INDEX

ABC, 212 Arkansas Teacher Retirement System, 158 adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs), Asset Backed Commercial Paper Money 46–49, 54, 118–119. See also Market Mutual Liquidity Facility housing/mortgage crisis (AMLF), 110 Aegon NV, 77–78 asset-backed securities (ABS), 10, 45 Alcoa, 84 global issuance of, 56–57 Allison, Herbert, 192–193 Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Allstate, 162, 187 Facility (TALF), 128 All Things Considered (NPR), 210 tranches, explained, 54–57 Alphin, J. Steele, 24 Associated Press, 73 Alt-A mortgages, 56, 74 auto industry, 73–74 American Enterprise Institute, 55 Automotive Industry Financing Program American Express, 71–72, 166, 181, 185, 206 (AIFP), 73 American Home Mortgage, 48 Ayer, Ramani, 77 American International Group (AIG), 83, 186–191 Bachus, Spencer, 126 credit default swaps, 61 bailout, total cost of, 5, 13, 130–131, 217, executive compensationCOPYRIGHTED and, 222, MATERIAL See also Emergency Economic 161–163, 164–165, 173, 193–194 Stabilization Act (EESA) of 2008; government bailout of, 25–26, 119 Troubled Asset Relief Program American University, 14 (TARP) Ameriquest Mortgage Co., 49, 51 “Bailout Tally” (Prins, Ugrin), 226 antitrust laws, 66 Bair, Sheila, 36 Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, 115, 178 Baker, Dean, 3, 67–68, 215 Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, 177–178 balloon mortgages, 46

283

bbindex.inddindex.indd 283283 88/12/09/12/09 112:39:472:39:47 AMAM 284 INDEX

Banca Antonveneta, 89 AIG and, 186–191 bank holding companies (BHCs), 4–5, Bank of America and, 182–184 65–67, 113, 131–132, 209–210 and, 180–182 auto companies as, 73–74 JPMorgan Chase and, 184–185 Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and 67, 115–116, 143, 147–149, 178, 179 Branching Effi ciency Act and, borrowing rules for, 130 178–180 credit card companies as, 71–72 Sherman Antitrust Act and, 177–178 Glass-Steagall Act repeal and, 147–149 “supermarket” commercial banks, insurance companies as, 78 defi ned, 145 regulation and, 67–71 “too big to fail” argument and, 175–176 savings and loans and, 74–79, 187 Wells Fargo and, 186 See also bank size; Gramm-Leach- See also bank holding companies Bliley Act (1999) (BHCs) Banking Act of 1933, 115–116 Barclays, 21, 190 Banking Act of 1935, 139 Barnett, 179 banking industry culture, 2, 3–4, 7, Barofsky, Neil, 35–36 80–83, 97 Bear Stearns, 4, 6, 11, 12, 33, 38, 63 bonuses and, 3–4, 9, 150–153 (See also collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) bonuses/executive compensation) and, 58 fees and, 44–46 demise of, 5, 84 lending practices and, 46–49 demise of, and net capital rule, 146–147 need for reform and, 213–215, 218, executive compensation and, 171 222–224 JPMorgan Chase acquisition of, 20–21, See also individual names of banks 85, 97, 103–105, 185, 201 Bank Mergers in a Deregulated Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Environment (Shull, Hanweck), 147 Branching Effi ciency Act and, 180 Bank of America, 40, 125, 212 Beazer Homes, 47, 48 Countrywide Financial acquisition by, Berkshire Hathaway, 35 53, 96, 153, 157–159, 183 Bernanke, Ben, 22, 31, 214, 222–223 Glass-Steagall Act repeal and, 182–184 on AIG, 25–26, 187, 188, 189 Lehman Brothers and, 21 Bear Stearns acquisition by JPMorgan leverage ratio of (2008), 146 Chase and, 104 Merrill Lynch acquisition by, 4, 21–25, on disclosure, 126–127 38, 81, 98, 143, 201 on executive compensation, 173–174 Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and federal funds rate cut by (2007), 94–95 Branching Effi ciency Act and, on regulation, 108, 111 178–180 See also TARP money for, 23, 32 Bibliowicz, Jessica, 185 Bank of Canada, 88–89 big banks. See bank size Bank of Essex (Tappahannock, Virginia), Birnbaum, Josh, 84 77–78 Bischoff, Win, 95 Bank of Italy, 89–90 Blankfein, Lloyd, 21, 70–71, 81, 84, 210 Bank One Corp., 179, 185 executive compensation and, 169, 172 Bankruptcy Abuse and Consumer on TARP, 205 Protection Act (2005), 53 See also Goldman Sachs bank size, 200–202, 216–218 Bloomberg L.P., 124–125

