Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research (2016) 42, 479–489

HOSTED BY National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research

http://ees.elsevier.com/ejar www.sciencedirect.com

FULL LENGTH ARTICLE Deep-sea ichthyofauna from Eastern , Egypt: Update and new records

Mahmoud M.S. Farrag

Marine Science & Fishes branch, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Assiut Branch), 71524 Assiut, Egypt

Received 29 February 2016; revised 21 December 2016; accepted 21 December 2016 Available online 13 January 2017

KEYWORDS Abstract This work sheds light on deep sea resources that update the list of deep sea ichthyoids New records; fauna with new records from the Egyptian coast, Mediterranean Sea. Fish samples were collected Deep-sea ichthyofauna; from April to November 2015 at depths of 350–750 m using deep red shrimp bottom trawlers. The Mediterranean Sea; presented fauna were constituted mainly of deep red shrimp (Aristeomorpha folicea and Aristeus Egypt antennatus) as target species followed by by-catch and discards which were represented by 36 fish species; Of them, 21 species were recorded previously. The rest of the species, were new ichthy- ofauna identified in fifteen species including 4 cartilaginous species (Centrophorus uyato, Etmopterus spinax, Hydrolagus mirabilis and Chimaera monstrosa), while the other 11 species were bony fishes (Chauliodus sloani, Diaphus metopoclampus, Sudis hyaline, Microstoma microstoma, Chlorophthal- mus agassizi, Avocettina infans, Argyropelecus hemigymnus, bonaparte, Lampanyctus crocodilus, Centrolophus niger and Nettastoma melanurum). Centrophorus uyato was reported for the first time in the Levant Basin. The present findings added new species to the Egyptian ichthyofauna and raised the total known deep water fauna to 38 species, enhancing knowledge about such species requires continuous monitoring and studies on deep sea resources. Ó 2016 Hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Introduction oceanographic cruises of the Thor (1908) and Dana (1928– 29) also extended investigation from the Atlantic to the whole The ecosystems of deep sea waters are the target of fish indus- Mediterranean, even catching deep-sea fish at depths greater tries over the world. This has resulted in the decrease in fish than 1,000 m (Taning, 1918). All these cruises increased the communities particularly on the continental shelves due to knowledge of fish and biodiversity (Ryland, 2000). over fishing (Merrett and Haedrich, 1997). In the Mediter- The deep demersal fisheries in western and central parts of ranean Sea, the exploration knowledge of the deep-sea fauna the Mediterranean are exploited by trawl fishing that mainly was mainly provided by the expeditions of Hirondelle and target red shrimp and is carried out in the Spanish and Italian Princesse Alice (1888–1922); their ichthyologic data are Mediterranean waters down to 800–1000 m of depth; hence, reported in Zugmayer (1911) and Roule (1919). The Danish the knowledge comes from scientific research (Sarda and Cartes, 1994; D’onghia et al., 1998; Ungaro et al., 1999). At the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, particularly the E-mail address: [email protected] Egyptian coast, most fishing activities did not operate at a Peer review under responsibility of National Institute of Oceanography depth greater than 250 m. In addition to that, other demersal and Fisheries. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2016.12.005 1687-4285 Ó 2016 Hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 480 M.M.S. Farrag

fisheries’ surveys along the western and eastern Egyptian Results Mediterranean waters were carried out by ‘‘R/V salsabil” dur- ing 2008–2010. These studies, which were administrated by the The present study has shown species diversity of deep seawater National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF) of in the Mediterranean Sea, Egypt, mainly constituted of two Egypt, do not explore deeper water. Therefore, a lot of deep deep red shrimp (Aristeomorpha folicea and Aristeus antenna- water ichthyofauna remains unknown. Recently, the first work tus) as target species followed by by-catch and discards which in the Egyptian Mediterranean waters that conducted deep were represented by 36 fish species; they were dominated by water at depth greater than 400 m made it possible to catch merluccius. Of them, 21 species were identified deep water red shrimp and other ichthyofauna as by-catch and recorded previously (Table 1). The rest of the species, (Ibrahim et al., 2011). However, knowledge about deep sea which were composed of fifteen fish species, were recorded ecosystems is still limited. The main objective of this paper is for the first time. They included 4 cartilaginous species (Cen- to update the knowledge of the deep sea ichthyoids fauna in trophorus uyato, Etmopterus spinax, Hydrolagus mirabilis and Egyptian Mediterranean waters through trawling survey tar- Chimaera monstrosa). The other 11 species, on the other hand, geting deep red shrimp at a depth greater than 400 m. were bony fish (Chauliodus sloani, Diaphus metopoclampus,

Materials and methods

The deep-sea ichthyofauna were collected from the deep-sea Table 1 Deepwater fish species from Mediterranean Sea, cruises of the commercial fishing operations in the Mediter- Egypt collected during this study (Recorded previously). ranean Sea, Egypt during the spring of 2015 off Al-Arish (5 Family Scientific Name Common hauls) and the autumn 2015 off Alexandria (25 hauls) Name (Fig. 1). The fishing operations were constructed using Italian F. Dasyatidae (I) Sharks and Rays Dasyatis Common bottom trawlers at depths ranging from 350 to 800 m targeting pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758) stingray deep Red Shrimp (Family: Aristeidae), where the fishes are F. Rajidae Dipterus oxyrinchus Long nosed considered by catch and discard. The available ichthyofauna (Linnaeus, 1758) skate was collected and preserved in formalin 10% (for small speci- F. Rajidae Raja asterias (Delaroche, Starry ray mens); then identified using Whitehead et al. (1984–1986) and 1809) Fish base (2010) keys. Their biometric data were recorded and F. Rajidae Rostroraja alba (Lacepe` de, Bottle nosed the following abbreviations were used: TL is total length, SL is 1803) skate standard length, D1 is first dorsal fin, D2 is second dorsal fin, F. Torpedinidae Torpedo tokionis (Tanaka, Trapezoid 1908) torpedo AN is anal fin, P is Pectoral fin and V is pelvic fin. Following F. Echinorhinus brucus Bramble shark that, the new fish species were described in detail. Echinorhinidae (Bonnaterre, 1788) F. Hexanchidae Hexanchus griseus Blunt nose six (Bonnaterre, 1788) gill shark F. Scyliorhinidae Galeus melastomus Black mouth (Rafinesque, 1810) cat shark F. Bothidae (II) Bony Fishes Arnoglossus Thor’s scald thori (Kyle, 1913) fish F. Congridae Conger conger (Linnaeus, European 1758) conger F. Macrouridae Nezumia aequalis (Gu¨ nther, Common 1878) Atlantic grenadier F. Merlucciidae European hake (Linnaeus, 1758) F. Myctophidae Ceratoscopelus maderensis Lantern fish (Lowe, 1839) F. serpens (Linnaeus, Serpent 1758) F. Phycidae Phycis blennoides (Bru¨ nnich, Greater fork 1768) beard F. Lepidorhombus boscii (Risso, Four spotted Scophthalmidae 1810) megrim F. Sebastidae Helicolenus dactylopterus Black belly dactylopterus (Delaroche, rosefish 1809) F. Hoplostethus mediterraneus Mediterranean Trachichthyidae mediterraneus (Cuvier, 1829) slime head F. Trichiuridae Lepidopus caudatus Silver scabbard (Euphrasen, 1788) fish F. (III) Cephalopods Illex na Ommastrephidae coindetii (Verany, 1839) Figure 1 Map showing the study area in the Egyptian F. Todaropsis eblanae (Ball, na Mediterranean water. Ommastrephidae 1841) Deep-sea ichthyofauna 481

