The World Congress of Sociology of Sport June 12‐15, 2013 Book of Abstrracts

www.issa2013.org

ISSA 2013 World Congress – Book of Abstracts

Keynote of new facilities, reinvigorated sport organisations, Thursday, June 13, 2013 modern equipment and possible growth in sport 9:00 AM ‐ 10:30 AM participation. This paper is focused on this last Salon A idea, exploring the impact hosting mega‐sport events have had on sport participation in Australia. Sport, Music and Song: Ways of Seeing Aboriginal The study is focused on three recent events: the Identities in Modern Sydney 2000 ; the 2003 Rugby Alan Bairner, University of Loughborough (United World Cup; and the 2006 Melbourne Kingdom) [email protected] . While some studies suggested that sport participation did increase in Relatively little is known outside Taiwan about the Australia following the staging of the 2000 island’s indigenous minority. Indeed, some of the Olympics, the failure of associated organisations to most successful members of this group – those maintain consistent data makes it difficult to who have played MLB such as Chin‐feng Chen and support this conclusion. Post 2000, the Chin‐hui Tsao – are probably not even known to development of a more consistent data, and the belong to indigenous tribes except by the most increasing discourse surrounding the concept of obsessive aficionados. The main aim of this sport participation legacy, it is now possible to presentation is to demonstrate that by focussing examine sport participation trends in Australia with on relatively small, local case studies, it is possible more certainty. This research analysed sport to contribute to broader debates. The talk registration data collected from national specifically addresses the place in Taiwanese federations as well as data collected from the society of indigenous people, who make up only Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Australian 2% of the island’s population, with particular Sport Commission. The findings present a mixed reference to the of identity. What is picture. It is evident in some sports, particularly at revealed, however, is intended to throw light on a the junior level, that elite success and the hosting wide range of issues that have resonance of major events resulted in a short‐term extending well beyond the shores of Taiwan. These participation bounce. However, this growth was include the spread of Christianity, colonialism and often not sustained over the longer‐term. its legacy, national identity, memory, authenticity, the symbolic importance of space, and the Social Leveraging of Elite and Mass Participation relationship between popular culture and identity Events: a Case Study of the Tour of Flanders formation. Inge Derom, University of British Columbia, School of Kinesiology () [email protected] Robert VanWynsberghe, University of British Sport Mega‐Events Columbia (Canada) [email protected] Thursday, June 13, 2013 11:00 AM ‐ 12:30 PM Governments increasingly invest in the hosting of Salon A sport events. In order to gain support for hosting, governments reconcile economic and political Participation Legacy and the Hosting of Mega‐ objectives with local popular cultural and social Sport Events ones. Different levels of government strategically Stephen Frawley, University of Technology Sydney use sport events as a vehicle to achieve positive (Australia) [email protected] social outcomes. This process is known as social leveraging. The legacy of a mega‐sport event for a host nation or city can take many forms. This can include non‐ This presentation details research examining social sporting gains such as urban renewal, destination leveraging of the most popular annual cycling and associated economic development. event in Belgium: the Tour of Flanders. In this Sport related benefits can include the development

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event elite cyclists participate in a 258 km race materialized within the local context. In particular, from Bruges to Oudenaarde with 600,000 to it will discuss the impact of the campaign on a 800,000 people watching along the route. group of young people (n=14) from a high school in Approximately 34 million people in Europe view the Greater Vancouver Area and demonstrate the elements of the Tour on television. Also, 16,000 manner in which public policies were used to amateur cyclists participate in the mass fashion a particular vision of an ideal citizen (both participation event. This year marks the 100th active and healthy) as oppose to creating lasting anniversary of the Tour, which is accompanied by health legacies for those living within host an additional investment of over €3 million from communities. the Flemish government to create sporting and cultural activities that are themed around the Tour, resulting in a cycling festival for citizens and Sport and Globalization international visitors. Thursday, June 13, 2013 11:00 AM ‐ 12:30 PM Qualitative in‐depth interviews are completed with Salon C members of the organizing body of the Tour of Flanders and government officials at the municipal, United Students Against Sweatshops: Social provincial, and regional levels who host the event. and Global Against Sweatshops Results show that the social leveraging framework Where Sporting Goods for Universities Are Made can be extended from a linear to an iterative George Sage, Retired () process. This submission not only discusses how [email protected] the Tour of Flanders is leveraged, but also how strategic objectives differ among levels of A fundamental feature of capitalism is the government and how event‐themed activities exploitation of labor. The result has been persisting change public policy and the built and/or social structured conflicts between workers and their environment in host cities. capitalist employers. Social movements organized by workers and their organizations and by activists Mandating Action: Leveraging the 2010 Winter on behalf of the workers have been an enduring Olympics characteristic of capitalist societies. Contemporary Amanda De Lisio, University of (Canada) sport is an integral component of the global [email protected] capitalist political economy. Sporting goods manufacturing is one of the most flourishing global In the wake of a sport mega‐event, host cities export‐processing industries. Sweatshop labor is invest enormously in order to create a favourable the dominant method employed by sporting goods impression of local communities to the (watching) and equipment suppliers. Beginning in the early world. The 2010 Winter Olympic host, 1990s Nike Social Movement campaigns brought Vancouver/Whistler, British Columbia, who strove their message about Nike’s Asian sweatshop to communities as the healthiest and factories to American university campuses. A rising greenest Olympic/Paralympic host in the world via tide of student activism led to the founding of the the creation of a provincial health campaign, United Students Against Sweatshops (USAS) in ActNow BC, proved to be no exception. In order to 1997, a grassroots organization of students who capture the attention of young people across the formed a powerful and dynamic social movement province, ActNow BC created support material for targeting Nike, Adidas, and other global sporting newly‐implemented school health policies. Using goods corporations, particularly those making qualitative data, this presentation will analyze the collegiate licensed products under unhealthy, extent to which ActNow BC policies and other unsafe, and unfair working conditions. In 2012 public strategies, socially leveraged (O’Brien and more than 200 college and university campuses in Chalip, 2007; 2008) around the Games, the United States had member chapters, in

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addition to dozens of organizations worldwide not and vis‐a‐vis the emergence of football as a vehicle formally linked to USAS. USAS has successfully of migration. adopted antisweatshop codes and institutional policies against sweatshops, especially sporting The Transnational Flow of Body Cultures:The goods firms who make collegiate licensed Globalization of Modern Yoga in the 20th Century merchandise. Combining qualitative methods Patricia Vertinsky, University British Columbia about USAS leaders, activists, and sweatshop (Canada) [email protected] workers, along with extensive document analyses, I employ a conflict/cultural perspective to examine Modern transnational yoga has increasingly various features of this social movement ‐‐ its became understood as a predominantly purpose, organization, methods, leadership Anglophone phenomenon in spite of its Asian strategies, and outcomes. inspirations ‐ one of the first and most successful products of globalization. Now one of the fastest Navigating Bodies, Borders and the Global Game: growing health and fitness activities, said to be Football, Out‐Migration & the Adolescent Male ‘oxygen for the modern soul,’ modern yoga can be Body in found everywhere among the affluent, educated Darragh McGee, University of Toronto (Canada) and especially women. This paper will discuss how [email protected] interest in yoga thought and practices began to grow in the late 19th century as the result of an How do adolescent males in West Africa ongoing dialogical exchange between modern body understand and experience the game of football in culture techniques originating in the West and the their everyday lives? And in a localized youth various discourses of modern Hindu yoga that culture which is increasingly defined by the spectre circulated throughout the nineteenth century. It of out‐migration, to what extent is the practice of will focus especially upon the feminization of hatha playing football allied to, and a vehicle for, the yoga as it was reframed and incorporated into ubiquitous desire to 'go outside'? The proposed female physical culture practices in the West paper is framed around such pertinent empirical during the 20th century and examine claims about questions, revealing the way in which subjective some of the risks and benefits which have flowed articulations of what it means to 'play the game' from this classic example of Hobsbawm’s ‘invention for adolescent males in West Africa are both a of traditions.’ As Anne Harrington reminds us in localized manifestation of, and a corporeal relation to the history of mind‐body medicine, response to, the crystallization of a European eastward journeys rarely take us into another football labor market and the concomitant world for they are located within colonial cultural proliferation of talent recruitment initiatives on the discourses and narratives that have already African . The unique contribution of this established themselves as familiar. They simply paper lies in its capacity to shed new light on the take us deeper into ourselves. precarity of the adolescent male body in late modernity, situating its dialectical relationship with the market forces of neo‐liberal capitalism, and to our understanding of how athletic bodies move through, act on, and negotiate the enabling and constraining parameters of global sport. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork in and semi‐structured interviews with adolescent males, the paper seeks to explicate the contextually‐ specific meanings of education, work and play as they are inculcated in the adolescent male body,

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Sport Spectatorship and Fandom Understanding Gender Relations Among Sport Thursday, June 13, 2013 Fans 11:00 AM ‐ 12:30 PM Katie Sveinson, University of Regina (Canada) Salon D [email protected] Larena Hoeber, University of Regina (Canada) Female Fans’ Experience of the Significance of the [email protected] Supporters’ Trust Movement Caroline Dunn, Regent's College London (United While there is evidence that both women and men Kingdom) [email protected] support sport teams and players (Fink, Trail, & Anderson, 2002; James & Ridinger, 2002; Robinson This paper looks in detail at how female fans have & Trail, 2005), sport fandom is commonly reported their experience of the supporters' trust understood as a male activity (Pope, 2011; Wann, movement in England: a new, democratic and Melnick, Russell, & Pease, 2001). Women are equitable way for supporters to become involved in marginalized as sport fans by men, who question the life of their club, and become part of a fan their knowledge and commitment, thus reinforcing community broader than simple club allegiance. their superiority over women (Crawford & Gosling, 2004; Pope, 2011). There is also evidence that Based on the narratives of my respondents, this women are involved in marginalizing other women paper suggests that the trusts' democratic as sport fans (Jones, 2008). One gap in the sport framework makes it uniquely accessible to female fan literature, however, is an examination of men fans; involvement is open to everyone, and holding and women’s lived experiences as fans, with a office in the supporters’ trust movement is specific focus on their interactions at the local level dependent on a one‐member‐one‐vote election to negotiate relationships between and among rather than on one’s existing social network of them. As Crawford (2004, p. 54) noted, “supporter fandom and having the ‘right’ contacts. communities are not just defined by a shared sense of belonging, but also by patterns of exclusion and Indeed, this paper presents anecdotal evidence even opposition to others.” Using the revised that suggests women are more likely to become concept of hegemonic masculinity, which involved in supporters’ trusts, possibly because “recognize[s] the agency of subordinated and combining motherhood with part‐time work or marginalized groups” (Connell & Messerschmidt being a stay‐at‐home mother with no paid work (2005, p. 847), the purpose of this study is to outside the home enables women to have more examine gender relations among sport fans within time to devote to this voluntary work. It draws a local context. parallels with the ‘support’ roles women seem to be expected to take in supporters’ movements (as A case study approach will be used to limit the opposed to roles that put them in the public eye), focus to fans of a particular team (Yin, 2009). In‐ and the ‘support’ roles women are expected to depth interviews will be conducted with 16 – 24 take in other situations, such as within the men and women who self‐identify as fans of the domestic sphere and in conversation. same Canadian professional sport team. The data will be analyzed through assigning codes, and It also discusses the particularly ‘gendered’ roles identifying categories and themes (Strauss & assumed by people within the movement, and how Corbin, 1990). respondents felt they were perceived by male fellow fans, with some feeling that putting oneself in a more visible role within the fanbase opens them up to sexism.

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Female Rugby Union Fandom Pleasures: Analysing simultaneously perpetuating a myth that Content and Context in Focus Group Talk participants are reckless, risk‐seeking Camilla Obel, University of Canterbury (New hedonists. This image, however, is being Zealand) [email protected] challenged with increasing numbers of older male and female surfers taking to the water. Drawing on This paper investigates conversations between interviews with (what the media have dubbed) New Zealand female fans of male rugby union in ‘silver surfers’, I explore the experiences of older focus group talk. In focus group discussions fans people who surf. While ageing is often exchanged knowledge about playing strategies, conceptualised as a phase of cognitive and physical rules changes, predictions for their teams, and decline, surfing is being used as an identity joked about their attraction to favourite players. resource in the extension of ‘mid‐life’ They did not dismiss a romantic interest in certain (Featherstone & Hepworth, 1991) and in the players, although they did not see this interest as process of negotiating (anxieties about) ageing most important to their fandom, nor did they (Tulle, 2008). I highlight the ways in which older underplay their knowledge of the sport. More surfers challenge dominant discourses about importantly, they did not consider these passions physical activity, risk, age, and gender as incompatible, but rather reasoned that overall embodiment. Yet, in accordance with the politics they brought an immense pleasure and pride to of neoliberalism, ageing is increasingly seen as a their lives and enabled them to ‘let loose’. In this life‐phase where individuals can, and indeed are paper I draw on sociological accounts of sports fans increasingly required to keep themselves physically and focus group methodology to explore the and cognitively healthy (c.f.Millington, 2012) via participants’ interaction and talk about their adopting appropriate sport and leisure fandom. While academic attention to female sports activities. The paper therefore considers the ways fandom has provided some critical challenges to in which neoliberal discourses of health ‐ in which the assumption that sports fandom equates to consumer‐citizens take personal responsibility for masculine fandom, limited information is available their well‐being – influences surfing identities, on feminized or feminine sports fandom pleasures practices and discourses. and practices (Tanaka 2004; Kim 2004). In the paper focus group conversations are reproduced in Living by Numbers: Press Reporting of Elite order to show how fandom identities are Athletes’ Ageing constructed in interactions between the women Emmanuelle Tulle, Glasgow Caledonian University who share experiences, sometimes agreeing and (United Kingdom) [email protected] sometimes disagreeing and modify their opinions about the pleasures of being a female fan of male Lay and scientific pronouncements about ageing rugby union. are ostensibly in transition. Whilst biomedicine continues to inform the dominant discourse of old age and ageing, associating ageing with inevitable Sport, Physical Activity and Ageing biological decline and extending this to Thursday, June 13, 2013 psychological and social ageing, there is evidence 11:00 AM ‐ 12:30 PM that within this discursive space that ageing Salon E decrements can be counteracted by inter alia physical activity interventions targeted at Sport, Ageing and Embodiment Amongst Silver improving physiological and biomechanical Surfers function. The ageing body is therefore under Belinda Wheaton, University of Brighton (United reconstruction: from an intractable to a malleable Kingdom) [email protected] body, a failing body to a body in progress. There is also a new cultural economy of ageing which is a Images of surfing have tended to reflect consumer response to the wholesale marginalization of the culture’s fascination with youthfulness,

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old. The body is problematized as contributing to Sport in Asia social and cultural ageing and its reconstruction as Thursday, June 13, 2013 a malleable body endowed with physical capital 11:00 AM ‐ 12:30 PM may offer the opportunity to resist ageing as Salon F framed within a decline narrative. Underdog Boxers as Social Products: How This paper will explore how the ageing of well Nameless Filipino Pugilists Constitute the Bottom known male elite athletes – Lance Armstrong and of the Asian Boxing Market Roger Federer ‐ has been dealt with in the Tomonori Ishioka, Hokkaido University () Anglophone and Francophone written press. I will [email protected] show how an extended career in the athletic field positions these athletes in an ambiguous relation Through the cases of nameless Filipino migrant to the dominant discourse of old age. In particular boxers, this study aims to illuminate the social I will show how the strategic deployment of structures of the Asian boxing market and its numbers is used to encase these athletes’ bodies mechanism of constantly producing “underdog into a linear model of physical change, rendering opponents.” Recently, boxing popularity in the fluctuations in athletic capital (competence, has dramatically increased because of performance and income) into incontrovertible the emergence of a superstar, Manny Pacquiao. evidence of inevitable decline and that only However, countless anonymous Filipino boxers are exceptional reputational capital can rescue the considered as underdog opponents in the ring in athlete from the grips of this discourse. Japan, , and . For instance, in 1996, Filipino boxers fought 150 fights in Japan, but the The Embodied Pleasures of Physical Activity in result was 11 wins, 133 losses, and 6 draws. It Older Age. reflects the social positions of Filipino boxers in the Cassandra Phoenix, University of Exeter (United market that they take up the role expecting to lose. Kingdom) [email protected] However, the fact that Filipino boxers themselves Noreen Orr, University of Exeter (United Kingdom) aspire to engage into these roles should not be [email protected] overlooked. This is because of not only the relatively high price of purse but also the honors to The embodied pleasures of physicality have experience fights abroad. This study dissects the received little attention within sociological studies sociosymbolic relationships between the position of sport and exercise. This is particularly the case of Filipino boxers, which constitute the bottom of when it comes to the ageing (sporting) body. the Asian boxing market, and their disposition, Drawing from life history and visual data produced which is an engine to devote themselves to these with 50 regularly active adults age 60 years and disparity trades. By using Pierre Bourdieu’s theory over, this presentation will illustrate how pleasure of practice, this study presents an economic– is experienced with and through the active body in sociological investigation on the Asian boxing diverse and multiple ways. It argues that the market. embodied pleasures of being active in older age can provide alternative meanings of physical "Big Football Plan": Football Policy in Taiwan activity, which, in turn can offer a different way of (2010‐2013) promoting physical activity across the life course. Liang Kun Min, National Taiwan Sport University (Taiwan) [email protected] This presentation forms part of the Moving Stories project, funded by the ESRC (RES‐061‐30‐000551) This paper examines how the Taiwan Ministry of www.ecehh.org/publications/moving‐stories Education promotes the “Big Football Plan” and explores the relationship between participants since 2010 including FIFA, the Taiwan MoE, CTFA, and schools. This study evaluates the "Big Football

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Plan" policy and employs the method of semi‐ study is to provoke thinking about the role of sport structured interviews with government officials, media producers in peace promotion and in the the CTFA Secretary‐General and the international perpetuation of conflict and cultural violence, the group of cadres. This provides the basis of a critical potential impacts of on audiences, and discussion of the power relationship among the possibilities for developing more critically‐informed MOE, CTFA, and FIFA. In sum, this study finds some approaches to creating media messages. social effects and power relationships through the “Big Football Plan” in Taiwan. The Metamorphosis of “the Sick Man of ”: Bodily Discourse in the Chinese Press Key words: FIFA, football policy, Taiwan Coverage of Foreign and Chinese Athletes at the Olympics, 1984‐2012 Yiyin Ding, Waseda University (Japan) ding‐ Sport and Media [email protected] Thursday, June 13, 2013 1:30 PM ‐ 3:00 PM After the 2012 London Olympics climaxed in a Salon A magnificent finale, the Chinese team carried home a record 38 gold medals. This remarkable success Media Framings of in the London has taken further from the former 2012 Olympic Games stereotype of the “sick man of East Asia” and Liv Yoon, University of British Columbia (Canada) toward one of the leading ’ [email protected] powerhouses. The purpose of this research is to conduct a content analysis of bodily‐related In this presentation I report findings from an discourse in the Chinese press coverage of Chinese analysis of mainstream news‐media framings of athletes and foreign athletes to test the hypothesis North Korea’s participation in the London 2012 that the growing success of Chinese participation in Summer Olympics. The research was guided by the the modern Olympics has reshaped the Chinese following questions: 1) How was North Korea’s body perception. It also attempts to explore involvement in the Olympics understood and modern China’s role in the world and its relations portrayed within mainstream news‐media in South with other countries and regions. Korea and in a selection of other national contexts?; 2) What differences were there, if any, The content analysis searched for Olympic‐related between the South Korean coverage and other sport articles and/or headlines containing the international news‐media coverage?; and 3) What for body ‘身 (: Shen) /‘体’ might these differences imply about decision‐ (pinyin: Ti) during the eight summer Olympics that making processes in mainstream news‐media, China has taken part in since 1984, in two Chinese and/or about how journalists might be implicated newspapers: Titan Sport and the People’s Daily. in the promotion of stereotypes and/or The articles were analyzed for positive and xenophobia? negative bodily characteristics, and coded for the attribution of these characteristics to Chinese and The study draws on and assesses existing theory foreign athletes. Further comparisons were made and research on coverage of conflict, between the Chinese and major opponents from sport, and nationalism with particular attention to East Asia and the West (namely Europe and North the interrelated concepts of ideology, hegemony, America). The presentation will interpret the and Orientalism (Said, 2003). The analysis is guided hidden message behind the bodily representation by Norman Fairclough’s (1995) Critical Discourse of Chinese athletes such as the ways in which Analysis approach to examining how language Chinese athletes are perceived to be physically operates in framing events and topics in a manner inferior to athletes from the west but physically that may make some points or perspectives more superior to fellow East Asian athletes. visible than others. The overarching goal of the

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Nationalism and the National Sports and Gender Association Finals: An Analysis of Announcer Thursday, June 13, 2013 Discourse 1:30 PM ‐ 3:00 PM Olan Scott, Edith Cowan University (Australia) Salon C [email protected] Dwight Zakus, Griffith University (Australia) Male Gatekeepers as Access Points to Public [email protected] Spaces for South African Female Footballers One of the key themes of contemporary media is to Cassandra Ogunniyi, University of Johannesburg entertain the audience; a central “function of the (Canada) [email protected] media [is] for diversion and enjoyment, in which the media provide stories, features, music, and Discourses of hegemonic masculinity are films to make audiences laugh, cry, relax, or reflect associated with the historical and social rather than gain information” (Wilson, Gutierrez, & construction of power, control of spaces, and Chao, 2003, p. 40). Through the framing of sport relationships between men and women, broadcasts, which become the individual scripted masculinity and femininity. Public spaces continue storylines, commercial media seek to generate a to be dominated by men while private, domestic large viewership as possible in order to on‐sell spaces are occupied primarily by women. One of viewers to advertisers and sponsors. Entman the reasons women have struggled to gain access (2007) suggests that framing is a “process of culling to sports arenas is that sports are often located in a few elements of a perceived reality and the public community space, controlled and assembling a narrative that highlights connections dominated by men. In these contexts access for among them to promote a particular women remains restricted and limited. This interpretation” (p. 164). As such, this study seeks research examines twenty‐one comprehensive to uncover how the concept of nationalism was case studies within South African women’s football portrayed by commentators during the broadcasts (soccer) including interviews with players, parents, of the 2011 National Basketball Association finals. siblings, cousins, teachers and coaches. Qualitative Further, the scripting tactics will be uncovered that and quantitative methods were used for data were employed by sportscasters to possibly collection and analysis. The results confirmed past enhance the salience of storylines to viewers research that family composition and sport history through a post hoc reconstruction of scripts. While are important factors in children’s sport a wide body of literature exists on nationalism and participation patterns. In these cases, 19% of the sport, this research analyses a series of events not girls had a father that was the most influential and often studied, an NBA finals. A content analysis of 24% were influenced by an older brother or announcer discourse will be conducted to uncover cousin. In two of the cases, both the player’s how American (N=22) and international (N=8) mother and father had played soccer, however the professional basketball players were portrayed by father was still the most influential in the player’s announcers. A reliable and validated 15 category initiation into football. These cases demonstrate taxonomy (Scott, Hill, & Zakus, in press) will be that in order for women to gain entry into the used to analyze and evaluate the frames that were public sport sphere they required the assistance of used by announcers to depict NBA players. a gatekeeper such as a male sibling, parent or coach, or an intermediary such as a school sport team, which reinforces the dominance of men in controlling access to public spaces.