bbindex.inddindex.indd 284284 88/12/09/12/09 12:39:4712:39:47 AMAM INDEX 285

Bloomberg News, 125, 212, 220 capital injections bonuses/executive compensation, 84, 105, danger of, 216–218 185, 193–194, 197–198 defi ned, 101 AIG and, 190 Capital Purchase Program, TARP, 35 banking culture and, 3–4, 9, 150–153 Capmark Financial Group Inc., 72 CEO compensation and, 153–159 Carney, Mark, 88–89 “CEO Compensation and Bonuses” Casey Research, 14 (Prins, Ugrin), 226 Cassano, Joseph, 190 “claw backs” and, 163–165 Catchings, Waddill, 138 Cuomo on, 24–25 Cavuto, Neil, 63 economic shifts and, 171–173 Cayne, James, 105 employee layoffs and, 159–161, 167 CBS, 172–173 Geithner on, 164–165, 173 Center for Economic and Policy government bailout money used for, Research, 67–68 158, 161–171 “CEO Compensation and Bonuses” Obama on, 164–165, 168, 185, 203 (Prins, Ugrin), 226 U.S. House on taxes for, 165, 193–194 Charles Schwab, 160 See also individual names of banks Chase, 179 Bovenzi, John F., 75 Chemical, 179 “Bring Some Accountability to the Chenault, Kenneth, 71, 206 Federal Reserve” (Grayson), 123 Cholnoky, Tom, 190 Brinkley, Amy Wood, 184 , 73–74 Brown, Edmund, 158, 163 Cioffe, Ralph, 63 Buffett, Warren, 35 CIT Group, 72–73 Burns, Arthur F., 116 Citicorp-Travelers Group, 179 Bush, George H. W., 117 CitiFinancial, 182 Bush, George W., 2 Citigroup Inc., 21, 84, 125, 180–182, Bankruptcy Abuse and Consumer 204, 212 Protection Act (2005), 53 collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) on Bear Stearns–JPMorgan Chase and, 58 merger, 97 executive compensation and, 153, 156, Emergency Economic Stabilization Act 159–161 of 2008, 29 Geithner and, 39 on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, 55–56 Glass-Steagall Act repeal and, 180–182 Friedman appointment by, 85, 86 leverage ratio of, in 2008, 146 Paulson/Treasury appointments by, preferred stock of, 39–40 16–20, 91 Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and tax policies of, 18–19 Branching Effi ciency Act and, Wilson appointment by, 96 179–180 Zoellick appointed by, 90–91 Rubin and, 81, 88, 92–93, 94–95, 143 SIVs and, 10, 39 Public Employees’ Retirement subprime loans and, 94–95 System, 58 TARP money for, 23, 32, 35, 95 Call, The (CNBC), 37 Wells Fargo–Wachovia merger and, Camp, Dave, 165 98, 186 Cantor, Eddie, 138 Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in capital gains tax, 12, 18–19, 97 Washington, 97

bbindex.inddindex.indd 285285 88/12/09/12/09 12:39:4712:39:47 AMAM 286 INDEX

“claw backs,” 163–165 Corzine, Jon, 80, 86–88 Clayton, Henry de Lamar, 178 cotton industry, 208 Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, 115, 178 Countrywide Financial, 47, 48 Clinton, Bill, 38, 50, 117 Bank of America acquisition of, 53, 96, on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, 55 153, 157–159, 183 Friedman appointment by, 85 Countrywide VIP scandal, 163–165 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and, 142–144 executive compensation and, 153–161 Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Cox, Christopher, 21, 103, 120 Branching Effi ciency Act and, Cramer, Jim, 84–85, 98–99, 222–223 178–180 credit, 8–9 Rubin appointment by, 91–92 ratings, 8, 11, 54, 56–60, 93 CNBC, 37, 84–85, 98–99 TARP as disincentive to help CNN, 106, 129–130, 165 consumers, 30–32 collateral. See collateralized debt credit default swaps (CDS), 60–62 obligations (CDOs); securitization and Goldman Sachs, 83 collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) need for regulation and, 208 asset-backed securities (ABS) and, 55, credit derivatives, 51 57–58 AIG and, 25–26 bank holding companies (BHCs) Greenspan on, 119 and, 78 need for regulation and, 207–208 Goldman Sachs and, 84, 95 Rubin on, 93 inception of, 10–13 “Credit Rating Agencies and the subprime loan securitization and, 51, Financial Crisis” (U.S. House 57–62 Committee on Oversight and commercial banks, 10 Government Reform), 60 as fi nancial holding companies Credit Suisse Group, 70, 204 (FHC), 66 Crittenden, Gary, 96 Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 and, 7, 139, Cummings, Elijah E., 154, 161–162 140–141 Cuomo, Andrew, 22–25 leverage ratio of, 43–44, 144–147 Curl, Greg, 184 See also bank holding companies (BHCs); bank size; individual bank Dallas Federal Reserve, 72 names Davidson, Andrew, 59 Commercial Credit Company, 185 Democratic Party, 1912 platform, commercial paper 114–115 Commercial Paper Funding Facility Depository Institutions Deregulation and LLC (CPFF), 109, 110, 206 Monetary Control Act of 1980, 139 during Great Depression, 138 deregulation, 87, 207–208 Commodity Futures Modernization Act bank holding companies (BHCs) and, (CFMA) of 2000, 51, 208 65–79 Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) Bernanke on regulation, 108, 111 (1977), 62–63 Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) Congressional Oversight Panel for TARP, (1977), 62–63 33–35 Glass-Steagall Act repeal and, 143–144 Consolidated Law on Banking of 1993, 90 Greenspan on, 118–119 Corporate Library, 164, 181 HOEPA (1994), 49–50, 51 Corrigan, Gerald, 38 housing/mortgage crisis and, 49–52