Sudis hyaline, Microstoma microstoma, Aulopus filamentosus, above the 5th gill slit. An absence of annals fin is recorded. The Avocettina infans, Argyropelecus hemigymnus, Notacanthus caudal fin with poorly defined sub-terminal notch is on the bonaparte, Lampanyctus crocodilus, Centrolophus niger and upper lobe, while the lower lobe is poorly differentiated. Der- Nettastoma melanurum) as shown in Table 2. The description mal denticles and median spine are obvious. Photospheres are of each species is as follows: present ventrally. It is of a brown color on top, with a pale spot between the eyes and a dark stripe along the lateral line. Black Centrophorus uyato (Rafinesque, 1810) dominates the lower part with a distinctive dark pattern on the ventral surface. A pale spot between the eyes can be seen. The bases of the dorsal, pectoral and pelvic fins are dark with the It was previously classified as Squalus uyato Rafinesque, 1810 tips of dorsal and ventral lobes of the caudal fin being black. (Fishbase, 2010). It is a small shark with a long, narrow snout (Fig. 2B). and an extended inner corner of pectoral fins which are mod- erately narrow pointed. It has two dorsal fins, with one spine on each; the first dorsal fin is higher than the second one. Hydrolagus mirabilis (Collett, 1904) Anadipose fin is absent. Dermal denticles are close-set but do not overlap. They are without stalks, but are thorn-like, The body is a long whip-like filament at the end of the caudal with dorsal rigs converging toward the posterior tip. It is dark fin with a short snout. The first dorsal fin is short triangular grayish brown in color and is paler ventrally. The fins are dar- and high, with a strong spine that nearly joins its whole length ker than the upper body with a whitish or transparent tip at the front. The second dorsal fin is long and continues to the (Fig. 2A). position of the upper caudal fin. Not more than one-third the height of the first, it is concave in the middle. The pectoral fins Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 1758) reach beyond the position of the pelvic fins. The anal fin con- tinues to the caudal fin; the latter has narrower upper and lower lobes in comparison with the hind part of the second It was previously a member of the Squalidae Family dorsal finite skin is smooth, except for the denticles on male (Whitehead et al., 1986), but now it has become a member organs. It is of a dark brown color with dark dorsal fins and of Family: Etmopteridae (Fishbase, 2010). Its head is some- whitish caudal filament (Fig. 2C). what long with a long snout and a roundtrip, with a narrow portion in front of the eyes. The nostrils are midway from the snout tip to the eyes. The pre-oral clefts and labial folds Chimaera monstrosa (Linnaeus, 1758) are short on the mouth. The upper teeth are of a tri-cusped form and the medial cusp is much larger. The lower teeth This species is very similar to Hydrolagus mirabilis in its char- encompass a strongly oblique (almost lateral) cusp that cuts acteristics, but C. monstrosa can be distinguished by its anal fin almost the entire horizontal surface. Spiracles are a little above being distinctly separated from lancet shaped caudal fin. The and behind the eyes. Gill slits are almost vertical and their second dorsal fin is long with no marked concavity in the mid- openings are similar in size to spiracles. The 1st gill slit is the dle part. It is of a greenish-silvery color on the back and flanks. longest while the 5th is the shortest. The second dorsal fin sits Brown spots are scattered longitudinally; fins are grayish with over the pelvic fin bases. The position of the pectoral is almost a black margin on the dorsal, anal and caudal fins (Fig. 2D).

Table 2 Deepwater fish species from Mediterranean Sea, Egypt collected during this study (New records). (N: number of specimens, TL: Total length (cm), SD: Standard deviation. Family Species Common name Depth (m) No. TL ± SD L. range (TLcm) (F: Centrophoridae) Centrophorus uyato (Rafinesque, 1810) Little gulper shark 350–700 10 66.75 + 16.93 41–90 (F: Etmopteridae) Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 1758) Velvet belly 450–700 10 33.5 + -5.48 22–45 (F: Chimaeridae). Hydrolagus mirabilis (Collett, 1904) Large-eyed rabbitfish 400–700 10 79.3 + 5.9 70–90 (F: Chimaeridae). Chimaera monstrosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Rabbitfish 400–700 15 98.5 + 8.1 90–120 (F: Stomiidae). Chauliodus sloani (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Sloane’s viperfish 400-700 20 20.4 ± 2.5 18-25 (F: Myctophidae) Diaphus metopoclampus (Cocco, 1829) Spothead lantern fish 350–700 15 7.3 ± 0.75 6–8 (F: Paralepididae) Sudis hyalina (Rafinesque, 1810) Longfin barracudina 350–700 20 38.3 + 3.36 35–45 (F:Microstomatidae). Microstoma microstoma (Risso, 1810) Slender argentine 400–500 25 17.2 + 1.63 15–20 (F:Chlorophthalmidae) Chlorophthalmus agassizi (Bonaparte, 1840) Shortnose greeneye 400–500 5 17.3 ± 1.6 15.8–19 (F: Nemichthyidae) Avocettina infans (Gu¨ nther, 1878) Avocet snipe eel 700–800 5 62.7 ± 9.4 50–70 (F: Sternoptychidae) Argyropelecus hemigymnus (Cocco, 1829) Half-naked hatchet fish 400–500 5 3.6 ± 0.4 3.2–4.4 (F: Notacanthidae) Notacanthus bonaparte (Risso, 1840) Shortfin spiny eel 500–600 5 31.4 ± 3.8 28.2–35 (F: Myctophidae) Lampanyctus crocodilus (Risso, 1810) Jewel lanternfish 600–700 3 19.8 ± 3.3 16–21.8 (F: Centrolophidae) Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789) Rudderfish, 300–400 1 45.4 (F: Nettastomatidae) Nettastoma melanurum (Rafinesque, 1810) Blackfin sorcerer 300–400 5 46.2 ± 7.8 34–58 482 M.M.S. Farrag

Figure 2 A: C. uyato,B:E. spinax,C:H. mirabilis,D:C. monstrosa,E:C. sloani,F:D. metopoclampus,G:S. hyaline,H:M. microstoma, I: C. agassizi,J:A. infans, K: A. hemigymnus, L: N. bonaparte,M:L. crocodilus,N:C. niger and O: N. melanurum. Deep-sea ichthyofauna 483

Chauliodus sloani (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Its horizontal orbit diameter exceeds its snout’s length; the lat- ter is broad and spatulate. It encompasses a narrow inter- Its body is slender with a large mouth that extends far past the orbital space. It’s lower jaw projects beyond its upper one eyes. Two ventrolateral rows of photospheres are present on and ends in a bony knob. Teeth in the jaws are very small, con- the body (Fig. 2E). The lower jaw is longer than the upper ical and depressible. Pelvic fins are located slightly behind the one; the upper is armed with four fangs on each side. The dor- dorsal fin’s position. Adipose fin is opposite to the anal fin. sal fin extends forward and is close to the head with a pro- Caudal fin is forked. The measurements were found to be: dor- longed first ray. A dorsal adipose fin is present near the tail sal fin-rays 10–12, anal finrays 7–9, pelvic fin rays 8–9 and pec- while the anal fin is close to the tail. The length from the snout toral fin rays 15–17. Its coloris yellowish to brown with darker to the dorsal fin positions 17–28% (usually 21–24%) from SL. blotches; eyes are somewhat greenish. (Fig. 2I) The dorsal, anal, pectoral and ventral fin rays are 5–6, 10–13, 13 and 7, respectively. The species is of a silver-blue black Avocettina infans (Gu¨nther, 1878) color. The body is very elongated with large eyes and completely lat- Diaphus metopoclampus (Cocco, 1829) eral line. It lacks the preopercle. The dorsal and anal fins are united with the caudal fin. The jaws are extremely long but The body and head are compressed with a Sub-terminal mouth the lower jaw is shorter than the upper. The frontals are partly and large eyes. A small adipose dorsal fin is present near the united in some specimens. The pectorals are small. The anus is a short distance behind the pectoral fin. No dorsal or anal tail. A ventro-nuclei (Vn) somewhat extends along the ventral spines are present, but it has a linearly reduced caudal. The margin of orbit to reach behind the center of the pupil. No dorsal and anal fin rays are 295–310 and 265–275, respectively. dorsal or anal spines are present. The dorsal, anal and pectoral Body color is dusky brown; the jaws, pectoral fins and lower rays are (15, 14–16 and 10–11), respectively. It is of a dark abdomen are paler (2J). brown to black color (Fig. 2F). Argyropelecus hemigymnus Cocoa, 1829 Sudis hyalina Rafinesque, 1810