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Hard Choices: Career Paths of Men and Women in Sport, Gender and Sovereignty – A Research (and out of) Sport Industry Perspective Todd Crosset, University of Massachusetts, Gertrud Pfister, University of Copenhagen Amherst (United States) (Denmark) [email protected] [email protected] In this presentation, I will define the terms gender This presentation is a slice of an on‐going 10 year and sovereignty , describe the propagation and longitudinal study that employs both qualitative interactions of these concept and provide an and quantitative methods to explore the impact of overview about the development and the current gender on the career trajectory, satisfaction and state of research in the field of sport sciences. the choices of mid‐career managers and executives Subsequently, information will be given on sport in the sport industry. related gender differences and gender hierarchies in the sport systems of Western countries. A focus Although, women’s participation in sport has will be on of participation rates of men and expanded dramatically, sport remains a male women, on the gender proportions among sport dominated profession (Carpenter and Acosta, leaders and coaches as well as on the media 2010) . The objective of this project is 1.) to coverage of men’s and women’s sports. describe women’s “place” within the sport industry over time. Have women made inroads into the In the second part of the presentation, I will refer management of sport? If so where? 2.) to explore to potential reasons for the gender differences and women’s experience and their choices as managers propose explanations based on relevant theories. I and executives within the sport industry and why will draw, among others, on Connell’s and Lorber’s women managers opt out of the sport industry. concept of gender, Bourdieu’s approach to habitus And 3.) to examine the impact of gender on career and taste as well as on socialization theories and trajectory and satisfaction. theories on the cultures of (sport) organizations. Emphasis will be on the impact of sovereignty on Following England (2010), we anticipate that gender relations inside and outside of sport. women who leave the field of sport will take similar positions outside of sport where they The paper will end with a discussion of current experience more “gender fit”. Following Kmec et al. issues and topics of future research, e.g. women (2010) we anticipate that non‐recruited job and gender in sport politics, ageing and sport form changes within the industry result in more gender a gender perspective, the involvement of men in segregation than do formal or informal searches traditional women’s sports or the IOC decisions about gender verification. These and other topics This presentation is based on a survey distributed demand new research perspectives, international to 320 managers or executives who have worked cooperation and intercultural comparisons. in sport and/or are currently working in sport and fifteen life histories of women sport managers. The survey sample is comprised of equal numbers of men and women. All the respondents graduated with degrees in sport management from one institution between 1988 and 1999. The life histories are recorded and transcribed phone interviews

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Sport, Health and Risk Injury as a Personal Matter: Views of Injury Thursday, June 13, 2013 among College Soccer Players in Korea 1:30 PM ‐ 3:00 PM Hanbeom Kim, Seoul National University (South Salon D Korea) [email protected] Sun‐Yong Kwon, Seoul National University (South Sport‐illness Narratives by Patients and Medical Korea) [email protected] Professionals Agnes Elling‐Machartzki, Mulier institute Socio‐cultural analyses about athletic injury have (Netherlands) [email protected] been relatively absent in , and this Mirjam Stuij, Mulier Institute (Netherlands) paper attempts to explore injury experiences [email protected] among Korean elite athletes. In‐depth‐interviews were conducted for college soccer players. Most The medicalisation of sport and physical activity for athletes were found to have injury experiences at both healthy and ill people fits within the ongoing various times of their athletic career; however, process of healthism in society. Research among they tend to neglect the fact that injuries could patients and (elite) athletes with (chronic) illness have a major effect on training and competition has shown that continuing participation in sport settings. Athletes, also, have a tendency of putting activities nowadays represent one of the dominant victory and triumph before themselves and feel the technologies for medical recovery and to recapture need to sacrifice personal agendas or problems embodied self‐worth and identity. However, apart when participating in sports. Athletes think injuries from partly overcoming the often disruptive can become a disadvantage to their career, biographical impact of serious illness, sport therefore, they participate in competitions and participation can also function as ‘guilty reminder’, training sessions, despite the fact that the injuries in explicitly manifesting the (physical) decline of are not fully recovered. Mostly, managing injuries the embodied selves of patients. Dominant and injury recovery is performed individually. published sport‐illness narratives and those that Injuries are perceived as the athlete's personal circulate in health settings mainly form variations responsibility which is not thought to be dealt on a of Frank’s restitution and quest narratives and team basis. The culture of individualized injury is provide a selective map that affects personal discussed within the context of the Korean elite experiences and social perceptions of illness. We sport system. assume a possible mismatch may exist between the lived and propagated sport‐illness narratives Contemporary Dance Instructors’ and Yoga for chronically ill people that can lead to feelings of Instructors’ Views about Healthy Technical guilt, miscommunications with medical Training professionals and low adherence to the promoted Pirkko Markula, University of Alberta (Canada) physical activity and sport programmes. In our [email protected] ongoing study we analyse the interactive (re)construction and negotiations of sport‐illness The purpose of this qualitative study is to examine narratives among patients with different chronic the importance of technique in contemporary illnesses (breast cancer, diabetes, depression and dance instructors’ and yoga instructors’ hiv) and their medical professionals. We will understandings of healthy practice. Although present the first outcomes of questionnaires and in contemporary dance and yoga differ from each depth interviews among patients and semi‐ other in several ways, both of these physical structured interviews with specialized nurse activities require high movement skills and the practitioners and physiotherapists. injury rates can be high among their practitioners (e.g., Aalten, 1995; Dryburgh & Fortin, 2010; Thomas & Tarr, 2009). Therefore, it is important to examine the instructors’ views about the role of

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proper technical execution of the required students who are involved in athletics. The goal is movement skills. to gain an understanding of their experiences as students, as athletes, and as Black women. My study draws from the insights of Additionally, the study intends to help fill a gap in poststructuralist theory to examine the significance the existing literature on race, sport, and the of the materiality of the moving body in student experience in Canada. The main research contemporary society. While the knowledge bases question is: What are the university experiences or discursive forms (Foucault, 1973) that define (academic, athletic, and social) of Black female contemporary dance, an art form, and yoga, a student‐athletes within Canadian universities? This mindful (fitness) practice, differ, I am interested in study will employ an intersectional framework to comparing how the instructors in these highly examine how race, gender, athleticism and the codified forms of physical activity negotiate student role intersect to shape the student teaching their bodily practices in a ‘healthy’ and experience. This investigation utilizes a mixed efficient manner. Theoretically, this investigation is method approach consisting of an online survey framed by Michel Foucault’s (1991) reading of and in‐depth interviews. This paper will present disciplinary techniques that create docile bodies in the findings of this study. the current neo‐liberal society. In addition, possibilities for creating ‘subjects’ (Foucault, 1987; A Self‐Reflective Approach to Understanding 1993) who break out from the confines of discipline Former Intercollegiate Student‐Athletes’ by using skillful bodily practices are considered. I Educational Experiences use semi‐structured, formal, face‐to‐face S. Jacob Houston, University of Washington interviews (e.g., Kvale & Brinkmann, 2007; Markula (United States) [email protected] & Silk, 2011; Patton, 2002) to map four women contemporary dance instructors’ and four women Problem hatha/Iyengar yoga instructors’ experiences of Numerous intercollegiate student‐athletes suffer teaching movement technique. academically. This has created a major concern regarding college athletics’ role within higher education (e.g., Hawkins, 2010; Duderstadt, 2000; Student‐Athletes Gerdy, 1997). This concern has prompted the Thursday, June 13, 2013 higher education community to inquire about the 1:30 PM ‐ 3:00 PM extent to which intercollegiate athletics fits within Salon E the educational mission of the academy and whether or not student‐athletes educationally Listening to the Voices: The Experiences of Black benefit from their participation in athletics. Female Student‐Athletes in Canadian Higher Education Method Danielle Gabay, University of Toronto (Canada) Eight former U.S. Division I college athletes (four [email protected] males/four females) in tennis, track & field, crew, and soccer were asked to participate in an Reviews of the literature reveal that little is known individual semi‐structured interview. Participants about minority female student‐ athletes and their were asked to self‐reflect on any experiences that experiences within Canadian higher education. This enhanced (a) personal development, (b) academic dearth of information is paradoxical considering development, and (c) any experiences that have the academic and athletic legacy of this subgroup, left a lasting impression on who they are today. as well as the noted importance of the student This study is framed by Astin’s theory of student experience and athletic participation within involvement, Ryan & Deci’s self‐determination postsecondary education. The aim of this study is theory, and Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory to gather data on the experiences of Black female of human development.

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Research Questions stereotypes about women athletes and doping, 1. How do former student‐athletes believe that which we will discuss in this presentation. Building their participation in intercollegiate athletics on the work of Lock (2003) and Davis and Delano influenced their personal and academic (1992), this presentation analyzes the culture of development? doping at the university level and the persistant 2. How do former student‐athletes feel that their gender stereotypes that linger on university experience in intercollegiate athletics continues to campuses. For instance, the pressure to adhere to play a role in their lives? societal standards in terms of ideal body composition, the use of weight loss supplements to Findings achieve a specific physique, and the failure to The preliminary analysis suggests that the recognize that the pursuit of leanness can hinder participants’ experience in intercollegiate athletics athletic performance and success. have motivated and enhanced their personal development, academic development, and have shaped who they are today. Sport and Alcohol Thursday, June 13, 2013 Implications 1:30 PM ‐ 3:00 PM This research contributes to our understanding of Salon F the academic and personal development of intercollegiate student‐athletes and offers an Towards Hegemonic Drinking: A New Perspective opportunity for a broader discussion on how to re‐ on the Sports‐Alcohol Nexus? align intercollegiate athletics with the educational Catherine Palmer, University of Tasmania mission of higher education. (Australia) [email protected]

Student‐Athletes’ Understanding of Doping and This paper engages with (and challenges) perhaps Gender: The Role of Misperceptions and the single most dominant theoretical trope in Stereotypes studies of sport–related drinking, namely Charlene Weaving, St. Francis Xavier University “hegemonic masculinity”. The paper continues an (Canada) [email protected] ongoing research agenda that asks sociologists to Sarah Teetzel, University of Manitoba (Canada) extend our conceptual, theoretical and empirical [email protected] frameworks for thinking about sports‐associated This paper presents the results of a three‐year drinking. The argument presented is that persistent study examining female and male university narratives of particular kinds of male drinking in student‐athletes’ perceptions of gender and sport have dominated the discourse, which has doping. To gain insight into the connections oriented analyses in particular ways and obscured between doping and gender, the first step of the other relationships to sport and alcohol, such as project involved the creation of an annotated those experienced by sports‐women. Drawing on bibliography summarizing the literature on doping preliminary empirical data with sportswomen, the and gender published in scholarly sources from the paper puts forward a case for “hegemonic late 1960s to the present. This information drinking” in which drinking as a state or condition provided the historical background needed to of ideology frames understandings of how create an interview guide to address student‐ particular ways of performing drinking seem athletes’ understanding of gender and doping. The natural and normal over and above who does second step involved in‐depth, semistructured them. interviews with a sample of 38 Canadian varsity athletes from three universities. Results from the interviews indicate that the student‐athletes interviewed continue to echo several long held

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Boozing, Brawling, and Community Building: Sports Fans, Alcohol Use, and Violent Behavior Sport‐facilitated Community Development in a Michael Ostrowsky, Southern Utah University Rural Ontario Community (United States) [email protected] Kyle Rich, University of Ottawa (Canada) [email protected] To most people it seems perfectly obvious that Corliss Bean, University of Ottawa (Canada) alcohol use is one of the main reasons why sports [email protected] fans exhibit violent behavior. However, the truth Zale Apramian, McGill University (Canada) of the matter is that most drinking among sports [email protected] fans does not result in violent behavior. Thus, the link between alcohol use and violent behavior The sport of hockey has been discussed extensively among sports fans is more complex than it seems in relation to social identity formation and at first. This paper organizes and reviews the psychosocial outcomes both positive (Adams, fragmented literature on alcohol use and violent 2006; Gruneau & Whitson, 1993) and negative behavior among sports fans. It appears that (Allain, 2008; Wattie et al., 2010) within Canadian several factors might help to determine whether or society. In this paper, we utilize a case study of a not alcohol use among sports fans leads to violent hockey tournament hosted in a small, rural town in behavior. These factors range from macro‐level northern Ontario to examine and discuss the sociocultural factors found in wider society to complexities of this rural community sporting event micro‐level characteristics of the individual sports and its various social outcomes. Furthermore, we fan. This demonstrates that any attempt to explore the tensions that exist between the values understand alcohol use and violent behavior made explicit by institutional sporting bodies and among sports fans must consider sociological as policies, such as the Canadian Sport Policy, and the well as psychological factors. values embodied by the tournament in order to demonstrate how interpretations of these events may be flawed should they deem them destructive. Sport, Politics and Policy We engage in discussions of social capital (Coalter, Thursday, June 13, 2013 2007), social identity theory (Cote & Levine, 2002), 3:30 PM ‐ 5:00 PM sport heritage (Ramshaw & Gammon, 2005), Salon A nostalgia for social experience and sport (Mason et al., 2005), as well as the Bakhtinian carnival "Dance then wherever you may be": Perceptions (Robidoux, 2001) to examine how these of 'Scottishness' in Highland Dancing in Glasgow, idiosyncratic elements of the tournament that Scotland violate institutional norms have been retained due Bethany Whiteside, Royal Conservatoire of to their contribution to the positive social Scotland (United Kingdom) [email protected] outcomes and consequent community development. We also highlight a need for more Highland Dancing is viewed as a form of dance and contextual interpretations of rural community sport, as a link to the romantic past of Highland sporting events in order to better understand the history, and as part of a rigid competitive structure complex ways in which they may contribute to regulated by official boards and associations. local culture and community development as well Despite or perhaps because of these conflicting as how standardized understandings of the role of states, Highland Dancing may first and foremost be sport may be inadequate for interpreting these defined by its ‘Scottishness’, a conceptual myriad activities. of cultural, social and political identities located nationally, regionally and locally (Bairner, 2001). A key performance arena for Highland dancers is , widely recognised as both a tourism and sporting event, and through its location within these arenas, Highland Dancing has

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become identified with a particular brand of questions, this study applies the methodology of nostalgic ‘Scottishness’ – that of the ‘old country’ – historical sociology to examine the development of in Scotland and abroad. through the relevant literatures, articles, historical events, pictures and theories. In Relevant studies have tended to focus on Highland sum, taekwondo was not only a sport, but also a Games as a whole and on events taking place in the tool of political ideology under the KMT’s diaspora (e.g. Chabbra et al, 2003; Ray, 2001). In domination from 1960s to 1980s. this paper, I draw on interviews and observations of Highland dancers at a private dance studio in Keywords: authoritarian, KMT, political ideology, Glasgow. Using the 'thinking tools' of Pierre taekwondo, Taiwan Bourdieu, I explore why these dancers want to do Highland Dancing; how notions of 'Scottishness' Judo and Japanese Imperialism in Taiwan: An inform their individual and collective dispositions; Analysis of Historical Sociology and how participation in Highland Dancing builds Chung Hsing Chen, Graduate Institute of Physical different but related kinds of cultural, social and Education of National Taiwan Sport University physical capital. (Taiwan) [email protected] Tony Hwang, Graduate Institute of Physical My analysis suggests that, while Highland Dancing Education of National Taiwan Sport University may be a vehicle for sustaining Scottish culture (Taiwan) [email protected] across the diaspora, within Scotland itself, dancers are more concerned with the social and physical In retrospect, the development of Judo can be seen aspects of the dance. as an epitome of Japanese colonialism; historically, it remained etched in the memory of Taiwanese Taekwondo and Political Ideology in Taiwan: An people — a struggle, pain, and concession as well. Analysis of Historical Sociology In 1895, the Japanese introduced Judo to Taiwan Heng Hsin Lien, Graduate Institute of Physical when they colonized the land. Today Judo, the Education of National Taiwan Sport University global sport, becomes immensely popular across (Taiwan) [email protected] the world, gaining its sustainable development Tony Hwang, Graduate Institute of Physical successfully. Over the last two decades or more, Education of National Taiwan Sport University surprisingly scant are the relevant studies of (Taiwan) [email protected] Taiwanese Judo from the perspectives of historical sociology. In particular, sports played a significant Taekwondo was introduced to Taiwan through the role during the Japanese colonial period. Not only Kuomintang (Chinese nationalist party, KMT) since is Judo a sport, but it is also a cultural tool of the 1967. However, there were very few relevant Japanese colonialism. Several Western scholars studies of taekwondo through the historical and have made great contributions to the study of sociological perspectives in Taiwan over the last sport and colonialism, whereas there are still few in four decades. In particular, sports played a Taiwan. Here will a number of some be discussed in significant role during the KMT's authoritarian great depth in this thesis: How was Judo regime during 1960s and 1980s. Taekwondo was introduced into Taiwan? How was the relationship not only a sport, but also as an ideological tool of between sport and Japanese colonialism? How was the regime. Some issues will be discussed in this Judo being developed during Japanese colonial study: How was taekwondo introduced into period? How and when did Judo become one of the Taiwan? How was the relationship between sports most popular sports in Taiwanese society? To give and political ideology? How was the development these questions thought, not just scratch the of taekwondo during the KMT's authoritarian surface, this thesis intends to apply the regime period? How did taekwondo become one of methodology of historical sociology to examine the popular sports in Taiwan? In order to answer those development of Judo through the relevant

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literatures, articles, historical events and theories. Body Sovereignties, Gay Men and Steroid Use In sum, Judo is as an important cultural emblem of Patrick Keleher, University of Toronto (Canada) Japanese colonialism, having affected the [email protected] development of Judo in Taiwan over the last century. Gay men immersed in bodily practices like steroid use, that are produced within sporting and physical Keywords: Japanese imperialism, Judo, Taiwan activity spaces like the gym, are often be said to be normative, structured, and determined. But social relations are never stable, universal nor fixed, and Sport: Contesting Sovereignties opportunities for resistance and transgression Thursday, June 13, 2013 within individual practices like steroid use, and 3:30 PM ‐ 5:00 PM within sport, gym and exercise spaces, cannot be Salon C dismissed. This presentation explores the culture of gym spaces, and draws on actor‐network theory Sexual Exceptionalism: Queer Athletic Privilege and spatial frameworks to interrogate the lived and the Post‐ 9/11 International Gay and Lesbian practice of steroid use among gay men. I consider Athletic Movement how body sovereignties and steroid use intersect Judy Davidson, University of Alberta (Canada) to produce, extend, resist, challenge and constrain [email protected] sovereign bodily and social boundaries, and how bodily sovereignties are affected by the practice of Recently sport studies scholars have suggested that steroid use. I examine how steroid use comes to the analysis of non‐normative sexualities in be embodied, question the role of steroid use in sporting contexts suffers from a lack of robust men’s adherence to bodily aesthetics and ideals, interrogation, reproducing narrow single and examine how bodies that use steroids identitarian approaches (King, 2008). In this themselves become idealized, actively producing presentation, I mobilise Puar’s (2007) concepts of certain types of bodies while at the same time sexual exceptionalism and homonationalism, and limiting the intelligibility of others. And while this Morgensen’s (2010) notion of settler project asks how steroid use brings bodies closer to homonationalism, to analyse specific examples particular normative standards, it also questions from the 2006 and 2006 to the way steroid use may move bodies beyond demonstrate how ‘emancipatory’ sexual identity them. I consider how steroid bodies may be athletic events also reiterate white, Western, considered queer (sometimes grotesque, bourgeois privilege. The argument is not just that abnormal, distorted, and unreal, but also race has to be added to the analysis of the supernormal and superhuman), think about steroid international lesbian and gay sport movement; it is use as bodily ascesis, and question whether steroid that relying on a primary focus such as use can ever be conceived of as a transforming and homophobia actually contributes to the liberating application of bodily sovereignty. reproduction of other forms of potent oppression. I end with a reading of the 2010 Vancouver Winter Everyone Can Play Except You: Traversing the Olympics as a new context for post‐9/11 Boundaries of Sexual Sovereignty in Sport homonationalism in the production of queer Robert Owens, University of North Carolina at abjection. Greensboro (United States) [email protected]

Kenji Yoshino (2000) contends that in contrast to homosexuality, bisexuality is erased through the binary construction of homosexual and heterosexual identities. This demarcation of straight/gay allows each community to maintain

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seemingly stable, fixed and monolithic identities. While the consequences of bisexual erasure in the The contributions of this paper to the body of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning, literature is that it looks at the perception of intersex and ally (LGBTQIA) communities have violence within tennis and by a Black female been well‐documented (Burleson, 2005; San athlete. In studies on violence in a U.S. context, Francisco Human Rights Commission, 2011) only a Black men are primarily the focus and the sports few studies have directly or indirectly addressed its involved are primarily football and basketball. This implications for sports participation. Data were paper on women, violence and sports, fills a gap in obtained through an online survey about LGBT the literature. sports participation and 11 in‐depth, semi‐ structured life history interviews with male Time for a Change? Bodies, Uniform Regulations athletes of diverse sexual identities and and the Formation of Identities in Female experiences. A qualitative analysis on the data was Trampoline Gymnasts carried out by using critical geographer David Rhiannon Lord, Cardiff Metropolitan University Harvey’s (1996) six moments of social practice as (United Kingdom) [email protected] an interpretive lens for exploring how male Carly Stewart, Cardiff Metropolitan University bisexual identities are discursively constructed and (United Kingdom) [email protected] bound within LGBTQIA and mainstream sport the ways in which bisexual athletes negotiate these Embodiments are historically situated and boundaries. contextually informed in sporting contexts. Trampoline gymnastics has traditionally demanded a standardized uniform for female Sports and Gender competitors in the leotard. However, a recent Thursday, June 13, 2013 change to the uniform regulation now allows 3:30 PM ‐ 5:00 PM female participants to wear shorts or tights to ‘help Salon D ensure more women and girls to feel confident to participate in the sport’ (British Gymnastics, Serena Williams: Gender, Race and (the 2009). This presentation explores the formation of Perception of) Violence in Women’s Professional specific body‐selves and identities of eligible Tennis female trampoline gymnasts over a two year Kristi Tredway, University of Maryland (United period, following this rule change. The impact of States) [email protected] the change on the construction and maintenance of their gendered identities and associated At the U.S. Open tennis championships in 2004, embodied experiences over their sub‐cultural 2009 and again in 2011, Serena Williams had public career is focused upon. Findings suggest that disagreements with on‐court officials that were experiences of the rule change both vary and understood by some spectators and analysts as present different challenges depending on the aggressive, hostile, and even violent. Williams is stage of career and sub‐cultural position occupied. African‐American and is very successful in a sport Crucially, the rule change does little to challenge a that is underpinned by the upper‐class (and, hence, dominant singular feminine aesthetic that white) milieu in which it was formed. Her identifies and excludes those gymnasts that do not outbursts have been understood in the popular conform to this ideal. Tensions during discourse as violent not because they were more performance and judgement of bodies in this vehement than others in the past, because they context are also discussed in relation to the leotard weren’t, but, as I will claim, because of color‐blind and the role of other subcultural actors in the racism in the world of tennis which, in effect, maintenance of such body‐selves. Lastly, the forces Williams to play by different rules than other effectiveness of the institutional rule is considered players. with a view to expanding the repertoire of body

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narratives available for young trampoline gymnasts Sport and Racial/Ethnic Identity to engage with in the future. Thursday, June 13, 2013 3:30 PM ‐ 5:00 PM The Intended and Unintended Consequences of Salon E Gender Marking: The Case of Women’s Flat Track Roller Derby “Indigenous Hearts” Through Sport at the Sami Michele Donnelly, University of Southern California Festival Riddu Riđđu (United States) [email protected] Bente Ovedie Skogvang, Hedmark University College (Norway) [email protected] According to R. W. Connell (2002, 1996), the “total exclusion” of one gender from any setting is “a This paper will focus on sport, outdoor life and powerful gender effect,” and requires that more physical activity at the Sami festival Riddu Riđđu. I work be done to establish gender differences in will address how sport might have been implicated that setting. In the case of women’s flat track roller in the sovereignty claims of the indigenous peoples derby, various processes of gender marking are of the Norhern Cap, the Samis. The festival is one important way that women participants work organized every year in the village Manndalen in to establish gender differences. Specifically, Northern Norway. I have studied outdoor life and women participants are intimately involved in sport activities offered to children and youngsters processes of gender marking, and their intentions at the festival; Mánáidfestivála (3‐13 years) and in gender marking the activity and group are how these activities are introduced and somewhat different than the usual aims – experienced by volunteers, participants and particularly in the realm of sport – to trivialize and parents. Through fieldwork during three years I “other” women’s activities and women contemplated how physical activities included in participants. Gender marking serves as a barrier or the festival create the indigenous people’s boundary marker; by marking the activity as identities. I found a mixture between traditional exclusively for women, they identify to everyone and modern activities which have origins both (women and men) who may participate and who locally, nationally and globally, influenced by may not. Further, gender marking is done by different ethnicities and indigenous groups not women of their own activity and groups, does not only activities from Samis, Kvens or Norwegians. reference pre‐existing men’s teams. However, in The physical activities can be classified in three women’s flat track roller derby, women groups; 1) Traditional games, 2) Work‐educating participants often draw on conventional activities, and 3) Sport activities. Festivals as stereotypes of gender in their processes of gender phenomenon have qualities which might marking. Overall, the processes of gender marking contribute in shaping of identities. Whether employed by women participants in women’s flat physical activities are shaping identity, community, track roller derby have both intended and cultural understanding and how the festival might unintended consequence for participant, public, build bridges between different ethnic groups and media perceptions of the sport and its locally, nationally and globally is studied in the light participants. They also contribute in significant of Bourdieu’s theories about habitus and symbolic ways to the production of a specific women capital. onlyness gender regime. SOAR: Sport and Higher Education for Aboriginal Youth Susan Lee, University of Toronto (Canada) [email protected]

