2.2 the Origins of the Wildlife Trusts As A
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Durham E-Theses Environmental education and the non-governmental organisation: a case study of the wildlife trusts Birch, Joanna C. How to cite: Birch, Joanna C. (2003) Environmental education and the non-governmental organisation: a case study of the wildlife trusts, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4020/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Environmental Education and the Non-Governmental Organisation - A Case Study of The WildHfe Trusts The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Joanna C. Birch A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the University of Durham School of Education February 2003 One Volume -^7 JUUOO:^ Declaration No part of this thesis has been submitted previously for a degree at this or any other university. Research for the Review of The Wildlife Trusts' Education was joint research (with J.A. Palmer) reported in the Final Report of this review. Where appropriate, this is referred to in this thesis. The research undertaken for the purpose of this PhD is entirely original, whilst set in the context of the education review. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published in any form, including electronic and the Internet, without her prior written consent and information derived from this thesis must be acknowledged appropriately. Acknowledgements This research has been completed with the support of many people. I owe special thanks to; Joy for her advice, patience and encouragement whilst supervising this study. Thank you Joy for introducing me to Cleo's big skies of Northumberland, the poppy field and the trees on the hill; Brian, for being the inspirational geographer and educator who gave me confidence during the early days; The many people working and volunteering for The Wildlife Trusts who spent time talking to me and making this research possible; Durham County Council - Maggie and Ed - for putting me in touch with members of the Agenda 21 Community Action Forum; Jennifer and Chris for their assistance and guidance with diagrams and figures; Staff and students I have worked with, my friends and those in Hatfield College (thank you Rach) and especially Theo who has kept me laughing; The original Old One, for keeping me in one piece; My parents, whose faith in me has meant everything. I think this is what happens after many sunrises, stargazes and adventures at sea. Mom and Dad - I am grateful for your ever-listening ears and proofreading eyes; Nigel, thank you for your IT wizardry and attention to detail, for marrying me at the crazy time of completing this work and for your love and serenity. Personal note: Readers will observe that the Final Report (Palmer and Lancaster 1999) of The Wildlife Trusts' Review is in the names of J.A.Palmer and J.C.Lancaster, the latter being the maiden name of the author of this thesis. Abstract Environmental Education and the Non-Governmental Organisation - A Case Study of The Wildlife Trusts Joanna C. Birch 2003 This thesis describes and discusses an investigation into the education provision of The WildHfe Trusts as a UK environmental non-governmental organisation (NGO), comprising 47 local Trusts. Prior to this study, The Wildlife Trusts organisation had not been examined as a whole partnership, as an NGO or as a provider of environmental education. Research questions focus upon what The Wildlife Trusts does as an organisation in terms of providing environmental education and the associated limits and potentials. Specific areas of investigation are The Wildlife Trusts' educational activities, its strengths and weaknesses and its educational culture. Such enquiry is valuable for The Wildlife Trusts itself, other NGOs, environmental educators and indeed all concerned with environmental education provision. The empirical work was conducted as a research-based case study and derives and builds upon research done for a commissioned review of The Wildlife Trusts' education provision. The thesis is influenced by Grounded Theory and draws predominantly on qualitative, but also quantitative techniques for data analysis and presentation. Interviews with Wildlife Trust personnel provided the primary source of data, supported by questionnaires, documentation obtained from Trusts and the author's personal field notes. It