The body is laterally deep compressed with a tubular eye and a Its body is moderately elongated with a diameter of about 8–9 vertical mouth, it discovered by deciduous scales. The upper times its. The head is strongly 3 times more compressed than pre-opercula spine and lower pre-opercula spine are long, the SL. The snout is about 3 times the eye width and more than but the upper one extends beyond the posterior margin of half the head length. The tip of the lower jaw is distinctly the pre-parcel. A single posteriorly directed post-abdominal curved upward, with large teeth fixed and armed with serrated spine with serrate edges bearing small dorso-posterior spine edges. Gill rakers are tooth–like. The presence of a small dor- and a well-defined abdominal keel are present. The dorsal fin sal fin behind the midpoint of the body is recorded. A small rays are (8), followed by a dorsal adipose fin. The dorsal blade adipose dorsal fin lies near the tail. The pectoral fin is long, is long, derived from 7 supraneurals. The exposed parts of the about as long as the head and it closely reaches the pelvic fin two posteriors refused together with hooks forming barbs. The base. The pelvic fin is slightly in front of the dorsal fin position, pectoral fin rays are (10–11) and the pelvic fin rays are (6). The while the anal fin is at the far back. The dorsal, anal, pectoral anal fin has two distinct groups of fin rays (6+5) separated by and ventral rays are 12–16, 21–24, 13–15and 9, correspond- the central AC1 photosphere. It is of a dark black color with ingly. Body color is silver pink (Fig. 2G). silver flank (2k). Microstoma microstoma (Risso, 1810) Notacanthus bonaparte Risso, 1840 This species was previously assigned to the Argentinidae Fam- ily (Whitehead et al., 1986), but now it has become member of The body is slender and elongated with an inferior mouth, pro- the Microstomatidae Family (Fishbase, 2010).Its body is elon- duced snout and an inconspicuous lateral line. The posterior gated with a diameter o fat least 8 times its length. It has a end of the upper jaw projects beyond the corner of the mouth small mouth and large eyes, twice as big as its snout. The dor- as a flesh converted spine. The platine and dentary teeth are sal fin is located well behind the midpoint of the body. An adi- uniserial. The gill membrane is confluent ventrally. The first pose dorsal fin is not present. The pectoral fins are high up on dorsal fin spine is placed behind the pelvic fin base. The pelvic the flank, just below the lateral line. The pelvic fins exist fins are united. The dorsal fin spines are (5–7), while no dorsal slightly before the position of the dorsal fin. The anal fin is fin rays are present. The anal fin spines are (12–14) plus 110– short and comes slightly behind the dorsal fin base. It is larger 130 soft rays. The pectoral rays count (10–12). Its color ranges and more adherent than the other fins; it also extends to the from gray to pink, but the edge of gill cover and mouth are caudal fin. No dorsal or anal spines exist. The dorsal and anal darker (2L). rays are 11 and 7–9, respectively. It is silver in color (Fig. 2H). Lampanyctus crocodilus (Risso, 1810) Chlorophthalmus agassizi Bonaparte, 1840 The specimens have a compressed head and body, neadly head Its body is somewhat compressed with a robust and depressed depth with a sub-terminal mouth and large eyes. A small adi- head with large elliptical eyes, that are directed dorsolaterally. pose dorsal fin near the tail can be seen. No dorsal or anal 484 M.M.S. Farrag spines are found. There are no patches of luminous tissue at It showed a wide distribution in Eastern Atlantic, Western the bases of median and paired fins. Luminous tissue (other Mediterranean to Morocco, South Africa (Compagno, 1984) than photospheres) is restricted to supra- and infra-caudal and the Adriatic Sea by Jardas (1984). Its presence in the seas glands and sometimes to the base of the adipose fin. (Four of Turkey has been recorded by Aksiray (1987), Kaya (1993) at VO. Dorsal fin rays (13–14), anal rays (16–18), pectoral rays a depth of 730 m; from the central Skagerrak (NE North Sea) (13–15); gill rakers 5+1+11, total 16–18. AO 6(7)+7–9, total by Bergstad et al. (2001),from Tyrrhenian Sea (Western 13–16.(2 M). Mediterranean) by Sartor et al. (2003), from Eastern Mediter- ranean, Greek Ionian Sea (Politou et al., 2003),from Balearic Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789) Sea and Ionian areas by Sion et al. (2004) and from northern coast of Israel (Goren and Galil, 2007). Recently, it has been The body is elongated with a maximum depth of usually 30% reported off the southern coasts of Sicily, Central Mediter- SL. Body has small scales, small head with visible skin pores ranean Sea (Ragonese et al., 2013). E. spinax exists at depths and a large mouth with no teeth on palate. The snout is slightly from 70 to 2000 m, but mostly between 200 and 500 m longer than the eye diameter, the caudal fin is slightly truncate, (Mceachran and Branstter, 1984; Bauchot, 1987). Because of and the pectoral fin has a dark terminal edge. The position of its deep-sea dwelling habit, E. spinax has been considered a the dorsal fin is usually well behind the insertion point of the rare bathypelagic elasmobranch and this may be the reason pectoral fins. A single dorsal fin is found with dorsal spines why it hadn’t been discovered before in the Egyptian water, and soft rays (5) and (37–41) respectively. The anal spines Mediterranean Sea. This finding was in accordance to Galil are (3) while the anal soft rays are (20–24) in turn. The pectoral and Goren (1994) from Aegean Sea and the Eastern Mediter- fin rays are (20–21). Its color is dark brown to black; the med- ranean and with Priede and Bagley (2000) who recorded E. spi- ian and pelvic fins are darker than the body. nax, together with G. melastomus, between 2300 and 3850 m in the Rhodes Basin and Jones et al. (2003) who captured this Nettastoma melanurum Rafinesque, 1810 shark in the Cretan Sea using baited traps as deep as 2230 m. The third and fourth species were Hydrolagus mirabilis and Chimaera monstrosa. The two species are included in Chi- The body is very elongated and cylindrical on the interior; it is maeridae which contains about 38 species belonging to the compressed on the posterior. The anus opening is located two genera Hydrolagus and Chimaera. For H. mirabilis; it is before the midpoint of body. The head is long and the anterior distributed in the Eastern and Western Atlantic (Uyeno nostril is tubular at the base of the prominent snout tip, while et al., 1983). It has been reported in the Faeroe Islands, the posterior nostril is an oval hole at the margin of the upper France, Ireland, Spain (Stehmann et al., 1984) and Namibia, eye. The gill openings are creosotic and lateral with no plato- Senegal and West Sahara (Krefft, 1990). In the Mediterranean pterygoid teeth. Dorsal, anal and caudal fins are confluent. Sea, the species has been reported off the Southern Coasts of The dorsal fin has a start point over the gill opening. The lat- Sicily, Central Mediterranean Sea (Ragonese et al., 2013), then eral line contains 43–45 parental pores, 7–9 of which are before reported from Syrian waters, Lattakia Coast (eastern Mediter- the gill openings and 3 supratemporal pores. Its color is pale ranean) by Hassan (2013). Its features agreed with the descrip- whitish-brown ventrally with a black margin at the posterior tion of Whitehead et al. (1986), Krefft (1990), Didier (2002)and part of the dorsal and anal fins. (2O). Hassan (2013). It is also bathydemersal and lives in deep mar- ine water as found to being accordance with Krefft (1990) and Discussion Hassan (2013). C. monstrosa is a common species in different sites of the The present study is considered an updated work on the explo- Mediterranean basin, except for the Egyptian waters (Didier, ration of the deep sea resources at a depth greater than 400 m; 1998). It was reported from Italian coasts (Matarrese et al., it is employed to report new ichthyofauna in Egypt. The result- 1996), from deep shelf trough of Central Skagerrak (NE North ing fauna were identified into 38 species; two species of red Sea) by Bergstad et al. (2001), from the Northern Tyrrhenian shrimp were considered as the main target, while the other Sea (Sartor et al., 2003), from Syrian waters (Ali, 2003) and 36 species were considered by-catch and discards. The two from Balearic Sea and the eastern Ionian area by Sion et al. deep red shrimp species and twenty one species presented in (2004). It has been reported off the southern coasts of Sicily, Table 1 were recorded prevesoiuly and agreed with those Central Mediterranean Sea (Ragonese et al., 2013), then it reported by Ibrahim et al. (2011). The new ichthyofauna pre- expanded to Levantine