bbindex.inddindex.indd 286286 88/12/09/12/09 12:39:4812:39:48 AMAM INDEX 287

in international banking system, 89 Federal Banking Agency Audit Act Paulson and, 20–25 (1978), 122 Consumer Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Protection Act (PLPCA) of 2000, (FDIC) 51–52 bank holding companies (BHCs) and, Derivatives Markets Transparency 74–79 and Accountability Act of 2009, commercial banks backed by, 10 207–208 creation of, 138–140 Deutsche Bank AG, 61–62 Forum on Mortgage Lending to Low Dimon, Jamie, 21, 32–33, 104, 169, 172, and Moderate Income Households, 181, 184–185. See also JPMorgan 37, 107–108 Chase insurance limits raised for consumer Dinallo, Eric, 161–162 deposits, 29, 140 DiNapoli, Thomas P., 158, 167 Merrill Lynch–Bank of America Discover Financial Services, 72 merger and, 23 Dodd, Chris, 29, 163–165, 168 mortgage rescue proposal, 36–37 Doral Financial Corp., 63 reserves of, 196–197 Dorgan, Byron, 3, 141–144 S&L crisis and, 17 Dow Jones Industrial Average Temporary Liquidity Guarantee all-time high of, 9 Program (TLGP), 66–67, 206 fall of, in September 2008, 28 total bailout cost and, 5, 13–15, Draghi, Mario, 89–90 110–112, 119, 127–131 Drexel Burnham Lambert, 11 Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of Dudley, William C., 86 2005, 139 Dune Capital Management LP, 75 Federal Home Loan Bank, 155 Dymski, Gary, 70, 148 Federal Housing Finance Board, 155 Federal Open Market Committee, 109 Eaton, Cyrus, 100 Federal Reserve, 2, 100–103, 202 Ehrlichman, John, 18 AIG and, 188–191 Emergency Banking Act of 1933, 140 bank holding companies (BHCs) and, Emergency Economic Stabilization Act 65–79, 115–116, 147–149 (EESA) of 2008, 10, 29, 31, 110–112, calls for oversight, 122–124 140, 197–198. See also Troubled chairman position, 112–113 Asset Relief Program (TARP) collateral used by, 101, 108–110, 129 emerging-market bonds, 11–13 Commercial Paper Funding Facility Enron, 16, 39, 92–93, 170 LLC (CPFF), 109, 206 equity loans (consumer), 52–54 creation of, 113–115 Exchange Stabilization Fund, 36 Dallas Federal Reserve, 72 executive compensation. See bonuses/ disclosure by, 124–127 executive compensation federal funds rate cut by (2007), 94–95 Fannie Mae, 36, 192 Federal Reserve Transparency Act of Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) 2009 (H.R.1207), 218 and, 62 Financial Services Regulatory Relief securitization and, 55–57 Act of 2006, 31 Fazio, Antonio, 89 interest rate cuts by, 7, 47, 52, 117–121 FBI, 48, 49, 63 Kansas City Federal Reserve, 56

bbindex.inddindex.indd 287287 88/12/09/12/09 12:39:4812:39:48 AMAM 288 INDEX

Federal Reserve (continued ) during Great Depression, 135 New York Federal Reserve, 21, 37–41, increase in, from 2007 to 2008, 106 81, 85–86, 93, 112, 136 increase in, from 2007 to 2009, 43 S&L crisis of 1980s and, 116–118 See also housing/mortgage crisis Statistical Releases of, 128 Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, 86 Term Securities Lending Facility Fortis, 60 (TSLF) created by, 103–105 Forum on Mortgage Lending to Low total bailout cost and, 5, 13–15, and Moderate Income Households 110–112, 119, 127–131, 217, 222 (FDIC), 37, 107–108 See also Bernanke, Ben; Greenspan, Fowler, Henry, 91 Alan; housing/mortgage crisis; Fox Business Network, 125 Troubled Assets Relief Program Fox News, 63 (TARP) Fox-Pitt Kelton, 183 Federal Reserve Act (1913), 66, 113, Frank, Barney, 25, 36 115, 124 Fratto, Tony, 106 Federal Reserve Transparency Act of Freddie Mac, 36 2009, 122–124 Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) Federal Savings and Loan Insurance and, 62 Corporation (FSLIC), 117, 170 mortgage-backed securities (MBS), Federal Trust Bank, 77 46–49 Ferguson, Niall, 13 securitization and, 55–57 Fiat, 73 Friedman, Stephen, 37, 80, 81, 85–88 fi nancial holding companies (FHC), 66 Fuld, Dick, 21, 165–167 Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 Garret, Olivier, 14 (FIRREA), 117 Gayle, Alan, 220 Financial Services Modernization Geithner, Timothy F., 3, 21, 37–41, Act. See Gramm-Leach-Bliley 103–105, 196–199, 214, 221 Act (1999) Allison and, 193 Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act on bank stress tests, 14 of 2006, 31 on executive bonuses, 164–165, 173 Financial Stability Forum (FSF), 89 Friedman and, 86 Financial Times, 22, 70–71, 222 on regulation, 147, 189 Financial Week, 31 on transparency, 197–199 Finger, Jerry, 183–184 (GM), 73–74 Finger Interests, Ltd., 183–184 General Retirement System of Texas, 59 Finnegan, John, 24 Genworth Financial Inc., 77–78 Firedoglake.com, 218 Gingrich, Newt, 50 Fisher, Peter, 93 Ginnie Mae, 46 Fitch Ratings, 59–60 Giornale, Il (Italy), 89 Fleet Boston, 179, 182 Glass, Carter, 115, 136 Fleet Finance Group, 49 Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, 90 fl oating-rate mortgages. See need for restoration of, 213–215 adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) repeal of, 7, 34, 72, 79, 92, 95, 139, Forbes.com, 169 141–149, 180–191 Ford, Gerald, 113 Global Bank Merger Wave, The foreclosure, 52–54, 199–200 (Dymski), 148

