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Environmental Assessment of a Marine Geophysical Survey by the R/V Marcus G. Langseth in the Pacific Ocean off Costa Rica, April–May 2011 Draft Prepared for Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory 61 Route 9W, P.O. Box 1000 Palisades, NY 10964-8000 and National Science Foundation Division of Ocean Sciences 4201 Wilson Blvd., Suite 725 Arlington, VA 22230 by LGL Ltd., environmental research associates 22 Fisher St., POB 280 King City, Ont. L7B 1A6 20 October 2010 Revised 1 November 2010 LGL Report TA4926-1 Environmental Assessment for L-DEO’s Costa Rica Seismic Survey, 2011 Page ii Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................... viii I. PURPOSE AND NEED .................................................................................................................................. 1 II. ALTERNATIVES INCLUDING PROPOSED ACTION ..................................................................................... 1 Proposed Action ................................................................................................................................. 2 (1) Project Objectives and Context .......................................................................................... 2 (2) Proposed Activities ............................................................................................................. 2 (3) Monitoring and Mitigation Measures ................................................................................. 5 Alternative Action: Another Time .................................................................................................... 13 No Action Alternative ...................................................................................................................... 14 III. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................................... 14 Oceanography ................................................................................................................................... 14 Protected Areas ................................................................................................................................. 15 Marine Mammals .............................................................................................................................. 16 (1) Mysticetes ......................................................................................................................... 18 (2) Odontocetes ...................................................................................................................... 23 (3) Pinnipeds .......................................................................................................................... 35 Seabirds ............................................................................................................................................ 36 (1) California Least Tern ........................................................................................................ 36 (2) Galápagos Petrel ............................................................................................................... 36 Sea Turtles ........................................................................................................................................ 36 (1) Leatherback Turtle ........................................................................................................... 37 (2) Loggerhead Turtle ............................................................................................................ 38 (3) Green Turtle ..................................................................................................................... 39 (4) Hawksbill Turtle ............................................................................................................... 40 (5) Olive Ridley Turtle ........................................................................................................... 41 IV. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES...................................................................................................... 42 Proposed Action ............................................................................................................................... 42 (1) Direct Effects and Their Significance .............................................................................. 42 (2) Mitigation Measures ......................................................................................................... 56 (3) Numbers of Marine Mammals that could be Exposed to Various Received Sound Levels .......................................................................................................................... 56 (4) Conclusions for Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles ......................................................... 61 (5) Direct Effects on Fish and Their Significance .................................................................. 62 (6) Direct Effects on Invertebrates and Their Significance .................................................... 65 (7) Direct Effects on Seabirds and Their Significance ........................................................... 66 (8) Indirect Effects on Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles, and Their Significance .................... 67 (9) Cumulative Effects ........................................................................................................... 67 (10) Unavoidable Impacts ...................................................................................................... 72 Environmental Assessment for L-DEO’s Costa Rica Seismic Survey, 2011 Page iii Table of Contents (11) Coordination with Other Agencies and Processes .......................................................... 72 Alternative Action: Another Time .................................................................................................... 73 No Action Alternative ...................................................................................................................... 73 V. LIST OF PREPARERS ................................................................................................................................ 74 VI. LITERATURE CITED ........................................................................................................................... 75 Marine Mammals and Acoustics ...................................................................................................... 75 Sea Turtles, Seabirds, Fish, and Other .............................................................................................. 94 APPENDIX A: L-DEO MODELING FOR MARINE SEISMIC SOURCE ARRAYS FOR SPECIES MITIGATION .................................................................................................................................... 106 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 106 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 106 Modeling ........................................................................................................................................ 107 Units ............................................................................................................................................... 110 Calculating the exclusion zone ....................................................................................................... 111 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................... 120 APPENDIX B: REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS OF AIRGUN SOUNDS ON MARINE MAMMALS ............................ 121 1. Categories of Noise Effects ....................................................................................................... 121 2. Hearing Abilities of Marine Mammals ...................................................................................... 121 2.1 Toothed Whales ............................................................................................................. 122 2.2 Baleen Whales ................................................................................................................ 122 2.3 Seals and Sea Lions ........................................................................................................ 123 2.4 Manatees and Dugong .................................................................................................... 123 2.5 Sea Otter and Polar Bear ............................................................................................... 124 3. Characteristics of Airgun Sounds .............................................................................................. 124 4. Masking Effects of Airgun Sounds ........................................................................................... 126 5. Disturbance by Seismic Surveys ............................................................................................... 127 5.1 Baleen Whales ...............................................................................................................
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