Stem Cells in Reproductive Medicine

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03447-1 - Stem Cells in Reproductive Medicine: Basic Science and Therapeutic Potential: Third Edition Edited by Carlos Simón, Antonio Pellicer and Renee Reijo Pera Frontmatter More information

Stem Cells in Reproductive Medicine Basic Science and Therapeutic Potential Third edition

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03447-1 - Stem Cells in Reproductive Medicine: Basic Science and Therapeutic Potential: Third Edition Edited by Carlos Simón, Antonio Pellicer and Renee Reijo Pera Frontmatter More information

Stem Cells in Reproductive Medicine Basic Science and Therapeutic Potential Third edition Edited by Carlos Simon´ MD PhD Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad [IVI], Valencia, Spain Antonio Pellicer MD PhD Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad [IVI], Valencia, Spain Renee Reijo Pera PhD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City

Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107034471

C Cambridge University Press 2013 First edition C Informa Healthcare 2006 Second edition C Informa Healthcare 2009

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

This edition published 2013

Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by BelliandiBainiLtd

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Stem cells in reproductive medicine : basic science and therapeutic potential /editedbyCarlosSimon,´ Antonio Pellicer, Renee Reijo Pera. – 3rd ed. p. ; cm. Rev. ed. of: Stem cells in human reproduction / edited by Carlos Simon,´ Antonio Pellicer. 2009. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-107-03447-1 (hbk.) I. Simon,´ Carlos. II. Pellicer, Antonio. III. Reijo Pera, Renee. IV. Stem cells in human reproduction. [DNLM:1.AdultStemCells. 2.EmbryonicStemCells. 3. Genitalia – cytology. 4. Reproductive Medicine – methods. 5. Reproductive Techniques, Assisted. QU 325] QP277 616.02774 – dc23 2013017143

ISBN 978-1-107-03447-1 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every effort has been made to disguise the identities ofthe individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturerofanydrugsorequipmentthattheyplantouse.

Contents

List of contributors vii Preface ix

Part 1 – Female gamete 8 Embryonic stem cells from blastomeres maintaining embryo 1 Genetics of germline formation 1 viability 84 Orkan Ilbay and Emre Seli Irina Klimanskaya 2 Germ-cell differentiation from pluripotent 9 Gamete generation from stem cells to avoid cells 15 gamete donation and customized hESCs Jose V. Medrano, Ana M. from blastomeres as the cellular insurance Mart´ınez-Arroyo, Carlos Simon,´ and for the newborn: Will it ever be ethically Renee A. Reijo Pera acceptable? 93 Heidi Mertes and Guido Pennings Part 2 – Male gamete 3 The male gamete 30 Part 4 – Trophoblast, amniotic Nicolas´ Garrido, Roc´ıo Rivera, and fluid, endometrium, and Marcos Meseguer bone marrow 4 In vitro production of functional sperm from 10 Amniotic fluid and placental membranes: neonatal mouse testes 46 Unexpected sources of highly multipotent Takehiko Ogawa cells 102 5 Adult stem-cell population in the human Sean V. Murphy and Anthony Atala testis 52 11 Adult stem cells in the human Ellen Goossens and Herman Tournaye endometrium 115 Caroline E. Gargett, Irene Cervello,´ Hong Part 3 – The embryo/blastomere P.T. Nguyen, and Carlos Sim on´ 6 Meiotic recombination in human 12 In utero hematopoietic cell oocytes 63 transplantation 133 Jennifer R. Gruhn, Karl W. Broman, Amar Nijagal and Tippi C. MacKenzie Patricia A. Hunt, and Terry J. Hassold 13 Bone-marrow stroma: A source of 7 Gene expression dynamics during human mesenchymal stem cells for cell embryonic development 76 therapy 140 Carlos SimonandReneeA.ReijoPera´ Agust´ın G. Zapata

Contents

Part5–Newdevelopmentsin 15 The metabolic framework of pluripotent stem cells and potential mechanisms of stem-cell research regulation 164 14 Dedifferentiation, transdifferentiation, and Alexandra J. Harvey, Joy Rathjen, and reprogramming 152 David K. Gardner Sergio Mora and Angel Raya

Index 180

See color plates between pages 110 and 111.

Contributors

Anthony Atala Terry J. Hassold Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Pullman, WA, USA Karl W. Broman Patricia A. Hunt Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA Irene Cervello´ CIPF & Fundacion´ Instituto Valenciano de Orkan Ilbay Infertilidad (FIVI), Valencia University, INCLIVA, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Valencia, Spain Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA David K. Gardner Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Irina Klimanskaya Parkville, Victoria, Australia Advanced Cell Technology, Inc., Marlborough, MA, USA Caroline E. Gargett The Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Tippi C. MacKenzie Research and Monash University Department of Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clayton, Victoria, Medicine and Stem Cell Research and the Australia Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Nicolas´ Garrido Instituto Universitario IVI and FIVI, (Fundacion´ Ana M. Mart´ınez-Arroyo IVI), Valencia, Spain CIPF & Fundacion´ Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), Valencia University, INCLIVA, Ellen Goossens Valencia, Spain Research Group Biology of the Testis, Department of Embryology and Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jose V. Medrano Brussels, Belgium CIPF & Fundacion´ Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (FIVI), Valencia University, INCLIVA, Jennifer R. Gruhn Valencia, Spain School of Molecular Biosciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Heidi Mertes Pullman, WA, USA Bioethics Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium Alexandra J. Harvey Marcos Meseguer Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Instituto Universitario IVI and FIVI, (Fundacion´ Parkville, Victoria, Australia IVI), Valencia, Spain

