porn sites. Webhards (cloud storage providers) have even begun photo shoot?”) and accusing her of driving one of the ofender’s their own live streaming services. family members to suicide—and challenged by Choi himself, Webhards appear to have decided that it is now too risky for who accused her of libel. A’s victory presented a significant them to make money by aiding and abetting the circulation of message to Korean society as a whole. Choi was not the only “domestic porn.” As of August 2019, 30 of the 44 cloud storage enemy A had to fight. In a press conference, A stated: “All providers (68.1 percent) registered with the Central Radio victims (of sexual violence) have had to see their lives ruined Management Service were ofering live streaming services. and sufer additionally for exposing the crimes they sufered. The fact that these webhards are increasingly turning to But I believe our courage to expose this kind of abuse is live streaming suggests that their real business has not been changing our society, slowly but definitely. That is why every the sharing of files per se, but the circulation of sexual and single case of Me Too movement is significant.” In hindsight, pornographic content, overwhelmingly involving women. we now understand that A has opened a path for us continue An examination of various live streaming shows on these our fight against the illusion of “consent” in the production and webhard sites reveals that almost all of the shows feature circulation of nonconsensual pornography. women BJs taking their clothes of. Members of webhards in Korea need to convert their cash into digital points used c. Live Streaming and ‘Jerk-of Materials’ only on the specific services. Every time they download a So-called “strip-show live streaming” is becoming an industry file or use one of the services ofered by these websites, they in Korea, amid growing societal opposition to the pornographic consume points. Webhard users can use these points like cyber- use of “nonconsensual” images of women and the replacement currencies on live streaming platforms to give gifts and cash of cloud storage and file-sharing by live streaming. An to the BJs they like. Most of the chatrooms have fixed “menus,” increasing number of “broadcasting jockeys” (BJs) air sexual according to which BJs had to perform certain moves or tricks content in an efort to draw viewer attention. depending on the number of points they received. This gave The majority of BJs in Korea today are found on professional users a feeling that they could control the behavior of BJs for live streaming platforms. Viewers can purchase virtual little money. Revealing the breasts was so customary that it currencies traded on these platforms to support the BJs during hardly merited much attention. BJs revealed every part of their live streaming, with no limit to how much viewers can pay. The bodies short of their clitorises. A significant number of women specific platforms levy service fees on this payment, and BJs were also live streaming while wearing nothing except for very keep the rest. small panties. Interestingly, diferent cloud storage services Live streaming has become a realm of unabashed and aired the show of the same BJs simultaneously, as if they were
112 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 113 live-broadcasting an international sporting event. continuing to do her shows, threatening her with lawsuits for People tend to think there is nothing to fault these live damages. streaming shows for, as they take place strictly between consenting adults. Is there really no problem here? One of the cases KCSVRC counseled on involved a female BJ who signed 3) Was It Voluntary or Involuntary? - An Invalid Question a contract with a streaming platform. It turned out that the There are two key points we need to keep in mind from our terms of the contract itself were unreasonable and unfair. discussion of digital grooming, photo shoot sexual violence, and Yet the platform used the contract to blackmail the BJ into naked live streaming BJs. First, ofenders very often breach their ends of the deal in the production, exchange, and transaction of images of the victims. They persuade the victims to agree to being photographed, filmed, or live streamed by saying: “It’s only for me/us here to enjoy,” “No one will know you have done this,” “You can always stop when you want to,” “No recordings will be made of the live streaming,” and “You won’t have to reveal too much.” In sweet-talking victims this way, the ofenders almost never mean what they say. They simply utter these lies to entice women into becoming the sexual commodities they can trade for their own enjoyment and profit. There is nothing like the truth that stands in the way of burgeoning sex industries. Second, even if all the terms of a contract and promises were to be kept in the sex industry, does that mean there is no problem? In such industries, only women are blamed when they raise issue with their naked images going around, with critics alleging that women have brought all of it upon themselves by “consenting” to the production of those images. The larger structural problem disappears from our view then, with everyone busily pointing their fingers at women’s “decision” to enter the industry. There are always people who only blame women for making wrong choices. And it’s not just the ofenders and third parties who believe the women are to blame; women themselves Screen capture of BJ live streaming containing sexual content. blame themselves for the sufering inflicted on them.
114 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 115 We need to question why our society constantly needs “bodies” to consume. When society at large accords value to women only when they are sexualized, how genuine are the choices facing women who do what they must do to survive? Our battlegrounds are shifting. The problem is no longer about contracts. It is no longer simply about breaking one’s end of the deal and circulating images of women without their consent. We are now aware that those who stand to profit the most from these sex industries cling onto the “consent” of women as their last and ultimate recourse. We need to preempt these attacks by shifting our focus onto the next battlefront.
116 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 117 Introduction 2.4 There are still no phrases or concepts that so efectively capture The Trafc the state of illegally circulated pictures and video recordings of women in the digital sphere than “the trafc in women.” In in Women cyberspace, women are traded as naked and synthesized images that are objects of humiliation. Korean men today can pay a meager KRW 500 for a picture of a woman in her most intimate moment and use it to jerk of. Women are constantly “trafcked” in the structure that allows male bidders to choose any “no blur” images they like and judge their “qualities.” Women, in other words, are treated as commodities to be evaluated and traded, and not as persons equal to men. In this section, let us analyze the mechanisms of cyber sexual violence through the lens of “the trafc in women,” first introduced by anthropologist Gayle Rubin. How are women trafcked in cyberspace? What are the social factors that support and enable such trafcking? What means do men use to trafc women? What do men get from trafcking women? Before answering these questions, let us first understand what Rubin meant by the trafc in women. Only upon the basis of such understanding can we proceed to explain how women are trafcked in the digital sphere, and what mechanism of repression such trafcking consolidates. Newly equipped with this knowledge, we may be better able to discuss what women can do to break through the solidified mechanism of inequality.
