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Apparatus (1975 - 2010) The Ministries of Culture and Industry The Arab highway in Lebanon November 2010 | Tourists and touristic sites 100 The Monthly interviews Agial art gallery issue number www.iimonthly.com • Published by Information International sal SHARING THE LEBANESE GOVERNMENT APPARATUS (1975 - 2010) Lebanon 5,000LL | Saudi Arabia 15SR | UAE 15DHR | Jordan 2JD| Syria 75SYP | Iraq 3,500IQD | Kuwait 1.5KD | Qatar 15QR | Bahrain 2BD | Oman 2OR | Yemen 15YRI | Egypt 10EP | Europe 5Euros INDEX 4 LEADER: SHARING THE LEBANESE GOVERNMENT APPARATUS (1975 - 2010) 11 The Arab highway in Lebanon 12 The Ministry of Culture 14 The Ministry of Industry 16 Tourists and Touristic Sites 19 Parliamentary Immunity 20 Property Ownership by Non-Lebanese 26 Syndicate of Professional Filmmakers in Lebanon 28 Bishmizzine high school Page 37 30 Dizziness and Vertigo by Dr. Hanna Saadah 31 Fatherland by Dr. Hanna Saadah 32 Medicine’s exciting journey in search of intelligence by Antoine Boutros 33 The Monthly interviews Agial Art gallery 35 INMA funds the repatriation of Maurice Page 12 Page 26 Dunand Archives on Byblos excavations 42 36 Hezbollah in the eyes of Muslim Popular culture zua’ama and figures 37 Myth #39: Lebanese Immigration 43 September 2010 Timeline in Lebanon 38 Must-read books: Notables & Clergy in Mount 46 Infrastructure in Egypt Lebanon 47 39 Real estate index in Lebanon- Must-read children’s book: “The Zucchini Story” September 2010 40 Lebanon Families: Nawfal Families 48 Food Price Index - September 2010 41 Discover Lebanon: Ain Saadeh 50 Swine Flu (Influenza H1N1 2009) 50 Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport - September 2010 51 Lebanon stats Editorialﹺ | 3 BOOKKEEPERS It is not in defense of the Minister of Finance1 nor of Fouad Siniora that I pose the following question: where was the opposition at the beginning of the 1990s when Lebanon’s successive governments embarked on the In his article ‘The Myth of Irrational current economic path that enjoyed the vote of confidence Numbers’, like 1/3 = 0.333…, 1/6 of most elected parliamentarians of that era? Why this = 0.666…, 1/7 = 0.1428571, James sudden awakening to audit public spending in spite of Asher says: the overwhelming support to bring back Fouad Siniora as Prime Minister following the Doha meetings? “[…] irrationals are manufactured creating the myth that the irrationals are actually numbers. They It is said that there exist two types of numbers, those are not. They are artifacts of a flaw in long division. that we study and those we invent. It seems that the so They are a “red herring” to use a metaphor from called opposition does not study while the so called pro- Sherlock Homes. They led us on a merry chase government coalition is busy inventing. through volumes of math books. The irrationals are not in the set of real numbers”.2 Furthermore, where were the leaders of March 14 when the country was being plundered during the civil war Such is the story of truth, justice and numbers in and again after the Ta’ef Accord? They want justice Lebanon. now? What about justice for those who disappeared at militia manned checkpoints during the civil war; what about those who perished in Nahr El Bared, what about the Lebanese soldiers that were killed in unexplained circumstances? Here, it is appropriate to mention the saying: when seeking to achieve Justice, the innocent is often trampled. The fact is that the so called opposition does not truly want to stop the wasting of public funds and the so called pro-government coalition is not seeking justice. They say, we have ‘politically’ accused Syria of Hariri’s assassination, we have ‘politically’ accused the so called pro-government bloc of treason, and we also ‘politically’ kept quiet about the wasting of public funds. However, today the truth is being sought through the International Tribunal, the indictment of the false witnesses and the auditing of public accounts. But the fact of the matter is that none of these will lead to the truth. Nonetheless, the Lebanese people will be thrilled to have bookkeepers keeping score, amongst both the so called opposition and the so called pro-government coalition. Both have mastered the art of calculating the length of the path to justice and to curbing corruption. The situation in the country might explode politically and violently, if our Zua’ama are so instructed. Likewise, the situation may suddenly become quiet if they are instructed otherwise. 1 Rayya Al-Hassan. 