vii

List of contributors

Sergio Mora Angel Raya Control of Stem Cell Potency Group, Institute for Control of Stem Cell Potency Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) and Center for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC); Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Bioengineering, Networked Biomedical Research on Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN); and Barcelona, Spain Institucio´ Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanc¸ats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain Sean V. Murphy Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Renee A. Reijo Pera Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Winston-Salem, NC, USA Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford Hong P.T. Nguyen University,PaloAlto,CA,USA The Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research and Monash University Department of Roc´ıo Rivera Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clayton, Victoria, Instituto Universitario IVI and FIVI, (Fundacion´ Australia IVI), Valencia, Spain Amar Nijagal Emre Seli Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Medicine and Stem Cell Research and the Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Department of Surgery, University of California, San Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Francisco, CA, USA Carlos Simon´ Takehiko Ogawa CIPF & Fundacion´ Instituto Valenciano de Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Infertilidad (FIVI), Valencia University, INCLIVA, Yokohama, Japan Valencia, Spain Guido Pennings Herman Tournaye Bioethics Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium Centre for Reproductive Medicine, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium Joy Rathjen Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Agust´ın G. Zapata Parkville, Victoria, and Menzies Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Complutense University, Madrid, Spain

viii

Preface

Stem Cells in Reproductive Medicine: Basic Science and in regenerative medicine can also be applied to our Therapeutic Potential, Third edition completes the tril- field. ogy devoted to this topic. It was initiated in 2007 with Part I of this composition is devoted to the female the publication of the first book that became a best- gamete. Emre Seli introduces the genetics of germline seller, continued in 2009 and the third book now sees formation, which is nicely followed by germ-cell dif- the light in 2013. ferentiation from pluripotent cells by the groups of This trilogy has witnessed an extraordinary evo- Rene Reijo and Carlos Simon.´ Part II focuses on the lution of the advances in stem-cell science that have male gamete. Nicolas Garrido and Marcos Meseguer impacted human reproductive medicine. There is no introduce the state of the art in this topic, and Take- effort without error and shortcomings, therefore some hiko Ogawa presents his data on in-vitro manipula- of the topics initially presented have been consoli- tion and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells dated, others have vanished, while a few have served (SSCs), namely in vitro spermatogenesis that due to as the initial step for actual breakthroughs. his work recently became possible in animal mod- Since the successful derivation of human embry- els. Finally, Herman Tournaye translates these per- onic stem cells (hESCs) from the inner cell mass (ICM) spectives to humans, exploring hopes and hypes. Part of a human blastocyst by the Thomson group in 1998, III starts with an outstanding chapter on meiotic the mechanisms controlling pluripotency have started recombination in human oocytes by the well-reputed to be unraveled. As a result, in 2006 Yamanaka’s group group of Terry Hassold, which opens the gate for the identified the factors responsible for reprogramming understanding of the gene expression dynamics dur- somatic cells toward a pluripotent phenotype. Initially, ing human embryonic development by the co-editors’ 24 factors were selected as candidates based on their groups, followed by the concept of the human blas- functions, and after various combinations, the above tomere as the physiological unit of the embryo for the authors demonstrated that only four were required to derivation of hESC, maintaining embryo viability, by produce induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from the group of Irina Kliminskaya, that has a Phase I clin- fibroblasts, these being Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4. ical trial underway on retinal degeneration using reti- Despite the reprogramming process requiring subse- nal pigment epithelial cells derived from hESCs. The quent modifications and improvements, this finding ethical concerns of gamete generation from stem cells proved to be the milestone in the pluripotency road to avoid gamete donation, and customized hESC from map, and was recognized by the Nobel Laureate of blastomeresasthecellularinsuranceforthenewborn Medicine 2012. A large number of somatic cells has are masterly treated by Guido Pennings. In Part IV,the been reprogrammed by applying different approaches, amniotic fluid as an unexpected source of highly mul- including direct transdifferentiation from one lin- tipotent cells is presented by the group of Antony Atala eage to another, and disease-/patient-specific repro- who pioneered this discovery. Achievements in the grammed cells produced, which represent an invalu- research and translation of the stem-cell population in able possibility for generating cell types of interest to be the human endometrium is presented by the groups of applied to autologous cell replacement therapies, e.g., Caroline Gargett and Carlos Simon,´ and the new revo- the development of specific disease models and, in our lutionary concept of in-utero hematopoietic cell trans- discipline, artificial gamete generation. However, their plantation by the group of MacKenzie. The relevance clinical application is presently limited due to serious of bone- marrow stroma as a source of mesenchymal obstacles in biosafety terms. These general concepts stem cells for cell therapy is covered by Agust´ın Zapata.

Preface

Finally, Part V is dedicated to the state of the We would like to highlight the masterwork per- art in amazing, cutting-edge technologies such as formed by our international colleagues who have gen- reprogramming and transdifferentiation presented erously contributed to this publication; to them we by Angel Raya and the metabolic framework of express our gratitude for the time and effort they have pluripotent stem cells and potential mechanisms devoted. We do hope that the readers will find the con- of regulation from the experience of one of the tents of this third book useful as a reference, and as a most prominent embryologists in the field, David valuable tool for the continued advancement of repro- Gardner. ductive medicine.