The Trafc in Women Rubin argues that analyzing the exchange of women within kinship is the first step toward understanding the diverse mechanisms of oppression on women. In kinship, the woman is “a conduit of a relationship rather than a partner of it.” Men exclusively benefit from the exchange of women, and not women themselves because women are gifts to be exchanged,
118 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 119 not the persons exchanging the gifts.49 Exchange of Women in Cyberspace Grounding the use of women as objects to be exchanged Before examining how women are trafcked in cyberspace, is the authority assigned to the phallus—“a set of meanings we need to clarify the concept of the “exchange of women.” In conferred upon the penis.”50 Only fathers can give children any network of social relations, women are not the only ones phalluses. Mothers lack phalluses—and, because of that lack, that are exchanged. Men, too, are exchanged. However, men are have been turned into objects of exchange along the phallus- traded for the specific roles they can play, such as sexual slaves based network of women exchange—and are therefore unable or playboys. Women, in contrast, are exchanged not only for to give children phalluses. Boys obtain phalluses from their the specific roles or functions they perform, but also for being fathers by abandoning their mothers. The phalluses boys gain women.53 Furthermore, it is always men who can wield rights become the currencies they can use later to exchange women. concerning the other sex in these relations of exchange, and not Daughters, on the other hand, are denied the phalluses. vice versa. Whether in relations with men or women, women The phallus is more than the penis. The phallus serves as a cannot exercise the same rights as men.54 The notion of the marker that distinguishes the exchanger from the exchanged. “exchange of women,” in other words, captures the asymmetry “The presence or absence of the phallus carries the diferences of power between the two sexes. It does not deny that men, too, between two sexual statuses, ‘man’ and ‘woman’.”51 The phallus can be exchanged. does not simply distinguish one sex from the other. It gives Now we may begin to understand why the nonconsensual men certain rights to women, including the right to participate circulation of the video recording of a nude model at Hongik in the exchange of women. These rights, in turn, ground the University is fundamentally diferent from the problem of privileged position men enjoy. The “tracks” which the phallus nonconsensual pictures and video recordings of women. For “leaves include gender identity, the division of the sexes. But one thing, the man who was filmed without knowledge or it leaves more than this. It leaves ‘penis envy,’ which acquires consent during an art class at Hongik has never been trafcked a rich meaning of the disquietude of women in a phallic or exchanged like women so far. The video recording itself was culture.”52 never sold for a profit. Neither did a culture arise appropriating Rubin does not distinguish between the “exchange of women” the man’s image as a ‘Jerk-of Material.’ The case is vastly and the “trafc in women.” The only notable diference is that diferent for women featured in pictures and video recordings she uses the former to refer to actual exchanges of women as against their wishes. Their images are actually traded for gifts that took place in certain time-space continuums, and the money and they are insulted and humiliated simply for being latter to imply the more comprehensive and symbolic social women. The key explanation for this diference is found in the phenomena that explain the mechanism of female oppression. asymmetry of power between men and women. In a society Let us now attempt to analyze and understand the trafcking where women are routinely exchanged and trafcked, only of women in modern Korea through the lens of the exchange of men have the right to denigrate women and not the other way women in ancient kinship. around. Of course, the “exchange of women” has shortcomings as a
120 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 121 conceptual tool to explain the diverse forms of violence and feel as though they have been “sold”. inequality contemporary women experience. Rubin notes: There are complex factors feeding this disparity. The first “There are an economics and a politics to sex/gender systems is the particularity of cyberspace. A man thinks he is simply that are obscured by the concept of ‘exchange of women’. For downloading a single picture. When multiple men download instance, a system in which women are exchangeable only the same picture, however, the view count rises and it begins for one another has diferent efects on women than one in to sufocate the featured women. Discovering that one has been which there is a commodity equivalent for women.”55 In other the subject of masturbation by countless anonymous men words, exchanging one woman for another, as in kinship-based can have an efect almost as devastating as being assaulted by societies, and exchanging women for money as practiced in multiple men. Cyberspace allows male ofenders to infringe the capitalist systems exert quite diferent efects on women. upon female victims’ right to sexual self-determination and the Therefore, even as we appropriate the concept of the “exchange right to be forgotten collectively, without ever having to face of women” to explain the persisting asymmetry of power their accomplices. between women and men today, we need to pay close attention The persistence of phallic culture surrounding modern to the aspects of cyber sexual violence that cannot be captured gender relations also requires us to examine how the collective entirely by that concept alone. purchases of IIVTCC of women by men afect the collective Our goal is to understand how cyber sexual violence in the status of all women. Women whose intimate pictures or videos particular time-space continuum we inhabit as contemporary have got out in cyberspace face a social status completely South Korea serves as a mechanism of female oppression. Of diferent from that of women who are exchanged in the kinship particular importance for our purpose in analyzing the “trafc system. In the premodern kinship system, women existed in women” in Korean cyberspace today is the asymmetry as the patriarch’s possession. Women victimized by cyber between “the bought” and “the sold.” The ofine trafc in sexual violence, in contrast, are rejected out of possession. women is mostly one-on-one in-kind transactions. In the Male ofenders actively exchange and exploit women as digital sphere, however, the trade of women does not take digital images, but they never exchange titles or ownership place between two parties only at each time. Male sellers of those women. Lacking the authority to own women, relentlessly reproduce and sell images of women, while contemporary Korean men have resorted to a diferent strategy male buyers who are unable to aford the one-on-one ofine of discriminating against women by sexually debasing them. transactions purchase these images. What these online male This “female debasing” inherent to the trafcking of private buyers purchase, in other words, are not actual women, but and intimate images of women demeans the status of not only reproduced images of women. Even so, the victims featured in the victims, but also of all women. these images feel as if they have been “sold.” Men think they What is “bought” and what is “sold” in cyber sexual violence are simply buying a cheap entertainment for the meager price are one and the same thing. However, the more crooked and of KRW 500 per picture; women think they are being sexually malicious form of women trafcking that has emerged in abused by numerous men. Men purchase mere images; women cyberspace exerts adverse efects on far more women than in