bbindex.inddindex.indd 288288 88/12/09/12/09 12:39:4812:39:48 AMAM INDEX 289

globalization. See international banking LTCM crisis and, 112 community S&L crisis of 1980s and, 116–118 GMAC, 73 U.S. House Committee on Oversight gold, 140 and Government Reform testimony, Golden West Financial Corporation, 180 119–121 Goldman Sachs, 6, 11, 21, 205 See also Federal Reserve AIG and, 187, 190 Greenwich Financial Services, 159 as bank holding company (BHC), 4–5, Greider, William, 102 65–67, 68–71 gross domestic product (GDP), 17 Countrywide–Bank of America merger Group of Thirty, 129–130 and, 157 G7, 30 culture of, 82–83, 86 G20, 89 executive compensation and, 165, Guardian (England), 18 166–167, 169, 172 Geithner and, 37–38 Hamilton, James, 128 Glass-Steagall Act repeal and, 182 Hanweck, Gerald A., 147 during Great Depression, 138 Harrison, William B., 184 initial public offering of, 87–88 Hartford Financial Services Group Inc., leverage ratio of (2008), 146 76–77 LTCM crisis and, 112 Hedge Fund Research, 13 Paulson and, 17–20, 30, 145 hedge funds, 13 political infl uence by, 2, 80–82, 85–99 CDOs and, 12 securitization and, 83–85 collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) Goldman Sachs International, 89 and, 58 Goldman Sachs Trading Group, 138 Federal Reserve and, 102 Goldschmid, Harvey J., 145 sub tranches refused by, 56 Gonzalez, Henry B., 122 trusts (during Great Depression) Gorman, James, 168 compared to, 138 Gorton, Gary, 189 high-yield bonds, 11–13 Gotschall, Edward F., 48 History of the Federal Reserve, A government-sponsored entities (GSE), (Meltzer), 111–112 defi ned, 46 Hodgson, Paul, 164 Gramm, Phil, 49, 51, 107, 142 Hoenig, Thomas, 220 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (1999), 7, 34, Home Ownership and Equity Protection 72, 79, 92, 95, 141–149. See also Act (HOEPA), 49–50, 51 Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 Home Owners Loan Act of 1933, 140 Grassley, Charles, 49 Household International, 49 Grayson, Alan, 123–124 Housing and Economic Recovery Act of Great Depression, 2, 78 2008, 106–108, 131 Glass-Steagall Act creation and, 135–141 housing/mortgage crisis, 7–10, Glass-Steagall Act repeal and, 141–149 199–200, 222 Great Crash of 1929 and, 133–135 adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) and, Greenspan, Alan, 113, 223 46–49, 54, 118–119 on free markets, 118–119 CDOs and, 10–13, 57–62 Glass-Steagall Act repeal and, 181 Countrywide mortgage payment interest rate cuts and, 7, 47, 52, failure, 156–157 117–121 credit default swaps (CDS) and, 60–62