basin, Aegean Sea coast and Sea of sented here (Table 2), were discussed to be confirmed. Cen- Marmara (Bilecenoglu et al., 2014) and from the Cascais Can- trophorus uyato has the same characteristics of that studied yon Head by Gomes-Pereira et al. (2015).Its characteristics by Whitehead et al. (1986), Compagno et al. (1989) (http:// and features were in agreement with the description of www.fishbase.org/summary/Centrophorus-uyato) and White Whiteead et al. (1986), Krefft (1990) and Møller et al. et al. (2008).Itisdistributed in different locations (Western (2010). C. monstrosa is the principle species among the dis- Central Atlantic, south of Mozambique, Gulf of Mexico, East- carded species (Defra, 2007). This finding concurred with the ern Atlantic, the Western Mediterranean, form Gibraltar to presence of the current species that had been included in the Senegal, Northern Namibia, the Indian Ocean, Western Aus- discarded and by catch of deep water trawlers. tralia, and Western Pacific Australia) (Last and Stevens, The description of Chauliodus sloani was approved by those 1994). Recently, it was recorded in the Sea of Marmara, Tur- given by Whitehead et al. (1986) and Dalyan and Eryilmaz key (Bilecenoglu et al., 2014). (2008). It also agreed with what had been found in the Atlan- Etmopterus spinax coincides with the description of Reif tic, Indian and Pacific Oceans and the Western Mediterranean (1985), Whitehead et al. (1986), Kabasakal and Unsal (1999). (Gibbs, 1989). It had expanded from Greek territorial waters Deep-sea ichthyofauna 485 of the Aegean Sea (Papaconstantinou, 1988) to different areas (Anastasopoulou and Kapiris, 2008). Its presence has generally like Turkish waters (Golani, 1996), Northern Tyrrhenian Sea been recorded by several authors in various countries of the (Sartor et al., 2003), Eastern Mediterranean, Greek Ionian Mediterranean Sea like Greek waters (Taaning, 1918; Sea (Politou et al., 2003) and from video records southwest Kaspiris, 1973), Balearic Islands (Merella et al., 1997) the of Cyprus at 2900 m (Galil, 2004).It even sprung from Greece Ionian Sea, which was very abundant,(Anonymous, 1999; and Italian coasts (D’Onghia et al., 2003); the Balertic Sea and D’Onghia et al., 2003, 2006; Anastasopoulou et al., 2006) Eastern and Western Ionian Sea (D’Onghia et al., 2004). Also, Santa Maria di Leuca, Mediterranean Sea by D’Onghia the same species was reported from Levantine Basin off the et al. (2011) and Turkish parts as Aegean Sea (Filiz and northern coast of Israel by Goren and Galil (2007). Recently, Bilge, 2004; Bilecenoglu et al., 2014) and Antalya Gulf (Innal it was reported from deep-waters of south Sardinia (central- et al., 2012).These findings reflect a wide distribution in the western Mediterranean) (Follesa et al., 2011) and from the Mediterranean Sea, but without any record in the Egyptian Catalan Sea at depths ranging from 423 to 1175 m using bot- coast. tom trawls (Papiol et al., 2012). It seems that the species was Regarding Avocettina infans, the information about it was distributed widely in Mediterranean Sea, particularly from found to be in agreement with that of Nelson (1994).Its dis- deeper waters in accordance with the present results. tributed circum globally, in tropical to temperate waters, at Information about Diaphus metopoclampus was found to be the Northeast Pacific: Queen Charlotte Islands, British Colom- in agreement with that of Whitehead et al. (1986) and Hulley bia, Canada to Central Mexico, including the Gulf of Califor- (1990). It was found in Western Atlantic, Eastern Atlantic, nia (Charter, 1996) and New England (Moore et al., 2003). Its Western Mediterranean, and South Africa, Western Indian distribution indicates no record of it in Egypt. While the spe- Ocean, Western Pacific, New South Wales, Australia (Paxton cies of Argyropelecus hemigymnus showed similar characteris- et al., 1989); New Zealand (Paulin et al., 1989) and recently tics with what had been described by Whitehead et al. (1986) from Mediterranean Sea, Greece (D’Onghia et al., 2003). and Moore et al. (2003).It is distributed throughout the East- Concerning the species of Sudis hyalina, it was in complete ern North Atlantic and the Mediterranean, particularly in the agreement with those reported by Post (1984) and Moore et al. western basin (Whitehead et al., 1986).It had also been (2003). It was first reported by Tortonese (1970) in the reported in Greece and on the Italian coasts by D’Onghia Mediterranean Sea, and then identified in the Museum of Nat- et al. (2003), Balertic Sea and Western Ionian Sea (D’Onghia ural History of Beirut (Lebanon) by Mouneimne (1977). It was et al., 2004) and also at the Levantine basin, Sea of Marmara later extended to Levant Basin (Golani, 1996) off the Turkish and Aegean Sea (Bilecenoglu et al., 2014). coast (Bilecenoglu et al., 2002), Italian marine waters The reported description of Notacanthus bonaparte Risso, (Psomadakis et al., 2006), Eastern Aegean Sea 1840 was found to be in agreement with what had been (Corsini_Foka, 2009) and the deep waters of the Central- described by Sulak (1986) and Basusta et al. (2002a). It is dis- Western Mediterranean, off south Sardinia (Follesa et al., tributed in Northeast Atlantic and Western Mediterranean by 2011) and the Eastern Ionian Sea (Mytilineou et al., 2013). It Isbert et al. (2015). It is only recorded from the deep water of had also been reported off Liguria Sea, Western Mediter- Ionian Sea, Eastern Mediterranean by Kaspiris (1973) and ranean as discard of traditional long lines (Garibaldi, 2015). Matarrese et al. (1996). It was also reported in Iceland These records indicate a wide distribution all over the Mediter- (Whitehead et al., 1986), the Tyrrhenian Sea (Western ranean Sea; however, until now this species has never been Mediterranean) Sartor et al. (2003) North East Mediterranean recorded in Egypt. Regarding the species of Microstoma Sea by Basusta et al. (2002a) and the Italian coasts (D’Onghia microstoma, it showed more similarity with that of Cohen et al., 2003). It was also recently recorded in the Turkish (1986), it is probably distributed in tropical and subtropical Aegean Sea and Sea of Marmara (Bilecenoglu et al., 2014). seas, Eastern Atlantic, and Southern Ireland. It was also scat- Lampanyctus crocodilus was distributed in the Atlantic and tered across the Western Mediterranean, Madeira Islands, the was considered as an endemic Mediterranean fish species. No Western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico (Rass, 1971), Western Paci- record of it was made in Egypt (Whitehead et al., 1986). fic, Australia (Paxton et al., 1989), New Zealand (Paulin et al., Carpine (1970) sampled it off Nice trawling at depths between 1989), Aegean Sea coast (Bilecenoglu et al., 2014) and recently 2200 and 2400 m. In the Mediterranean Sea, Moranta et al. at Eastern Mediterranean Sea, off Rass Albassit harbor, Syr- (1998) reported its occurrence in the Balearic Islands at a max- ian Coast (Ali et al., 2014). imum depth of 1800 m from the Tyrrhenian Sea (Sartor et al., The short nosed and green eyed Chlorophtalmus agassizi 2003), Balertic Sea, Eastern and Western Ionian Sea Bonaparte, 1840 showed similar description with what had (D’Onghia et al., 2004) and the Catalan Sea (Balearic Basin, been described by Whitehead et al. (1986), Mnasri et al. NW Mediterranean) at depths from 423 to 1175 m using bot- (2010), D’Onghia et al. (2011) and Innal et al. (2012), hence tom trawls (Papiol et al., 2012). Recently, it has been reported confirming its identification. This species is found on the west- from the Levantine basin, Aegean Sea coast and Sea of Mar- ern and eastern sides of the (Robins and Ray, mara (Bilecenoglu et al., 2014). 1986), it is known from Spain to Senegal and around Canary Measurements and descriptions recorded about Centrolo- Islands (Sulak, 1984). In the Mediterranean Sea, it is dis- phus niger agreed with those of Haedrich (1986), Golani tributed among western regions as a rare species (Stefanescu et al. (2006), Froese and Pauly (2009) and Ceyhan and et al., 1994). It was reported in the Southern Gulf of Gabe` s, Akyol (2011). The present species was caught by shrimp bot- Tunisian waters (Ben Othman, 1971, 1973) then confirmed tom trawl at depth from 300 to 400 m indicating that it is a by Mnasri et al. (2010) in central and northern areas meso-pelagic species. It is widely spread throughout the Atlan- (Bourgeois and Farina, 1961; Azouz, 1971, 1974). Moreover, tic ocean (Mackay, 1972; Karlovac, 1974).It had recently been it was reported as by catch species in central regions reported in New England by Moore et al. (2003).In the (D’Onghia et al., 2006) and in Eastern Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea, the first confirmed record of it was by 486 M.M.S. Farrag

