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El Otro Colonialismo España Y África, Entre Imaginación E Historia Ediciones De Iberoamericana 95

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El Otro Colonialismo España Y África, Entre Imaginación E Historia Ediciones De Iberoamericana 95 Christian von Tschilschke Jan-Henrik Witthaus (eds.) El otro colonialismo España y África, entre imaginación e historia Ediciones de Iberoamericana 95 Consejo editorial: Mechthild Albert Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn Enrique García-Santo Tomás University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Aníbal González Yale University, New Haven Klaus Meyer-Minnemann Universität Hamburg Daniel Nemrava Palacky University, Olomouc Katharina Niemeyer Universität zu Köln Emilio Peral Vega Universidad Complutense de Madrid Janett Reinstädler Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken Roland Spiller Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main El otro colonialismo España y África, entre imaginación e historia Christian von Tschilschke Jan-Henrik Witthaus (eds.) Iberoamericana - Vervuert - 2017 Cualquier forma de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública o transformación de esta obra solo puede ser realizada con la autorización de sus titulares, salvo excepción prevista por la ley. Diríjase a CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos) si necesita fotocopiar o escanear algún fragmento de esta obra (www.conlicencia.com; 91 702 19 70 / 93 272 04 47). Derechos reservados © Iberoamericana, 2017 Amor de Dios, 1 – E-28014 Madrid Tel.: +34 91 429 35 22 - Fax: +34 91 429 53 97 © Vervuert, 2017 Elisabethenstr. 3-9 – D-60594 Frankfurt am Main Tel.: +49 69 597 46 17 - Fax: +49 69 597 87 43 [email protected] www.iberoamericana-vervuert.es ISBN 978-84-16922-35-2 (Iberoamericana) ISBN 978-3-95487-635-8 (Vervuert) ISBN 978-3-95487-636-5 (e-Book) Depósito Legal: M-21498-2017 Imagen de cubierta: Salida a la Fantasía I, (Départ pour la fantasia), Ulpiano Checa. Óleo sobre lienzo, 100,3 x 130,7 cm. Salón de los Campos Elíseos. París, 1898. Museo Ulpiano Checa. Colección permanente. Diseño de la cubierta: a.f. diseño y comunicación Impreso en España Este libro está impreso íntegramente en papel ecológico sin cloro. ÍNDICE Christian von Tschilschke/Jan-Henrik Witthaus Introducción: el otro colonialismo ........................................................... 9 Helmut C. Jacobs Alí Bey el-Abbassi: un catalán en África al comienzo del siglo xix ............ 23 Jesús Torrecilla Los tesoros escondidos de al-Ándalus y la España alternativa de Blanco White ...................................................................................... 37 Fabián Sevilla Oriente desorientador: “Una conversación en la Alhambra” (1859) de Pedro Antonio de Alarcón ................................................................... 55 Ina Kühne “¡Pátria, ja tornas á tenir historia!” La influencia de la Guerra de África sobre el desarrollo de la identidad catalana ............................................... 77 Stephanie Lang Más allá del Ebro, ¿los salvajes? La “España africana” como impulso del regeneracionismo catalán hacia 1900 .................................................. 105 Jutta Weiser Del lugar infeccioso a la invasión de microbios: fantasmas coloniales entre geografía médica y bacteriología ...................................................... 131 Christian von Tschilschke La crisis de la masculinidad como crítica al colonialismo en Aita Tettauen (1905) de Benito Pérez Galdós ............................................ 149 José Antonio González Alcantud Sobre el Rogui Bu Hamara y el colonialismo español antes del Protectorado (1902-1909) ....................................................................... 171 Stephanie Fleischmann El cronotopo fracturado en la literatura de la Guerra del Rif (1921-1927). La narración de espacio y tiempo entre la tradición imaginaria y la experiencia de lo absurdo ................................................. 191 Dagmar Schmelzer El “paisaje de guerra” marroquí en Imán (1930) de Ramón J. Sender ....... 213 Mechthild Albert “El violento contraste entre dos civilizaciones”. Ambigüedades del discurso africano en La pared de tela de araña (1924) de Tomás Borrás ...................................................................................... 249 Christian Grünnagel ¿Aixa en su huerta y “África a sus pies”? Masculinidad española, ridícula e impotente, y feminidad “mora”, risueña y triunfante en El blocao (1928) de José Díaz Fernández. Orientalismo y estructura narrativa .................................................................................. 267 Maria Malkowska La colonización de África a través de la imagen. El Pabellón de Marruecos en la Exposición Iberoamericana de Sevilla (1929) ................. 291 Claudia Nickel “Tres años de Sáhara”: escribir sobre el internamiento en los campos norteafricanos tras la Guerra Civil española ............................................. 