Sport can provide avenues for Aboriginal youth to explore self‐identity, community and change. Using sport and physical activity for the basis for

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development, this presentation will outline the indigenous research framework using participatory SOAR Aboriginal Youth Gathering March Break action research to explore the local voices on a SDP program at the University of Toronto. The SOAR experience for Aboriginal youth. Celebrating local program, which is now running in its fifth year, voices intends to subsume the deficit theorizing outreaches to rural and urban Aboriginal that typically nourishes indigenous research, which communities to introduce higher education to high tends to reproduce stereotypes of hopelessness school students. This initiative embraces Aboriginal and a lack of agency. In this study, local voices on worldviews in curriculum development, program the Promoting Life Skills in Aboriginal Youth promotions, and student leadership, in keeping program are explored, using photovoice research with the broader provincial mandate of recruiting, method with a participating community. retaining, graduating and transitioning Aboriginal youth. By engaging with existing role models such The PLAY program was initiated in 2010 and partly as Aboriginal university students, staff, faculty and funded by the Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs of elders; and experiencing services such as First Ontario; it is implemented and managed by Right Nations House and the Native Students’ To Play Canada in 55 First Nation communities of Association, the Aboriginal youth have increased Ontario. This study is part of a SSHRC funded opportunities to think about and consider the research that is based on a partnership with some potential of higher education for themselves. of the partner First Nation communities and Right Exploring communities of belonging is critical to To Play. This paper contextualizes the research the outreach goals of this program. In addition, the within the aforementioned working collaboration; SOAR program provides an initiative for Aboriginal it presents the role of the Aboriginal advisory youth development as “Aboriginal & Equity committee that was created to orient the research Initiatives Student Leaders” to apply their sport, design, to serve local interests and to further cultural and academic knowledge to the SOAR Aboriginal nation‐building. Two months of program. The knowledge, skills and values which fieldwork are going to be undertaken in April and are gained from these mentorships facilitated May 2013 and preliminary results from the data students to develop their leadership skills for collection will be presented. future careers. This session will discuss the pedagogical approaches of the SOAR student development model, and the results of the learning Sport, Development and Peace outcomes of the SOAR Aboriginal Youth Gathering Thursday, June 13, 2013 program. 3:30 PM ‐ 5:00 PM Salon F Exploring Aboriginal Youth Practices through the PLAY Program S4D Effects Within the Complexity of Live‐ Jared Kope, University of Ottawa (Canada) Realities [email protected] Cora Burnett, University of Johannesburg (South Alexandra Arellano, University of Ottawa (Canada) Africa) [email protected] [email protected] The dominance of the neo‐Liberal paradigms, ideal‐ Post‐colonial and critical approaches studying sport type (Weberian) models of knowledge production for development and peace (SDP) initiatives have and uncritical reporting on programme effect in the questioned its practices and effectiveness, field of Sport for Development (S4D), has scrutinized its goals and the interests they increasingly been scrutinized. A study conducted ultimately serve, and examined its significance as a within 10 African countries as part of an impact tool to reproduce but also resist hegemonic forces. assessment of the GIZ/YDF programme (2007‐ Building on critical approaches and decolonizing 2012), where 1,035 respondents completed methodologies, this work proposes a postcolonial questionnaires, 122 case studies were compiled and 310 research participants took part in focus

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group discussions, served to conceptualize profile athletes played a crucial role in the “programme effect”. For this paper, four organization of the reconciliation events. Informed comprehensive case studies, respectively from by interviews with Kenyan runners and others Kenya, Lesotho, Rwanda and Zambia, serve to involved in the organization of these events, we interrogate the deeper meaning and effect of argue that the apparent effectiveness of the interventions in the lives of youths. Longitudinal athletes in mobilizing resources, pursuing political data and multi‐stakeholder reflections provide opportunities and devising a collective action frame insights into multi‐leveled and “up‐take” effects as was possible because of the extant positioning of they are integrated into the lives of these the athletes in the impacted communities, the individuals. Findings suggest that regularity, active involvement in and personal investment of leadership, access to resources and the length of the athletes in the outcome of the peace‐ engagement of activities that go “beyond” sport promoting activities, and the unique pre‐Olympic engagement have relatively more sustainable and moment that the events took place within. In doing integrated effects. Another key factor relates to so, we differentiate between celebrity athletes being able to address the most pressing needs of who are a ‘presence’ at sport for development and individuals having to live meaningful lives in the peace events, and those who might be considered contexts of poverty, pre‐war reconciliation and ‘social movement entrepreneurs’. We conclude the identity‐formation, have relatively the most paper by describing how strands of social profound impact. Nuanced evidence inevitably movement theory were helpful in guiding our transcends beyond the “mythical” (often analysis of high profile athletes and peace‐ evangelical) claims of “measured” the contribution promotion, and with suggestions for future to intervention‐related change. It also highlights research pertaining to sport‐related reconciliation the inter‐relatedness of factors, the complexity of movements. causal relationships between in‐put and measurable impacts. The findings have Sport As a Contact Zone?: Troubling Questions implications for a variety of educational settings of About Easy Solutions sport‐related interventions. Peter Donnelly, University of Toronto (Canada) [email protected] When Elite Athletes are 'Social Movement Entrepreneurs': A Study of High Profile Runner Mary Louise Pratt (1991, 1992) introduced the Involvement in 'Run‐For‐Peace' Events in Post‐ term contact zones, which she defined as "social Conflict Kenya in 2008 spaces where disparate cultures meet, clash, and Brian Wilson, University of British Columbia grapple with each other, often in highly (Canada) [email protected] asymmetrical relations of domination and Nicolien van Luijk, University of British Columbia subordination – like colonialism, slavery, or their (Canada) [email protected] aftermaths as they are lived out across the globe Mike Boit, Kenyatta University (Kenya) today." However, since the early days of a [email protected] functionalist sociology of sport it has been assumed that sport is a contact zone – a place where social In this paper we report findings from a study of the class and ethnocultural background have little role played by high profile Kenyan runners in the meaning, where sport is the common currency for organization of Run‐for‐Peace events that took both players and spectators. place in response to election‐related violence in Kenya in late 2007 and early 2008. Acknowledging A critical sociology of sport exposed sport as a concerns expressed by some sociologists of sport classist and racist endeavour, generally putting about the role of celebrity athletes in the sport for paid to assumptions about sport as a natural and development and peace movement, we suggest neutral contact zone for players and spectators – that in the particular contexts we studied, high although the platitudinous speeches given at sports

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banquets and the like still maintain that “class and transformation will be identified. race disappear when the whistle blows.” Less critical attention has been paid to modern Reference: manifestations of the assumption of sport as a contact zone. Social policy in multicultural Braithwaite, J. (2008). Regulatory Capitalism, How societies, and international development and it works, ideas for making it work better. peacebuilding efforts supported by the United Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Nations and supported by NGOs, governments, and transnational corporations, are invariably grounded in functionalist assumptions about the capacity of Retheorizing the Spectacle: Towards the Critical sport to be a positive contact zone. Analysis Sport Mega‐Event Imagery Caitlin Pentifallo, University of British Columbia This paper uses examples from past and ongoing (Canada) [email protected] research on sport and multiculturalism and sport and peacebuilding to raise critical questions about The objective of this paper is to combine sport as a contact zone, but also to suggest some Benjamin’s (1999) conception of ‘commodity ways in which positive contact may be established phantasmagoria’ with Debord’s (1995; Knabb, through sport. 2007) critique of the spectacle in order to develop an interpretive framework for analyzing the discourse of sport mega‐event imagery. In Sport Mega‐Events following the dialectic approach adhered to by Friday, June 14, 2013 both Benjamin (1999) and Debord (1995), this 9:00 AM ‐ 10:30 AM proposed method will allow for introspection of Salon B images used to secure consent for the sport mega‐ event as well as those images produced as a Transforming Sovereignties: Regulatory dissenting countermeasure. In this way, the Capitalism, the London Olympics and Beyond images used in support of sport mega‐events (for John Horne, University of Central Lancashire example, images produced and created by sport (United Kingdom) [email protected] mega‐event organizers and affiliates in the form of and corporatized rhetoric) can be A common academic criticism of the contemporary critically analyzed alongside images produced as a Olympic Games is that they have become form of resistance (for example, oppositionally‐ neoliberal, corporate and/or ‘prolympic’. This minded graffiti and street art). I will offer a paper examines new Olympic Games infrastructure renewed iteration of critical discourse analysis management processes that have emerged in the (CDA) as a means of overcoming Benjamin’s (1999) last decade, with specific reference to London figural transfixity as well as Debord’s (1995) 2012, to attempt to clarify what this means in preoccupation with meta‐physical and terms of the transformation of sovereignty. It transcendent forms of reality. In doing so, I aim to suggests that how the Olympics have been ground these theorizations of the spectacle in a managed, regulated and delivered reflects new tangible and readily approachable method for modes of urban politics and regulation. By uncovering the inherent contradictions and adopting ‘regulatory capitalism’ (Braithwaite 2008) conflicts associated with sport mega‐event policy makers and Games organisers alike have imagery. The ultimate objective of this paper is to attempted to take the politics out of infrastructural develop an understanding of CDA as a critical, development, and sidestep traditional modes of intertextually‐based form of détournement democratic accountability. How those communities (Debord, 1995) with the intent of applying such a most affected by the hosting of the Olympics (and methodological approach to the analysis of sport other mega‐events) may respond to this

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mega‐event imagery created as either a form of nation with a binge drinking culture. cultivating consent or as a means of resistance.

Sport, Alcohol and Promotional Culture: Brand Social Class and Sport 'Sign' Wars at the 2011 Rugby World Cup Friday, June 14, 2013 Sarah Gee, Massey University (New Zealand) 9:00 AM ‐ 10:30 AM [email protected] Salon C Steve Jackson, University of Otago (New Zealand) [email protected] Career Opportunities and ‘Entrepreneurial’ Michael Sam, University of Otago (New Zealand) Recreation in the Downtown Core: Dispatches [email protected] From the (Real) Creative Class Jay Scherer, University of Alberta (Canada) Alcohol companies benefit from a highly visible [email protected] relationship with sport as official partners, Jordan Koch, University of Alberta (Canada) sponsors, and suppliers of events, individual [email protected] athletes, and teams. The global scope, and local Nicholas Holt, University of Alberta (Canada) tension, of this relationship was highlighted in 2011 [email protected] when New Zealand/Aotearoa hosted the Rugby World Cup (RWC). Heineken’s sponsorship rights as In 2011, we began ‘hanging out’ (Willis, 1978) with RWC Worldwide Partner and the official beer of the less affluent (and often homeless) young men at 2011 tournament offered the global conglomerate various inner‐city recreational and social service sole promotional and advertising privileges for all centres in Edmonton, Alberta – a city with amongst official events, activities, and facilities associated the highest levels of economic and social inequality with the event. Yet, local New Zealand beer brand in Canada. Over the course of this two‐year Steinlager also had a vested interest in the ethnographic study, we regularly observed how tournament considering their 25‐year sponsorship these facilities provided brief but valuable of New Zealand’s national rugby team, the All opportunities for these young men to form Blacks. This presentation offers a visual and critical meaningful social relations with peers and social analysis of an observed sign war (Goldman and workers alike via a range of sport and leisure Papson, 1996) between these two beer . activities. However, these settings also provided a Part of the analysis discusses the corporate clutter crucial backdrop for many of the young men – of images that emerged from the brand wars most of whom embodied a wide range of visible between Heineken and Steinlager. Paradoxically, and ‘hidden injuries of class’ (Sennett & Cobb, these brand or sign wars originated from New 1973) – to rationally discuss a host of issues in their Zealand’s Major Events Management Act 2007 lives, including the circumstances under which they (MEMA) that aimed to control ambush marketing, were, instrumentally, willing to 'freely' sell their including ‘clean zone’ initiatives and the right to labour‐power as commodities (e.g., struggles over association by ‘official’ commercial sponsors. In this wages and the length of the working regard, global‐local power relations and policies day). Moreover, despite the common sense induced Steinlager to explore more innovative portrayal of members of the underclass as lazy, strategies to capture other market niches (e.g., incapacitated, and disposable, many of these social media, television ad campaigns) rendering young men displayed a critical and creative both the virtual and physical environments awareness of an array of entrepreneurial networks saturated. Overall the analysis offers insights into of economic activity through which various the complexities and contradictions of alcohol commodities were circulated (see Kelley, 2008). In sponsorship and global beer brand wars within the this presentation, we explore these dynamics and context of a sport mega‐event hosted within a pay close attention to how these young men actively negotiated a variety of black, grey and

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white markets in this messy, haphazard and, at ‘Bring on the Dancing Horses!’: Ambivalence and times, perplexing, urban setting. Class Obsession within British Media Reports of the Dressage at London 2012 Telemark Skiers as Modern Ideologists Thomas Fletcher, Leeds Metropolitan University Eivind Skille, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences (United Kingdom) [email protected] (Norway) [email protected] Due to historical relationships with the military, With Bourdieu’s words, sport has throughout royalty, landed gentry and upper‐class society, history reflected peoples’ positions in social space, equestrian sport faces regular accusations of being peoples’ taste and peoples’ composition of various elitist and exclusionary (Riedi 2006). Through an in forms of capital. In other words, the form of sport depth analysis of British press reporting of dressage you do indicates your values. Based on a events at the London 2012 games we argue that representative survey of the Norwegian adult despite British dominance of the sport, these population (called Norsk Monitor, n = 4000) historical associations with the upper classes, followed by a principal component analysis, and privilege and elitism were foregrounded in many inspired by Inglehart’s theory of post‐materialism media reports; trivialising and at times mocking (and change of values in western societies), four dressage. We identify three key themes related to Norwegian cultures were identified: the traditional the ways in which media reports framed dressage idealistic, the traditional‐materialistic, the modern and its participants in heavily class‐laden terms. idealistic and the modern materialistic. In each of Faced with their ignorance of the sport, the these cultures, typical social characteristics of majority of articles analysed resorted to class‐ people can be identified, as well as sports. based stereotypes that trivialised, satirised and devalued this seemingly elitist and In this paper, I focus on how skiing in general and incomprehensible sport. The success of Team GB in Telemark skiing in particular reflect the values of dressage meant that media reports were never the modern idealistic culture. wholly critical and elements of the hysteria and pride surrounding the Games led to a highly People in this culture are recognized by tolerance, ambivalent response to dressage that reflects the cultivation of the distinctive feature of individuals, “vague, confused, contradictory [and] ignorant” and skepticism towards authorities. A central aim is (Cannadine, 1998: x) attitudes to social class that self‐realization, and the development and the characterise British society at the current time. employment of individual capabilities. Equity between genders is important, as is environmental issues. People in this culture are concerned with Sport, Culture and Advertising closeness and friendship, and are willing to Friday, June 14, 2013 prioritize others before one self. The modern 9:00 AM ‐ 10:30 AM idealistic culture shows clear signs of radical Salon D political values such as equity and a preference for public (instead of private) solutions when it comes Sovereignty of the Living Dead: Advertising and to for example social services. The modern the Colonisation and Commodification of Sport idealistic culture is filled up with people with higher Culture education, who focus on information instead of Steve Jackson, University of Otago (New Zealand) production; thus “post‐industrial” culture is an [email protected] appropriate label. In their bid to globalize transnational corporations (TNC’s) and their allied promotional industries utilize a diverse range of strategies and synergies in order to insert into, and locate within, local/national cultures. Amongst their strategies

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TNC’s invest in a range of powerful and innovative television ratings data from seasons 2010 and advertising and marketing campaigns. However, 2011. Ratings data was then combined with an the pressure to attract and retain potential advertising content analysis, performed over a consumers as well as to distinguish brands has lead sample of 31 matches played during season to a compulsive search for new images and themes 2012. The purpose of the paper was to identify the with the consequence that culture has become a demographic composition of audiences and giant mine where no meaning system is sacred determine the alignment between viewership (Goldman and Papson, 1996). While various shock composition and advertising content. The analysis tactics such as sex and violence have become showed women to form a strong proportion of commonplace another increasingly popular television viewership (approximately 40%), a strategy is that of drawing on the past. As such the finding largely at odds with historical literature and advertising industry has been engaging in the use societal notions. Despite this reasonable of nostalgia, memory and the appropriation of representation, content analysis found a strong history. This paper is a preliminary examination of degree of focus towards male‐orientated brands, the commodification of one particular aspect of the goods and services among advertisers. Surprisingly, sporting past. Overall, the paper highlights some of the prevalence of gambling and alcohol related the implications of such practices in relation to a advertising was weaker than their presence in range of moral, ethical, social, economic and legal Australian policy/legislative debate implies. issues. The Meaning of Sport: A Socio‐linguistic Analysis Beer and Barbie Dolls: Comparing the of Advertising Campaigns for Sport/Energy Drink Demography of Australian Football Viewership to Brands the Advertising Content of Football Broadcasts Jung Woo Lee, The University of Edinburgh (United Hunter Fujak, University of Technology, Sydney Kingdom) [email protected] (Australia) [email protected] Stephen Frawley, University of Technology Sydney In a consumer society, advertising operates as a (Australia) [email protected] cultural genre in which various meanings that provide sources of identity for consumer groups Sport, particularly football, has historically been are constructed. In this respect, this paper perceived as a male domain, largely linked with investigates cultural values attached to sports connotations of masculinity, strength, aggression within the promotional campaigns for two sports / and violence (Bryson, 1987). As a by‐product, energy drink brands: Gatorade and Monster sports media consumption may differ between Energy. These brands are selected on the ground genders, with women said to watch sport as a last that while the former is associated with traditional resort while men actively pursue opportunities to high‐performance sports, the latter largely consume sport content (Lawrence, Gantz & Gantz, sponsors non‐traditional extreme or “life style” 1998). By logical extension, the demography and sport. Utilising socio‐linguistic methods such as motivations of sport viewers is of great interest to semantics, pragmatics, and semiotics this paper advertisers, who invest significant sums in comparatively analyses the contents of the two attempting to target specific consumer markets brands’ websites working in the UK consumer (Hoehn & Lancefield, 2003). Therefore given an market. Sporting texts found in Gatorade’s informed market, a high degree of alignment campaign tend to highlight the productivity with should exist between the audience composition of the logic of scientific research. This also contains a broadcast and the advertising it features. some elements which support the idea of British patriotism. This indicates that implicit messages This paper explored the demographic composition promulgated through this website reinforce the of football viewership in Australia’s two largest notion of capitalism and of statehood. On the football codes (AFL and NRL) through an analysis of contrary, Monster Energy’s webpage emphasises

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emotional and hedonistic experiences of sport. This managerial incapacity and strong (financial) can be read as a counter hegemonic movement competition. Self‐regulation will be difficult, as the against the social values that the mainstream sector is characterized as a world of ego’s with a sporting practice underpins. However, closer complex hierarchy of values. Only the passion for inspection reveals that commercial exploitation of their sport unites the people active this sector. All the alternative sports is evident. Moreover, this realize that without regulation martial arts may website contains sexualised images of women have no future. Only the government surpasses all whose role is mainly to cheer up male athletes and competing parties and can impose strict rules and potentially male consumers. This suggests that sanction them in order to regulate martial arts to what seems to be part of sporting counter culture make the sport more safe for all involved. in fact actively engages in the process of solidifying the dominant ideology of society which is rather Seismic Sport: A Case Study of Swimming, Hockey ironic. and Gymnastics in Post‐Earthquake Christchurch, New Zealand Roslyn Kerr, Lincoln University (New Zealand) Sports and Governance [email protected] Friday, June 14, 2013 Janine Gainsford, Lincoln University (New Zealand) 9:00 AM ‐ 10:30 AM [email protected] Salon E Jess Bould, Lincoln University (New Zealand) [email protected] Appearance and Survival in a Sport Full of Passion, Greg Ryan, Lincoln University (New Zealand) Regulation of Full Contact Martial Arts [email protected] Marianne Dortants, Utrecht University Chris Hutchinson, Lincoln University (New Zealand) (Netherlands) [email protected] [email protected]

Martial arts is a sport that is often criticized; by Throughout 2010 and 2011, the city of some, it is called a barbaric sport and is frequently Christchurch, New Zealand, suffered a series of connected to criminal circuits. In general, public devastating earthquakes that caused serious opinion in the Netherlands is that there is a need damage to the city. This study is one of the first to for a ban, which is supported by some examine the effect the earthquakes have had on administrators. On the other hand, remarkably, sport in Christchurch. Through a case study of there are also administrators who believe in the three different sports: swimming, hockey and pedagogic value of martial arts and who see gymnastics, this study traces the way the sports martial arts as an instrument in the upbringing of were affected by the earthquakes and their (problematic) youngsters. The criticism of full subsequent developments since the quakes. The contact martial arts has increased last years and, study adopts an Actor Network Theory perspective, therefore, the government and martial arts sector acknowledging the earthquakes as non‐human are looking for a way to regulate the sport. From a actants that directly affected the workings of the cultural perspective we have analyzed the cultural city. It is found that within each sport, there are a characteristics and power relations that maintain variety of winners and losers but that all three the current status quo. Research shows that suffer from intense frustration owing to the problems concerning medical safeness, changing power relationships within sporting pedagogical qualities of martial arts teachers and governance that make it difficult for sports to the entanglement of martial arts and criminal continue to progress. circuits can’t be solved in the present organizational context. The Dutch government prefers self‐regulation, but the sector is hopelessly fragmentized due to long‐lasting conflicts, distrust,

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Development of Sports Policy Making in Portugal ‐ This presentation analyzes the responses provided A Meso‐level Approach in semi‐structured interviews by 38 Canadian João Carvalho, CIES ISCTE (Portugal) varsity student‐athletes on the topic of anti‐doping [email protected] programs in effect at the university level. Stemming from a larger study examining This article addresses the development of the intercollegiate athletes’ perceptions of the Portuguese legislation regarding elite sports‐ intersections of gender, doping and sport, this related public policy. To better understand this it’s presentation focuses on the participants’ responses made an analytical approach utilizing two very to questions regarding the anti‐doping education significant meso‐level frameworks of Public Policy: they have received throughout their athletic Advocacy Coalitions and Policy Network. Two careers. Student‐athletes, in general, placed a important events are analyzed in this study: the heavy reliance on other people to help them implementation of professional basketball in understand and act in compliance with the banned Portugal and the creation of a new organization of substance list. Because very few student‐athletes Portuguese professional football clubs (Liga dos interviewed had ever consulted the list of banned Clubes Profissionais de Futebol), in early 90’s and substances themselves, they voiced their comfort the late 80’s respectively. Since 1993 Portugal has a with relying on others to vet supplements and new regulatory legislation regarding professional drugs for them. Framed by Sandra Harding’s competition that was followed by a new law on the arguments on ignorance and the distinctions professional sports participants work contract between willful and strategic ignorance, this paper (1998). To comprehend the context of these analyzes student‐athletes’ justification for their implementations, and their influence on the next acknowledged obliviousness and apathetic attitude sports public policies, it’s crucial to make an toward drug bans, and situates their ignorance in analysis to the main actors behind these changes the context of Canadian university sport culture. and their respective political agendas. The Advocacy coalitions framework will help to Doping as a Result of the Professional Rider’s understand the role of sports specialized actors in Ecosystem. A Survey for Reforming ICU Doping policy subsystems and what was the impact of Prevention Policy those groups participation on the development of Aubel Olivier, Lausanne University (Switzerland) legislation. With the Policy Network it is expected [email protected] to shed some light on the interdependency Jérôme Berthoud, Lausanne University between sports groups and government, (Switzerland) [email protected] understanding their interests and personal agendas Ohl Fabien, Lausanne University (Switzerland) in the sports policy making process. [email protected] Taverna Natascia, Lausanne University (Switzerland) [email protected] Doping Friday, June 14, 2013 In spite of stronger control and sanction policies, 9:00 AM ‐ 10:30 AM doping affairs still exist in cycling. Doping is usually Salon F seen as an infraction to ethic but so like an individual initiative even when the cheater builds a Anti‐Doping Education: Analyzing Student‐ complete organization like Lance Armstrong. Athletes’ Apathetic Attitudes Analyzing doping as a part of professional riders Sarah Teetzel, University of Manitoba (Canada) “social drama of work” (Hugues, 1976), our survey [email protected] show that doping practices can results of the riders Charlene Weaving, St. Francis Xavier University “ecosystem” functioning. (Canada) [email protected]