bbindex.inddindex.indd 289289 88/12/09/12/09 12:39:4812:39:48 AMAM 290 INDEX

housing/mortgage crisis (continued ) Gramm-Leach-Bliley and, 144–147 deregulation and, 49–52 leverage ratio of, 43–44 equity loans and, 52–54 See also bank holding companies FDIC proposal, 36–37 (BHCs); bank size; individual bank Federal Reserve and, 7, 47, 52, names 106–108, 117–121 investor lawsuits foreclosure rates and, 43, 53, 106, 135, against Bear Stearns, 58 199–200 during Great Depression, 138 Housing and Economic Recovery Act pension funds and, 158 of 2008, 106–108, 131 misplaced blame and, 42, 62–64 Jacked (Prins), 19 Paulson on, 26, 36–37, 43, 107–108 Jay Cooke and Company, 177 refi nancing of home loans and, 52–54, JC Flowers and Co., 183 106–108 Johnson, Jennifer J., 125 subprime loans, defaults, 52–54 J.P. Morgan, 136 subprime loans, securitization, 42–46, acquisition by Chase, 179 54–57 JPMorgan Chase, 81 Huffi ngton Post, 168 AIG and, 187 Bear Stearns acquisition by, 20–21, 85, IMB HoldCo LLC, 75 97, 103–105, 185, 201 IndyMac, 74–75 “claw backs” by, 165 infl ation, 8–9, 113 credit default swaps (CDS) and, 60 insurance industry executive compensation and, 169, 172 bank holding companies (BHCs) and, 78 Glass-Steagall Act repeal and, collateral debt obligations (CDOs) and, 184–185 11, 51 leverage ratio of, in 2008, 146 credit default swaps (CDS) and, 61 LTCM crisis and, 112 credit derivatives and, 51 Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Sherman Act and, 178 Branching Effi ciency Act and, See also American International Group 179–180 (AIG) TARP money for, 32–33 Intelligence Oversight Board, 86 acquisition, 53, 201 Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 12, 47. junk bonds, 11 See also taxes international banking community, 32 Kanjorski, Paul E., 156, 172 Glass-Steagall repeal and, 141 Kansas City Federal Reserve, 56 Goldman Sachs and, 88–91 Karatz, Bruce, 48 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 89 Kashkari, Neel, 30, 192 Inter Savings Bank, 77–78 Kasriel, Paul, 128 Investigative Fund of the Nation Kaswell, Stuart J., 208 Institute, 126 KB Home, 48 Investigative Reporting Workshop, Keefe Bruyette & Woods Inc., 182 American University, 14 Kelleher, Colm, 168 investment banks Kent County State Bank, 72 as bank holding companies (BHC), 65–67 Klein, Naomi, 28–29 Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 and, 7, 139, Kohn, Donald, 127 140–141 Krauthammer, Charles, 62–63

bbindex.inddindex.indd 290290 88/12/09/12/09 12:39:4912:39:49 AMAM INDEX 291

Kucinich, Dennis, 166–167 Madoff, Bernard L. “Bernie,” 5, 8 Kurland, Stan, 118 Managed Funds Association (MFA), 208 margin calls, 12, 134–135 LaFalce, John, 51–52 Martin, William McChesney, Jr., 115–116 Lawler, Patrick, 54 Material Adverse Change (MAC) clauses, lawsuits. See investor lawsuits 22–23 Leach, James, 49 MBNA Corp, 182 Leadership for International Finance, 131 McCain, John, 107, 193 Lehman Brothers, 4, 92–93 McColl, Hugh, 178–179, 182 collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) McCollum, Bill, 49, 51 and, 58 McDonough, William, 38 demise of, 5, 21–25, 98 McGarvie, Blythe, 131 demise of, and net capital rule, Meltzer, Allan, 111–112 146–147 Merkel, Angela, 218 executive compensation and, Merrill Lynch, 204, 214, 221 165–167, 171 AIG and, 190 IndyMac and, 75 Allison and, 193 leverage ratio of, in 2008, 146 Bank of America acquisition of, 4, leverage, 20–27 21–25, 38, 81, 98, 143, 201 CDOs, 57–60 executive compensation and, 153, estimating total amount of, 13 159–161 home loan securitization and, 42–46, Glass-Steagall Act repeal and, 182–184 54–57 LTCM crisis and, 112 leverage ratio, 43–44, 144–147 O’Neal and, 84 See also housing/mortgage crisis Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Lewis, Ken, 22, 23, 96, 157, 172–173, Branching Effi ciency Act and, 180 183. See also Bank of America MetLife, 78 Liddy, Edward, 162, 187, 189 Mexican Peso Crisis (1994), 170 Lincoln National Corp., 76–78 Milken, Michael, 10–11 liquidity Miller, G. William, 116 Asset Backed Commercial Paper Miller, Jonathan, 51 Money Market Mutual Fund Minnick, Walter, 18 Liquidity Facility (AMLF), 110 Missouri State Employees’ Retirement collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) System, 59 and, 59 Mnuchin, Steven T., 75 commercial paper and, 110 Money Market Investor Funding Facility TARP and, 111 (MMIFF), 110 Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Moody’s Investors Service, 59–60, 93 Program (TLGP), 66–67, 206 Moorjani, Deepak, 61–62 lobbyists, 92, 93, 197–198, 208 Morgan Stanley, 21, 39, 98 Long Term Capital Management as bank holding company (BHC), 4–5, (LTCM), 38, 87, 112, 170 65–67, 68–69 Discover Financial Services and, 72 Mack, Connie, III, 51 executive compensation and, 165, 168 Mack, John J., 21, 68. See also Morgan Glass-Steagall Act repeal and, 182 Stanley leverage ratio of, in 2008, 146 Mad Money (CNBC), 84–85, 98–99 TARP money for, 35