is concluded that The Wildlife Trusts deliver numerous and diverse educational activities, yet neither as a unified NGO nor in sufficient partnership with other NGOs. The Wildlife Trusts is well placed to tailor activities effectively to local community audiences. It is recommended that The Wildlife Trusts overcome internally held negative attitudes towards 'education' through strengthening internal communications and developing a broader concept of 'people work'. It is argued that The Wildlife Trusts NGO has the potential to provide environmental education for all ages in both formal and informal education settings, in particular by providing outdoor and affective experiences on Trusts' reserves. Contents Chapter 1 Introduction / 1.1 Inspiration, aims and implications 1 1.2 Thesis organisation 4 Chapter 2 The Wildlife Trusts and the conservation movement 8 2.1 Overview of Chapter 2 8 2.2 The origins of The Wildlife Trusts as a conservation organisation - its establishment and growth through the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves and the County Trusts. 8 2.2.1 The aims of the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves 8 2.2.2 Early public involvement 9 2.2.3 The origins of the SPNR nature reserves 9 2.2.4 The formation of the County Trusts 10 2.2.5 Conservation for scientific understanding 11 2.2.6 Reserves for public education 12 2.2.7 Challenges for the SPNR and the County Trusts 13 2.2.8 Expansion of the County Trusts 14 2.2.9 A rise in popularity for the conservation movement 15 2.2.10 The transition from the SPNR to the RSNC 16 2.3 Conservation and people - the involvement of a wider public in the conservation movement. 16 2.3.1 Education of the public 16 2.3.2 Publicity and public relations 18 2.3.3 Understanding members and volunteers 20 2.3.4 Connecting people with nature 23 2.3.5 Community participation 24 2.3.6 Conservationists' links with commerce 28 2.4 Summary of Chapter 2. 30 Chapter 3 Non-governmental organisations - NGO characteristics and the place of The Wildlife Trusts as a UK environmental NGO. 32 3.1 Overview of Chapter 3 32 3.2 Understanding NGOs 32 3.2.1 NGOs as distinct from governments 32 3.2.2 NGOs and political theory 33 3.2.3 NGO characteristics and influences upon their success 35 3.2.4 A global context for NGOs 36 3.3 New themes for NGOs - Biodiversity and SustainabiUty 39 3.3.1 Biodiversity 39 3.3.2 Sustainability 42 3.4 The Wildlife Trusts as an NGO 46 3.4.1 The Wildlife Trusts' links with Government 46 3.4.2 The Wildlife Trusts as a global NGO 48 3.4.3 The Wildlife Trusts and other NGOs 51 3.5 Summary of Chapter 3 62 Chapter 4 Environmental education: development of understanding and approaches 64 4.1 Overview of Chapter 4 64 4.2 The influence of conferences, initiatives and publications 64 4.2.1 Understanding the term'environmental education' 64 4.2.2 Environmental education initiatives of the 1970s 65 4.2.3 Environmental education within UK formal education 66 4.2.4 Education for Sustainable Development within schools 67 4.3 The influence of environmental education research 69 4.3.1 Changes and trends in environmental education thinking and research 69 4.3.2 Research into people's relationship with environment: development of a 'pro-environmental disposition' or PED 71 4.4 Linking environmental education initiatives, research and practice 92 4.4.1 Parallels and anomalies between research and proposed practice 92 4.4.2 Implications of initiatives and research for The Wildlife Trusts and other NGOs 94 4.5 Summary of Chapter 4 99 Chapter 5 Methodology 102 5.1 Overview of Chapter 5 102 5.2 Origins and Aims of Research 102 5.2.1 Origins of Research 102 5.2.2 Aims of Research 104 5.3 Selection of Research Focus 105 5.3.1 The Wildlife Trusts as a Case Study 105 5.3.2 Selection of the sample 107 5.4 The Data Collection Procedure 114 5.4.1 Initial stages of data collection 114 5.4.2 Description of data sources 116 5.4.3 Explanation for choice of data sources 120 5.5 The Data analysis process 123 5.5.1 Organisation of the data 123 5.5.2 The coding procedure 127 5.5.3 Data presentation 131 5.5.4 A qualitative - quantitative balance 135 5.5.5 Theory building 136 5.6 Methodological issues and limitations 137 5.6.1 The place of the researcher within the study 137 5.6.2 Methodological limitations 139 5.6.3 Methodological strengths 142 5.6.4 Influential research 143 5.7 Summary