122 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 123 the past, feeding the apparent disparity between “the bought” they are subjected to trafcking and debasing. and “the sold.” Korean society has been rooted in the trade Another key feature of digital female debasing today is of women since ancient times, with women always treated that the distinction between men who actively participate as commodities to be traded. This fact still persists. We need in women trafcking and men who do not is less than clear. to understand, however, the change that has taken place in Male users can debase women in a wide variety of ways in the dominant mode in which women are sold and the type of cyberspace other than paying for actual images or videos. commodity they have become. Men can ofend not just victims, but all women, simply by watching illegally circulated pictures or videos on social media, commenting on them, and clicking “like.” There is no Female Debasing, Distorted Masculinity, and Capitalism need for men to become paying members of webhards where Female debasing is nothing new. Men as a group have been nonconsensual pictures and video recordings are circulated in debasing women since time immemorial with almost a order to become ofenders. subconscious sense of mission. Women have always been Men, who maintained relations with one another by traded as a commodity to be traded, and, as such, hopelessly exchanging and owning women in the kinship system in the subject to men’s assessment and contempt. Why, then, should past, now gather in cyberspace and strengthen the male bond we focus on female debasing that is taking place in cyberspace by together debasing women. How and why have Korean men today? come to maintain and reinforce the relations of manhood by Let us first understand how female debasing in cyberspace debasing women together in cyberspace, rather than opting difers from the traditional practice. The Madonna-whore to own a woman each? Any answer to this question would dichotomy that has governed men’s subconscious for millennia be winding and complex, but we can start by discussing the is no longer intact in the digital sphere. There are no longer environmental factors that have given rise to the trafc in “holy” women the insulting of whom would be considered women as practiced in cyberspace today. blasphemous today. Not only actresses and singers, but even I find part of the answer in the rise of capitalism, men’s own mothers and sisters are subject to nonconsensual concurrently matched by the weakening of phallic power. In photography, filming, and digital synthesis. This is not to say order to make a profit in today’s world of cyber sexual violence, that the Madonna-whore dichotomy has been immune to men must wield their phallus and actively debase women. female debasing. The Madonna frame itself has been used to In other words, only men with the phallus and money can debase and humiliate the perceived “whores.” Women were exchange women on the cyber sexual violence market. The also on the verge of being labeled as “whores.” The Madonna phallus, which was sufcient in the past to entitle men to the league has indeed been so narrowly defined that it has been exchange and ownership of women, is no longer so in today’s impossible for most women to join it. Yet a world in which no world. Men still would like to wield phallic power, but they can woman is safe from men’s derision and insult presents a whole no longer exchange and own women without the aid of money. new set of terrors to women. Just because they are women, The relationship between weakening of the phallus and
124 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 125 the rise of capitalism defies easy explanation. In the capitalist sufer relentless debasing at the hands of men? The answer system, men cannot reign as “patriarchs.”56 The loss of to this question is an absolute and resounding no. We are patriarchal status shakes men’s confidence in phallic power witnessing the chain reaction of women united and mobilized and makes them feel insecure. Unable to trade women with the to oppose the digital trafc in women. Megalia has successfully phallus alone, men try to re-buttress the power of the phallus brought Soranet down. Over 130,000 women have gathered in the new language of power aforded by capitalism. They use in protests around Hyehwa Station in Seoul, denouncing law money as the medium with which they can trafc and debase enforcement for investigating the sole producer of the Hongik women so that they may re-erect the phallus. The phallus itself man’s video while doing little about countless male producers now plays a diferent role. In the past, it entitled and enabled and circulators of nonconsensual images of women. Women’s men to get women to own; now, it simply gives men the right eforts have culminated in amendment of the Act on Special to debase the opposite sex, serving, in efect, to unite men. Cases Concerning the Punishment, Etc. of Sexual Crimes, Without capital or industries intervening in the trafcking so that those who produce and distribute images of women of women, there would have been far fewer women to whom without those women’s consent can now be brought to justice. men could actually access than there are today. Men have been Discussing the trafc in women in the kinship system, consuming representations or images of the female body for Rubin argues: recreational purposes since ancient times. The growth and evolution of the digital trafc in women into an industry in The girl first turns to the father, because she must, because recent years, however, has dramatically increased the number she is “castrated” (a helpless woman). She then discovers of images men can access as well as the number of female that “castration” is a prerequisite to the father’s love, that victims. Men today can choose from a wide selection of female she must be a woman for him to love her. She therefore images. The male bond reinforced by the consumption of such begins to desire “castration,” and what had previously been images further produces more images, sustaining the vicious a disaster becomes a wish. “Analytic experience leaves no cycle. Now that they have such a wide variety to choose from, room for doubt that the little girl’s first libidinal relation a man need not stick to only one woman to own and enjoy her. to her father is masochistic, and the masochistic wish in Capitalism has realized economies of scale in the production its earliest distinctively feminine phase is: ‘I want to be and distribution of women as well. In the process, it has also castrated by my father.’”57 fooled women into thinking that they have “choice” over becoming objects of male selection. Today’s women, however, no longer want to be either castrated or traded. Capitalism continues to deceive women into believing that they have a choice in becoming objects of men’s Conclusion selection. Yet we have begun to cast this deception of, and gaze Now that the trafc in women has turned even more crooked into the reality of the trafc in women. The fact that women in the digital sphere, do women have no recourse but to have begun to refuse to be trafcked means a wedge has been
126 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 127 driven into the capitalist structure of violence against women. Women will be unable to shatter the ancient matrix of women trafcking overnight. Nevertheless, change has already begun. It is too late for us to go back now.