bbindex.inddindex.indd 291291 88/12/09/12/09 12:39:4912:39:49 AMAM 292 INDEX

mortgage-backed securities (MBS), on executive bonuses, 164–165, 168, 44–45, 46–49 185, 203 Mozilo, Angelo R., 48, 153–161, 163–165. SEC and, 204–205 See also Countrywide Financial on “toxic” mortgages, 186 MSNBC.com, 14 Ocwen Financial Corp., 72 off-book risk. See asset-backed securities Nathan v. Louisiana, 178 (ABS); collateralized debt obligations Nation, 102 (CDOs); structured investment National Cotton Council, 208 vehicles (SIVs) National Economic Council, 38, 85, 86 Offi ce of Federal Housing Enterprise nationalization of banks argument, 40, Oversight (OFHEO), 53–54 210–213 Offi ce of the Comptroller of the Currency NationsBank, 179 (OCC), 124 net capital rule, 43–44, 144–147 Offi ce of Thrift Supervision (OTS) (U.S. New CarCo LLC, 73–74 Department of Treasury), 76–78, New Century Financial, 47–49 79, 202 New Deal, 140, 213 oil, 8 Newmark, Evan, 222 Olagues, John, 225, 226 New Mexico State Investment O’Neal, Stanley, 84, 153, 160–161. See Council, 59 also Merrill Lynch Newton County Loan and Savings O’Neill, Paul H., 16 Bank, 77 OneWest Bank, 75 New York, 222 Orszag, Peter R., 38 New York Federal Reserve O’Shaughnessy, Jim, 214 Enron and, 93 O’Shaughnessy Asset Management, 214 Friedman and, 81, 85–86 Other People’s Money (Prins), 203 Geithner and, 21, 37–41 Owen, Robert L., 115 Great Depression and, 136 LTCM crisis and, 112 Pandit, Vikram, 21, 95, 172, 182. See also New York State Insurance Department, Citigroup Inc. 161–162 Panic of 1873, 177 New York Stock Exchange, 81 Parsons, Richard, 156, 159 New York Sun, 59, 139, 146 Patman, Wright, 122 New York Times, 212, 222 Patterson, Mark, 198 on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, 55 Paul, Ron, 122–124 on leverage ratio of banks, 43–44 Paulson, Henry M. “Hank,” 2–3, 63, 169, Meltzer interview, 111 197, 200, 222 on net capital rule, 145 AIG bailout and, 25–26, 162 on Rubin, 92 Allison and, 193 Nixon, Richard M., 18, 113 appointment as treasury secretary, Northern Pacifi c Railway, 177 16–20, 91 Norwest Corporation, 179 Bear Stearns–JPMorgan Chase merger NPR, 210 and, 85, 103–105 NVR, Inc., 160 Friedman and, 86 Goldman Sachs and, 80, 81, 82–83, Obama, Barack, 2, 37, 38, 86, 140, 87–88, 145 192–193, 195–199 on housing/mortgage crisis, 26, 36–37, on auto industry, 73 43, 107–108

bbindex.inddindex.indd 292292 88/12/09/12/09 12:39:4912:39:49 AMAM INDEX 293

Lehman Brothers demise Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC), 76, and, 20–25 117, 170 SIVs and, 10 “reverse redlining,” 50 TARP and, 26–33, 33–36, 187 RGE Monitor, 70 U.S. Senate Banking Committee Rice, Condoleeza, 90 testimony, 145 Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Wilson and, 96 Branching Effi ciency Act of 1994 See also Goldman Sachs; Troubled (IBBEA), 148, 178–180 Asset Relief Program (TARP); U.S. Rockefeller, John D., 177 Department of Treasury Roosevelt, Franklin D., 135–140, 213 Paul v. Virginia, 178 Rosenfeld, Ronald A., 155 Pecora, Ferdinand, 136, 137 Roubini, Nouriel, 70 Pecora Commission, 136–138 Rubin, Robert, 17 Pelosi, Nancy, 29, 211–212 Citigroup and, 39, 81, 88, 92–93, pension funds, 58–60, 158 94–95, 143 Perella, Joseph, 182 Glass-Steagall repeal and, 141–144 Phillips, Kyra, 106 Goldman Sachs and, 80, 85, 86, 91–93 Pickard, Lee, 146 subprime mortgages and, 94–95 PNC, 35 as treasury secretary, 38–39, 83, 88, 91–93 Portfolio, 38 Russian debt crisis, 170 predatory lending. See housing/mortgage Ryan, Tim, 222 crisis Predatory Lending Consumer Protection Salomon Brothers, 181 Act (PLCPA) of 2000, 51–52 Saluzzi, Joseph, 212 preferred equity, 30–33, 35, 39. See also Sambol, David, 158, 159 “toxic assets” Sandler O’Neill Partners LLP, 157 Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF), Sanger, David E., 212 104–105, 109 Sarbanes, Paul, 51–52 Primerica, 182 Saving Capitalism from Capitalists Prince, Charles, 95, 153, 159–160. See (Zingales), 166 also Citigroup Inc. savings and loans Prins, Nomi, 225–226 bank holding companies (BHCs) and, Bear Stearns career of, 6, 11, 12 74–79, 187 FOIA request of, 126 Savings and Loan Crisis (1980s), 49, Goldman Sachs career of, 6, 11, 82 75–76, 116–118, 170 Jacked, 19 Schar, Dwight C., 160 Other People’s Money, 203 Schumer, Charles, 18, 74–75, 155, 212 Web site of, 109, 226 Schwab, Charles R., 160 private equity funds, 12–13 Schwartz, Alan, 104 Prough, Stephen W., 51 Second Banking Directive of 1992, 90 Prudential Life, 78 Second Great Banking Crisis Prudential Securities, 55 advent of collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and, 10–13 railroad industry, 177–178 causes of, 6–10, 133–135 Rand, Michael, 47 defi ned, 1–6 Reagan, Ronald, 148 loss of wealth and, 14 Reid, Harry, 28 nationalization of banks argument and, reinsurance, 11 40, 210–213