311 Volker Jaeckel La mirada cinematográfica sobre Marruecos desde la Guerra Civil española ................................................................................................... 331 Susan Martin-Márquez Propaganda fallida, militancia minada: África y el cine documental hegemónico y disidente durante el régimen de Franco ............................. 351 Walther L. Bernecker La descolonización del Sáhara Occidental ................................................ 373 Julio Peñate Rivero De cómo el sueño deriva en pesadilla: Marruecos en el pasado y en el presente de Lorenzo Silva................................................................. 395 Elke Richter Representaciones de África: la inmigración clandestina en el cine español 413 Sabine Schmitz Un punto de encuentro hasta ahora ignorado: de la diferencia determinante entre las modalidades de espacios musulmanes construidos en la narrativa contemporánea y en los estudios sociológicos de España ............................................................................. 429 Sobre los autores .............................................................................................. 451 Introducción: EL OTRO COLONIALISMO Christian von Tschilschke y Jan-Henrik Witthaus Aunque el sueño español de ensanchar sus fronteras y expandirse hacia el Norte de África ya era muy antiguo y todavía en 1504 Isabel la Católica ex- hortaba en su testamento a sus descendientes a “que no cesen de la conquis- ta de África”, con el descubrimiento de las Indias este “otro colonialismo” pronto se abandonó a favor del proyecto infinitamente más prometedor de la colonización de los nuevos territorios del continente americano. Como con- secuencia de esto, el estrecho entre España y África se convierte, durante tres siglos, en una “frontera olvidada” —segun la expresión de Andrew C. Hess (1978)— , hasta que a finales del siglo xviii y durante el xix el interés colo- nial español apunta nuevamente a África, aunque bajo condiciones geopolí- ticas fundamentalmente diferentes a las de la temprana Edad Moderna. El “neocolonialismo” español culmina en dos guerras: la Guerra de África de 1859-1860 y la Guerra del Rif de 1921 a 1926. En este sentido, se puede hablar en particular de otro colonialismo principalmente por dos motivos: por una parte, el compromiso español en el Norte de África se ejecuta como un movimiento para compensar la pérdida del imperio colonial español en América; por otra, en ocasiones, la gran cercanía geográfica y cultural entre España y África hace ver al colonizador España como parte de África. Es sobre todo este aspecto identitario el que le otorga al discurso africano es- pañol una complejidad y contradicción que va mucho más allá del simple proyecto imperialista de la colonización del Norte de África1. La actualidad 1 En su libro Disorientations. Spanish Colonialism in Africa and the Performance of Identity (traducido al español en 2011) Susan Martin-Márquez caracteriza esta situación de manera muy acertada: “Spain is a nation that is at once Orientalized and Orientalizing. The dynamic 10 Christian von Tschilschke y Jan-Henrik Witthaus que la temática sigue poseyendo en España hasta hoy en día se hace evidente no solo por la presencia que ha ganado en el discurso de las culturas de la memoria durante el último decenio, sino también por el debate público en torno a los recientes movimientos migratorios, y en especial a la inmigración irregular, un debate que muestra claros rasgos de la herencia colonialista. Contra este telón de fondo, el objetivo del presente volumen es jalonar un vasto campo de investigación: el de la representación de las relaciones coloniales y poscoloniales entre España y el Norte de África, enfocadas prin- cipalmente desde la perspectiva española. A pesar de su inmensa trascen- dencia histórica, política, literaria y cultural, a ese tema no se le ha venido prestando mayor atención en España, Alemania y Estados Unidos por parte de diferentes disciplinas, ante todo la historiografía y las ciencias literarias y culturales, hasta el pasado reciente2. Partimos, por tanto, de la convicción de que, por medio del estudio científico de casos concretos, de un análisis dis- cursivo y de campo, debe surgir un amplio espectro de referencias españolas al Norte de África que se extendería temporalmente de la segunda mitad del siglo xviii hasta el presente inmediato y que abarcaría además de diferentes géneros (la relación de viajes, la crónica, el diario, la novela, la poesía lírica, el drama, el ensayo, el reportaje de prensa, el discurso político e historiográ- fico, etc.) también medios visuales antiguos y nuevos (pintura, fotografía, largometrajes y documentales, televisión, etc.). La orientación temática del resembles a Möbius strip, calling into question the possibility of any location ‘outside’ Orientalist discourse. For Spaniards,
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