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At a first level this ecosystem is made from all the Committee to proffer an image of the Olympics as actors within the team who coach, train, give cares a ‘pure’ form of sport, and second, for the IOC to to the professional cyclists. If their professional maintain organizational power internationally and practices are not intended to organize illegal push the movement ‘forward’. These projects have enhancing drugs uses, they can implicitly drive been managed more‐or‐less successfully on the riders to do this. The risk levels in a team depend part of the IOC, as the organization’s codified on the training and care practices; his organization Charter rules have reacted to the intensive (who is doing what with whom to supervise riders); informal rules of everyday life identified by his employment policy; but also his economic and Giddens while maintaining an image of Olympic cultural model. sport as ‘pure’. However, the movement’s codified rules, it will be demonstrated, are not always This ecosystem depend also on the relation with consistent with underlying rules of everyday sport institutions (like ICU who gives agreement, sporting life, and so too that is the case with the edict rules); sponsors but so the media and public Code’s ‘spirit’ clause. Secondary historical accounts opinion. are used alongside two primary sources – minutes of meetings of the working group that created Our result leads us to conclude that an efficient WADA’s first Code and several versions of the prevention policy need to act on the practices an . representations of all the stake older of this ecosystem and not only on riders and youngest riders themselves. Based on a command of the Sport Mega‐Events International Cycling Union (ICU) our surveys Friday, June 14, 2013 include 40 interviews in professional team; the 11:00 AM ‐ 12:30 PM analysis of the ICU database of professional riders Salon B and teams from 2005 to 2011; debates with 70 professional teams sports directors and managers. Resisting Sport Mega‐Events: Opposition Movements, Local Communities, and the London Social Rules, Sport Rules, and the World Anti‐ 2012 Olympics doping Code’s ‘Spirit of Sport’ Clause Richard Giulianotti, Loughborough University Ian Ritchie, Brock University (Canada) (United Kingdom) [email protected] [email protected] Gary Armstrong, Brunel University (United Kingdom) [email protected] Codified rules are instrumental in determining Gavin Hales, University of Essex (United Kingdom) behavior in sport. However, as Anthony Giddens [email protected] (1984) reminds us in The Constitution of Society, Dick Hobbs, University of Essex (United Kingdom) codified rules in any institutional setting are [email protected] prescribed reflections of more informal yet intensive rules that structure the texture of This paper examines the diverse anti‐Olympic everyday life (p. 22). This presentation builds on opposition and movements that emerged Giddens’ observations in order to investigate one around the London 2012 Olympic Games. The of the most important codified rules in sport today: discussion explores the variety of issues that were the ‘spirit of sport’ clause in the World Anti‐doping highlighted by these movements, the scale of Agency’s Anti‐doping Code (WADA 2009). My opposition which the event generated, and the overall objective is to demonstrate that the extent to which these protesting groups were prohibition against performance‐enhancing networked and coordinated. The paper also substances based on ‘spirit’ – WADA’s codified rule examines the connections and interplay between – must be considered alongside two historical local oppositional groups and wider residents and projects in the Olympic movement: first, the communities. The paper draws on substantial attempt on the part of the International Olympic

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fieldwork – notably participant observation and acceptance toward corporate led strategies to interviews – with local residents in the Stratford environmental problems surrounding sport mega‐ area where the London Olympics were mainly events. located, and with participants in the Olympic protest movements. The research for this paper Wither and How Legacy: Similarities and was funded by a research grant from the UK Differences between Hosting Spectator and Economic and Social Research Council. Participation‐oriented Sport Mega‐events Lynn Minnaert, University of Surrey (United Beyond Political: A Study of British Petroleum’s Kingdom) [email protected] Public Relation Strategies Surrounding the London Inge Derom, University of British Columbia, School 2012 Olympic Games of Kinesiology (Canada) [email protected] Shawna Lawson, University of British Columbia Robert VanWynsberghe, University of British (Canada) [email protected] Columbia (Canada) [email protected]

Alongside vast damage to natural flora and fauna, All sport events take place in a host community and the 2010 Deep Water Horizon oil spill significantly this fact has increasingly invited efforts to leverage damaged public perceptions of British Petroleum this opportunity to achieve public policy objectives. (BP), the corporation responsible. This presentation “Civic rituals (and specifically sporting events) are outlines the strategies mobilized by marketed as a ‘community event,’ where the whole BP within the context of the London 2012 of a given city can unite in support of pursuing a Olympics, specifically surrounding their position common goal” (Smith & Ingham, 2003, p. 259). as ‘sustainability partner’ to the Games. I examine Recent evidence, however, argues that different how BP framed its relationship to the Games, types of sporting events are organized to pursue focusing specifically on the stated and implicit different common community goals. This assumptions (i.e., about how to best deal with presentation will use the burgeoning literature on sport‐related environmental problems) that leveraging sport mega‐events to discuss similarities underlay justifications for such a partnership. and differences between hosting spectator and Drawing on analysis of web based texts and social participation‐oriented mega‐events. We will media, among other sources, I discuss the specific elaborate on the evidence of wither and how ways that BP’s public relations strategies were hosting these events can achieve progressive social utilized to generate consent for particular goals and inclusive social legacies. In particular, two environmental approaches, and to frame common popular themes in the mega‐event controversial issues (such as their role as discourse will be considered, namely increasing sustainability partner) as uncontroversial. This physical activity participation among youth and presentation will draw on literature that speaks to achieving social inclusion and accessibility among corporate approaches to environmentalism, the socially excluded groups. Relevant literature role of public relations in consensus building, and related to these two themes will be discussed. This on environmental sustainability within sport‐mega contribution also confirms that given the paucity of event planning and delivery. I will conclude with evidence for hosts achieving the legacies they discussions on whether and/or how BP’s framing of articulate and pursue, it is important to examine this partnership is consistent with what participation‐oriented mega‐events in order to Swyngedouw (2007) calls a ‘postpolitical’ approach better manage leveraging efforts for spectator‐ to dealing with societal problems – one that limits oriented mega‐events and vice versa. debate about how to deal with issues such as a sport mega‐event’s impact on the environment. The goal of this presentation is to contribute to understandings of how public relations strategies are mobilized to shape public perceptions of, and

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Sport and Globalization of Matauranga Māori ‐ Māori knowledge and Friday, June 14, 2013 cultural practices. Recently Matauranga Māori has 11:00 AM ‐ 12:30 PM become common place in international sport Salon C events involving New Zealand athletes and teams to create a national identity that distinguishes New Up in Flames: The Symbol, Zealand from the rest of the world. The heart of Intercultural Communication and this paper examines the journey and Commodification implementation of Matauranga Māori into the Joseph Maguire, Loughborough University (United New Zealand Olympic and Commonwealth Games Kingdom) [email protected] teams in creating a sense of belonging and national Jack Black, Loughborough University (United identity at Athens 2004, Torino 2006, Vancouver Kingdom) [email protected] 2010 and Delhi 2010. Rebecca Darlington, Loughborough University (United Kingdom) [email protected] Utilising a culturally appropriate research methodology referred to as Kaupapa Māori (Māori The broad debate regarding the Olympic Games, ‘perspectives’) Theory (KMT) preliminary analyses and the Olympic Flame Relay focuses of the narrative provided by the New Zealand team on the perceived symbolic value of the relay and cultural advisor illuminates that Matauranga Māori the commodified nature of the games more is enjoying space within the arena of major generally. Some scholars argue for the potential sporting global events such as the Olympic and intercultural understanding that the Flame Relay Commonwealth Games. The challenges endured fosters. In addition, a demand is made for an by the cultural advisor are presented through ethnographic account of such experiences. In ‘tangible’ and ‘intangible’ examples of how contrast, others point to the extent to which (in)sensitively Matauranga Māori has Olympism is embedded within consumption. As been integrated within the world of elite sport part of a broader account of the 2012 UK Flame participation. Although unconventional, the Relay, attention here is given to its visit to one contemporary dynamism of Matauranga Māori small university town. Data was collected from provides an exciting approach that encourages the interviews with those watching the Flame Relay, expression of indigeneity and cultural identity extensive photographic record of the event, in modern mega sporting events. fieldwork observations and local media acccounts. Informed by a process sociology / political Motorcycle Sport in Taiwan: Globalization and economy perspective we highlight both the 'actual' Sportization experience of the visit but also its mediation in the Wen Uei Chang, Waseda University (Japan) local and national media. The ritual appeared [email protected] temporary, superficial and contoured by the major sponsors of the Relay. While the Flame had some This study investigates the sportization of local significance, claims made for its broader motorcycle sport in Taiwan in a global perspective. symbolic value appeared muted. The historical trajectory of the development of motorcycle sport in Taiwan reveals a unique The Globalisation of Māori/Indigenous Knowledge relationship with the motorcycle industry, as well and New Zealand/National Identity at the Olympic as cultural and economic interchanges with nearby and Commonwealth Games Asian countries. This study begins with the first Bevan Erueti, Massey University, New Zealand international scooter racing event held by a (New Zealand) [email protected] domestic manufacturer, which received technological support from Japan, then elaborates For approximately 170 years Māori (indigenous how this influenced the subsequent formation of people of Aotearoa/New Zealand) have resisted associations and event organizers; the involvement assimilative strategies to ensure the preservation

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of the media is also discussed. It is argued that this leisure researchers studying endurance sport, sport emerged from a post‐colonial social context, (sport) event travel, event experiences, event and then served to highlight social and identity management and tourism more generally. The changes from the late 1980s until the present. This results might also be of interest to particular study also exemplifies how economic and cultural professional audiences aiming to improve forces influence the spread of sport, and offers an spectator experiences, particularly Ironman and alternative perspective on globalization and sport. other endurance sport event organizers.

Mediated Sport Meets Consumer Culture: The Sport Spectatorship and Fandom Advertising Narrative and Imagining the Sports Friday, June 14, 2013 Fan as Consumer 11:00 AM ‐ 12:30 PM Lawrence Wenner, Loyola Marymount University Salon D (United States) [email protected]

Using Photo‐elicitation to Understand Sport Event This study considers sport communication as an Experiences of Loved Ones: The Case of the integral part of consumer culture through the Ironman critical examination of the “imagined community” Daniel Clarke, School of Business, University of (Anderson, 1983) seen in narratives characterizing Dundee (United Kingdom) [email protected] sports fans in television commercials. Set in broadly in consumer culture theory and the work The purpose of this study is to develop fresh of Zygmunt Bauman in combination with work by understanding of how triathlon is experienced by Crawford (2004) and Horne (2006) on sport in loved ones from the other side of the barrier. It is a consumer culture, the study engages Abercrombie direct response to previous calls for more research & Longhurst’s (1998) spectacle/performance on the “dramatic effect on lifestyle” (McCarville, paradigm of the audience to examine how readers 2007: 171) that commitment to the sport of in promotional culture’s narrative spaces are cast triathlon can have on family and friends. A into the sports fan role and see it performed to convenience sample of three women who have simulate and stimulate carrying it into the witnessed at least one Ironman triathlon event marketplace. In bridging literature on the from the other side of the barrier were recruited. consumer and the fan, results are reported from The paper uses photo‐elicitation to contextualise five studies interrogating the consumer‐fanship and encompass the complexity within which the link. Analysis and discussion focus on how sport‐ leisure experience of spectators is lived, and in referential television commercials imagine contexts doing so develops new understanding of their of consumption for sports fans and how male and emotions, something that is missing in leisure female sports fans, and how they relate, are inquiry (Parry & Johnson, 2007: 121). Photographs imagined. were used to elicit stories about the three inter‐ related conative, affective and cognitive You Can’t Judge a Book by its Cover but Can you dimensions of (sport) event experiences (Getz, Judge a Man by his Shirt? Implications of 2008: 414). This process produced 15 photographic Associative and Dissociative Sports Groups for images and over three hours of voice recordings, Donation Behaviors producing more than 33 pages of transcriptions. Vassilis Dalakas, California State University San The transcripts were read and re‐read and Marcos (United States) [email protected] annotated several times, noting especially the Bennett Cherry, California State University San aspects relating to the three inter‐related Marcos (United States) [email protected] dimensions. The paper produces findings that will be of interest to not only researchers who carry out A field experiment was conducted to examine how leisure inquiries into triathlon, but also to other associations with sports teams may have a relationship with people’s willingness to

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donate. Specifically, the study used a person physical activity, road cycling club executives, looking like a panhandler with a sign asking for coaches, and cycling store staff. 25 people money by a stop light. This took place for two engaged in semi‐structured interviews regarding consecutive days for three hours each day. The their participation as well as perspectives on the person wore a different shirt for each of the three sport’s growth. In addition, public source hours each day: a shirt with the logo of the city’s documents from various local, national and NFL team, a short with the logo of that team’s big international mass‐participatory cycling events rival, and a plan white shirt. Upon completion of (such as Gran Fondos), as well as road cycling clubs the six hours and after a total of 711 driving by him and businesses were analyzed. (divided quite equally among the three shirt conditions), the total donations in cash and value Themes of camaraderie and networking, fitness of food offered to him were as follows: $17.81 and the monitoring of it, as well as the opportunity while wearing the shirt of the local team, $17.11 to collect and tinker with toys, will be discussed in when wearing the plain white shirt, and just $4.57 terms of key reasons boomers offer for when wearing the shirt of the rival team. The participating in road cycling and cycling results suggest that while a connection to the local clubs. Unpacking the nuances of these team did not necessarily increase willingness to perspectives in relation to the growth of structures donate, a connection to a big rival certainly such as clubs and Fondos provides insight to better appears to have had a detrimental effect on understand the attraction of ageing adults to road attracting donations. The findings provide cycling and corresponding changes in the sport’s interesting insight regarding sociological culture. implications of fandom regarding both liked and hated teams. “I Think it Shows You Don’t Necessarily Have to do Sport to be Active” Definitions and Understandings of Physical Activity in Three‐ Sport, Physical Activity and Ageing Generational Families. Friday, June 14, 2013 Victoria Palmer, Glasgow Caledonian University 11:00 AM ‐ 12:30 PM (United Kingdom) [email protected] Salon E The family is often identified as a determinant of Road Cycling for Ageing Adults: The New Golf? physical activity, despite this little is known about Karen Sirna, Douglas College (Canada) how the family contributes to an individual’s [email protected] physical activity beliefs, understandings and practices. In addition the way an individual defines In recent years has experienced a and understands physical activity may affect their growth in large, mass participatory road cycling propensity to be active. My PhD uses a novel mixed events such as Gran Fondos, as well as road cycling method approach to explore the reproduction of clubs. Middle and older aged adults are large physical activity dispositions, associated beliefs and contributors to this phenomenon however, little is embodiment within three‐generational families. known about their reasons for doing so. This paper Bourdieu’s theory of social reproduction states that presents preliminary findings of a broader research habitus is located within the family and that study focusing on understanding why middle and through socialisation with various objective older adults are selecting road cycling, their structures it can be reinforced, altered and experiences with the sport culture, and structures reproduced as action (practices) when combined that facilitate or constrain their participation in it. with the accumulation and utilisation of various forms of capital. Based on findings from my PhD This research study took place in a large Canadian research this presentation will examine how city. Participants were middle and older adults individuals define physical activity and how these (40+ years) who identified as using road cycling for

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definitions emerge within families, thus creating a institutions play in marginal communities with low familial habitus. Moreover it will examine whether economic resources regarding health care, and the familial definitions relate to physical activity promotion of physical and sports activities within practices and thereby how physical activity this population is highlighted. The results also practices contribute to the development and suggest the vulnerability of these communities accumulation of socially appropriate physical when faced with the economic interests of capital. Finally, it will explore whether individual corporations due to the lack of regulatory policies and familial definitions of physical activity replicate to mitigate health risks. cultural expectations reflected in the embodiment of a particular habitus, and how this can be understood as social reproduction. Sport and National Identities Friday, June 14, 2013 The Role of Social and Cultural Factors in the 11:00 AM ‐ 12:30 PM Involvement of Physical and Sports Activity in Salon F Gerardo Orellana, Universidad Nacional Autónoma The Good Ol’ Hockey Game? Sport Space, National de México (Mexico) [email protected] Identity, and the Dissonant Hockey Body Danielle DiCarlo, University of Toronto (Canada) Mexico is the greatest consumer of carbonated [email protected] drinks and has the highest percentage of people who are considered overweight. Government Thinking about space and its political, cultural and actions have not adequately considered sports as a social underpinnings has become popular among factor that drives social development. Part of this social and cultural theorists. We know that space weakness in Mexico is a lack of specialized studies plays an important role in the experiences of that identify the needs for physical activity, as well athletes and how athletes come to know as the capacity of large corporations to exert themselves within specific sport spaces (Vertinsky influence on legislators through lobbying, thus & Bale, 2004). For the purposes of this paper, limiting the national Government’s possibilities to taking the sport space of hockey as my starting foster social development. point, I am interested in questioning how hockey space continues to maintain racial This paper presents results from a study that hierarchies. More specifically, I aim to illustrate identifies some of the social factors that influence how Canadian nationalism—operating within a the possibility of a population’s involvement in mythological framework that maintains Canadian practicing sports and physical activity, such as national identity through the assertion of white infrastructure, socialization experiences and settler masculinity—produces the embodied native different needs by gender, age, regional and of hockey spaces. I examine: (a) how the space of cultural conditions. Africville, through the segregation of marked bodies and eventual expropriation of land by the The study was carried out in the central‐south City of Halifax, played a role in substantiating region of Mexico, with students of upper high Canadian hockey as a white man’s sport and (b) school of a semi‐rural community. It is an how discourses surrounding non‐white NHL players exploratory study using a mixed methodology that maintains notions of otherness and the production was conducted between September and December of white normativity. Focusing on the spatial 2012. constitution of hockey spaces—shaped by ideas connected to Canadian national mythology—this The results show differentiated consumption of paper illustrates how sports’ intimate ties to physical and sports activities among the student colonial projects has justified the exclusion of population. The important role that public

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particular bodies (read non‐white) from hockey Chinese Sports and National Identity, 1910‐2012 spaces. Jianhui Zhang, Hebei Institute of Physical Education (China) [email protected] as an Olympic Sport: Challenges Between Chaoan Zhang, Hebei Institute of Physical Traditionality and Modernity Education (China) [email protected] Marcio Antonio Tralci Filho, Universidade de () [email protected] Large‐scale sport events (e.g, the long‐running Katia Rubio, University of Sao Paulo Chinese National Games) provide a specific site for [email protected] the construction of national identity (Guoqi, 2008; The Chinese martial arts (Wushu) probably are one Yan, 2007). As Eric Hobsbawm (1991) and others of the most popular cultural practices that crossed note, such sports events serve as an effective way the borders of China. According to the to define national identity, and, foster a communal International Wushu Federation there are national sense of belonging (Anderson, 1983; Archetti, Wushu federations in most countries of all 1999; Armstrong & Giulianotti, 2001; Bairner, 2001; , configuring 119 member federations. & Horak & Spitaler, 2003). The (re)construction of Moreover, the IWUF is requesting Wushu as a sport national identities is never predetermined, fixed, or in the Olympics: despite being denied for the 2008 simplistic; but rather, is a complex phenomenon Games it has been considering by IOC for borne out of historical tensions, broader social, the 2020 Olympiad which decision will be political and economic processes, and announced in 2013. However, it is known that the contemporary cultural conditions. In this work I Chinese martial arts had suffered a process of draw on Chinese histories (circa 1910‐2012) (Jing, “sportization” which initially occurs in the context 2006; Shaozu, 1990; Tanhua, 2005; Lequan, 1998; of the political transition to the National Republic Jianhui, 2011), to examine the varied roles sport and generally affected all Chinese physical culture. has played in the pursuit of a unified, and unifiable, Considering this, the aim of this work is to analyze national identity. I review four historical periods how the possible tensions between the (the late ; the Republic of China “traditional” and the “modern”, emerged within period; the National Government era; and, the the National Republic’s periods in , People's Republic of China epoch). During these reflects on the plea for the inclusion of the Wushu historical phases sport took on pronounced social as Olympic Sport. For this it has been done an roles and political functions as politicians, sports analysis over the 2002 video presentation for the agencies, and stakeholders endeavored to bidding for Wushu inclusion in the Beijing’s 2008 simultaneously quell internal national frictions and Games. This analysis will be done based on a fortify the country’s international standing (Guoqi, “Theory of Reception”, present mainly in the works 2008). The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, especially, of Stuart Hall and Marshall Sahlins, which consider served to secure the Chinese government’s the “centrality” of the cultural issues as well as the ongoing desire to project a consolidated, ‘positive’ power relations involved on its discursive and ‘embracing’ ‘national’ identity against its construction. The perspective of cultural and social uncertain international political position. The history by Eric Hobsbawm, E. P. Thompson and dissemination of western modern sports in China Benedict Anderson will also be helpful on the continues to play an important role in the issues related to national and cultural identities. construction of nationalism, local identity and national identity for many Chinese people.

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Sport and Media Honey or Vinegar: Bloggers and Readers and the Friday, June 14, 2013 Instrumental Use of the AthletesFirst Blog in 1:30 PM ‐ 3:00 PM Promoting Disability Sport Salon B Andrea Bundon, The University of British Columbia (Canada) [email protected] The Cultural Significance of a SMILE: Meaning‐ Production at the Gendered Interface of Televised AthletesFirst (www.athletesfirst.ca) was created as and Practiced Team Handball in Norway a participatory project in which I collaborated with Trygve B. Broch, Norwegian School of Sport Paralympic athletes to host a blog exploring topics Science (Norway) [email protected] related to disability sport and the Paralympic Movement. Within the first year, the 34 posts This presentation highlights gendered meaning‐ generated in excess of 300 comments and were production within a Norwegian handball team. A seen by over 5,500 individuals from 90 countries. squad of 13‐14 year old female handballers in the While there is general consensus among writers Oslo region were followed during the season of and readers that the purpose of AthletesFirst is to 2011‐2012; an approximate duration of eight promote and advance disability sport, during the months. Field notes were collected at two practices interviews it became apparent that there was each week as well as season‐games and cup‐ substantial variation as to how individuals felt this tournaments during the weekends. The participant goal was best accomplished. This paper draws on field observations also included participation in the thematic coding of 30 interviews with individuals coaching staff – managing and assisting the who have been blogging for and reading coaches during practices and games. AthletesFirst to address the following questions: (1) What do readers and writers understand to be the Of specific foci during this presentation will be the instrumental purpose of the AthletesFirst blog?; (2) girl team’s use of a particular symbol and its What tactics or strategies do they engage in to metaphoric expression: the smile. Throughout the achieve these desired objectives?; (3) How do they season observed, the coaching staff emphasized individually and collectively negotiate the tone and that the Norwegian women’s national handball style of the blog? Through these questions we start team is renowned for the players’ achievements to understand how bloggers and readers and charismatic smile. The adult coaches made collaborate to create a blog that ranges from references to newspaper images and television confrontational to conciliatory in tone and content. coverage to verify this claim. The national team They discuss their reasons for participating in this and their (former) highly successful female head blog including the will to address collective coach was by the girl’s coaching staff regarded as grievances, the need to express anger at injustices, appropriate idols for both their own coaching the mandate to inform the public about disability practice as well as their young players’ on court issues and the desire to welcome newcomers to performances. In this presentation the media the movement. These findings will be analysed images of the Norwegian national women’s team, within the context of current theorising on the role the coaches’ cultural knowledge production and of blogging within online activist networks. the girls’ admiration of and aspiration for female elite player status – are analyzed through the Sport Media Literacy: An Action Research Project metaphoric prism of the smile. on Sport Viewing Skills Mitsunori Ohhashi, Kyushu University (Japan) [email protected]

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine participants’ media literacy skills through action research. Previous research has