bbindex.inddindex.indd 293293 88/12/09/12/09 12:39:4912:39:49 AMAM 294 INDEX

Second Great Banking Crisis (continued ) Sloan, Melanie, 97 Third Depression possibility and, 67, 215 Smith Barney, 39, 181 total bailout cost and, 5, 13–15, Snow, John, 16, 17, 18–19, 26, 119 110–112, 119, 127–131, 197–198, Snowe, Olympia, 164 217, 222 Snyder, Harley, 155 warning signs of, 19 (See also Social Security Act, 140 Glass-Steagall Act of 1933) Société Générale, 190 Securities Act of 1933, 137 S&P 500, all-time high of, 9 Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, 137 Sparks, Dan, 84 Securities and Exchange Commission S&P/Case-Schiller Home Price Indices, (SEC), 9, 203 9, 222 bank holding companies (BHCs) Special Inspector General for the and, 68 Troubled Asset Relief Program creation of, 137 (SIGTARP) report, 225–226 disclosure by, 125 Spitzer, Eliot, 190, 203 Gramm-Leach-Bliley and, 144–147 Stahl, Leslie, 172–173 investigation of Steel, 98–99 Standard and Poor’s, 59–60 mortgage industry investigation by, 48 Standard Oil Trust, 177 Mozilo investigation by, 159 Steagall, Henry, 136 net capital rule and, 144–147 Steel, Bob, 81, 96, 97–99 under Obama administration, 204–205 stock market, 9 on rating agencies, 60 adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) Securities Industry and Financial Markets and, 47 Association (SIFMA), 222 Dow Jones Industrial Market, 9, 28 securitization fall of, in September 2008, 28, 29 adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) and, Great Crash of 1929 and, 133–135 46–49 New York Stock Exchange, 81 CDOs and, 57–62 preferred stocks, 39–40 credit default swaps and Goldman short selling of bank stocks, 41 Sachs, 83–85 See also Dow Jones Industrial subprime loan defaults and, 52–54 Average subprime loans and, 42–46, 54–57 Strauss-Kahn, Dominique, 89 senior slices (tranches), 54–57 stress tests, on banks, 14, 140, 198–199 September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 82–83 structured investment vehicles (SIVs), Shapiro, Mary, 204–205 10, 209 Shearson Hayden Stone, 184 asset-backed securities (ABS) and, 45 Shearson Lehman Brothers, 166 Citigroup and, 39 Shelby, Richard C., 34, 50 “structured assets,” defi ned, 44–45 Sherman, John, 177 See also asset-backed securities (ABS); Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, 177–178 collateralized debt obligations Shock Doctrine, The (Klein), 28–29 (CDOs) short selling, of bank stocks, 41 Stumpf, John Gerard, 186 Shull, Bernard, 147 subordinated (“sub”) tranches, 54–57 Siegel, Robert, 210 subprime loans Sieracki, Eric, 159 collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) 60 Minutes (CBS), 172–173 and, 10–13, 51, 57–60 size of banks. See bank size Federal Reserve interest rate cuts and, Slate.com, 190 117–119