Karrer (1986); then it was reported in Greece (D’Onghia et al., power doesn’t exceed 450 hp. The majority from 100 to 250 hp 2003). Also, C. niger was recorded several times in Turkish has no ability to catch deep water fauna, even the few boats of coastal waters in Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea (Akyol, 2008), from 800 hp concentrated their work in front of Nile delta) lack of Iskenderun Bay, Turkey (Ergu¨ den et al., 2012) and from Lig- fishing gear technology that gives the ability to catch deep uria Sea and Western Mediterranean as by catch of traditional water fauna. Moreover, the research expeditions administrated long lines (Garibaldi, 2015). Our findings of the distribution by the National institute of Oceanography and Fisheries pattern, may suggest that C. niger is not widely spread in dif- (NIOF), Egypt for the demersal fisheries survey along the ferent countries of the Mediterranean Sea. Egyptian Mediterranean coast, does not operate at depth The last added species here is Nettastoma melanurum which greater than 250 m. Therefore, a lot of deep water ichthy- coincided with the key identification of Basusta et al. (2002a). ofauna remains unknown to this time. Recently, the first work It is distributed in Eastern Atlantic, northward to Portugal and in the Egyptian Mediterranean waters that conducted deep the Western Mediterranean (Whitehead et al., 1986) and in water at depth greater than 400 m was aimed at catching deep New England by Moore et al. (2003).It was also found in water red shrimp using Italian trawl in western and eastern the Eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey (Basusta et al., parts of the Nile Delta, disregarding other ichthyofauna as 2002b), Greece and the Italian coasts (D’Onghia et al., by catch (Ibrahim et al., 2011).The present results updated this 2003), the Balertic Sea and Eastern and Western Ionian Sea knowledge as it added new deep water ichthyofauna with (D’Onghia et al., 2004) and off the south-eastern Sardinian emphasis on the discards. Their presence and absence were waters (central-western Mediterranean) by Porcu et al. (2013). checked and confirmed by many studies in Egypt (El-Sayed, As mentioned above, the present species showed a wide dis- 1994; Ibrahim and Soliman, 1996; Rizkalla, 1997; Golani tribution in Eastern and Western Atlantic Ocean, South et al., 2002; NIOF, 2008, 2009; Elramah, 2010; Fishbase, Africa, Western Mediterranean and in some locations in East- 2010; Zenetos et al., 2010; Ibrahim et al., 2011; Halim and ern Mediterranean, without any record of their existence in Rizkalla, 2011; Farrag et al., 2014), indicating that these spe- Egyptian waters, as in accordance to Fishbase (2010). This cies are considered new records of deep-sea fishes in the Egyp- indicates that the deepest ichthyofauna is of Atlantic origins. tian Mediterranean waters. These findings raised the number Their presence in eastern parts along with their absence in cer- of known deep water species to 38 species. The number may tain locations still remains a question. To understand that, we even be larger, but continuous monitoring and more intensive must observe the general history of the deep-sea exploration in studies on deep water fisheries are needed to increase the the Mediterranean which dates back to the end of the eigh- knowledge about our fauna for management and conservatory teenth century (Ryland, 2000). Moreover, the distance from purposes. the Gibraltar Strait as an entry to the shallow Siculo- Tunisian is still considered a geographical barrier to the bath benthic and bathypelagic faunal mixing between the west References and east of the Mediterranean, as supported by Galil and Goren (1994) and Tortonese (1964).In addition to that, the pri- Aksiray, F., 1987. Tiirkiye Deniz Bahklan Ve Tayin Anahtan. i. U. Rekt6rliigii Yaymlan no. 3490. Istanbul, 811. mary production of chlorophyll a concentrations and carbon Akyol, O., 2008. New record of the juvenile blackfish, Centrolophus fluxes in Eastern Mediterranean is lower than that in Western niger (Centrolophidae), from the Aegean Sea (Izmir Bay, Turkey). Mediterranean (Danovaro et al., 1999). Melley et al. (2000) Cyb. 32, 91–92. reported that the nitrogen and phosphate concentrations were Ali, M., 2003. Biosystematic and economical study of cartilaginous of about 90% and 129% respectively, in the western basin; fish (Chondrichthyes) in Syrian Sea waters (eastern Mediter- that indicated that they are greater than those in the Ionian ranean). University of Tishreen, Lattakia, Syria. Sea due to the oligotrophic Mediterranean conditions. On Ali, M., Saad, A., Reynaud, C., Capape´ , C., 2014. First Records of the other hand, there are many other deep-water Atlantic spe- Barracudina Sudis hyalina (Osteichthyes: Paralepididae) off the cies that had showed widespread in the Mediterranean Sea like Syrian Coast (Eastern Mediterranean). J. Ichthy. 54 (10), 786– deep red shrimp A. rostratus and N. aequalis only off the 789. Anastasopoulou, A., Kapiris, K., 2008. Feeding ecology of the short Balearic Islands, regardless of the different trophic conditions nose green eye Chlorophthalmus agassizi Bonaparte, 1840 (Pisces: between the west and east Mediterranean as indicated by this Chlorophthalmidae) in the eastern Ionian Sea (eastern Mediter- by Galil and Goren (1994). This may have encouraged the ranean). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 24, 170–179. exploration and exploitation of deep sea resources which had Anastasopoulou, A., Yiannopoulos, C., Megalofonou, P., Papacon- already been carried out in the Mediterranean Spanish waters stantinou, C., 2006. Distribution and population structure of the and Italian waters down to 800–1000 m of depth; this knowl- Chlorophthalmus agassizi (Bonaparte, 1840) on an unexploited edge comes from a scientific research (D’Onghia et al., 1998; fishing ground in the Greek Ionian Sea. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 22 (6), Ungaro et al., 1999). In the eastern part of the Mediterranean 521–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00782.x. Sea, particularly in Egypt, there is a gap in knowledge about Anonymous, 1999. Developing deep-water fisheries: data for their deep sea fisheries at depth more than 400 m dating back from assessment and for understanding their interaction with and impact on a fragile environment. EC FAIR project CT 95–0655. Final 2011,eventhoughthe Egyptian coast of Mediterranean basin Report of Partner No 6.National Centre for Marine Research, extends for about 1050 km and is considered one of the longest Greece, 144 p. Mediterranean shores in North Africa. However, this gap in Azouz, A., 1971. Etude des biocoenoses benthiques et de la faune knowledge may be due to (1) the main fishing ground being ichtyologique des fonds chalutables de la Tunisie, re´ gion nord et the continental shelf off the Nile Delta; it is of shallower water sud – est. (Ph.D. thesis), Universite´ de Caen, 243. and mainly extends from Alexandria to Port Said, it is nearly Azouz, A., 1974. Les fonds chalutables de la region nord de la in the central coastal line (2) the bulk of the bottom trawler Tunisie. 2. Potentialite´ sdelapeˆ che, e´ cologie et re´ partition fleet doesn’t work on depth more than 250 m, where its engine bathyme´ trique des poissons. Bulletin de l’Institut national scien- Deep-sea ichthyofauna 487