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demonstrated that most spectators view televised They are loaded with expectations for friendlier sport uncritically (Coakley, 2009). There is, and less competitive activities in contrast to the nevertheless, no existing research that measures serious and performance oriented nature of viewing skills for sport. Action research activities in sports clubs. So what happens when methodology (Raúl, 2012) was chosen for this sports clubs organize spontaneous sporting study, because it allowed me involve participants’ activities? This paper is based on the results of a actual viewing experiences in my study. study of a project launched within the latest, and still on‐going, government sport policy programme Methods: Participants were fourteen university in Sweden. The programme has added some 50 students (10 women and 4 men). This action million EURO per year to the Swedish Sports research project included several methods: a Confederation budget with the explicit aim of questionnaire that the participants filled out after recruiting non‐members from underrepresented watching three sport videos, “Documentary about groups. In the project under study, local sports woman boxer in India”, “Japanese girl’s clubs organize spontaneous sporting activities professional baseball game’s highlight” and where children and youth previously not involved “London Olympics highlight from BBC” and a focus in club sports can take part under the device “come group discussion with two or three other as you are, do what you please, at no cost”. The participants. I then analyzed this data using project was studied by analyses of project conversation analysis. documentation, interviews with key stakeholders, questionnaires to prospective participants, and by Results: The participants preferred videos, such as observations of project activities. Results show the “London Olympics,” that included strong how organisation, marketing, financing, leader’s emotional content. The students were able to competence, facilities, participants’ wishes, and the analyze dramatic content, narratives, and identify nature of the activities combine into keeping the working of some dominant ideologies such as children and youth previously not involved in club the ideology of masculinity. For example, one sports excluded from the activities. Understandings participant commented: “Women athletes are of these phenomena are offered by drawing on the portrayed as idols although men athletes are theoretical concepts of embedded expectations portrayed as heroes.” The participants were, and embodied knowledge. nevertheless, unable to fully understand social contexts of and/or background for the narrative Organizational (non)change in Swedish content. These findings indicate that increased Community Sport Organizations: the Example of instruction in critical media literary at the Drive‐in Sport university is needed. Cecilia Stenling, Department of Eductation, Umeå University (Sweden) [email protected]

Sport, Politics and Policy The purpose of this study was to understand Friday, June 14, 2013 change in community sport organizations (CSOs) by 1:30 PM ‐ 3:00 PM examining the introduction and organizing of Salon C spontaneous sport activities labeled drive‐in sport in 6 Swedish CSOs. Drive‐in sport activities differ The Institutionalization of Spontaneous Sport – from the regular activities of Swedish CSOs in that Unpacking the Paradox they are meant to be: targeted at non‐affiliated Josef Fahlen , Umeå University (Sweden) youths, free of charge, led by paid staff, and focus [email protected] on the intrinsic value of sport. Drawing on the theoretical concepts of translation and Spontaneous sporting activities are often pointed organizational identity, data from 10 interviews out as the antithesis of activities in sports clubs. were analyzed to answer: 1. How and why was the

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idea of drive‐in sport interpreted and acted upon in Commonly the operations and function of the clubs relation to existing CSO activities? 2. What was the were evaluated more planned, well organized and outcome, in terms of organizational change, of the systematic. The expertise in the club seemed to CSOs’ encounter with drive‐in sport? The findings increase, and to the ability of obtain resources the show that drive‐in sport was approached through process effects if anything more positively than the present self‐identification of the CSOs, meaning negatively. it was translated into something that is in line with or beneficial for existing core activities. Therefore, The most often developed single characteristic while drive‐in sport at first glance may seem to seemed to be the will for development which could have changed the CSOs, a closer examination be valuable issue in the future. The most reveals a reproduction of their organizational problematic issue was the voluntary potential and identities. The findings are discussed in relation to its animation. The results were not unequivocal the (mis)alignment of the drive‐in sport idea with when voluntarism was analyzed. Thus in part of the the CSOs’ institutional context, as well as the future pilot clubs there was more voluntary energy due to potential of the drive‐in sport idea to lead to the professional whereas in almost as many clubs organizational change. Based on the findings of the the development was unwanted. study, policy‐makers as well as leaders of CSOs are advised to align new ideas on organizing with either existing CSO activities or ongoing changes in Sociology of Sport: Future Challenges the CSO’s institutional context. Friday, June 14, 2013 1:30 PM ‐ 3:00 PM Hired Professional in a Voluntary Sports Club? Salon D Pasi Koski, University of Turku, Teacher Training School, Rauma (Finland) [email protected] Decolonising Methodologies in Qualitative Sport Research: Rationale and Possibilities for a Qatari Finnish government realized a few years ago that Context the voluntary sports clubs were in a challenging Kelly Knez, Aspetar ‐ Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports situation because of increased demands on the Medicine Hosptial (Qatar) [email protected] activities and pressures on the volunteering. An intervention where 200 sports clubs were The past decade has witnessed a marked increase supported to hire a full‐time worker launched in in both sport participation and consumption within 2009. Qatar. Facilitated largely by government initiatives, this increase has potential far reaching effects This article analyzes what were the consequences across Qatari society, ranging from increased of the professional worker for the sport club. The health benefits among citizens to the introduction research material is collected in the different of Qatar as a ‘sporting nation’ to the Qatari phases during the process from the hired workers, national identity the representatives of the sports clubs, the volunteers and some other interest groups by Despite this rapid and comprehensive introduction questionnaires. of sport to Qatar, little research has been conducted which considers the broad intersection According to the results most of the pilot clubs of sport with Qatari culture. This is important to were developed favorably in many respects during consider as modern sport, which is largely a the project. The number of participants increased ‘western construct’, has been rapidly introduced to in about 70 per cent of the respondent clubs. The a culture that has a different history and beliefs to broadening and diversifying of the activities was those in western countries. Furthermore, the small common characteristic. body of qualitative literature emerging within the field of Qatar and sport has either been conducted by western trained academics or grounded in

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theories and methodologies that may not be used as a framework for analysis to identify the sensitive to, or reflective of, a Qatari context. This relationships between the hierarchy of research may be problematic, especially if the researcher objects and the hierarchy of distribution and has not adopted a strong reflexive stance. consumption of sport in both countries. This presentation discusses the conceptual framework This presentation will draw upon theoretical to be used in the study with a focus on the lessons learned from previous qualitative sport methods and research design applied during the research projects conducted in Qatar in order to first phase. consider culturally appropriate methodologies to be adopted for future use. Keywords: Taxonomy, Sociology of Sport, United States, Brazil It is suggested that decolonising methodologies offer potential and possibility for western and/or Anti‐doping Policies in Developing Countries: western trained researchers to conduct qualitative Towards Reform sport research within Qatar. The way in which Kaveri Prakash, University of Ontario Institute of decolonising methodologies both disrupt western Technology (Canada) [email protected] assumptions, and legitimise local contextual knowledge and practices, offers researchers Even as the rest of the world is struggling to halt working in Qatar a more culturally relevant the economic decline, developing countries in framework for qualitative sport research. particular, like India are seeing sharp economic development and rapid social change. In such an Can the North Explain the South? American Sport environment sports is increasingly becoming a Sociology and its Influence in Brazil. pathway to achieve success, fame and fortune, Wanderley Marchi Júnior, Universidade Federal do however transient. This has led to a sharp push to Paraná (Brazil) [email protected] win at all costs, leading indirectly to the use of Kátia Bortolotti Marchi, Universidade Federal do drugs to enhance performance. PED use starts Paraná (Brazil) [email protected] much earlier than it shows up in competitive Gonzalo Bravo, West Virginia University (United arenas. Policies to control use of PEDs in sports States) [email protected] have not succeeded in these countries because Jay Coakley, University of Colorado (United States) they do not recognise the specificity of country [email protected] situations.

The interest in the study of sport sociology in Brazil In general sociologists have been using the has grown considerably over the past three deterrence theory to study PED use. However, decades. While much of the scholarly production since it criminalizes PED use it has been disproven has attempted to provide answers to problems several times in favor of those that see PED users that are unique to Brazil, these studies ─ and the as lacking in moral fibre. Several others criticize forces that have caused them to flourish ─ have poverty, social standing etc. as leading to been influenced by a variety of schools of thought, recreational drug use; but none focus on PED use. people and trends in sport sociology born outside On the other hand, literature in psychology focuses of Brazil. In this study, we attempt to unveil the on the psychology of the use of recreational drugs origin of these trends and schools of thought. The to define PEDs that is, drug use for altered states of study involves two phases: first, the examination of mind/inebriation are not PEDs. So blanket studies the American sport sociology school and second, about drug use, both recreational and not, are the analysis of the Brazilian context. During the insufficient for a comprehensive understanding. first phase, we identify and classify authors, models This paper looks critically at current literature to of analysis and objects of study that have shaped illustrate the need for new socio‐psychological the landscape of American sport sociology. We models to review and understand PED use in present these results in a taxonomy that will be

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competitive sports in the context of the changes in deemed by others to be meaningful matters’ developing countries with a view to enhancing (Bairner, 2012), we offer amendments to the country‐specific policies. Lancet’s call to action on physical activity.

Motivations, Competing Priorities and Constraint Sport, Health and Risk Negotiation: A Conceptual Model Friday, June 14, 2013 Brent Moyle, Southern Cross University (Australia) 1:30 PM ‐ 3:00 PM [email protected] Salon E Matthew Lamont, Southern Cross University (Australia) [email protected] The Global Physical Inactivity Pandemic: A Millicent Kennelly, Griffith University (Australia) Critique [email protected] Joe Piggin, Loughborough University (United Kingdom) [email protected] Participation in sport and physical activity makes a Alan Bairner, University of Loughborough (United significant contribution to the overall health and Kingdom) [email protected] wellbeing of society. As a result concern about the motivations for, and the constraints to, In July 2012, The Lancet announced a pandemic of participation in sport are an important physical inactivity. This pandemic is said to be consideration for scholars, practitioners and other affecting all nations in the world (Das and Horton, stakeholders involved in sport and event 2012). ‘Physical inactivity is the fourth leading management. The sport of triathlon is currently cause of death worldwide’ (Kohl et al., 2012: 67) experiencing a period of rapid growth. Despite this and is responsible for ‘6–10% of all deaths from the growth there is still an absence of research major NCDs …. [and] more than 5•3 of the 57 exploring the motivations and constraints athletes million deaths that occurred worldwide in 2008’ overcome to participate in this demanding sport. (Lee at al., 2012: 9). Claiming that physical Consequently, this research draws from a series of inactivity is pandemic is an important moment in in‐depth interviews with 21 triathletes in Australia health discourse, since it suggests a shift in to explore motivations and constraints experienced attention away from physical activity being part of by amateur triathletes, and sheds light on how the ‘obesity epidemic’, and will therefore require these constraints are negotiated to enable alterations in how population health is addressed. participate in triathlon and travel to events. Nine motivation themes emerged, with triathletes Given the purported scale of physical inactivity, this motivated to participate for intrinsic reasons, research examines how the pandemic is though extrinsic motives were also extensively rhetorically constructed and how solutions are prevalent. Athletes also identified a range of proposed. We apply a governmentality perspective constraints to their participation. These constraints (Rose, 1990) to examine the continuity, coherence were viewed as competing priorities which athletes and appropriateness of ideas about physical had to negotiate in order to maintain their inactivity. We argue within the Lancet there is participation and travel to events. Competing disunity about what is known about physical priorities were grouped into seven domains: activity, problematic claims of ‘abnormality’, issues familial relationships, domestic responsibilities, with how sport is defined, and issues around sociability, finances, leisure, wellbeing, and proposed solutions. We argue that researchers work/education. To negotiate these competing who propose a systems (or ecological) approach to priorities athletes employed a range of cognitive address the pandemic need to acknowledge and and behavioural constraint negotiation strategies. mitigate the complexities inherent within their own From these findings a conceptual model of proclamations. In order to avoid being ‘either motivations, competing priorities and constraint silenced completely or obliged to address what are

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negotiation is proposed for further testing in other sport cultures. The paper addresses two questions: recreational sport participation contexts. (1) how to understand the ‘vanishing’ collective spirit of the French national football team during The Linkage between Physical Activities and the 1998 World Cup when France beat Brazil 3 to Competitive Sports: A Case Study of Cycling in 0? (2) how to understand the intermittent ‘love Japan story’ between the national football team and Hitoshi Ebishima, Seijo University (Japan) French society? [email protected] Overall the paper focuses on the specific meanings Cycling has been recognized as one of the most of French sport culture during two specific periods: popular sports in Japan in recent years. Riding a 1998 “illusion lyrique” to 2010 Knysna ‘disaster’, bicycle has been enjoyed as a sport and as a and 2012 ‘spoiled’ kids. These two moments gave transportation method in various contexts. The ‘hill rise to a range of exaggeration national climb races’, are one of the grassroots cycling interpretations. In 1998, the victorious national competitions in Japan that attract many football team was seen as the triumph of a social competitive cyclists as well as amateur cyclists and racial integration process; conversely, in 2010 However, most of the surface infrastructures and 2012, the team’s sporting failure has been including roads and other parts of landscape in seen as a failure of the same social and racial Japan are far less favorable for cyclists than those integration process. The moral panic which has in other advanced countries such as Holland, developed around the two latest international Germany and Denmark. Semi‐structured interviews football competitions has revealed the specific were conducted with competitive cyclists, place of football culture in the fabric of French recreational cyclists and commuters as well as society and its transformations. First, it shows the bicycle activists of non‐profit organizations in order increasing meaning of sport in general and football to create a continuity of cycling activities as a in particular in French society because of physical activity and as a competitive sport. Cycling globalization and increased media coverage. And, booms in Japan were created under a variety of second it shows that the importance of sport is complicated social backgrounds; ecology, health, connected to the role that political authorities have and influences from foreign countries. For given it since the 1980’s as a tool to tackle the promoting sports and health in Japan further, effects of globalization. continuous linkages between physical activities and competitive sports, in terms of cycling activities, Labour Migration, National Identity and should be established. Basketball: The Acculturation Experiences of the Lithuanian Diaspora in the East of England. David Piggott, Leeds Metropolitan University Sport and National Identities (United Kingdom) [email protected] Friday, June 14, 2013 Adam B. Evans, University of Lincoln (United 1:30 PM ‐ 3:00 PM Kingdom) [email protected] Salon F In 2004 a number of former Warsaw Pact states (or Globalization, Football and French Nationalism: the A8 countries) acceded to the European Union. The Intermittent “Love Story” between the Relaxation of labour laws resulted in over 33,000 National Football Team and the French Society migrant workers, mainly from Poland, Latvia and Patrick Mignon, INSEP (France) Lithuania, moving to the east of England to find [email protected] work, often in rural farming areas.

The aim of the paper is to develop some ideas Studies in the field of labour migration have shown about national sport culture and the role of that cultural transfer is one key symptom of labour globalization in the transformation of national

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migration. Migrants’ sense of place can be shortterm species of capital from the perspective dialectical: they remain part of an imagined of Australian society whilst simultaneously community at home, as well as a new community producing more enduring power and identity in their destination. This has a considerable effect within the field of Pacific Island diaspora. When on migrant identities, including national identities. performance in sport is underpinned by a bio‐racist In turn, the interplay of identity and place impacts logic and specific cultural history the overwhelming upon the acculturation strategies groups of commonsense that ensues is experienced at an migrants employ as they adapt to or resist their embodied level. new way of life.

This study investigated the acculturation Sport in Correctional Institutions experiences of a group of Lithuanian labour Friday, June 14, 2013 migrants in a rural county in the east of England 3:30 PM ‐ 5:00 PM through their experiences as members of a Salon B basketball community. Basketball is the national sport of Lithuania and is seen among the Diaspora Physical Activity and Exercise in Canadian as a significant means for the expression of Corrections: A Critical Discourse Analysis national identity. In‐depth interviews were Victoria Felkar, The University of British Columbia completed with 12 Lithuanian stakeholders from (Canada) [email protected] the Lincolnshire Basketball Association (LBBA) (i.e. players, referees and coaches). The interviews Far too little is known about the need for and focused on the acculturation experiences of the extent of physical activity and exercise in participants, especially the role that basketball correctional facilities and the policies that guide plays in this process. The findings are clustered into these practices. While there is some evidence at three main themes: acculturation experiences; the international level that supports the pressing national identity and the imagined community; and need for exercise and physical activity as both an established and outsider relations. individual practice and as institutionally organized correctional programs there is a dearth of ‘We’re Naturals’: Pacific Islanders Negotiations of information concerning physical activity in Identity and Rugby in Australia Canadian correctional facilities. My presentation Brent McDonald, Victoria University (Australia) focuses upon what is known about correctional [email protected] policies and penal ideology in Canada regarding the role of and opportunities for institutional physical Pacific Island and Maori men are grossly over‐ activity and exercise in prisons through an analysis represented at most levels of rugby in Australia of programs that exist within Western countries. I suggesting the enormous success of rugby as an will use a critical discourse analysis applying exemplar of egalitarian and multicultural society. Foucauldian theory to provide an alternative Drawing on life histories, this paper investigates approach to the predominately quantitative the stories of these migrant men and their research conducted so far by the Correctional experiences of rugby union in Australia. Specifically Service of Canada and will demonstrate how the it examines how they account for their own and interplay between correctional power and policy in other Pacific Islanders’ involvement and success. prions impacts institutional physical activity and The central theme of ‘the natural’ is variously exercise. utilised either in terms of biological determinism or cultural history to make sense of Pacific Islanders’ performance in rugby. As bodies inscribed from a variety of contexts, the ‘natural’ suggests that rugby reproduces a relatively narrow and

39 ISSA 2013 World Congress – Book of Abstracts

Prison Sport: Exploring the Politics of Physical taken away, and by whom? Is sovereignty over Activity in Canadian Correctional Institutions one’s body a basic human right, or does one only Mark Norman, University of Toronto (Canada) maintain the privilege of sovereignty if he obeys [email protected] the laws or rules of the home, school, sports team, or nation in which he lives? Despite the fact that sport and physical activity are significant aspects of many prison cultures around In this presentation, Aaron L Miller will present the the world, there is limited academic research on major findings from his ethnographic study of their significance in correctional settings. In corporal punishment in Japanese schools and Canada, the literature is particularly scant and is sports, which resulted in the book, Discourses of limited to an unpublished Master’s thesis written Discipline: An Anthropology of Corporal Punishment over 15 years ago (Caplan, 1996). Given this paucity in Japan’s Schools and Sports (Institute of East of literature, this paper represents an initial step Asian Studies, UC Berkeley, 2013). He will show toward contextualizing and understanding the how the term for corporal punishment was social role of physical activity in Canadian federal introduced into Japan, how the practice was used prisons both historically and at the present by samurai educators, militarists, schoolteachers, moment. In particular, this paper traces how and most controversially, sports coaches. physical activity and sport have been politicized throughout the development of the Canadian penitentiary system and how this politicization has Sport, Politics and Policy been linked to broader sociopolitical trends in Friday, June 14, 2013 Canadian society. Particular attention is paid to the 3:30 PM ‐ 5:00 PM contemporary context of Canadian corrections, in Salon C which correctional policy is shifting from a focus on rehabilitation to an emphasis on punishment and Brazilian Sport Facing The Rio 2016 Project offender accountability. Given the broader trend Fernando Mezzadri, Paraná Federal University toward the “penalization of poverty” in western (Brazil) [email protected] countries (Wacquant, 2009) and the ongoing Marcelo Silva, Paraná Federal University (Brazil) overrepresentation of marginalized populations in [email protected] the Canadian corrections system, there are Natasha Santos, Paraná Federal University (Brazil) compelling reasons to explore and unpack the [email protected] diverse ways in which physical activity is Amanda Correa, Paraná Federal University (Brazil) constructed and experienced within prison [email protected] environments. This paper aims to present the first data from a Sovereignty and Corporal Punishment: Who research entitled "The Brazilian Sport Facing the Controls the Body of a Child? Rio 2016 Project: Expectations and Realities (2012 ‐ Aaron Miller, Kyoto University and Stanford 2018)". In order to achieve the purpose of the University (United States) [email protected] study, a survey of documents related to the development of Brazilian sport, was carried out not Who has sovereignty over a child's body? Is it only in its social / inclusion / participation / himself, or is it, until a certain age, his parents or education spheres, but also in the performance guardians? Is it the school or the Ministry of realm. Trying to understand all these issues, the Education? If the child holds this right, under what present research was split into three phases: a) conditions, if any, can it be taken away? If his cataloguing documents related to Brazilian sports; parents hold this right, under what conditions can b) systematizing data of one of the most important the state take it away? If the school or state holds programs of financing Brazilian sport: Athlete this right, under what conditions, if any, can it be Grant; c) systematizing data related to the Sports

40 ISSA 2013 World Congress – Book of Abstracts

Incentive Law. At first, the files available on the their professional judgment and capacities to website of the Ministry of Sport, ‐ the main catalyst govern. manager of sports in Brazil – were catalogued. Thus the cataloguing of sources followed basically three main blocks: 1) general documents, that contribute Sports and Gender to the understanding of how the situation of Friday, June 14, 2013 incentive to the sport in the country is; 2) files 3:30 PM ‐ 5:00 PM about programs and projects related to the Salon D National Secretary of Sport, Education, Leisure and Social Inclusion, directed to children and “It is Passable, I Suppose” ‐ Adult Norwegian adolescents listed as potential athletes; and 3) Men’s Notion of their own Bodies documents related to the National Secretary for Stein Egil Hervik, Hedmark University College High Performance Sports, which focus on (Norway) [email protected] supporting elite athletes, in order to optimize their participation in international competitions. Introduction

Male muscular bodies, as depicted in the media, Performance Measurement Schemes in National reflect dominant versions of masculinities (Gill, Sport Policy: A Case of ‘Crowding Out’, ‘Cream 2008). Jackson and Lyons (2012)however found Skimming’ and other Distortions that the men in their study resisted the pressure of Michael Sam, University of Otago (New Zealand) an perfect looking body by focusing on the [email protected] functionality of their body, and thereby relating Luke Macris, University of Otago (New Zealand) masculinity strongly to their power to function. A [email protected] Polish study found that being physically active was positively significantly correlated with less body The performance measurement regimes instituted dissatisfaction among highly educated men by central government sport agencies have both (Demuth, Czerniak, Krzykała, & Ziółkowska‐Łajp, intended and unintended effects in relation to their 2012). Morphological traits of the body, on the network partners. The purpose of this article is to other hand, were not significantly correlated with identify the consequences for NSOs/NGBs as a men’s of body satisfaction (ibid.). result of government investment policies and performance measures. Drawing from data in New The research mentioned above, and other, studies Zealand, two broad categories of effects are might indicate that men’s notion of their own identified and discussed. The first category relates bodies are connected to masculinities. The aim of to the tendency for performance measurement this presentation is to give some insight into how and monitoring to reinforce the adult men relate to and talk about their own delineation/demarcation between elite and bodies, and how their masculinities are manifested community sport due to the relative clarity of the in the notion of their bodies. former’s measures, and the institutionalisation of ‘cream‐skimming’ at national and sub‐national Method levels. The second category of effects illustrates the apparent paradoxes and vulnerabilities of The findings presented are data from 20 qualitative performance measurement that include the interviews with adult men in Hedmark County in demand for indicators to ‘mushroom’ and the Norway, aged between 40 and 90, of different class presence of ‘gaming’ behaviours. Findings are and ethnic backgrounds. discussed in relation to the transformational impact of performance regimes and whether making organisations ‘auditable’ places limits on

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Findings/discussion arguments made by other scholars such as Anderson (2009) espousing the notion of inclusive Preliminary analyses show that the men in my masculinities. Given the significance that sport has study are conscious of their bodies to or greater or in many men’s lives in Australia, this research is lesser extent. Some of the men mainly focus on the also important in assisting in the understanding of functionality of the body, but several men also how, as Australians, masculinity is constructed. reveal that they are concerned or satisfied with their bodies’ morphology. Making Sense of the Everyday Female Rugby Player at a Grass Root Level The findings will be discussed in relation to theories Katerina Tovia , Victoria University of Wellington of the sociology of the body. (New Zealand) [email protected]

Representations of Masculinities within Australian To date, rugby in New Zealand is still a patriarchal Football domain that represents the values and elements of Deb Agnew, Flinders University (Australia) male culture, those of roughness, physicality and [email protected] masculine aspects on and off the field. Women’s Murray Drummond, Flinders University (Australia) contribution to the national sport as players is [email protected] scarcely mentioned in research, often marginalised at the fringes of analysis, and remains a largely Patriarchal definitions of masculinity portray untold story. Despite the New Zealand Black Ferns feminine characteristics as being dependant and winning four World Cups, women’s rugby still fearful and this along with the prohibition of receives limited attention in the cultural and social certain forms of emotion, attachment and pleasure analysis of rugby. promote a dominant style of masculinity which subordinates both femininity and other The majority of the research into women’s rugby masculinities including gay, black and Asian has been largely concentrated on elite players or masculinities. Sport is argued to be a symbolic players at the highest levels of amateur rugby. The representation of these masculine principles. “everyday” female rugby player is largely invisible, Australian football is largely a male domain and has unexamined and inadequately theorised. remained this way since its inception in the mid‐ late 1800s. Not only does sport have the potential This paper reports on a qualitative research study to create an institution in which men are dominant with female rugby players in New Zealand. The over women, it is also argued to be one of the most study analysed the lived experiences of women homophobic arenas. Young boys involved in sport rugby players who play at a grass root level, learn that to be too emotionally open with his particularly how they made sense of their peers might render him being labelled gay or experiences of becoming a rugby player?, why they ‘sissy’. Further, insults such as ‘you throw like a girl’ continue to play the game, and their collective are commonplace, which denigrate women while battle against public perceptions of women rugby attempting to humiliate men. players and the meanings attached to them. These findings provided valuable insights This presentation is based on extensive qualitative into women’s rugby at a grassroots level and interviews with 20 retired elite professional suggests that the various experiences of women Australian footballers. While providing a historical rugby players, both positive and negative, need to overview of masculinities and Australian football, it be recognised so that women can be better valued will focus on the social construction of masculinity as a rugby player rather than as women who just and lay claim that there have been minimal play rugby. changes associated with masculinities within the sport from its inception. This is contrary to