128 Part 2 Cyber Sexual Violence in South Korea 2020 129 Ye Jin Conclusion: When feminism first entered my life, I was more tormented by the shame and guilt I felt at having lived as a bystander, and Right Now Is sometimes even as an ofender, than by the discrimination and Our Feminist Moment violence I had experienced myself. I felt I incurred a great debt through the time I spent by turning a blind eye and a blind ear to the violence inflicted on my sisters, at home, at school, at work, in the streets, and online. This sense of indebtedness to big sisters who have done their best to continue this fight from their respective places is what led me to join the Korea Cyber Sexual Violence Response Center. Since I joined the Center and through meetings with actual sisters who experience new types of cyber sexual violence on a daily basis, I have come to feel as though I am repaying some of my debt. The feeling of indebtedness no longer overwhelms me. Instead, I am now ready to fight the daunting refusal of today’s world to change. Victims who have sufered cyber sexual violence are terrified that their sufering “seems to never end.” The shame, fear, insecurity, and powerlessness that these women experience as a result of cyber sexual violence overwhelms them daily, tempting them to stop walking altogether in the tunnel they are crossing now because they can see no light at the other end. There is little I can say with confidence to these victims. I cannot reassure them with platitudes like, “I’ll do my best,” “The ofender will be brought to justice,” or “Your picture will be removed once and for all from the Internet.” All I can say, by mustering as much conviction as I can, is that the dark tunnel they are in now will end at some point. I keep telling them they will, one day, regain normal daily lives, and that they can walk to the end of the tunnel alive. That belief forms my core and keeps me engaged in today’s movement. To all victims of cyber sexual violence I have met
130 Conclusion: Right Now Is Our Feminist Moment 131 and will meet, to all my sisters who are on this journey with Eoya: “I’m a Feminist” me, and to all ofenders out there who perpetuate violence I saw the Facebook page of Megalia 4 in June 2015. I quite agreed against women, I declare: “Our fight will end one day, most with the statement, “Let’s eradicate dating abuse and domestic certainly in our victory!” abuse. Bystanding is committing.” But I did not click “Like.” “I saw on Megalia that women earn only 60 percent of what men earn,” I told my colleague with surprise at a nongovernmental organization. Something else, however, surprised her: “Megalia? Isn’t that just a bunch of men-haters?” Afterward, I never told others that I frequented the Megalia page. Even the presumably very “progressive” NGO activists had such misinformed impressions of Megalia. Megalia was indeed pushed of Facebook on multiple occasions for propagating hatred against men in general. Through such forced closures, Megalia evolved into Megalia 4. I agreed with many of the statements and postings on that Facebook page, but never “liked” any, lest others found out that I was a follower. It became my habit to check back on the Megalia Facebook page every night and look for the messages or postings that particularly moved me. I could have saved much time by simply “liking” the postings, but opted to search every time because I did not want to be labeled as a “men-hater.” When I had my first period, my mother told me I “should protect” my body. She talked to me about a friend of hers, whose son impregnated his girlfriend, and who kept blaming the girl for being “promiscuous” and never her own son. As “a mother with a daughter,” my mother said she agreed with her friend strongly. She said it was always the women’s fault for getting pregnant out of wedlock. I found her claim strange. Women can never become pregnant by themselves. Why, then, do we excuse men from impregnating us? I was only 11 years old at the time. Reading the Megalia 4 page, I finally came to see that I
132 Conclusion: Right Now Is Our Feminist Moment 133 wasn’t the only one to have been feeling the vague sense of Seoung Jin: injustice and inequality. The strange sensations that I had There was one question everyone kept asking me during my tried to overlook indeed stemmed from the misogyny and early days at the Korea Cyber Sexual Violence Response Center discrimination I experienced as a woman. Megalia taught me (KCSVRC). that women’s value does not lie in “beauty” only, and that “How did you get started?” I was embarrassed to tell them everything that made me “feminine” was in fact a form of the truth. I became part of the Center and its movement when oppression. Megalia taught liberation, not hatred against men. one of the friends I met at university—a few years senior to me Around that time, I actively searched for, and read, books on and with whom I spent countless hours drinking and hanging feminism and tweeted feminist messages. I also debated with out—simply asked me if I was interested. Megalia was the self-professed feminists I met. Yet I always concluded those hottest subject of controversy at the time, and closet feminists conversations by saying: “I am not a feminist, though.” I did kept coming out, openly embracing their fight against not believe I could call myself that, when I was too timid with patriarchy. I joined the movement in this context, without the fear of stigmatization to “like” feminist postings online. exactly knowing where I stood. My awakening as a feminist was gradual, when I looked After being active at the KCSVRC for six months, I returned back on the conversation I had with my mother and recalled to my job, and a coworker asked me why I got involved. The how “unfair” I found her to be in insisting that I “should question embarrassed me again because it reminded me of how protect” my body. I recalled being engrossed in feminist books “unthinking” I was. I lacked a grand account I could ofer her. I as if they were the Bible to me. I felt and did that because I was asked her instead why she continued to engage in the feminist a feminist. movement. She told me that she had a vision of a better world, Today, in 2019, I can say with confidence that I am a and activism was her way of getting closer to that vision. feminist. Where did this newfound confidence come from? All I, too, dream of a better world in which women are my colleagues today are feminists, as are all my friends. When I completely free. Nevertheless, I find it difcult to imagine such say people who buy sex, and not the women selling sex, should a world with specificity because I have never experienced it. be punished, all the people around me agree. I am not the only The only thing I can say is that, in such a world, there would one. I stand with other stigmatized people. If Korean society be a safe space in which my fellow activists and I could enjoy insists that opposing violence and exploitation against women ourselves. Such a world would seem at once tragic and exciting, equals hatred of men, I will continue to hate men. I will stand and at once boring and interesting. with all other stigmatized women and do my best to bring I am still too shallow and lacking compared to other sexual violence and exploitation to an end. I am a feminist. activists. I am still afraid of speaking up about my beliefs and philosophy. But, I am very excited and happy these days because I am part of this movement. I am content to be witnessing this great moment in history. We, sisters, will change this world for better in the end.