tifique et technique d’Oce´ anographie et de Peˆ che de Salammboˆ ,3 D’Onghia, G., Indennidate, A., Giove, A., Savini, A., Capezzuto, F., (1–4), 29–94. Sion, L., Vertino, A., Maiorano, P., 2011. Distribution and Basusta, N., Turan, C., Gurlek, M., 2002a. A new fish record from behaviour of deep-sea benthopelagic fauna observed using towed the Levant sea: the short fin spiny eel Notacanthus bonaparte cameras in the Santa Maria di Leuca cold-water coral province. Risso, 1840 (Notacanthidae). Isr. J. Zool. 48 (1p (246 No.)). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 443 (95–110), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/ Basusta, N., Turan, C., Gurlek, M., 2002b. A new fish record from 10.3354/meps09432. Turkish Seas: the Black fin Sorcerer Nettastoma melanurum Dalyan, C., Eryilmaz, L., 2008. A new deepwater fish, Chauliodus Rafinesque, 1810 (Nettastomidae). Turk. J. Veter. Anim. Sci. 26, sloani Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (Osteichthyes: Stomiidae), from the 1185–1187. Turkish waters of Levant Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). J. Black Bauchot, M.L., 1987. Poissons osseux, in Fiches FAO d’Identifica- Sea/Medit. Enviro. 14, 33–37. tion pour les Besoins de la Peˆ che (Rev. 1). Me´ diterrane´ et Mer Danovaro, R., Dinet, A., Duineveld, G., Tselepides, A., 1999. Noire, Zone de Peˆ che 37. In: Fischer, W., et al. (Eds.), Rome, Benthic response to particulate fluxes in different trophic environ- Comm. Commun. Eur. FAO, vol. 2, pp. 891–1421. http://dx.doi.org. ments: a comparison between the Gulf of Lions-Catalan Sea Ben Othman, S., 1971. Observations hydrologiques, dragages et (western Mediterranean) and the Cretan Sea (eastern Mediter- chalutages dans le sud-est tunisien. Bulletin de l’Institut national ranean). Prog. Oceanogr. 44, 287–312. scientifique et technique d’Oce´ anographie et de Peˆ che de Salammboˆ DEFRA, 2007. Report of the results from UK observer trips in the 2 (2), 103–120. westerly gillnet fishery for anglerfish. Department for Environment, Ben Othman, S., 1973. Le sud tunisien (golfe de Gabe` s), hydrologie, Food and Rural Affairs, London. 15 pp. se´ dimentologie, flore et faune. Faculte´ des Sciences de Tunis, Didier, D.A., 1998. The leopard Chimaera, a new species of Tunisia, p. 166 (Ph.D. thesis). chimaeroid fish from New Zealand (Holocephali, Chimaeriformes, Bergstad, O.A., Wik, A.D., Hildre, O., 2001. Predator-Prey Relations Chimaerida). Ichthyol.Res. 45 (3), 281–289. and Food Sources of the Skagerrak Deep-Water Fish Assemblage. Didier, D.A., 2002. Chimaeras. In: Carpenter, K.E. (Ed.), The Living North. Atlan. Fish. Org., Sci. Council Meeting (Sept., 2001), Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic. FAO, Rome, (Deep-Sea Fish. Symp.– Oral), 1–20p. pp. 591–599. Bilecenoglu, M., Taskavak, E., Mater, S., Kaya, M., 2002. Checklist Elramah, S.A.M.S., 2010. Taxonomy of Sharks from Egyptian of the marine fishes of Turkey. Zootaxa 113, 1–194. Mediterranean Waters Off Alexandria, Egypt, using Molecular Bilecenoglu, M., Kaya, M., Cihangir, B., Cicek, E., 2014. An updated Biology Tools (M.Sc. thesis). Faculty of Science, Alexandria checklist of the marine fishes of Turkey. Turk. J. Zool. 38, 901–929. University. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1405-60. El-Sayed, R.S., 1994. Check-list of Egyptian Mediterranean fishes. Bourgeois, F., Farina, L., 1961. Rapport au gouvernement de la Natio. Instit. Oceanogr. Fish., 77+IX p. Alex. (Egypt). Tunisie concernant les essais de chalutage au large des coˆ tes Ergu¨ den, D., Yag˘lıog˘lu, D., Gu¨ rlek, M., Turan, C., 2012. An tunisiennes. Rapport FAO/EPTA 1410, 31 p. occurrence of the blackfish, Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789), in Carpine, C., 1970. Une expe´ rience de chalutage profond. Bull. Inst. Iskenderun Bay, (northeastern Mediterranean, Turkey). J. Black Oce´ anogr. Monaco 69 (1408), 1–16. Sea/Mediterranean Environ. 18 (1), 97–101. Ceyhan, T., Akyol, O., 2011. Occurrence of the blackfish, Centrolo- Farrag, M.M.S., Osman, A.G.O., Akel, E.H.Kh., Moustafa, M.A., phus niger (Gmelin 1789) (Osteichthyes: Centrolophidae), in Izmir 2014. Catch and effort of night purse seine with emphasize to Age Bay, Aegean Sea. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 27, 139–140. http://dx.doi.org/ and Growth of lessepsian Etrumeus teres (Dekay, 1842), Mediter- 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2010.01579.x. ranean Sea. Egypt. Egypt. J. Aquat. Res. 40, 181–190. Cohen, D.M., 1986. Argentinidae. In: Smith, M.M., Heemstra, P.C. Filiz, H., Bilge, G., 2004. Length–weight relationships of 24 fish (Eds.), Smiths’ Sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 215–216. species from the North Aegean Sea. Turkey. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 20, Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Sharks of the 431–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2004.00582.x. world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species Fishbase, 2010. World Wide Web electronic publication. (www.fish- known to date.Part1- Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. base.org.). Synopsis 125 (4/1), 1–249. Follesa, M.C., Porcu, C., Cabiddu, S., Mulas, A., Deiana, A.M., Compagno, L.J.V., Ebert, D.A., Smale, M.J., 1989. Guide to the Cau, A., 2011. Deep-water fish assemblages in the central-western Sharks and Rays of Southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., Mediterranean (south Sardinian deep-waters). J. Appl. Ichthyol. London, p. 158. 27, 129–135. Corsini_Foka, M., 2009. Uncommon fishes from Rhodes and nearby Froese, R., Pauly, D., 2009. Centrolophus niger. In: Fishbase. marine region (SE Aegean Sea, Greece). J. Biol. Res. Thessaloniki Worldwide Web Electronic Publication, Version (03/2009).Avail- 12, 125–133. able at http://www.fishbase.org. D’onghia, G., Tursi, A., Maiorano, P., Matarrese, A., Panza, M., Galil, B.S., 2004. The limit of the sea: the bathyal fauna of the 1998. Demersal fish assemblages from the bathyal grounds of Levantine Sea. Sci. Mar. 68 (Suppl. 3), 63–72. Ionian Sea (middle-eastern Mediterranean). Ital. J. Zool. 65, 287–292. Galil, B.S., Goren, M., 1994. The deep sea Levantine fauna – new D’onghia, G., Mastrototaro, F., Matarrese, A., Politou, C., Mytili- records and rare occurrences. Senckenb. Marit 25, 41–52. neou, Y., 2003. Ch., Biodiversity of the upper slope demersal Garibaldi, F., 2015. By-catch in the mesoplagic swordfish longline community in the eastern Mediterranean: preliminary comparison fishery in the ligurian sea (Western Mediterranean). Collect. Vol. between two areas with and without trawl fishing. J. Northw. Atl. Sci. Pap. ICCAT 71 (3), 1495–1498. Fish. Sci. 31, 263–273. Gibbs, R.H., JR.,1989. Chauliodontidae. In: Whitehead, P.J.P., D’onghia, G., Politou, C., Politou, C., Bozzano, A., Lloris, D., Bauchot, M.-L., Hureau, J.-C. Nielsen, J., Tortonese, E., (Eds.), Rotllant, G., Sion, L., Mastrototaro, F., 2004. Deep-water fish Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, vol. 1. assemblages in the Mediterranean Sea. J. Mar. Sci 68 (Suppl. 3), Paris, Unesco, 336–337. 87–99. Golani, D., 1996. The marine ichthyofauna of the eastern Levant— D’Onghia, G., Sion, L., Maiorano, P., Mytilineou, C., Dalessandro, history, inventory and characterization. Isr. J. Zool. 42, 15–55. S., Carlucci, R., Desantis, S., 2006. Population biology and life Golani, D., Orsi-Relini, L., Massutı´ , E., Quignard, J.P., 2002. strategies of Chlorophthalmus agassizi Bonaparte, 1840 (Pisces: CIESM Atlas of Exotic Species in the Mediterranean, vol. 1. Osteichthyes) in the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Biol. 149, 435–446. Fishes, F. Briand (Ed.), CIESM Publishers, Monaco, 256 pp. 488 M.M.S. Farrag