42 ISSA 2013 World Congress – Book of Abstracts

Urban Sport Experiences Running with Neoliberalism: The Practice and Friday, June 14, 2013 Politics of Sport for Development in Urban 3:30 PM ‐ 5:00 PM Baltimore Salon E Bryan Clift, University of Maryland (United States) [email protected] A Postcolonial Analysis of Sport for Development, David Andrews, University of Maryland (United Cross‐sector Partnerships, and Urban States) [email protected] Redevelopment: The Case of the Partnership Between Anglo Indian and M.C.C./Lord’s Cricket Shimmering as a spatial and temporal beacon of Ground private capital investment (and allied public Devra Waldman, University of British Columbia disinvestment) Baltimore is the built testament to a (Canada) [email protected] three decade transformation from being a city primarily focused on managing the welfare of its Sport has been identified by multinational citizenry, to one preoccupied with the organizations as a tool that can be mobilized to entrepreneurial restructuring of the city as a motor promote various kinds of development. Despite of capital accumulation (Harvey, 2001; Ong, 2006; this, scholars who study sport for development and Silk & Andrews, 2006). The pervasive and invasive peace (SDP) have, to date, said little about the role spread of such reformative techniques of of cross‐sector partnerships in the delivery and neoliberal governance (Rose, 2001; Ong, 2006) has implementation of SDP programs, and the impact witnessed many public services and agencies falling these partnerships have on SDP program by the wayside. Some, though by no means all, of recipients. This is a significant shortcoming in SDP‐ the shortfall in social welfare provision resulting related literature, since SDP initiatives commonly from neoliberal revanchism has been addressed rely on complex networks of partnerships between through the volunteerist contributions of private various cross‐sector organizations. citizens and organizations. As an exemplar, the plight of Baltimore’s sizeable homeless population– This paper describes and responds to this need to an already vulnerable grouping increasingly bridge pertinent literatures that speak to these ignored by neoliberal public policy, programming, topics, and to consider how an interrelated analysis and funding–has become evermore dependent on of SDP and cross‐sector partnerships could be the benevolence of private economic capital and conducted. Specifically, this paper explores existing volunteerist physical labor. This project provides a and potential linkages between literatures on SDP, window into the workings and experiences of this partnership theory, and organizational power and neoliberal conjuncture, through an empirically‐ urban redevelopment. Following this, findings from grounded explication of one such private and a website analysis of the partnership between volunteerist initiative: namely, the Baltimore Anglo Indian (an international real estate chapter of Back On My Feet (BOMF). BOMF is a investment company) and M.C.C./Lord’s Cricket non‐profit organization that “promotes the self‐ Ground, that has the objective of developing 12 sufficiency of homeless population by engaging branded, cricket focused communities throughout them in running as a means to build confidence, India, is offered. The paper concludes by strength and self‐esteem.” Within this study, emphasizing the particular relevance of Baltimore’s BOMF population is engaged through postcolonial theory for assessing not only SDP‐ ethnographically‐based inquiry, in order to related work (as it is commonly used) but also the excavate how the body is mobilized as a cross‐sector partnerships that are integral to most meaningful and viable apparatus of neoliberal SDP projects. governance.

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Sociality Outside the Stadium: Experiencing the Sport: Contesting Sovereignties City of Sport Friday, June 14, 2013 David Rowe, University of Western Sydney 3:30 PM ‐ 5:00 PM (Australia) [email protected] Salon F

Ever since sport venues were enclosed in The Case of the Football Club Sheriff Tiraspol, one modernity, a premium has been exacted for, and Element of the Contesting Sovereignity of the attached to, gaining entry to the stadium. Since Republic of Trasnistria. the inception and refinement of television, this has Rolando Dromundo, Universita di Pisa (Mexico) not been a matter of accessing a superior viewing [email protected] position. Indeed, ‘being there’ often means an inferior spectatorial experience in technical visual‐ The Transnister Moldovan Republic has functioned aural terms. The appeal of real‐time co‐presence as a “De facto”, sovereign republic since 1992, the in sport is partly based on status (the acquisition of year in which the war against Moldova broke up. It a scarce, much‐prized ‘cultural good’), aura has more than once voted its independence and its (emanating from an unreproducible propinquity possible annexation to Russia without receiving distinct from mechanical recognition from any United Nations member. reproduction/transmission, as conceived by Walter Benjamin in relation to high art objects), and This territory that lies between Moldova and sociality (the enhancement of experience created Ukraine, elects their own government, parliament by collective, human‐induced ambience). and issues its own currency. It has been trying to build a national identity by different means, one of However, and most conspicuously during mega‐ them through sports, even though, the lack of event festivals such as the Olympic Games, the international recognition has forced them to celebration and necessary rationing of sport compel with the rules of the Moldovan National stadium attendance means that many, if not most, Federations. potential spectators must be disappointed. This is an undesirable outcome for many reasons, not One of these cases is the Football Club Sheriff least because such events are promoted as Tiraspol, the undisputable champion of the desirable mass tourism experiences and as Moldavian League for 11 of the last 12 years. It has unprecedented opportunities for host residents to a budget that would be the envy of more than one participate in and to savour the carnival that they team in the Spain or Italy. It has advanced to the have facilitated and subsidised. The proposed third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions solution to this problem is to turn whole host League and has become a respectable regional mega‐event cities into sport venues – nobody, it is rival. claimed, need feel excluded or thwarted because the unique event aura is diffused across the city The Club belongs to “Sheriff”, the second largest and temporarily insinuated into its entire company in Transnistria, owner of most of the fabric. This paper, based on observational supermarkets, petrol stations, a TV Channel, a fieldwork during the 2012 London Olympics, construction company between other businesses explores and analyses the cultural politics of and seems to be owned by Igor Smirnov, the fleetingly transforming sport in the city into the city former president of this separatist republic. of sport. In that sense, the FC Sheriff Tiraspol has become one element of the emergent identity of this territory that looks for world recognition meanwhile the region is submerged in a geopolitical dispute between Russia and the west.

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The Signing Sovereignties: Turkish Deaf of ‘modern football’. However, there is significantly Community through Sport Fields more about these changes than the questions of Pinar Yaprak Kemaloğlu, Gazi University (Sport ownership and benefits. As disciplinary Management Department) (Turkey) technologies of crowd control and space [email protected] management have been extended from the stadium to the cities, involving the partial In this study, it’s presented that how deaf people ‐ privatization of public space through the advent of in the hearing society or as ‘semi‐sovereign of fan zones and the gradual suspension of basic civil selves’ in the schools for the deaf in Turkey‐ rights, sports mega events emerged at the center generated sovereign selves and community of debates and politics questioning national and through the sports clubs as sign language users. territorial sovereignty. Sports international non‐ The historical, conceptual accounts as well as the governmental organizations, most notably FIFA and current practices of the contested fields and UEFA, teamed up with national and transnational institutions led to the consideration of governments as power‐wielders within a interdisciplinary approach and the use of transnational public sphere for which issues are at ethnographic methods (including but not limited to stake that transcend national boundaries. This observations, field notes, and interviews) in this paper argues that the political significance of sports study as the vital importance of many experiences mega events lies in their short‐ and long‐term in several settings involved for the interpretation of consequences for the overall governance of the ‘deaf sport contexts’. The investigations citizens, not just in stadiums and host cities, but relatively started with the involvement in the deaf also for those beyond the demarcated places. movements in Turkey and in three main fields of Looking at the urbanization of football and the studies: sociology of sport, deaf studies and sport footballization of the city in the context of the management. The signing (cultural) sovereignties’ European Football Championship 2008, I will embodiment or (dis)empowering interactions demonstrate how “football in a state of with(in) the schools, sport clubs, semi‐autonomous emergency” can be (mis)used to rearrange the National Deaf Sport Federation, human rights relationships between state, economy and the movements as well as in relation to as one’s state public. of “deafhood” and sex are outlined. The role of emergent socio‐cultural (deaf studies’) and feminist perspectives in Turkey emphasized Sport Mega‐Events pursuant to the results. Saturday, June 15, 2013 9:00 AM ‐ 10:30 AM Football and the enemies of sovereignty: Salon B Governance and citizenship at the 2008 European Football Championships Mega‐events and ‘Bottom‐up’ Development: Wolfram Manzenreiter, University of Vienna Beyond Window Dressing? (Austria) [email protected] David Black, Dalhousie University (Canada) [email protected] Sports mega events have played a pivotal role for Katelynn Northam, Dalhousie University (Canada) the transformation of local games into a global [email protected] business, as in the case of football. Symptomatic changes such as all‐seater stadiums, CCTV and Sports mega‐events have become a pivotal preemptive security measures, the adaptation of strategic policy priority in an increasing number of match kick‐off times to the programming schedule ambitious regimes in the ‘rising states’ of the global of broadcasters and the sellout of local clubs to South. Typically, these events involve massive transnational investors have evoked the protest of expenditures of scarce public resources in ways traditional supporter groups against the dark side designed to impress global audiences with the

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sophistication and ‘modernity’ of the host. With Department and 2) the 2014 few exceptions, the conception of development Canada Summer Games will be presented to that is embedded in the planning and execution of provide critical insights into implementation and these events is principally elite‐driven or ‘top assessment of event sustainability planning. down’, with developmental initiatives and rhetoric being critiqued as a source of legitimation, or Expression of Sovereignty, Patriotism, and window dressing, for the principal beneficiaries – Community Identity through Volunteering in national, international, and corporate. This paper Mega Sporting Events has two objectives. First, it surveys the record of May Kim, Korea University (South Korea) recent sporting mega‐events in developing [email protected] countries in terms of their implications for broadly based social or ‘bottom‐up’ development. Second, Korea’s first Olympic gold medal was won in 1936 using the framework of ‘Critical Alternative when Korea lost its sovereignty to Japan. This Development’ (Parpart and Veltmeyer 2004) as its Olympic gold medal became an enduring symbol point of departure, it seeks to think through what a emphasizing the importance of Korea’s truly ‘developmental’ mega event, explicitly sovereignty, (KBS, 2010). Continuously, focused on ameliorating poverty and promoting insisted on their nation’s sovereignty and have social justice, would look like. advertised their excellence through participating in and hosting mega sporting events. Koreans have A Regenerative Framework for Planning also shown great interest in volunteering at these Environmentally Sustainable Events events although the general rates of volunteering Matt Dolf, University of British Columbia (Canada) among Koreans were not high (Kim, 2007). A study [email protected] of 1988 Olympic volunteers, revealed that patriotism was a major volunteer motive (Kim, The past few decades have seen a radical shift in 2007), a result emerging in other research on mega the event industry, using events to leverage a event volunteers (Matsuoka & Chelladurai, 2001). range of legacies including increased economic Lately, local Korean governments, not the nation of revenue, new infrastructure development, Korea, have been interested in hosting mega addressing climate change, and improving social sporting events to foster positive and concerns such as peace, poverty, diversity, health, economic growth. Recent studies on mega event and gender equity. This presentation focuses on volunteers in Korea showed that their community the issue of event organizers claiming to adopt identity was relatively high (Kim, 2012). That is, as ‘green’ or ‘environmental sustainability’ ethics, the nation of Korea has economically and politically without an explicit theoretical and empirical basis developed, Koreans appear to be more interested to support strategy and performance assessment. in the development of their local community rather This talk examines how Regenerative Design than the nation as a whole and manifest an Theory and Life Cycle Assessment can be used as enhanced identification to the local community. frames to plan and measure the sustainability of This presentation provides further events. Regenerative Design Theory applies notions analyses/discussion on the sovereignty, patriotism, of place, scale, stakeholder engagement, long‐term and community identity of Koreans related to mega thinking, systems thinking, cradle‐to‐grave event volunteering. Specifically, the quantitative assessment, and regeneration to sustainability data from volunteers at the 2011 IAAF World planning. While Life Cycle Assessment is a method Championships and 2013 Special Olympic World for measuring the environmental impacts of Games, and the qualitative data of the 1988 products and services across their entire life cycle Olympic volunteers will be reviewed and and across multiple types of environmental compared. impacts. Research from two case studies: 1) the University of British Columbia Athletics

46 ISSA 2013 World Congress – Book of Abstracts

Sport, Politics and Policy Exercising the Management: "Open Sport Saturday, June 15, 2013 Facilities Project" in Japan and the Politics of 9:00 AM ‐ 10:30 AM Physical Activity Programmes Salon C Nobuhiro Ishizawa, Hokkaido University of Education (Japan) [email protected] Mallparks: The Social Construction of Baseball Stadiums as Cathedrals of Consumption In Japan, increased longevity, changing attitudes to Michael Friedman, University of Maryland, College health behaviors and, the adoption of more flexible Park (United States) [email protected] working arrangements are forcing practitioners and policy makers to rethink citizens’ diverse sport and Starting with Baltimore’s Oriole Park at Camden physical activity needs (Yamagichi, 1998). Yards (which opened in 1992), contemporary Organised and informal sports, for example, offer a baseball stadiums are extremely rationalized and useful means of improving the general health and diverse sites for revenue generation as they physical fitness of local communities, but also, incorporate localized veneers of historicity and serve an important function in community heritage towards enhancing consumption formation, socialization, and, individual self‐ experiences. Similar to shopping malls, baseball efficacy (Chogahara, 2008). Questions remain, stadiums provide visitors a variety of consumption however, over the effectiveness of community experiences beyond the game itself. Although sport/physical activity initiatives, the structural baseball teams have sold food and souvenirs since conditions and constraints therein, and, the late 19th century, contemporary “mallparks” opportunities for affecting individual’s social and offer much more than hot dogs and team hats with political agency. In this presentation I examine one diverse and sophisticated options ranging from particular long‐running public initiative, the ‘Open food choices such as sushi in Seattle, “Rocky Sport Facilities Project’ (OSFP), undertaken in the Mountain Oysters” in Denver, and clam chowder in northern Japanese city of Sapporo. Established in Boston, to souvenir choices of game used 1967, the imperatives of the OSFP are to provide a equipment, stuffed toys of team mascots, and platform to deliver public health and physical personalized jerseys that seem to be available at activity initiatives, and, facilitate greater each stadium. These consumption experiences community engagement in sport (Tsukahara, occur within highly themed environments in which 2010). The OSFP has become the predominant designers combine evocative aesthetic elements feature in Sapporo’s sport strategies and policy from baseball stadiums built during the early 20th development, and, has a pronounced role in the century with local icons. While the designs of city’s vision for improved sustainability and mallparks raise important questions about the use communal well‐being. Using semi‐structured of history and the development of consumption interviews, I examined project managers’ environments, these stadiums are also highly experiences within the OSFP, and, the ways their exclusionary spaces that perpetuate exploitative socialization affected the programmes structure, social relations and reinforce the power and outcomes, and effectiveness. As laudable as the privilege of social elites – not only within stadiums, OSFP is, I argue that socio‐spatial politics but within public policy as well. Building off (evidenced through its management systems and previous research and new data, this paper complicated by deferential power relations and examines this generation of baseball stadiums cultural codes and customs) inhibit the programme through a framework combining George Ritzer’s from achieving its full potential; namely, to insights about consumption environments with engender sport and physical activity related Henri Lefebvre’s theories regarding the production lifestyle changes among Japanese citizenry. of space.

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Politics and Olympics: the Guest Card Issue of the Sports and Gender Chinese Taipei in Olympic Movement Saturday, June 15, 2013 Hsin‐Yi Tsai, Univetsity of Brighton (Taiwan) 9:00 AM ‐ 10:30 AM [email protected] Salon D Jui‐Fa Tung, Taipei Physical Education College (Taiwan) [email protected] Being Kendoka: Methodological Notes on the Ethnographic Process In 1949, China was divided into two parties, the Kate Sylvester, Victoria University (Australia) Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist party. [email protected] Since then, the 'Two China Issue' has become a big debate in international politics and sports. It was This paper examines how identity is negotiated only in 1981, when the Chinese Taipei Olympic within a Japanese university kendo club. I draw Committee (CTOC) signed an agreement with the upon my own eighteen month research experience International Olympic Committee (IOC), that as a member of the club and consider how my Taiwanese sport delegates were admitted to return unique social, physical and cultural trajectory to the international sport stage. facilitate access to the field. As a result of the ethnographic method, this paper is as much about The IOC charter (2003) shows that in Olympic the negotiation of self within the dojo, as it is with movement, all political interventions and the other members of the club. As an outsider, discriminations should be eliminated and aims to ‘belonging’ or having ‘a place’ in the field of promote peace and friendship among people of the university kendo clubs is never easy or seamless; world. However, Taiwanese athletes still struggle rather it is a constant process of negotiation and to participate in Olympics due to political renegotiation, trial and error, inclusion and intervention. Since 1981, there has been no exclusion. Central to this process of developing and Taiwanese president or governor invited to negotiating mutual trust and understanding with participate in the Olympic movement of equal club members was my ability as a kendoka. Being identity as guests from other countries. Usually, part of the daily training regime proved of the organizer gives the guests, who are invited by significant importance as it provided a legitimacy to the Olympic family or the Organization Committee, my place in the field. In fact it is my irregular the normal Guest‐Card (G‐card) for accreditation, trajectory that has allowed both the involvement however due to the Chinese political intervention, and detachment necessary to deal with challenges Taiwanese government officials were only given a such as negotiating my ‘belonging’ whilst forming 'GO‐card' or 'GV‐card', lower level cards compared authentic, reciprocally enriching relationships. I with the G‐Card. Thus, it could be argued that would argue that such ethnographic work is political factors are still a major issue for organizers invaluable as a method for gender research and when deciding who to invite from the National provides new and exciting ways to understand and Olympic Committees. theorize the relationship between sport and gendered identity in Japan. Indeed in time, with my This research examines 'Guest‐card issues' in commitment to the daily training and sharing of Olympic movements, from 1996 to 2012, including their experiences, I was gradually allowed access the Olympic Games, and East Asian into their ‘real’ hearts and lives outside of the dojo Games. A documentary analysis is used to environment. understand the situation, and what the Taiwanese government and the CTOC have done to deal with this debate.

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The Changing Relationship between Male Coach Published sporting autobiographies have been and Elite Female Athlete in 21st Century in China termed a cultural phenomenon in their own right Dong Jinxia, Peking University (China) (Freeman, 2001), and offer a tangible example of a [email protected] culturally valued personal story. In this Zhang Rui, Peking University (China) presentation I briefly define, contextualize and [email protected] situate published autobiographies as culturally ‘governed’ social documents where little The relationship between male coach and female sociological attention has been given to them, athlete is a combination of the coach‐athlete particularly within the realm of sports studies. relations and gender relations. Numerous studies Against this backdrop, the attention given to the have examined how the male coach/female athlete sporting lives of female athletes is significantly less relationship affects an athlete's self‐satisfaction, so. This said I begin to take a preliminary look at performance, and quality of life, and how such what types of stories and achievements sporting relationship is affected by gender. A close women may need to tell in order to achieve that examination of the male coach/female athlete which is seemingly culturally desirable to, and fits relationship in the new century can throw light on the tastes of, those publishing and consuming the re‐interpretation of the relationships between them. Taking an intersectional approach to identity senior and junior, and between men and women in formation, attention is paid to how female contemporary China. embodiment and identity is presented, concealed and negotiated in a few selected life narratives. I Based on literature review, interview and case hope to offer some insight into the reading of studies, this paper examines the following sporting autobiographies for such purposes, paying questions: what is the feature of male attention to them as poly vocal texts of content coach/female athlete relationship in today’s China? and representation, embedded within contextual What changes have happened to the relationship in cultural narrative structures. the first decade of the century? What factors have generated the changes? Sport and Physical Education It is concluded that male coach/female athlete Saturday, June 15, 2013 relationship in contemporary China is complex, 9:00 AM ‐ 10:30 AM dynamic and diverse. It has has changed gradually Salon E from the hierarchy father‐daughter relationship to a more equal husband‐wife or friend‐friend Exploring Lives and Embodiment of a Secondary relationship. Winning incentives determined by School Physical Education women’s astonishing performance, rising Raymond Sum, The Chinese University of Hong individualism resulted from the market‐oriented Kong (China) [email protected] reform and the one‐child policy, presence of married athletes and husband coach, employment Physical education (PE) has long been considered of foreign coaches, access to new media have all an essential part of overall education. Physical played their part in shaping the new relationship. education teachers (PETs) are playing an important role not only in teaching, but also other daily duties Left on the Shelf: Female Sporting to fulfil their professional obligations in primary Autobiographies, Embodiment and Identity and secondary schools. The embodiment of the Formation qualities of good teachers is essential in order to Carly Stewart, Cardiff Metropolitan University shape and maintain the professional identity of (United Kingdom) [email protected] PETs. At the same time, PETs also need to see that other people view them as embodying such exemplary qualities (Korthagen, 2004). Similar

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characteristics are also embodied in the same way, were forced to shoulder the heavy burden of such as the image of fairness and affirmation for coaching these sports. Teachers hesitated to the role of officiating, and the determination for complain, however, and instead began using sports excellence and victory for the role of coaching. The as a means to eliminate problems with students’ embodiments of these characteristics work as an misbehavior. Extracurricular sport activities were expression of professional identity which affects significantly expanded in the 1980s, and in the the long‐term development of a career trajectory 1990s‐2000s, teachers have continued to shoulder and lives of a PET. The aim of this study was this heavy burden as neo‐liberal educational therefore to explore and describe lives and reforms aimed at downsizing Japanese schools embodiment of a veteran secondary school PET in have been put in place. . The study employed a qualitative design, namely an ethnographic action research (EAR) (Tacchi et al., 2003) to inquire how a male Sport: Contesting Sovereignties secondary school PET managed his lives and Saturday, June 15, 2013 improved his versatile roles in order to embody in 9:00 AM ‐ 10:30 AM “professional development”, “social Salon F transformation”, “political empowerment” and “cultural enrichment”. Sovereign Bodies, the Obesity Debate and Sport: Public Pedagogy, Border Crossings and Physical A Postwar History of Extracurricular Sport Activity at Every Size Activities in Japan: Sport or Education? Louise Mansfield, Brunel University (United Atsushi Nakazawa, Hitotsubashi University (Japan) Kingdom) [email protected] [email protected]‐u.ac.jp Emma Rich, University of Bath (United Kingdom) [email protected] In Japan, a large system of extracurricular sport activities exists in junior high and high schools. This paper is framed by a critique of the Many students participate in these sport activities, sovereignty of weight‐centric approaches and anti‐ and this system is a distinctive feature of the fat ethics in the promotion of physical activity and Japanese school education. It also differs from sport for health. Drawing on community work in common systems in other countries. While delivering physical activity and sport programmes previous studies have paid much attention to this we outline the significance of a public pedagogy unique system, and tried to clarify its functions, approach in developing alternative ways of they have not clarified how the system itself was promoting, representing and experiencing established. This paper addresses that void in the physicality beyond weight focused perspectives. In literature, that is, the postwar history of doing so we advocate that physical activity and extracurricular sport activities in Japan, focusing on sport policy makers and practitioners need to various historical transitions, policies, and undertake ‘border crossing’ (Giroux 1992) and discourses. By examining these issues in greater work across ‘artificial’ institutional barriers. The detail than ever before, this paper examines the paper outlines the principles of a non‐weight reasons Japanese schools have needed sports to based, cross‐disciplinary Health at Every Size accomplish their educational mission. Some of the (HAES) approach to community‐based physical results are summarized as follows: after World War activity for health. It offers a critical examination of II, a set of educational reforms shifted Japanese the potentials of harnessing a HAES paradigm as an schools from a militaristic to a democratic mindset. alternative to a weight‐loss, health‐focused activity Thereafter, sports were argued to have democratic programme. value, and seen as symbols of freedom and self‐ government. When extracurricular sport activities were popularized beginning in the 1970s, teachers