134 Conclusion: Right Now Is Our Feminist Moment 135 Ho Yean: Why should I stay in this world where it has become legal to A few years ago, I was doing an internship at a nonprofit and import human-like sex dolls and people like Cho Hee-cheon was tasked with writing a simple profile of the organization are acquitted? This entire structure that keeps obliterating my for Web viewers. I had written, “Dreaming of a community being cannot change quickly enough. How long must I bear in which nobody is alienated,” fearing that it would strike with it? people as too naïve. The self-censorship, however, reflected I was saved from these endless questions that were dragging a deeper fear that we might not achieve the kind of world me down by my colleagues at the Korea Cyber Sexual Violence we envision—a community where everyone is welcome, a Response Center (KCSVRC). I would come in for work on Monday society where no women are traded, and a world from which morning, and chat with my likeminded colleagues. Often, such all forms of inequality have been eradicated. Working within talk was enough to break me out of the depression that had the boundaries of the status quo means the best we can do weighed me down over the weekend. People working at KCSVRC is ameliorate things and soften the edge of exploitation. We share a special bond. It like one that soldiers feel when fighting cannot get rid of the exploitative system itself unless we are a battle together. We strengthen that bond by together thinking ready to destroy it altogether. Unless we revolutionize our own about, and discussing, the kind of movement we would like to and others’ way of thinking, all the mechanisms of power will organize. We elevate that bond by practicing the movement of remain intact. Is it, however, even possible to revolutionize the our own design. way of thinking? It is this bond that sustains my fantasy that the oppressive These days, I live between a sense of persistent desperation system itself can be broken one day. There is something like that everything we are doing will ultimately end in vain, and a Zeno’s paradoxes in our desire for social change. The “arrow” glimpse of fantasy that things may well be possible. of our vision will reach the bull’s eye only when we shed the Life is too complicated. I find life almost impossible when belief that our arrow will travel only a half, or even a quarter, I think of the weight that my being imposes on this world. of the remaining distance ahead of it. Unless we break out of The price of everything I learn and enjoy, the countless lives the self-defeating thought that we must calculate the exact that are sacrificed to sustain my living, the people I could be distance to the target and hit certain points along the way, treading upon in this structure of exploitation, and the depth we will never hit the bull’s eye at all. This goes for social of sufering I am not aware of—I am tormented with guilt movements. Instead of trying to move the arrow a half or even when I think of these things. On the other hand, however, my a quarter of the remaining distance, we ought to aim all the daily existence does not mean anything as a human being. I way at the bull’s eye from the get-go. keep wondering why I should continue to live when I am not Thanks to KCSVRC, I dream of piercing through the bull’s eye treated as a full human being wherever I go? Is it worth it with my arrow. Experiences with daily victories, big and small, for one to continue being when others do not recognize one’s in successfully organizing the Fourth State-of-Afairs Protest existence? What point is there for me to continue to live by of Feminists, thinking up a great statement to be inserted into convincing myself that life is something that ought to be lived? this book, hearing news that the lectures my colleagues gave
136 Conclusion: Right Now Is Our Feminist Moment 137 to outside audiences were met favorably, and the like are what Seon Jin keep me going. Ever since I started working here, these questions kept coming I sincerely hope every reader of this book will have the back to me. Am I really a good advocate? Am I doing a good triumphs and comrades of the kind I enjoy at KCSVRC. If job? After answering long phone calls, putting down the phone, you lack such support, you can count on KCSVRC to be your I tell myself everyday: I should have done it this way. I’ll do resource. The world is still violent, life is still heavy, and better next time. While doubting and criticizing myself, I notice everyday living is still a struggle. Yet things can be made better that I have changed since I first started victim advocacy. I am when you see us fighting beside you. exhausted. When was the last time I had time for myself? We still have to work on deciding the next bull’s eye, what After a long day of work, I ask myself: why does our crisis we should paint that target with, and whom we should aim hotline never stop ringing? Why is it so difcult to take our arrow at. The enemies we must crush toward ending the down the photos and videos of victims even if we contact the trafc in women are indeed numerous, and the path before us platforms over and over again? Why do the perpetrators of promises to tire us out at some point. Our memories of piercing online sexual violence never stop? Why do men find pleasure through a number of bull’s eyes thus far keep us on track. in videos of real people who are hurt from them? This society and its members oppress, exchange, and exploit women as if they made some kind of a deal. Will there be an end to all this? I became a victim advocate to put an end to online sexual violence, but I am not sure when that day will come. Still, I can’t give up victim advocacy. When the victim- survivors that I support thank me and tell me that they were able to have courage because of KCSVRC, saying that they will survive and keep fighting, I see that I am reaching out to people who call for help in the dark. This is why I continue living and supporting victim-survivors. I believe that someday, online sexual violence will end and women will be liberated. When women cry out for our freedom, when we sing together with our comrades, when we accomplish anything hand-in-hand… I am certain that we will build the world that we want to live in. Women who came before us have already won many battles big and small, and we, the successors of this fight, continue making history. Many who came out to the streets during the feminist reboot have returned to their lives, but they are
138 Conclusion: Right Now Is Our Feminist Moment 139 practicing feminism in their own ways. Knowing this, I cannot Hyorin and will not stop my struggle against violence towards women. Solidarity is my force Although tremendous amount of work does not let us get to 2016 Gangnam murder case was one of the most important know and take care of each other, my fellow activists and I find moments in my short history of feminism. A woman was joy in the smallest things day by day. I hope our difcult days killed because she was a woman. Many took it to their hearts become splendid memories as much as the difcult times of and were aficted by it. I was soaking in feminism by then, our past have turned out to be precious. and I began to sense clearly the essence of that case by I would like to use this opportunity to thank all feminist reading many articles and professional opinions on it. It was a activists in this world. I would not be able to exist without you, femicide. Chrysanthemums58 and a thousand and four post-its and I am happy that we are marching towards a shared goal. at exit 10 of Gangnam station awakened my sensibility towards Although this sufering may not seem to end, I am sure that we misogyny and became a storm inside me. will overcome this together. What made me a feminist back then was infinite solidarity among women. Countless women crying out “this is not a motiveless crime. It’s a hate crime towards women” led me to the world of feminism. What is the essence of this case that made this innumerable crowd sufer like their own loss and speak out loud? Something diferent from universal love for humanity or sympathy touched me. This solidarity among feminists gave birth to a feminist within me.