Golani, D., Ozturk, B., Basusta, N., 2006. Fishes of the eastern Mackay, K.T., 1972. Further records of the stromateoid fish Mediterranean. Turkish Marine Research Foundation (Publication Centrolophus niger from the northwestern Atlantic, with comments No. 24), Istanbul, Turkey, p. 259. on body proportion and behaviour. Copeia 1972, 185–187. Gomes-Pereira, J.N., Tojeira, I., Ribeiro, L.P., Santos, R.S., Dias, F., Matarrese, A., D’Onghia, G., Tursi, A., Basanisi, M., 1996. New Tempera, F., 2015. First in situ observations of soft bottom information on the ichthyofauna of the south-eastern Italian coasts megafauna from the Cascais Canyon head, Arquipelago. Life Mar. (Ionian Sea). Cyb. 20 (2), 197–211. Sci. 32, 67–74. Mceachran, J. D., Branstter, S., 1984. Squalidae. In: P. 1. P. Goren, M., Galil, B.S., 2007. Is the eastern Mediterranean deep-sea Whitehead, M. -L. Bauchot, 1. -c. Hureau, 1.Nielsen and E. desert? Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer Medit. 38 (489), 1. Tortonese (Eds.), Fishes of the North-eastem Atlantic and the Haedrich, R.L., 1986. Centrolophidae. In: Whitehead, P.J.P., Bau- Mediterranean, vol. I. UNESCO, Paris, pp. 128-147. chot, M.-L., Hureu, J.-C., Nielsen, J., Tortonose, E. (Eds.), . In: Melley, A., Innamorati, M., Mori, G., 2000. Cambiamenti termoalini Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, vol. e delle risorse trofiche delle acque intermedie Levantine nel III. UNESCO, Paris, pp. 1177–1182. Mediterraneo. Biol. Mar. Medit. 7 (1), 93–100. Halim, Y., Rizkalla, S., 2011. Aliens in Egyptian Mediterranean Merella, P., Quetglas, A., Alemany, F., Carbonell, A., 1997. Length- waters. A check-list of Erythrean fish with new records. Medit. weight relationship of fishes and cephalopods from the Balearic Mar. Sci., 479–490 http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.46. Islands (western Mediterranean). Naga ICLARM 20, 66–68. Hassan, M., 2013. Occurrence of large-eyed rabbitfish Hydrolagus Merrett, N.R., Haedrich, R.L., 1997. Deep-Sea demersal fish and mirabilis, Chimaeridae, in Syrian waters (eastern Mediterranean). fisheries. Chapman and Hall, London, p. 282. Mar. Biodiver. Rec. 7, 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ Mnasri, N., El Kamel, O., Boumaiza, M., Ben Amor, M.M., Capape´ , S175526721200111X. C., 2010. Confirmed occurrence of a rare species in Tunisian Hulley, P.A., 1990. Myctophidae. In: Quero, J.C., Hureau, J.C., marine waters: the shortnose greeneye Chlorophthalmus agassizi Karrer, C., Post, A., Saldanha, L. (Eds.), Check-list of the fishes of (Osteichthyes: Chlorophtalmidae). Pan-Am. J. Aquat. Sci. 5 (3), the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI; 481–485. Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/. pp. Møller, P.R., Nielsen, J.G., Knudsen, S.W., Poulsen, J.Y., Su¨ nksen, 398–467. K., Jørgensen, O.A., 2010. A checklist of the fish fauna of Ibrahim, M.A., Soliman, I.A., 1996. Check-list of the bony fish Greenland waters. Zootaxa 2378, 1–84. species in the Egyptian waters of Egypt. Bull. Natl. Instit. Moore, J.A., Hartel, K.E., Craddock, J.E., Galbraith, J.K., 2003. An Oceanogr. Fish., A.R.E. 22, 43–57. annotated list of deep water fishes from off the New England Ibrahim, M.A., Hasan, M.W.A., El-Far, A.M.M., Farrag, E.F.E., region, with new area records. Northeastern Nat. 10 (2), 159–248. Farrag, M.M.S., 2011. Deep Sea Shrimp resources in the South Moranta, J., Stefanescu, C., Massutı´ , E., Morales-Nin, B., Lloris, D., Eastern Mediterranean Waters of Egypt. Egypt. J. Aquat. Res. 37 1998. Fish community structure and depth-related trends on the (2), 131–137. continental slope of the Balearic Islands (Algerian basin, western Innal, D., Moutopoulos, D.K., Demir, I., Dag, L., 2012. Morpho- Mediterranean). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 171, 247–259. metric characters and length-weight relationship for Chlorophthal- Mouneimne, N., 1977. Liste des poissons de la coˆ te du Liban mus agassizi Bonaparte 1840 from Antalya Gulf (Mediterranean- (Me´ diterrane´ e orientale). Cyb. 1, 37–66. Turkey). Rev. Hydrobiol. 5 (2), 111–119. Mytilineou, C., Anastasopoulou, A., Christides, G., Bekas, P., Smith, Isbert, W., Montero, F.E., Carrasson, M., Gonza’lez-Solı’s, D., 2015. C.J., Papadopoulou, K.N., Lefkaditou, E., Kavadas, S., 2013. New Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) romani n. sp. (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) records of rare deep_water fish species in the Eastern Ionian Sea in notacanthid fishes from the Northeast Atlantic and Western (Mediterranean Sea). J. Nat. Hist. 47 (25–28), 1645–1662. http://dx. Mediterranean. Syst. Parasitol. 91, 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/ doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013. 775372. 10.1007/s11230-015-9556-1. Nelson, J.S., 1994. Fishes of the World. third ed. John Wiley & Sons, Jardas, I., 1984. Adriatic Chondrichthyes by the biogeographical Inc., New York. 600 p. DOI.http://dx.doi.org/. standpoint. Institut Za oceanografijue ribarstvo- split Sfr jugoslav- NIOF., 2008. Demersal fisheries survey along the Egyptian Mediter- ija 59, 1–7. ranean waters. A-West (Alexandria-El Sallum), B-East (Alexan- Jones, E.G., Tselepides, A., Bagley, P.M., Collins, M.A., Priede, I.G., dria-El Arish) carried out by ‘‘R/V salsabil” during summer (From 2003. Bathymetric distribution of some benthic and benthopelagic 15th to 20th August 2008 and from 23th to 30th August 2008). species attracted to baited cameras and traps in the deep eastern Report of fishery biology lab, Nati. Instit. Oceanogr. Fish. (NIOF), Mediterranean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 251, 75–86. Egypt. Kabasakal, H., Unsal, N., 1999. Observation on Etmopterus spinax NIOF., 2009. Demersal fisheries survey along the western and eastern (Pisces: Squalidae), from the north-eastern Aegean Sea. Biljeske- Egyptian Mediterranean waters. A-West (Alexandria-El Sallum), Notes. Instiut Za Oceanografijue I Ribarstvo- Split 81, 1–12. B-East (Alexandria-El Arish) carried out by ‘‘R/V salsabil” during Karlovac, J., 1974. The juvenile stage of the species Centrolophus winter (From 5th to 12th March 2009 and from 17th to 21st March niger (Gmelin) found in the plankton of the middle Adriatic. Bilj. 2009). Report of fishery biology lab, Nati. Instit. Oceanogr. Fish. Notes Inst. Oceanogr. Ribar. 32, 1–7. (NIOF), Egypt. Karrer, C., 1986. Occurrence of the barrelfish, Hyperoglyphe Papaconstantinou, C., 1988. Fauna Graeciae, IV Pisces. Check-list of perciformis (Teleostei, Perciformes, Stromateoidei), in the Mediter- Marine Fishes of Greece. In: Natl. Centre Mar. Res. Hellenic ranean Sea and off Portugal. Cyb. 10, 77–83. Zoolo. Soci., Athens, Greece, p. 257. Kaspiris, P., 1973. Distribution to the study of Osteichthyes of the Papiol, V., Cartes, J.E., Fanelli, E., Rumolo, P., 2012. Food web Corinthiakos and Patraikos Gulf and the Ionian Sea. (Ph.D. structure and seasonality of slope megafauna in the NW Mediter- thesis), University of Patars, 122. ranean elucidated by stable isotopes: relationship with available Kaya, M., 1993. An investigation on the deep sea fishes of the Aegean food sources. J. Sea Res. 77, 53–69. Sea. Tr. J. Zool. 17, 411–426. Paulin, C., Stewart, A., Roberts, C., McMillan, P., 1989. New Krefft, G., 1990. Chimaeridae. In: J.C., Quero, J.C., Hureau, C., Zealand fish: a complete guide. Te PapaPress. Karrer, A., Post, L., Saldanha (Eds.). Check-list of the fishes of the Paxton, J.R., Hoese, D.F., Allen, G.R., Hanley, J.E., 1989. Pisces. eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). Vol. 1. Lisbon: JNICT, Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. In: Zoological Catalogue of Paris: SEI, and Paris: UNESCO, pp. 111–113. Australia, 7. Austr. Govern. Publishing Service, Canberra, p. 665. Last, P.R., Stevens, J.D., 1994. Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Politou, C.-Y., Kavadas, S., Mytilineou, C., Tursi, A., Carluci, R., Australia, p. 513. Lembo, G., 2003. Fisheries resources in the deep waters of the Deep-sea ichthyofauna 489