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Mountaineering and the Sovereignty of Modern d’etre of the experience. To counter these Man anthropocentric tendencies and augment those Peter Hansen, Worcester Polytechnic Institute studies which have sought to comprehend the (United States) [email protected] liminal communion of (sporting) body and world, I intend to trace and make visible the human‐ The conquest of mountains has served as a symbol nonhuman entanglements which constitute the for the sovereignty of “modern man” over the last sociality of mud running, and the assemblages three centuries. In the eighteenth century, the which their affective propensities constitute, ascent of Mont Blanc was considered by some to confound and commingle within. Mud running (or represent the conquest of nature and an answer to alternatively ‘obstacle course racing’) denotes an the question, what is enlightenment? Yet increasingly popular combination of endurance mountain ascents were not the result of curious running, adventure racing and military‐esque individuals suddenly discovering an aesthetic training among sport and exercise enthusiasts, and appreciation of nature. On the contrary, ascents of invokes both elemental object and active, the highest mountains in the Alps were envisioned embodied subject in its moniker. Apprehending the as a result of political debates over sovereignty and entanglement of incarnate, existential experience enfranchisement in Geneva and Savoy. These and the elemental character of nonhuman things ‐ controversies in Geneva extended well beyond the in this case ‘obstacles’ assembled for mud runners works of Rousseau to articulate a panoramic to traverse ‐ leads to the concept of ‘fleshly summit position for aspiring citizens of this assemblages:’ hybrid, socionatural republic. In Savoy, extended debate over the conglomerations in and through which the emancipation from feudal dues inspired people in adhesive, affective capacities of human and Chamonix to climb Mont Blanc in 1786, and the nonhuman materialities cascade, coalesce and mountain soon became a dynamic symbol of disperse, yet which are only knowable through sovereignty throughout Europe for revolutionaries human epistemologies. The paper is intended to and counter‐revolutionaries alike. During the mount a challenge to object‐oriented philosophy nineteenth century, mountain ascents increasingly through the example of an overtly carnal practice, came to be identified with the assertion of to reimagine anthropocentric accounts of active individual will, and Petrarch was belatedly hailed as physicality by emphasizing the agentic capacities of the first modern man on Mont Ventoux. In the ostensibly tractable objects, and to advocate for twentieth century, the ascent of Mount Everest further posthumanist studies of sport and physical became the focal point for post‐colonial disputes culture. over shared sovereignty after the first ascent by Hillary and Tenzing in 1953. By the early decades of the twenty‐first century, however, the threshold Sport and Media of a changing climate has called into question both Saturday, June 15, 2013 the conquest of nature and this once triumphal 11:00 AM ‐ 12:30 PM summit position of individual modern man. Salon B

Fleshly Assemblages: Existential and Elemental The Montreal Impact: Making Sense of a New Entanglements in Mud Running Popular Media/Sport Phenomenon. Gavin Weedon, University of British Columbia Anouk Bélanger, University of Quebec in Montreal (Canada) [email protected] (Canada) [email protected] Bachir Sirois‐Moumni, University of Quebec in This paper sets out to recast ontologies of Montreal (Canada) [email protected] embodied practice in which active physicality is foregrounded, and in which a heightened sense of On May 12 2012, the Montreal Impact, a Montreal existential awareness is held to form the raison based professional soccer team, made its debut in

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the Major League Soccer –MLS ‐ as the 19th David Beckham, who seems to have transcended franchise and third Canadian club in front of a place through worldwide media presence. For his crowd of 60, 860 spectators establishing a record admirers, Totti becomes the archetype of Roman attendance for professional soccer in Canada. masculinity. Totti’s star ultimately tells us about Soccer has grown to become the most popular how people negotiate rooted identities in and amateur sport practice in Quebec and in Canada through media. over the last decade, and professional soccer certainly constitute a growing media spectacle. Yet Prosumption and Cultural Capital in Surf and very little research investigates this media sport Skate Social Worlds phenomenon and the cultural significance of these Christopher Cutri, Brigham Young University franchises in Canadian cities. (United States) [email protected] Becky Beal, California State University‐East Bay With its own Saputo stadium, a large fan base, and (United States) [email protected] growing media coverage, the Montreal Impact has Belinda Wheaton, University of Brighton (United come to signify more than just a reflection of a Kingdom) [email protected] growing amateur practice. In fact, the Impact constitute an important vector of identification and Surfing and skateboarding are social worlds that a popular spectacle in Montreal. Based on an prioritize a Do‐It‐Yourself ethos and creative ways analysis of local press coverage (1992‐2012) and of of performing a personal style. In both cases a series of fan discussion blogs (3 fan associations reputations are built on mediated versions of one’s and 2 related sport network blog), this paper aims performance more than results in formal at understanding sociologically this new and rising competitions. Thus, one needs structural support popular media/sport phenomenon in Montreal. to develop both the physical and artistic skills but More specifically, we are interested in the specific also to circulate those images. The use of videoing role local media contracts and coverage plays along one’s performance is a significant source of with the singular significance and attachment feedback which means an athlete needs to have which ties Montrealers to their team...a tie that the support of a videographer. Additionally, the operates beyond soccer itsef yet is radically ability to edit video recordings to highlight one’s different to the attachment Montrealers have personal style and circulate on social media is other local professional sport teams. central to one’s power in the social field to define symbolic and cultural capital. Francesco Totti: Stardom and Place Matthew Guschwan, University of Alaska Whereas action sports have been identified by Southeast (United States) various characteristics like creativity, DIY, and [email protected] individualism, we reflect on another central feature of action sports that has been under theorized, the This essay examines the stardom of Italian soccer actual construction and circulation of cultural player, Francesco Totti, in terms of his connection capital. Following Niklas Woerman’s (2012) lead, to place. Drawing from Richard Dyer’s theoretical we use theoretical constructs of Prosumption and framework on stars, the essay interrogates the Bourdieu’s cultural capital to examine the central ways in which Totti’s image is constructed through role visual culture has in these social worlds. intentional publicity, but how, in turn, his image responds to public demands and desires. In our era marked by globalization, media, and consumerism, Totti has become a prolific symbol of the city of Rome and what it means to be Roman for outsiders and Romans alike. His Romanità stands in contrast to the global media brand of his contemporary,

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Sport, Identity and Belonging tracing back the origins and the reactions of these Saturday, June 15, 2013 case studies through media content analysis, and 11:00 AM ‐ 12:30 PM review of academic contributions. Salon C Sport Club Identity or Community Identity: Which Arab Investment in Top Professional Clubs: Has Greater Saliency? "Money, Identity and Geopolitics" Dwight Zakus, Griffith University (Australia) Mahfoud Amara, School of Sport, Exercise and [email protected] Health Sciences, Loughborough University (United James Skinner, Griffith University (Australia) Kingdom) [email protected] [email protected] Borja Garcia‐Garcia, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University (United As individuals we belong to several communities Kingdom) B.Garcia‐[email protected] simultaneously. Family, workplace, religion, profession, lifestyle, and sport clubs are possible One of the most notorious consequences of the communities to which one might belong. A key recent liberalisation and commercialisation of question is whether membership in a sport club European football is the growing levels of Arab has greater saliency for an individual in terms of capital investment in the European football market. their self and social identity than their membership Several professional football clubs have been taken of the broader community. Two samples, one of a over by Arab investors in England, France and general population and one of members of rugby Spain. Moreover, UEFA recently awarded the Qatar clubs were surveyed in two separate studies. The based television channel Al‐Jazeera the rights to questionnaires employed in both studies contained broadcast Champions League matches in France, items which demonstrated high reliability and whilst there are strong suggestions that Al‐Jazeera validity in previous studies. These items included 3 will also bid to broadcast Premier League games in measures each of self identity and social identity the UK domestic market. With these (Samir, 1992) and 3 items of community identity considerations, this paper investigates the impact (Nasar & Julian, 1995). In the first study of small of and the perception about Arab investment in the capital city, Zakus and Chalip (1998) found a European football market. Set against a significant relationship between self and social background of mistrust towards foreign citizens in identity and self and community identity, but not the continent, the paper aims to ascertain the between social identify and community identity. In perception of recent Arab economic investment in the second and current study, a consultancy for the some clubs of the top European football markets. Queensland Rugby Union (QRU) by Zakus, Skinner, The paper will analyse the case studies of three and Ogilvie, permitted a partial replication of the European clubs recently taken over by Arab above study, plus a way to further explore social investors: Paris Saint‐Germain in France, Malaga in identities and relationships. The QRU study focuses Spain, and Nottingham Forest in the UK. The scam on social capital and so we gathered additional over Getafe FC takeover by “Arab sheikhs” will also data that will permit analysis of how a sport club, be incorporated to complement and to reveal as a form of community, relates to self and social some of the misapprehensions emerging from the identity, as well as how broader community other case studies. identity might be impacted by sport club identity. Results of the study will be reported to the The paper sets to elucidate, whether Arab conference. investment is perceived as a threat, an opportunity or both. To do so, the case studies address three different dimensions: Economic, governance/regulatory and societal/identity. The paper will employ a qualitative methodology,

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Coast, Countryside, and the National Trust: Sport Spectatorship and Fandom Examining Young Adults' Experiences of Nature Saturday, June 15, 2013 Through Sport 11:00 AM ‐ 12:30 PM Josey Field, European Centre for Environment and Salon D Human Health (United Kingdom) [email protected] Watching the Watchers: Anthropological Cassandra Phoenix, University of Exeter (United Perspectives on Sport Spectatorship and Fandom Kingdom) [email protected] Noel Dyck, Simon Fraser University (Canada) Tim Coles, University of Exeter (United Kingdom) [email protected] [email protected] Stylized renderings of the activities and inclinations Little is known about how young active adults (age of fans and spectators of one or another sport 18–30) relate to the natural environments – and constitute a fundamental feature of sport studies. those who care for them ‐ that form the backdrop What, indeed, is a sporting event without an for their sports. Notably, Atkinson (2011) has audience? But by the same token, how, in practice, explored the existential destabilisation of mental do we go about the task of watching and seeking to and physical self experienced by fell runners as a comprehend the participation of those who, for the pleasurable form of play. Whilst engaging in an most part, only stand (or sit) and watch matches or outdoors sport is thought to induce a sense of competitions, whether in person or via media? This wonderment and connection to the natural paper interrogates the manner in which environment, but the implications of these anthropological accounts of sports endeavour to associations upon well‐being and environmental examine the dimensions and dynamics of sport agency are not well understood. spectatorship and fandom in a wide range of social and geographical settings. Anthropologists who This presentation will report on current research examine sport may, for a variety or reasons, examining the role of nature sports (climbing, sometimes find it convenient to pass themselves surfing, trail running, and mountain biking) in off as fellow travellers in the sociology of sport. fostering young adults’ sense of well‐being and Yet, their works often prompt rather different belonging relative to the natural environment. In types of readings when scrutinized by an addition, it will consider the extent to which these anthropological audience that does not necessarily experiences might translate into an emotional subscribe to one or another conventional connection to the work of an environmental understanding of the social significance of sport or charity. To explore these aspects, 15 mobile semi‐ sport spectatorship. What then might structured interviews that included a graphical and anthropological studies of sports fans in different visual elicitation element will be drawn upon. The locales and in different sport disciplines tell us meanings that participants’ attribute to their about not only sport spectatorship and fandom but sports, and subsequently how they relate to the also about the salience of disciplinary differences in natural environments in which they are active, will shaping the ways we watch the watchers of sports? be presented. This will be followed by a discussion of the implications relative to active adults’ The Globalisation of Ultras Culture: An interactions with a charitable environmental International Comparison of Japanese and Italian landowner (The National Trust), who resides on the Fan‐groups periphery of their communities of interest. Mark Doidge, University of Brighton (United Kingdom) [email protected] This research is funded through the ESRC CASE Studentship Scheme in collaboration with the Ultras culture has become one of the most st National Trust. pervasive and dynamic forms of football in the 21 century. This style of support incorporates spectacular choreographies of flags, drums and

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flares, as well as incorporating chants and clapping present (football/soccer, ice hockey, basketball, to create an aural and visual spectacle. Ultras are handball, and floorball). These overwhelmingly masculine and the pride and love characteristics were investigated within an of their club and hometown is central to their extensive questionnaire survey as a part of the identity. From its origins in Italy in the late 1960s, project entitled “Spectators’ reflection of sports this style of fan culture has spread across the matches”. The sample consisted of 5 560 world. Ultras culture has spread across Southern respondents, who attended matches of the top and Eastern Europe and is now the most important competitions of the surveyed sports during a year. supporters' culture in Germany, as well as The results showed differences among surveyed emerging in Britain. When the J‐League started in sports as the social status of their spectators 1993, football and supporters’ culture was concerns. Spectators of football, ice hockey and relatively unknown in Japan. Japanese fans looked handball are placed lower in the stratification to South America and Europe for their influences. system than fans of volleyball, basketball and Yet they did not merely copy these cultures; they foorball. fused them with Japanese culture to produce a distinctively ‘glocalised’ culture. Global media, in particular social media like YouTube, allows fans to Sports and Gender observe and learn from other fans’ performances. Saturday, June 15, 2013 These variations are then incorporated into existing 11:00 AM ‐ 12:30 PM choreographies and help to build a distinctive Salon E ‘glocal’ culture. Through an analysis of Italian and Japanese organised fan‐groups, this paper will Flying Through the Air in Search of Possibilities: demonstrate how there are many similarities Explorations of Women’s Aerial Performances between these two styles of support; yet it will also around the Turn of the Twentieth Century demonstrate how distinctive local influences Bieke Gils, University of British Columbia (Canada) adapts only certain features of ultras culture within [email protected] its specific milieu. Around the turn of the twentieth century in North Spectatorship and Social Class: Specificities of America and Europe, the concept of flight and the Team Sport Fans in Czechia ability to fly took on renewed meaning and Pavel Slepicka, Charles University in Prague, interest. Not only did the invention of the airplane Faculty of Physical Education and Sport (Czech around 1903 captivate the imagination of broad Republic) [email protected] ranging audiences, flying acts on trapezes in Irena Slepickova, Charles University in Prague, circuses and vaudeville theatres were equally Faculty of Physical Education and Sport (Czech popular and spectacular. Among the growing Republic) [email protected] number of daring flyers were women athletes and performers who sought adventure and/or the Sport consists of a large number of branches which means to make a living outside of the home. Their offer sport spectacles for diverse spectator crowds. highly unconventional profession as aviator or As the history of sport development revealed, trapeze artist required them to negotiate a individual sports gradually started to form their complex balance between personal aspirations and own fan bases. Consequently, sports spectators as working opportunities in male controlled arenas. a specific social group do not constitute a Despite the difficulties they faced, their homogeneous group. performances evoked a symbolic freedom from earthly constraints, a state many women at that The paper focuses on socio‐demographic time aspired to in their struggle for suffrage and characteristics of sports fans of the six most gender equality. popular spectator sports in the Czech Republic at

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Drawing on Victor Turner and Mikhail Bakhtin’s consequence led by men essentially)? In notions of liminality and transgressive practices, I confronting the data (interviews, observations) illustrate how women’s aerial performances with observations of other “classic” (mixed) around the century’s turn could be conceived of as competitions and interviews with male providing thresholds from which possibilities snowboarders, we want to deconstruct these emerged. Though female aerialists’ provocative commitments and to re‐position LFC in the whole performances were often viewed with much context of freestyle in Switzerland in order to anxiety by those concerned with changing gender understand its impact. roles, the fantasy associated with aerial performances and identities assisted a blurring of Keywords : snowboarding, female commitments, gender boundaries and the transgression of gender construction traditional categories of femininity. Aerial performances, taking place in in‐between, or Skateboarding Women: Building Collective liminal spaces, permitted new readings of the Identity in Cyberspace female body in motion as ‘becoming’ and a Christine Dallaire [email protected] motivation for many women to claim greater Steph MacKay, Carleton University (Canada) authority over their bodies’ capabilities. [email protected]

Female Commitments in Snowboarding This paper reconsiders the Skirtboarders’ blog, Sarah Augsburger, University of Lausanne produced by a crew of female skateboarders, as a (Switzerland) [email protected] space where crew members attempt to reflexively start a movement and, in doing so, construct and In 2009 a small group of female snowboarders circulate a wider collective identity (Taylor & created the association “Ladies First” in Whittier, 1992). Through a discourse analysis of Switzerland. Their objective was to enhance blog comments and user interviews, we attempt to feminine freestyle (skiing or snowboarding), a understand how young women who visit the blog discipline that is progressively growing. The goal interpret (re)presentations of female was to create a visible space for girls to encourage skateboarders and whether they become engaged them to participate in freestyle. Within this context in the movement to promote skateboarding among they founded a competition named “Ladies First women. Do they adopt this collective subjectivity? Challenge” (LFC). While the analysis suggests that they do feel part of the movement, it raises the issue of blog user The aim of this research (which comes from a access to the more specific “Skirtboarder” identity. doctoral thesis started a few months ago) is to understand the commitment of these women (Becker, 1985) and the apparent need for Sport and Media “homosociability” through life course interviews Saturday, June 15, 2013 (Bertaux, 2006). What is their background? What 1:30 PM ‐ 3:00 PM kind of experiences have they had in snowboarding Salon B that led them to create their association? Several studies (Anderson, 1999; Thorpe, 2008) show that Effect of Gender on the Work of Sports snowboarding is a “male dominated” environment Journalists: the “Feminine Writing” in the Swiss – in particular media coverage analysis enhances Sports Daily Press “masculine” values (courage, strength, risk taking), Lucie Schoch, University of Lausanne (Switzerland) or strategies of construction and naturalisation of [email protected] masculine hegemony from male snowboarders. Can we identify processes of “mimicry”, regarding This study investigates the specificity of women the “classic” mixed organisations (and as a sports journalists’ writing in the context of the French‐speaking Swiss daily press. Sports

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journalism remains a traditionally male journalistic newspaper jobs losses have been steep, with many arena in Switzerland, despite a significant increase publications also reducing their total pages and in the number of women recruited in the sports events covered (Smith, 2012). Pompeo & columns of the Swiss‐French press, that is generally Jedrzejczak (2010) found that at least 166 the result of particular editorial decision. By American newspapers stopped producing a print analysing women’s working practices (observations edition or shut down entirely over the previous two and interviews) and output (content analysis), it decades. Accordingly, some laid‐off newspaper shows that women sports journalists do not adopt sports reporters found similar jobs on the Internet, the customary professional norms and values of but the majority were left unemployed or entered this journalistic speciality and tend to produce new fields (Kian & Zimmerman, 2012). In this study, unconventional articles. This “feminine” writing is semi‐structured interviews were conducted with characterized by an interest in soft news and a sports writers employed fulltime at U.S. daily psychological or “human” perspective which is newspapers with circulations of 30,000 or higher. different from the usual treatment of sports news An interview guide was designed to gauge focused on facts and technical analysis developed experiences and attitudes toward the advent of the by the large majority of their male colleagues. It Internet, focusing on the effects on work routines, takes place within structural mechanisms – reporting, writing, job responsibilities, job particularly modes of recruitment, gender division expectations, job security, as well as the advent of of labour, the acknowledgement of skills and the the Internet’s overall influence on the newspaper organisational mechanisms within sports industry, journalism, and society. In the search for newsrooms ‐ as well as daily interactions in the primary themes, theoretical and definitional workplace and the taste of women journalists. memos will be written on reoccurring concepts. Women journalists employ a subversive strategy, Primary themes emerging from the data and their play with the stereotypical images of their implications will be discussed. professional competences and it gives them professional satisfaction. However, the way they The Came to Bury Caesar: Media Coverage of Joe exercise their profession contributes to the Paterno's Funeral definition of masculine and feminine journalistic Darcy Plymire, Western Illinois University (United values and practices and to the maintenance of the States) dc‐[email protected] existing gender order in sports journalism. In the fall of 2011, Joe Paterno became the Making Jobs Easier but More Scarce: Newspaper winningest coach in NCAA football history. At that Sports Reporters' Attitudes Toward the Rise of the time, he was represented by the press as an heroic Internet icon, a solitary, moral figure who won while playing Edward (Ted) Kian, Oklahoma State University by the rules. Days after he set his record, he was (United States) [email protected] fired by Penn State for failing to take a moral stand when his long‐time assistant coach, Jerry Sandusky Newspapers have long been a pre‐eminent part of was accused of sexaully abusing boys in 1999 and U.S. culture (Nord, 2006). Over the past 15 years, in 2002. While Paterno was accused of no crime, however, the newspaper industry has been his failure to report cost him his job. A few weeks decimated, primarily due to the advent of the after he was fired, Paterno was diagnosed with Internet as a dominant news source (Warren, lung cancer, and he died in January 2012. The 2009). Due to the vast array of free Web sites purpose of this paper is to trace the shifting online, media consumers are increasingly unwilling discourse about Paterno from his near to pay for printed products, whereas advertisers canonization by the sporting press to his fall from are able to reach more targeted and/or broader grace. Central to this paper is the assumption that audiences through cheaper means via online sites the press both made Paterno an icon and reduced such as Craigslist (Fahri, 2008). Accordingly, him to a fallen idol. The paper concludes with a

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discussion of the implications of the reframing of The Changing Landscape of Athletes’ Rights and Paterno following the indictment of Sandusky on Social Media Relations charges of child sexual abuse. Margaret MacNeill, Faculty of Kinesiology and PE, University of Toronto (Canada) [email protected] Open Session Rosie Maclennan, Faculty of Kinesiology and PE, Saturday, June 15, 2013 University of Toronto (Canada) 1:30 PM ‐ 3:00 PM [email protected] Salon C The sport mediascape is hotly contested territory. The Proliferation of Knock‐Off Sports Jerseys: An Major sporting associations, sponsors, agents, and Empirical Investigation media corporations have long struggled to claim Kenneth Brandon Lang, Bloomsburg University of jurisdictional rights over athletes’ images and Pennsylania (United States) [email protected] communication with fans. Athletes in many nations continue to sign away basic human rights to Every year, consumers around the world spend 200 expression and ownership of their representations billion dollars purchasing counterfeit watches, in order to compete at major games. The rise of sunglasses, clothing, perfume, purses and other social media have further complicated the goods. Social scientists have extensively studied relationships athletes have with major players in consumers' motivations for purchasing counterfeit the sport‐media‐sponsor nexus. This paper will items and have concluded that, in most cases, present insights from the formative stage of a people are fully aware that they are purchasing participatory action research project with Canadian unlicensed items and do so to save money. There national team athletes competing at Olympic and are not any published studies that consider . While athletes are consumers' motivations for purchasing counterfeit embracing new ways to engage with fans and key sports jerseys. I have read numerous popular actors in the nexus, there are many struggles over culture articles and blogs whose authors suspect rights to expression in social media, privacy issues, that many of the people who purchase knock‐ participation in social responsibility interventions, off/unlicensed jerseys do so thinking that they are and the online commodification of athletes’ actually licensed. A comprehensive 25 question performances and images. online survey administered to a convenience sample of BU students and their friends is used to uncover a host of trends and patterns concerning Lessons from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar: Sport "knock‐off" jersey ownership and satisfaction. The Development Initiatives and the potential for principal goal of this research is to examine the India’s Sociologies of Sport following questions: Who buys counterfeit jerseys? Sanjay Tewari, LN Mithila University (India) How much money do people spend on them? Do [email protected] they know that they are unlicensed? Why do people buy these jerseys? and How satisfied are For some time, the United Nations, international people with their purchases? Multi‐variate analysis sport federations (e.g. the IOC and FIFA), and Non‐ is also used to identify how people's attitudes Governmental Organisations (e.g, India’s Panchayat toward "knock‐off" jerseys are impacted by such Yuva Krida Aur Khel Abhiyan [PYKKA] rural independent variables as income, age, race, sex, organisation) have used sport as a tool for social education and interest in sports, among others. development. Sport development programmes, including those in India, are frequently founded on the assumption that, under appropriate conditions, sport can positively influence social cohesion, integration, inclusion, and mobility. The PYKKA