2 http://www.tpr-world.com/irrational _ numbers.pdf issue 100 - November 2010 4 | Leader SHARING THE LEBANESE GOVERNMENT APPARATUS (1975 - 2010) SHARING THE LEBANESE GOVERNMENT APPARATUS Between Muslim and Christian Zua’ama Before and After 1975 as the war that Lebanon witnessed between 1975 and 1990 a Lebanese civil war or the war of others on Lebanese soil? While the Lebanese, among others, are split on the characterization of the war, which ended Wwith the adoption of the Ta’ef agreement, all sides agree on the factors that led to the breakout of the war. Domestic issues that escalated tensions include Lebanon’s confessional structure, the faulty distribution of power among the various confessions, the lack of development and the marginalization of rural areas. The intensification of Zua’ama rivalry for the spoils of the State coupled with regional factors that stem from the Arab-Israeli conflict, such as the presence of both civilian and armed Palestinians in Lebanon and other international elements, also greatly contributed to the outbreak of violence. On the domestic level, Muslim Zua’ama began confessional group”. The rule of confessional representation demanding for the equal distribution of power and was abolished and its implementation in Grade One posts administration between them and Christian Zua’ama since and elsewhere considered a violation of the Constitution. the establishment of the Lebanese entity in 1920, and However, the implementation of this article in Grade One later in the post-independence period, in order to prevent posts served to change the confessional affiliation of some monopolization by the Christian majority of the most director generals. influential and active positions in the administration. They saw the population growth to be in favor of Muslims, Three Presidencies – Continuation of Old which meant that the grounds on which the Christians held Practices more power — their larger population — were no longer Since Lebanon’s independence, it has been customary legitimate. Thus, based on their new financial and social to distribute the top three positions in government by status, the Muslims demanded amendments of the political, confession: military and administrative distribution of power, as well A The post of president of the republic goes to the as a change in the system that dictates this distribution. Maronite confession. Since its independence, Lebanon has had 11 Maronite presidents. Old Article 95 A The post of speaker of parliament goes to the Shia’a Article 95 of the Constitution was used as the basis for power confession, except in October 1946 when Orthodox distribution among Lebanese confessions of the Zua’ama Habib Abi Shahla was elected speaker. Since its of these confessions. It stipulated that: “Temporarily and independence, Lebanon has had six Shia’a speakers of in search of justice and accord, confessions are justly parliament. represented in public services and in the formation of A The post of prime minister goes to the Sunni the cabinet without causing harm to the state’s interest.” confession, except in September 1952, when the then Muslim Zua’ama considered that “confessional justice” in army commander General Fouad Chehab occupied the the distribution of political and administrative posts was post for 18 days, and in September 1988, when the then not being respected. army commander General Michel Aoun was premier for two years. Since its independence, Lebanon has New Article 95 had 22 Sunni prime ministers. After the ratification of the National Accord Charter, or the Ta’ef Accord, many constitutional articles were amended Parliament: Transition from 6/5 to 50-50 to conform to the content of the charter, which ended the The first legislative elections took place on the eve of Lebanese war. Among the most significant articles that Lebanon’s Independence in 1943. The 55 parliament seats were amended was Article 95, which confirmed equality were divided on the basis of the 5/6 rule, or 25 Muslim between Muslims and Christians in parliament, in the members of parliament (MPs) versus 30 Christian MPs. formation of the cabinet, in Grade One posts and their The rule continued to be applied in all the elections that equivalents “without reserving any particular job for any followed, despite the change in the number of MPs. issue 100 - published by Information International s.a.l. SHARING THE LEBANESE GOVERNMENT APPARATUS (1975 - 2010) Leader | 5 Under the law that was ratified in 1960 and on the basis of A’alawite confession was not represented. which elections were held in 1960, 1964, 1968 and 1972, In a 30-member government, as has been the case for the the number of MPs rose to 99, with 45 Muslim MPs and line-up of most governments since the Ta’ef, ministers are 54 Christian MPs. distributed as follows: Following the signature of the Ta’ef accord, Article 24 A Maronite: 6 ministers of the Constitution was amended in 1990 and the 50-50 A Greek Orthodox: 4 ministers rule in parliament was adopted, so that elections would A Catholic: 3 ministers no longer be dependent on confessional considerations
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