Anger is my force My coworkers started asking me if I was a “Megal( )” at work. Work became unbearable, and I realized that it was impossible to continue working there after identifying myself as a feminist. I wanted to work for women, and I sought out ways to pursue feminism as a profession. There were no feminists around me back then, and I lacked resources to do what I wanted, so I followed as many feminists accounts as possible on social media. That’s when I learned about KCSVRC. I was not sure if I could work there, and if I am allowed to, but I wanted to. I quit work and gave up preparing for the working holiday visa. I became a full-time activist. I had never done anything related to supporting survivors
140 Conclusion: Right Now Is Our Feminist Moment 141 of sexual violence. I had no immunity towards facing pain of the face of misogyny and violence towards women that have someone who had gone through this kind of pain. My everyday persisted thousands of years, there seems to be nothing that was filled with all kinds of sufering. One day, I snapped. can be done with such small power that I have. In this world I had to unleash my anger. All this sufering came from where the voices of countless “Megal’s” are deemed the same disgusting men who perpetuate toxic masculinity. Men who as that of “Ilbe”59], where the protests of several thousands of violated women who calls the crisis hotline, men who excuses women have not brought out significant changes, where the and justifies crime towards women, rape culture built upon perpetrators of Jang Ja-yeon Case are not punished, where exploiting women, solidarity among toxic men, men something, Kim Hak-yi and Yoon Joong-chun’s ofenses are not perceived men, men, men. It was all because of men who are part of as sexual assault, where women still look up their names misogynist culture. I was sufocating in anger towards all this in pornography websites after the arrest of Yang Jin-ho, we injustice and resentment towards rape culture. That day, I become weary and fall into despair little by little. confronted my partner saying, “you shut up while I speak.” I My first weapon in this fight was ‘solidarity.’ I then fought poured out unfiltered emotions to him for hours and hours. with ‘anger.’ What gave me the most intense impetus at that In order to put out this fire within me, I had to bury myself moment became my force. Now, I feel weary. I am worn out, with vicim advocacy. I wanted to become a constructive force and I feel despair every day. Then, I must keep going using this towards liberating women right that moment. Perpetrators of despair as my force. This despair will show the resilient fighter sexual violence had to be punished and justice must be brought that I have become how to fight more efectively with less pain. to this world. I had to become a warrior who fights in place This is what I would like to tell someone who shares this of survivors. Clenching my teeth, I used every power in me to despair with me: we are feeling despair not because we are continue feminist activism. weak; we are strong and we will continue to walk this path towards freedom. We will overcome this big rock wisely; we Despair is my force have each other’s back, and we will hold each other’s hands We have achieved victories big and small. We have won some when we are worn out; let us keep fighting together; I love you, cases that we have supported, and the Web-hard cartel was and thank you. publicized, leading to the arrest of Yang Jin-ho. Article 14 of Act on Special Cases Concerning the Punishment, etc. of Sexual Crimes is revised, and a lot of people are now aware of the severity of this kind of violence. We have experienced numerous victories in the history of advocacy for women’s rights. Nevertheless, we also know that we still have to go a long way. Online space is still full of misogynist contents and the aspects of violence towards women continue changing, always going further than we can ever imagine it to be. In
142 Conclusion: Right Now Is Our Feminist Moment 143 Bandi world was like. If I were asked to choose between receiving I feel exhausted. As a 27-year-old woman living in South 10 billion for rewinding 4 years versus living in the present, Korea, I feel exhausted. Although this confession may seem I would choose the latter without a moment of hesitation. To like raining on the parade after all the accounts of resistance; make this diference today, women have analysed, connected although it may seem to be an inappropriate subject matter the present with the past, and did not forget to love each other as we have gathered to contemplate our future battles, but the in the process. Looking back, life back then was on overload, fact is; I feel exhausted. But is this feeling of exhaustion truly it ran on multiple timelines (like Hermione with her Time unfit to be the conclusion of our story? Turner). I figure that is the reason why everything feels so far As far as I know, women feel exhausted. Though we well back when merely 4 years has passed. know that Megalia is not the ultimate factor that defines Truth be told, recently I am feeling exhausted by this feminism in Korea today, at the same time, we cannot leave ‘that feeling of exhaustion. I reminisced the times we resisted moment’ out of the discussion. Back then, ‘words’ burst from fiercely, mourned that those times were gone, and felt intuitive, smart, and courageous women. powerless that the world remained unchanged despite this I have not yet found a way to describe that spectacle when feeling of exhaustion. However, somehow it may have been women’s words poured in. After the breath-taking moment an undervaluation of what women have achieved. It has come when our commonplace perception was articulated in to my mind that equating the feeling of exhaustion with the words, came the process of refining our newfound language sense of defeat may be Backlash’s core tactic. After all these to avert hurting fellow women. The discussion stalled by achievements, what’s wrong with feeling exhausted? incontrovertibly-righteous worn-out arguments suddenly No utopia can be built by a single generation, the same with leaped forward after ‘controversial arguments’ began to clash. a feministic one. In all times, it seems that women run further We learned that in order to create the colour purple from blue, and faster than what they have been called for. The feeling of