Eastern Mediterranean (Greek Ionian Sea). J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Stehmann, M., Bu¨rkel, D.L., 1984. Chimaeridae. In: Whitehead, P.J. Sci. 31, 35–46. P., Bauchot, M.L., Hureau, J.C., Nielsen, J., Tortonese, E. (Eds.), . Porcu, C., Follesa, M.C., Gastoni, A., Mulas, A., Pedoni, C., Cau, In: Fishes of the North-Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, A., 2013. The reproductive cycle of a deep-sea eel, Nettastoma vol. 1. UNESCO, Paris, pp. 212–215. melanurum (Nettastomatidae: Anguilliformes) from the south- Sulak, K.J., 1984. Chlorophthalmidae. In: Whitehead, P.J.P., Bau- eastern Sardinian Sea (central-western Mediterranean). J. Mar. chot, M.-L., Hureau, J.-C., Nielsen, J., Tortonese, E. (Eds.), Fishes Biolo. Associ. United King. 93 (4), 1105–1115. http://dx.doi.org/ of the North-eastem Atlantic and the Mediterranean, 1984–1986, I. 10.1017/S0025315412001452. Unesco, Paris, pp. 412–420. Post, A., 1984. Paralepididae, in Fishes of the North_Western Sulak, K.J., 1986. Notacanthidae. In: Whitehead, P.J.P., Bauchot, Atlantic and the Mediterranean. In: Whitehead, P.J.P. (Ed.), 1. M.-L., Hureau, J.C., Nielsen, J., Tortonese, E. (Eds.), Fishes of the UNESCO, Paris, pp. 498–508. North-Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Unesco, Paris, Priede, I.G., Bagley, P.M., 2000. In situ studies on deep-sea demersal France, pp. 593–598. fishes using autonomous unmanned lander platforms. In: Gibson, Taaning, A.V., 1918. Mediterranean Scopelidae (Saurus, Aulopus, R.N., Barnes, M. (Eds.), Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 38, pp. Chlorophthalmus and Myctophum). Rep. Danish Oceanogr. 357–392. Exped. 1908-1910 2 (A10), 30. Psomadakis, P.N., Scacco, U., Vacchi, M., 2006. Recent findings of Taning, A.V., 1918. Mediterranean Scopelidae (Saurus, Aulopus, some uncommon fishes from the central Tyrrhenian Sea. Cyb. 30 Chlorophthalmus and Myctophum). Report on the Danish (4), 297–304. Oceanographical Expeditions 1908–1910 to the Mediterranean Ragonese, S., Vitale, S., Dimech, M., Mazzola, S., 2013. Abundances and Adjacent Seas, A7, 1–154. of Demersal Sharks and Chimaera from 1994–2009 Scientific Tortonese, E., 1964. The main biogeographical features and problems Surveys in the Central Mediterranean Sea. PLoS ONE 8 (9), 1–20. of the Mediterranean fish fauna. Copeia 1, 98–107. Rass, T.S., 1971. Deep-sea fish in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Tortonese, E., 1970. Fauna d’Italia. Osteichthyes (Pesci ossei): Parte Mexico (the American Mediterranean Region). In: Sympo.Investi. 1, Bologna: and Calderini. Reso.Caribbean Sea and Adjacent Regions. UNESCO, Paris, pp. Ungaro, N., Marano, C.A., Marsan, R., Martino, M., Marzano, M. 509–526. C., Strippoli, G., Vlora, A., 1999. Analysis of demersal species Reif, W.E., 1985. Squamation and Ecology of Sharks. Cour. Forsch. assemblages from trawl surveys in the South Adriatic Sea. Aquat. Inst. Senckenberg 78, 1–255. Living Reso. 12 (3), 177–185. Rizkalla, S.I., 1997. New records of lessepsian fishes found in the Uyeno, T., Matsuura, K., Fujii, E. (Eds), 1983. Fishes trawled off Egyptian Mediterranean waters. Proceeding of 7th International Suriname and French Guiana. Japan Marine Fishery Resource Conference on Environment Protection is a Must, 20-22 May, Research Center, Tokyo, Japan. 519 p. Alexandria, Egypt, 461–470. White, W.T., Ebert, D.A., Compagno, L.J.V., 2008. Description of Robins, C.R., Ray, C.R., 1986. A Field Guide to Atlantic Coast two new species of gulper sharks, genus Centrophorus (Chon- Fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, p. 354. drichthyes: Squaliformes: Centrophoridae) from Australia. In: Roule, L., 1919. Poissons provenant des campagnes du yacht Last, P.R., White, W.T., Pogonoski, J.J. (Eds.), Descriptions of Princesse Alice (1891-1913) et du yacht Hirondelle II 1914. New Australian Chondrichthyans. CSIRO Marine and Atmo- Re´ sultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies lePrince Albert spheric Research Paper no. 22. I, Monaco 52, 191. Whitehead, P.J.P., Bauchot, M.L., Hureau, J. C., Nielsen, J., Ryland, J.S., 2000. European marine biology: past, present and Tortonese, E. (Eds.), 1984. Fishes of the North-Eastern Atlantic future. Biol. Mar. Medit. 7 (1), 1–27. and the Mediterranean. 1: 1–510. UNESCO, Paris. Sarda, F., Cartes, J.E., 1994. Status of the qualitative aspects in Whitehead, P.J.P., Bauchot, M.L., Hureau, J.C., Nielsen, J., Aristeus antennatus fisheries in North Western Mediterranean. In: Tortonese, E. (Eds), 1986. Fishes of the North-Eastern Atlantic M.L. Bianchini, S. Ragonese (Eds.), Life Cycle and Fisheries of the and the Mediterranean, vols. I-III. UNESCO, Paris. 1473 pp. Deep-water Red Shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Aristeus Zenetos, A., Gofas, S., Verlaque, M., Cinar, M.E., Garcia Raso, J.E., antennatus. N.T.R.-I.T.P.P. Spec. Publ., 3, 23–24. Bianchi, C.N., Morri, C., Azzurro, E., Bilecenoglu, M., Froglia, C., Sartor, P., Sbrana, M., Reale, B., Beleari, P., 2003. Impact of the deep Siokou, I., Violanti, D., Sfriso, A., San Martin, G., Giangrande, sea Trawl fishery on demersal communities of the Northern A., Katagan, T., Ballesteros, E., Ramos-Espla, A., Mastrototaro, Tyrrhenian Sea (Western Mediterranean). J. Northw. Atl. Fish. F., Ocana, O., Zingone, A., Gambi, M.C., Streftaris, N., 2010. A Sci. 31, 275–284. contribution to the application of European Union’s Marine Sion, L., Bozzano, A., D’Onghia, G., Capezzuto, F., Panza, M., 2004. Strategy Framework Directive.Part I. Spatial Distribution. Medit. Chondrichthyes species in deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Sci. 11 (2), 381–493. Sci. Mari. 68 (3), 153–162. Zugmayer, E., 1911. Poissons provenant des campagnes du yacht Stefanescu, C., Morales-Nin, B., Massutı’, E., 1994. Fish assemblages Princesse Alice. Re´ sultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies- on the slope in the Catalan Sea (Western Mediterranean): influence par le Prince Albert I, Monaco 35, 1–174. of a submarine canyon. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. United Kingdom 74, 499–512.