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origination increases, 53, 56 banks perceived as “weak” and, 169, Rubin and, 94–95 172–173 securitization of, 42–49, 52–57 Citigroup and, 95 TARP as disincentive to help Congressional Oversight Panel for consumers, 30–32 TARP, 33–35 See also housing/mortgage crisis as disincentive to help consumers, Suburban Federal Savings Bank, 77–78 30–33, 35 Sullivan, Richard, 161 Emergency Economic Stabilization Act Summers, Lawrence H., 38, 143, 221 (EESA) and, 10, 29, 31, 110–112, SunTrust Bank, 32 140, 197–198 Swenson, Michael, 84 executive compensation and “claw backs,” 164–165 Tannin, Matt, 63 executive pay and, 158, 161–171 “TARP Evaluation” (Prins, Ugrin), 226 initial proposal for, 27–33 taxes, 192 Merrill Lynch and, 23 on bailout bonuses, 165, 193–194 Obama administration on, 192–193, capital gains tax, 12, 18–19, 97 193–194, 195–199, 204–205 Taylor, Gary, 208 oversight of, 33–36 Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program passage of, 111 (TLGP), 13–14, 66–67, 206 Special Inspector General for the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Troubled Asset Relief Program Facility (TALF), 128 (SIGTARP) report, 225–226 Term Auction Facility (TAF), 102, 109, total bailout cost and, 5, 13–15, 111 110–112, 119, 128–131, 217, 222 Term Securities Lending Facility (TSLF), trusts, 138, 177–178 103–105 Truth-in-Lending Act, 51 Thain, John, 21–25, 38, 81, 83, 87, 171, 214. See also Merrill Lynch UBS Investment Bank, 182 Themis Trading, 212 Ugrin, Krisztina, 225–226 This Week (ABC), 211–212 unemployment, 14 Thomas, Kenneth H. “Ken,” 26, 94 employee layoffs and executive Thompson, William C., 158 compensation, 159–161, 167 Thornton, John, 87 during Great Depression, 135 TIAA-CREF, 193 infl ation and, 113 “toxic assets,” 3, 9, 14–15, 39–41 Paulson on outsourcing, 17 bank holding companies (BHCs) and, 76 stress tests of banks and, 198–199 net capital rule and, 146 at TIAA-CREF, 193 Paulson on auction plans for, 27 Code 31 USC Sec. 714, 123 Schumer on “bad banks” and, 212–213 University of Chicago Law Review, 100 tranches, 45, 54–57, 56–57, 59–60 U.S. Attorney’s Offi ce, 47–48 Transamerica, 77–78 U.S. Bancorp, 32 Travelers Insurance, 179, 181, 185 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), Development (HUD), 47, 55 5, 222 U.S. Department of Justice, 63 AIG and, 186–191 U.S. Department of Treasury, 3 bank holding companies (BHCs) and, on auto industry, 73 65–79 commercial paper and, 109 Bank of America and, 23, 32 disclosure by, 125

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U.S. Department of Treasury (continued ) Viniar, David, 70, 83, 206 Fed and Treasury securities, 31 Volcker, Paul, 129–130 Offi ce of Thrift Supervision (OTS), 76–78, 79, 202 Wachovia, 53, 96, 97–99, 180, 186 Paulson appointment, 16–20, 91 Wagoner, Rick, 73 Rubin and, 91–93, 93, 141–144 Wallison, Peter, 55 Summers and, 143 Journal, 221–222 total bailout cost and, 5, 13–15, Wall Street under Oath: The Story of Our 110–112, 119, 128–131, 217, 222 Modern Money Changers (Pecora), 137 Treasury bonds, 101, 110, 129 Wang, H. Roger, 58 Woodin and, 135–136 Warren, Elizabeth, 33–35 See also Geithner, Timothy F.; Paulson, Washington Mutual, 33, 53, 93, 179–180, Henry M. 184, 185, 201 U.S. General Accountability Offi ce Washington Times, 107 (GAO), 122–124 Watergate, 18 U.S. House of Representatives Waters, Maxine, 36 Agriculture Committee, 208 Waxman, Henry, 119, 153–157, 163, 166 bank holding companies (BHCs) and, 75 Weill, Sanford “Sandy,” 93, 180–182, Committee on Banking and Currency, 184–185 115–116 Weiser, Stanley, 215 Committee on Financial Services, 25, Wells Fargo, 40, 53, 220–221 27–30, 35–37, 107–108 Glass-Steagall Act repeal and, 186 Committee on Oversight and Norwest acquisition, 179 Government Reform, 60, 119–121, Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and 161–171, 183 Branching Effi ciency Act and, 180 Financial Services Committee, Wells Fargo–Wachovia merger and, 126–127, 173 98, 186 Financial Services Subcommittee on Wellstone, Paul, 142 Domestic Monetary Policy and whole business securization (WBS) deals, Technology, 122 45 HOEPA and, 49–50 whole life insurance industry, 78 vote tax bailout bonuses, 165, 193–194 Will, George, 63 U.S. Offi ce of Government Ethics, 19 Willumstad, Robert, 162–163 U.S. Senate Wilson, Kendrick, 96 Banking Committee, 27–30, 33–35, 51, Wilson, Woodrow, 114, 115 136, 142 Wingfi eld, Brian, 169 Budget Committee, 163 Wolfowitz, Paul, 90 Committee on Banking, Housing, and Woodin, William H., 135–136 Urban Affairs, 163, 188 World Bank, 90–91 Committee on Banking and Currency WorldCom, 16, 92–93, 170 (Great Depression), 136–137 Wyden, Ron, 164 Finance Committee, 16 Governmental Affairs Committee, 93 Yarmuth, John A., 159 Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, 106–108, 131 Zingales, Luigi, 166–167 U.S. v. South-Eastern Underwriters Zoellick, Robert, 90–91 Association, 178 Zumbrun, Josh, 169

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