we needed to add red, not purple. To me, this was a spectacle exhaustion does not imply that we are exhausted, but entails I have never witnessed in all my life. I wondered if all the that we have reached the point where we need to take a rest revolutions recorded in history transpired this way. and learn to adjust our breath. The women who spoke fiercely then, now seem to have Clearly, the world has changed. It is well recorded in this faltered. Not that there isn’t anything new, but compared to book. This book scrutinises on where we need to whip next the strides made back then, women now are repeating what for the world to roll over faster. Even now, this very moment, has already been said. I think it is due to the fact that they feel Intelligent and courageous women who bear intuition – the exhausted. But let’s go back to the starting point; so, what if we crux of the language that whips the world – are taking a time are exhausted? of somewhere and at the same time, newly sprouting. We Writing and reading what my colleagues have written so hope that this book serves to be the proof that our feeling of far, I was astonished by all the accomplishments women made exhaustion does not equate the sense of defeat. these past few years. In other words, I had forgotten what the
144 Conclusion: Right Now Is Our Feminist Moment 145 Chan-mi sufocate to death. I often think of what that something is. My dearest—my survivor, my supporter, my comrade, my It still surprises me that one of its many names is ‘humanity.’ family. I wonder to what extent of this humanity we must embrace. Someone like you who gives me joy, someone who deserves all They call this place ‘the Front Line.’ the imaginable punishment in this world in my eyes—we call all of them ‘humans.’ I started working here because of love for I guess that’s because this is the closest place to the site of humanity, wishing that they were happy and safe. But I could violence, where the traces of the survivor remains in the most not know who deserves to be called human and who did not. acute form. I didn’t think putting it that way was incorrect. It’s There was a time that I believed all humans were beautiful. true there’s a lot of work to do here. Working conditions are If someone asked me what beauty was, I would have answered horrible, and we receive too many upsetting news. We often that it’s something that twinkles in the sky like a star. I would hear someone crying. Since death and mourning was close to have added that hope and solidarity that humans share must me from the beginning, I had the vague sense that there would be like the Milky Way veiled in aurora, and that must be the be a lot of funerals that I must witness here. I ceaselessly most beautiful thing in this world. struggled to examine the sadness and anger of the victim- But now I know I was wrong. Sometimes you are called survivor, staying up many nights crying. I felt guilty that I had foolish, hideous, petty and weak. Those of us who stand in a hard time taking in the victim-survivor’s pain. I consumed solidarity are often laughed at, as unsightly, helpless, and myself in anger, not knowing whom to blame. In fact, we often sloppy we are. Still, I saw ourselves as beautiful. I often shed need the language of pain to describe how brutal this kind of tears at this vivid beauty. I have pursued white and shiny violence is. I thus distressed myself over articulating pain in things thinking that as beautiful, but as beautiful as we are, the most horrifying manner. I now see that we are all dark, so dark that we cannot tell It was only recently that I found myself in shame for my each other apart. We did not know of each other’s existence ignorance. It’s true that we need to develop a language to better thinking that we are all alone in the dark, but it turns out speak of pain, but that doesn’t mean that our feelings should that the whole world is dark, filled with us dark individuals. In be limited to such pain. Although no one told me to, my own that darkness, away from the eyes that strove to carve into my arrogance confined our experiences in this narrow framework wounds, I finally found myself as I am. of pain. I was confused when both violence and love appeared in In this world where what must not be broken inside us—I light. In this world where violence and love is tangled, where am not sure if we can call this dignity—is destroyed, where this violence acts like love and love becomes violence, I tried to kind of destruction is condoned, we must reflect on the depth understand what love is. What is love? Living in this world and sensibility of this wound. We talked about something every day leaves me with unsolvable questions. inside me—that this something has become too mushy to I ended up being incapable of answering any questions digest, that it presses down on my gut—and that I would rather regarding love for humanity. But we must question ourselves
146 Conclusion: Right Now Is Our Feminist Moment 147 about what is to be human, and find our answers in love. ENDNOTE Because we are at least human, and because the only way we can express ourselves is through love, I think we can continue fighting foolishly for each other, crying to defend each other’s dignity, and bless each other’s recovery.
Right, they call this place ‘the Front Line.’
But that phrase is not relatable to me anymore. What we witness the most here is recovery and solidarity. It’s such a warm feeling, sometimes too hot to do anything about it. Sometimes it felt like it would blow away in a breeze, and sometimes it felt like ash that restrains my breath. Whatever it may be, I like it. Just the mere existence of it keeps me alive. 1 Lee Mi-kyung, “Issues of Recent Changes in Law Regarding This feeling coming from the dark brought me solace. Gendered Violence: Focusing on the Special Act on Sexual That is why I think that we are loving rather than fighting Violence,” Gender and Law Vol. 7, Korean Association of Gender and here. I even dare to expect that we will continue to be beautiful, Law, 2010, p. 2. to remain and live as humans. 2 Shim Young-hee, “Danger Society and Sexual Violence,” Quarterly Even if you cannot see me, I am always on your side, and Ideology Vol. 38, Institute of Social Sciences, 1998, p. 165. 3 Shin Sang-sook, “Meaning Construction of Sexual Violence and you always bring me solace. Dilemma of ‘Sexual Self-Determination,” Women and Society Vol.
13, Changbi Publishers, 2001, p. 18. With love, 4 Ibid., p. 20. Chan-mi—your survivor, your advocate, 5 Ibid., p. 20. your comrade, your family. 6 Lee Na-young and Min-sook Heo, “Gendered Violence Neoliberal Gender Order in South Korea,” Family and Culture Vol. 26, Korean Family Studies Association, 2014, p. 62. 7 Translator’s Note: Intimate Images or Videos that are Taken or Circulated without Consent 8 “Has the Press Gone Mad Over ‘Red Scarves’?”, Media Today, July 30, 1997. 9 “Should We Be Worried about Amateur Porn?”, Hankyoreh 21, Issue No. 183, November 20, 1997. 10 Ibid. 11 Kim So-ra, “Structure and Changes in Policy on the Control of
148 Endnote 149 Sexually Expressive Works Since 1987,” doctoral dissertation sexualized images of women to which one uses to jerk of. submitted to Seoul National University, 2017. 25 Translator’s Note: Since production, distribution, and sales 12 Translator’s Note: “Megalia” comes from a combination of two of pornography in Korea is illegal, the videos that are dubbed words: MERS and Egalia. MERS is a kind of respiratory syndrome ‘Domestic Porn’ are mostly videos of women that are circulated that was believed to be first transmitted to Korea by women (which either without their knowledge or against their will. was never proven to be true), and it was commonly associated 26 Homosocial, or homosociality, refers to a relationship of solidarity with “misbehaving women” in misogynist communities in Korea. that is assumed to be maintained exclusively among men. Egalia comes from Egalia’s Daughters, which is a feminist novel 27 Translator’s Note: Korean word for firewood. taking place is a fictional nation called “Egalia.” 28 Compiled and translated by Han Woo-ri, Feminism Manifesto, 13 Translator’s Note: Short for ‘Namja Yeonyeain Gallery,’ which Hyunsilmoonhwa, 2016, p. 82. means ‘Male Celebrity Gallery.’ 29 “Asian Financial Crisis Breeds New ‘Good Wives’,” Seoul Shinmun, 14 Translator’s Note: “Ilbe” is a Korean online community January 17, 2008. characterized by its apparent misogyny and hate for any 30 An interview with Bae Jin-gyeong, head of the Korea Cyber Sexual marginalized groups. “Ilbe” may be compared to many online alt- Violence Response Center, August 26, 2019. right communities prevalent all over the globe. 31 “75 Percent of Lost Jobs Belonged to Women: Gender Inequality in 15 Translator’s Note: Intimate Images or Videos that are Taken or Restructuring,” Yeoseong Shinmun, May 27, 2016. Circulated without Consent 32 Kim Won, Factory Girls 1970: Their Rebellious History, Imagine 16 Kim Hyeon-jeong, “Megalia Opens New Horizon of Feminism Publishing, 2005, p. 146. by Fighting Hate with Hate,” Gobalnews.com, 2015 (http://www. 33 Lee Ok-ji and KWWA, History of Korean Women Worker Activism gobalnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=15085). ? Volume 1, Hanul Academy: Seoul, 2001, p. 143-144. 17 Dee N. R. Graham et al., Women Are Hostages: Why Do Women 34 Kim, 2005, p. 230. Love Men? (original title in English: Loving to Survive: Sexual 35 Shin Sun-ae, The Life of a Thirteen-Year-Old Factory Girl, Terror, Men’s Violence, and Women’s Lives), trans. Yu Hye-dam, Hankyoreh Publishing: Seoul, p. 38-39. Yeoldabooks, 2019, p. 203. (Subsequent citations of pages based on 36 Quoted in Kim, 2005, p. 230. the Korean translation.) 37 Park Su-jeong, The Hidden History of Korean Women, Beautiful 18 Ibid., p. 204. People Publishing, 2004, 19 Ibid., p. 205. 38 Lee, 2001, 20 Ibid., p. 204. 39 Kim, 2005, p. 397. 21 Cho Hye-yeong, “Interactive Feminism: From Megalia to Gangnam 40 Sisain, Issue No. 604, April 15, 2019. Station,” Munhakdongne 23(3), 2016, p. 5. 41 Ibid. 22 Ibid., p. 5. 42 “Women Beat Men in Employment Rates for Adults in Their Late 23 Translator’s Note: Intimate Images or Videos that are Taken or 20s,” Kyunghyang Shinmun, April 23, 2018. Circulated without Consent. 43 Kyunghyang Shinmun, April 23, 2018. 24 Translator’s Note: ‘Ddal’ roughly translates as ‘jerking of’, and 44 Ibid. ‘gam’ refers to any object or a thing used as material, substance, or 45 Yun Bo-ra, “Kimchi Girls and Naked Kings: Misogyny in medium of another process or action. ‘Ddal-gam’ is a combination Cyberspace,” What about Misogyny?, Hyeonshilmunhwa of these two words, and as a whole, it is often used to describe Publishing, 2015.
150 Endnote 151 46 “Women Make Up 90% of Victims of Violent Crimes, and 50% of Women Living in Seoul Confess to Being ‘Scared’,” Yeoseong Shinmun, January 21, 2019. 47 Translator’s Note: Intimate Images or Videos that are Taken or Circulated without Consent. 48 Kim Yeo-jin, Reality of Underage Sexual Exploitation Online and Legal Issues: Sexual Exploitation of Children and Teenagers in Cyberspace, Korean Gender Law Society, 2019. 49 Gayle Rubin, Deviations: A Gayle Rubin Reader, Lim Ok-hee trans., Hyeonsilmunhwa Publishing, 2015, p. 110 (subsequent citations are paged according to the Korean translation). 50 Ibid., p. 122. 51 Ibid., p. 123. 52 Ibid., p. 124. 53 Ibid. p. 112. 54 Ibid., p. 114. 55 Ibid., p. 140. 56 It is doubtful that men were ever true “patriarchs” who could support and raise their families on their own without women chipping in to earn additional (and sometimes the only) income. See the section on Korean manhood. 57 Ibid., p. 130-131. 58 Translator’s Note: Chrysanthemums are given to mourn the death of a person in Korea. 59 Translator’s Note: “Ilbe” stands for “Ilgan-Best,” which roughly translates to “Daily Best.” “Ilbe” is a Korean online community characterized by its apparent misogyny and hate for any marginalized groups. “Ilbe” may be compared to many online alt- right communities prevalent all over the globe.
152 2020 한국 사이버성폭력을 진단한다 Diagnosis of Cyber Sexual Violence in Korea 2020
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