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project, for instance, provides youth with others, have variously contended, new digital community activities and educational opportunities technologies are prompting academics to to nurture social cohesion and individual reconsider the ways they go about their research responsibility. With their emphasis on alleviating and teaching practice. For sport sociologists and social ills, fostering progress, generating allusions historians, for example, the proliferation of e‐zines, of local, national and international accord, and, fan sites, blogs, Facebook, twitter, club web pages, demonstrating the altruism of sport governing and sport organisation websites has opened novel bodies, sport development initiatives are worthy of avenues for analysis and representation. While sociological analysis (Burawoy, 2005; Darnell, 2012; digital sources, sites, and spaces may excite sport Wilson, 2012). Despite the potential of sport scholars, they also raise questions about narrative development to highlight broader social making and digital material use. In this paper, I complexities, sociologists in India remain examine the New Zealand Olympic Committee’s disinterested in the area (and with sport generally) (NZOC) website, www.olympic.org.nz. NZOC has as avenues of legitimate study. Yet, sport recently been undertaking a series of public development programmes, invariably, provide projects to mark its history and promote its sociologists useful opportunities to know and national image. Part of their initiatives has been to engage with body politics, questions of structure use their website to narrate key historical moments and agency, and, emancipation and social which they have interwoven with regular sport transformation. Accordingly, in this paper I draw on news. The narratives NZOC are creating of the Bourdieu (1992; 1993) and Giddens (1990; 2009) to Olympic movement in New Zealand are a mélange understand the construction of, and consequences of historical reminders, administration items, and thereof, sport development projects and the contemporary celebrations. NZOC’s website, I broader processes to which they are a part. I contend, and the use of these sorts of digital space discuss my ongoing research with youth in the more generally, presents sport researchers with Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, and, I new considerations about representation, consider how sport development agendas are collective memory, and narrative reconstruction. often confounded by tensions, negotiations, and resistances contours of the local context. Young Adults and Hypermodern Sport Practices: Towards an Epistemological Transformation in the Field of Sociology of Sports Sociology of Sport: Future Challenges Francisco Toledo Ortiz, Université de Montréal Saturday, June 15, 2013 (Canada) [email protected] 1:30 PM ‐ 3:00 PM Salon D Between the XIXth and the XXth centuries, as an outcome of the Industrial Revolution, the sociology Logging on to www.olympic.org.nz: Navigating of sport, particularly the one from French tradition, National Narratives, Sport E‐spaces and the Digital was developed from three main epistemological Age approaches. The first one was the classical Geoffery Kohe, Institute of Sport & Exercise Marxist’s division between alienated work and Science, University of Worcester (United Kingdom) spare time (time freed from the control of the [email protected] Industry). This division was based on a clear separation between social practices devoted to Sport scholars who utilize the internet are work and activities concerning the private life. The confronted with an array of tantalizing second epistemological approach was based on opportunities. In addition to aiding archival Marcel Mauss’s concept of « body techniques ». research, the internet provides fertile spaces for This approach permitted researchers interested on narrative making and critique. As Brown (2004), sport to focus on the cultural and social boundaries Landsberg (2004), Ross (2011), Staley (2002), and that take place on social learning from physical

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education. The third one was Foucault’s idea of the criteria put forth by modern theorists revealed « biopower ». This last approach helped sociologist that some authors had not referred to modern folk of sport to emphasise the way modern societies dance theory before conducting their research. In constructed disciplinary bodies through the conclusion, this study discovered that in order to legitimation of a political discursive rationality. further the field of folk dance studies more communication is necessary between scholars and Through research I conducted among young standard criteria for field research need to be professionals in Quebec, holding a university developed. degree, and their amateur’s sports practices, I want to propose a new approach to theorize post‐ industrial sports and leisure. This new approach, Gender, Race and Ethnicity that I call “hypermodern sport” constitutes a way Saturday, June 15, 2013 to describe social transformation and its effects on 1:30 PM ‐ 3:00 PM post‐materialistic lifestyles. Through this new Salon E epistemology, sport could be used as a social observatory of the transition between the EXPOSED!! CASTER! BRITTNEY! SERENA! Black industrial modernity and the post‐industrial Female Athletes Enduring Struggle for Corporeal modernity. Integrity Delia Douglas, Independent Scholar (Canada) Comparing the Data Collection Methodologies of [email protected] England’s Morris Dance Field Researchers Adam Sheard, Yonsei University (South Korea) “A black woman’s body was never hers alone” [email protected] Fannie Lou Hamer Young‐Shin Won, Yonsei University (South Korea) [email protected] With the exception of the Caster Semenya affair, sport studies scholarship has demonstrated a The purpose of this study was to analyze the data negligible interest in the lives of black female collection methods used by the field researchers of athletes. Thus, while the literature reflects more England’s Morris Dance to determine the extent sophisticated analyses of gender and race these that these researchers considered both each formations are typically constructed as exclusive other’s’ works as well as those of modern folk categories as evidenced by labels such as gender dance theorists. Recent theoretical developments and sport and race and sport. These familiar in the folk dance field of research coupled with the binaries have contributed to an either/or framing increasing number of scholars called upon to that undermines the complexity and diversity of preserve rapidly disappearing folk dance cultures black women’s lives by placing them in a discursive have created the need for this study. In order to position that privileges select elements of their analyze the data collection methods, Grounded experiences and identities. For black women the Theory was utilized to code large quantities of meaning of sovereignty is inextricably linked to qualitative data and compare it on a quantitative slavery: classified as chattel, rendered devoid of scale. This study revealed two major factors human qualities, their whole worth lay in their regarding the data collection methodologies of folk labouring bodies. Accordingly the embodied nature dance researchers: first, the repetition of data of sport performance renders it a key site for the across different studies with no referencing to each (re)production and (de)construction of black other revealed that Morris Dance researchers had female corporeal integrity. Consequently I examine not considered all existing works before conducting the perception and treatment of three athletes: their field research, and second, the small amounts Caster Semenya, Brittney Griner and Serena of data collected vs. the large potential data that Williams. Significantly, each athlete has been could be collected if the authors had referred to described by her competitors and the public as

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possessing an unnatural physicality and embodying deeper involvement, such as opportunities to voice masculine traits that give them an “unfair their concerns and suggestions. Further findings advantage.” I argue that their black female athletic from this study and implications for public bodies and their sporting excellence a) cannot be community‐level programs and services will be known/recognized because they exist in the presented. interstices of the social categories of race and gender and: b) the legacy of their classification as Becoming an Ideal Woman: Gender Roles captive bodies informs responses to these athletes’ Negotiation among Taiwanese Women who Belly self‐definition and efforts to assert their Dance humanness. Yuchi Chang, Waseda University (United States) [email protected] Facets of Integration: Recent Immigrant Women’s Po‐Hsiu Lin, National Taiwan Normal University Perspectives on how they want to Participate in (Taiwan) [email protected] Publicly Delivered Physical Activity Donna Lee, University of British Columbia (Canada) Confucian values strongly influenced gender [email protected] stereotypes in Taiwan. An ideal “good” woman was expected to be modest, frugal, caring, virtuous and Recreation opportunities in Canada have often filial. Socioeconomic change in Taiwan and the resulted in the exclusion of immigrants or the globalization of cultural industry have contributed expectation that they needed to assimilate and to the construction of modern women images as adopt dominant customs in order to integrate independent, feminine and beautiful. However, the (Tirone, 2010). However, many immigrants and traditional ideal was not totally displaced. In ethnic minorities want to engage in recreation in particular, married or older women are still more ways that incorporate aspects of their cultural constrained by traditional gender expectations; heritage, and that allow for the development of interestingly, they have become the majority of social and professional connections (Frisby, 2011; belly dance participants in Taiwan. Contrary to Stodolska, 2000; Tirone & Pedlar, 2000). traditional gender expectations, the display of body Furthermore, an important aspect of inclusion is and femininity is exceptionally encouraged in belly the degree of choice available to community dancing. Utilizing data collected from participant members in their level of engagement, ranging observation and interviews with 21 married, from straightforward participation in recreational middle‐aged belly dancers in Taiwan, this study programs, to involvement in planning and decision‐ examines how women integrate belly dancing with making (Ponic & Frisby, 2010). The purpose of this ideal gender images without conflict. Results show study is to better understand the different ways in that most belly dancers take their ideal gender which recent immigrant women want to engage in image as one that combines the modern notion of publicly delivered physical activity opportunities. beauty with the traditional notion of goodness. By Qualitative interviews were conducted with viewing belly dancing as a body toning exercise or women who recently immigrated to Canada from leisure activity, a frugal and natural approach to different countries who currently reside in one acquire femininity and beauty, interviewees community in British Columbia. Participants’ differentiate themselves from the “bad others”— discussions reflected a number of different facets i.e. dancing girls, material girls, and “artificial related to integration. Some expressed a desire for beauties”—to construct a “beautiful‐and‐good” opportunities that could enable not only female image. Moreover, most interviewees assert participation with other immigrants for social that belly dancing empowers them, physically and support, but also with Canadian‐born individuals to mentally, to better serve in other roles at home or learn about the society in which they now live. In at working places. By creatively integrating, addition to straightforward participation in physical Taiwanese belly dancers show that traditional activity, some participants expressed the desire for virtues can be maintained even while participating

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in a dance with feminist connotations. levels amongst soccer players in the Governorate of Djelfa according to academic qualification, playing position, experience, and club degree Open Session variables. To achieve that, the study sampled 480 Saturday, June 15, 2013 soccer players from professional, first degree and 3:30 PM ‐ 5:00 PM second degree clubs in the Governorate of Djelfa. Salon B The sample represents 30% of study population, Sport, Play, and Historical Transformation: The Group Environmental Questioner (GEQ) Extending Huizinga's Critique (Carron et al, 1985) was used to measure the team Thomas Henricks, Elon University (United States) cohesion which is composed of 34 items and [email protected] distributed into four domains: group integration tasks, individual attraction to group social, group In a classic work Homo Ludens, the Dutch historian integration social and individual attraction to group Johan Huizinga describes the historical tasks. Aspiration scale (developed by Moawad & transformation of play. In his view, activities that Abdel Atheem, 2005) was applied to determine once featured relatively free and open public aspiration level, consisting of 36 items distributed discourse were now, at least in their industrial into four domains, optimism, ability of formulate manifestation, managed by large social and objectives, acceptance of new ideas and political organizations. The result was a narrowing depression tolerance. To address questions in the of personal and public expression and a diminution study, means, percentages, standard deviation, of social vitality. An extreme version of this person correlation, One Way ANOVA and Scheffes’ process in his view was sport which had devolved post‐hoc test were used. The results showed that into a commitment to sterile excellence. The the team cohesion level of the soccer players in current paper reviews Huziinga’s critique and then the DJELFA was high for all domains, where the extends it into a more general account of the percentage of response was more than 81%, and historical transformation of play. Four periods – was high for the total score of cohesion (69.7%), pre‐modern, early modern, late‐modern, and post‐ the rank order of domains were as follows: firstly, modern – are indentified and then analyzed in group integration social (87%). Secondly, individual terms of their potential for personal and social attraction to group tasks (79.2). Thirdly, Group realization. Special emphasis is given to sport in integration tasks (76%). Finally, individual the post‐modern context. In that regard, the attraction to group social (71.4%). author presents his description of “pleasure domes,” commercially‐sponsored settings that construct enjoyment for their patrons and offer The Sporting Lifecourse new combinations of the roles of players and Saturday, June 15, 2013 spectators. The author analyzes these emerging 3:30 PM ‐ 5:00 PM formats in terms of the degrees and kinds of Salon C freedom that they present. The Career of Cameroonian Professional The Relationship between the Team Cohesion and Footballers: Questioning the Non‐transition out of the Level of Aspiration among the Soccer Players Football in Djelfa Governorate Jérôme Berthoud, Lausanne University Brahimi Tarek, STAPS Ouargla (Algeria) (Switzerland) [email protected] [email protected] This study aimed to understand the relationship The data presented are the first results of a between team cohesion and level of aspiration doctoral research looking at the after career of amongst soccer players in Djelfa, and to determine Cameroonian professional footballers. What do the the differences in the cohesion and aspiration players do once their football career is finished and

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how can we explain their new engagement out of performance sport. Toxicities, such as the intense football? In 2011 and 2012 we have conducted pressure to win and expectations to dress, act and around 30 life stories interviews (Bertaux, 1997) perform in certain ways, within organizational with “retired” players. The fieldwork of this cultures that have “pervasive negative effects, research has been mainly done in the country of undermining individuals’ confidence, hope, and origin of the players and in France, main self‐esteem and damaging their morale and destination for French speaking African footballers. performance, both at work and outside” (Maitlis, 2007, p. 1204). CMS explores non‐performativity Through the concept of careers (Hughes, 1996; and denaturalization in an attempt to improve the Becker, 1985), we have tried to understand players overall wellness of organizational members. It life course. We have looked at the sport career, the proceeds from the assumption that dominant social career and the career in terms of education practices of management and organizations and professional life outside football. We suppose systematically favor some (elite) groups at the that the after career can be understood as the expense of those who are disadvantaged by them result of successive steps in those different careers, (Alvesson, Bridgman, & Willmott, 2009). This separated by transitions or “turning points” theoretical framework poses implications for (Strauss, 1962) during which the athletes’ identity methodology, as taking the perspectives of those is particularly undermined, before being re‐shaped. who are most adversely affected by toxicities becomes paramount (e.g. the athletes). The objective of our research is to define the players’ main activities and centres of interest once Hockey Player’s Lifecourses in Switzerland their football career is behind them and the way Orlan Moret, University of Lausanne (Switzerland) they engaged into them. The first results of our [email protected] research show that it is very difficult for the players to talk openly about their after career life. How can Since the 1980s, the professionalization and the we interpret this situation? What are the strategies increasing commercialization of hockey in they develop to avoid talking about something that Switzerland have engendered career aspirations, often does not make sense for them and what can even at relatively common levels of commitment. we learn out of it? The hockey player thus has a particular professional career since he is able to play during a Developing a Framework for Understanding definite period of time, in various labour markets, Toxicities Embedded in the Organizational Culture successively or simultaneously. of High Performance Figure Skating Cathy Mills, University of British Columbia Following the interactionist perspective of career (Canada) [email protected] (Becker, 1963), our work tries to better understand the lifecourses of hockey players born between Organizational culture is an umbrella concept for 1955 and 1995 and having played at the two thinking about cultural and symbolic phenomena highest levels of the Swiss championship (NLA, including symbols, meanings, artifacts, values, and NLB). The sequence analysis applied to our sample basic assumptions (Alvesson, 2012; Schein, 1992). (approx. 500 players) especially the optimal Much previous organizational culture research has matching analysis (Abbott, 1995), reveals well been critiqued for its functionalist nature that suited to integrate diverse trajectories of attempts to increase organizational efficiency by individuals engaged in a complex succession of “reduc[ing] human beings to parts of a well‐oiled statuses and roles. The data can then be societal machine” (Alvesson & Willmott, 2003, p. interpreted through individual as well as historical 2). In this paper I propose a theoretical framework temporality. that draws upon critical management studies (CMS) to uncover taken‐for‐granted toxicities within the organizational culture of high

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Particular attention will be given to the available pedagogy and sport for development and peace. resources they can use for their professional Based on my critical discourse analysis, which was integration. Are diplomas of any help? What is the guided by postcolonial theory and critical nature of networks they can use? Does their social pedagogy, I found that the pedagogical strategies capital result from strong ties (bonding) or presented within the material were underpinned according to Granovetter (1973), "the strength of by discourses of risk, deficiency, and individualism. the weak ties" (bridging) is rather acceptable? The Importantly, it was also apparent that aspects of strong specialization of sport workers seems to critical pedagogy were appropriated and integrated prevent professional mobility towards other into the curriculum material in ways that were business sectors. Despite this low recognition of mostly in line with neoliberal philosophies of sporting capital outside the sports market, it development. I conclude by arguing for caution sometimes seems a value to “exchange” for a job. with regards to how critical pedagogy is promoted within sport for development and peace.

Pedagogy and Physical Education A Case Study & Dialogue. The Past, Present and Saturday, June 15, 2013 Future of the Ontario Health & Physical Education 3:30 PM ‐ 5:00 PM Curriculum Salon D Laura McIntyre , University of Toronto (Canada) [email protected]

Pedagogy of the Oppressed, or a Pedagogy of Recently, the Ontario Health & Physical Education Oppression? Examining the Potential of Critical Curriculum has occupied an important and Pedagogy within Sport for Development and controversial position within the provinces’ Peace political world. In her first press conference as Shawn Forde, University of British Columbia Ontario’s first openly gay Premier, Kathleen Wynne (Canada) [email protected] announced her plan to revisit the controversial sexual education curriculum she attempted to have Over the last decade, the use of sport as a tool to passed during her appointment as Minister of facilitate various forms of development, Education in 2010. This ‘inclusive’ “Accepting particularly within the 'developing' world, has Education Act (Bill 13)” drew fire from ultra‐ loosely coalesced into a field termed sport for conservative groups for its suggestion of development and peace. One prominent aspect of curriculum that takes up ‘alternative lifestyles’ in this field involves the use of sport as a vehicle for elementary schools. ‘Bill 13’ was subsequently achieving a variety of educational objectives, yet forced to the backburner of the Liberal’s political very little research has been conducted on the agenda after angry parents and citizens lashed out pedagogical strategies that are used by against the proposed bill. This political and media‐ organizations. Furthermore, many scholars have driven attention surrounding the health and recently argued that educational frameworks physical education field invigorates an on‐going within sport for development that are guided by dialogue regarding the future direction of Ontario’s critical pedagogy offer the potential of empowering physical education curriculum, especially with participants and creating social change within regards to discourses of ‘inclusivity.’ How will these communities (Darnell, 2012; Hartmann & Kwauk, politically driven discourses be filtered down to 2011; Nicholls, 2009; Spaaij & Jeanes, youth in terms of what they will learn about their 2012). Therefore, in this paper I use my own bodies, their sexuality and physical activity? How experiences in sport for development, as well as might these new discourses enable and constrain the findings from a critical discourse analysis of gendered and sexual sovereignties for youth within sport for development and peace curriculum a sport and physical education context? This material, to examine the strategies presented in presentation invites educators, sociologists and curriculum and to build on discussions relating to

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socio‐cultural scholars to consider the hegemonic and counter‐hegemonic narratives in the current, present and future Ontario health and physical education documents. A case study surrounding the Grade 8 Ontario Physical Education Curriculum’s recent concept of ‘health, media and sexual literacy’s’ will be introduced and theorized within these dominant narratives on health and the body to ignite this discussion.

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Author Index Felkar, Victoria ...... 39 Field, Josey ...... 54 Agnew, Deb ...... 42 Fletcher, Thomas ...... 22 Amara, Mahfoud ...... 53 Forde, Shawn ...... 64 Andrews, David ...... 43 Frawley, Stephen ...... 1, 23 Apramian, Zale ...... 13 Friedman, Michael ...... 47 Arellano, Alexandra ...... 18 Fujak, Hunter ...... 23 Armstrong, Gary ...... 26 Gabay, Danielle ...... 11 Augsburger, Sarah ...... 56 Gainsford, Janine ...... 24 Bairner, Alan ...... 1, 37 Garcia-Garcia, Borja ...... 53 Beal, Becky ...... 52 Gee, Sarah ...... 21 Bean, Corliss ...... 13 Gils, Bieke ...... 55 Bélanger, Anouk ...... 51 Giulianotti, Richard ...... 26 Berthoud, Jérôme ...... 25, 62 Guschwan, Matthew ...... 52 Black, David ...... 45 Hales, Gavin ...... 26 Black, Jack ...... 28 Hansen, Peter ...... 51 Boit, Mike ...... 19 Henricks, Thomas ...... 62 Bortolotti Marchi, Kátia ...... 36 Hervik, Stein Egil ...... 41 Bould, Jess ...... 24 Hobbs, Dick ...... 26 Bravo, Gonzalo ...... 36 Hoeber, Larena ...... 4 Broch, Trygve B...... 33 Holt, Nicholas ...... 21 Bundon, Andrea ...... 33 Horne, John ...... 20 Burnett, Cora ...... 18 Houston, S. Jacob ...... 11 Carvalho, João ...... 25 Hutchinson, Chris ...... 24 Chang, Wen Uei ...... 28 Hwang, Tony ...... 14 Chang, Yuchi ...... 61 Ishioka, Tomonori ...... 6 Chen, Chung Hsing ...... 14 Ishizawa, Nobuhiro ...... 47 Cherry, Bennett ...... 29 Jackson, Steve ...... 21, 22 Clarke, Daniel ...... 29 Jinxia, Dong ...... 49 Clift, Bryan ...... 43 Keleher, Patrick ...... 15 Coakley, Jay ...... 36 Kennelly, Millicent ...... 37 Coles, Tim ...... 54 Kerr, Roslyn ...... 24 Correa, Amanda ...... 40 Kian, Edward (Ted) ...... 57 Crosset, Todd ...... 9 Kim, Hanbeom ...... 10 Cutri, Christopher ...... 52 Kim, May ...... 46 Dalakas, Vassilis ...... 29 Knez, Kelly ...... 35 Dallaire, Christine ...... 56 Koch, Jordan ...... 21 Darlington, Rebecca ...... 28 Kohe, Geoffery ...... 59 Davidson, Judy ...... 15 Kope, Jared ...... 18 De Lisio, Amanda ...... 2 Koski, Pasi ...... 35 Derom, Inge ...... 1, 27 Kun Min, Liang ...... 6 DiCarlo, Danielle ...... 31 Kwon, Sun-Yong ...... 10 Ding, Yiyin ...... 7 Lamont, Matthew ...... 37 Doidge, Mark ...... 54 Lang, Kenneth Brandon ...... 58 Dolf, Matt ...... 46 Lawson, Shawna ...... 27 Donnelly, Michele ...... 17 Lee, Donna ...... 61 Donnelly, Peter ...... 19 Lee, Jung Woo ...... 23 Dortants, Marianne ...... 24 Lee, Susan ...... 17 Douglas, Delia ...... 60 Lien, Heng Hsin ...... 14 Dromundo, Rolando ...... 44 Lin, Po-Hsiu ...... 61 Drummond, Murray ...... 42 Lord, Rhiannon ...... 16 Dunn, Caroline ...... 4 MacKay, Steph ...... 56 Dyck, Noel ...... 54 Maclennan, Rosie ...... 58 Ebishima, Hitoshi ...... 38 MacNeill, Margaret ...... 58 Elling-Machartzki, Agnes ...... 10 Macris, Luke ...... 41 Erueti, Bevan ...... 28 Maguire, Joseph ...... 28 Evans, Adam B...... 38 Mansfield, Louise ...... 50 Fabien, Ohl ...... 25 Manzenreiter, Wolfram ...... 45 Fahlen, Josef ...... 34 Marchi Júnior, Wanderley ...... 36 Markula, Pirkko ...... 10 ISSA 2013 World Congress – Book of Abstracts

McDonald, Brent ...... 39 Sirois-Moumni, Bachir ...... 51 McGee, Darragh ...... 3 Skille, Eivind ...... 22 McIntyre, Laura ...... 64 Skinner, James ...... 53 Mezzadri, Fernando ...... 40 Skogvang, Bente Ovedie ...... 17 Mignon, Patrick ...... 38 Slepicka, Pavel ...... 55 Miller, Aaron ...... 40 Slepickova, Irena ...... 55 Mills, Cathy ...... 63 Stenling, Cecilia ...... 34 Minnaert, Lynn ...... 27 Stewart, Carly ...... 16, 49 Moret, Orlan ...... 63 Stuij, Mirjam ...... 10 Moyle, Brent ...... 37 Sum, Raymond ...... 49 Nakazawa, Atsushi ...... 50 Sveinson, Katie ...... 4 Natascia, Taverna ...... 25 Sylvester, Kate ...... 48 Norman, Mark ...... 40 Tarek, Brahimi ...... 62 Northam, Katelynn ...... 45 Teetzel, Sarah ...... 12, 25 Obel, Camilla ...... 5 Tewari, Sanjay ...... 58 Ogunniyi, Cassandra ...... 8 Toledo Ortiz, Francisco ...... 59 Ohhashi, Mitsunori ...... 33 Tovia, Katerina ...... 42 Olivier, Aubel ...... 25 Tralci Filho, Marcio Antonio ...... 32 Orellana, Gerardo ...... 31 Tredway, Kristi ...... 16 Orr, Noreen ...... 6 Tsai, Hsin-Yi ...... 48 Ostrowsky, Michael ...... 13 Tulle, Emmanuelle ...... 5 Owens, Robert ...... 15 Tung, Jui-Fa ...... 48 Palmer, Catherine ...... 12 van Luijk, Nicolien ...... 19 Palmer, Victoria ...... 30 VanWynsberghe, Robert ...... 1, 27 Pentifallo, Caitlin ...... 20 Vertinsky, Patricia ...... 3 Pfister, Gertrud ...... 9 Waldman, Devra ...... 43 Phoenix, Cassandra ...... 6, 54 Weaving, Charlene ...... 12, 25 Piggin, Joe ...... 37 Weedon, Gavin ...... 51 Piggott, David ...... 38 Wenner, Lawrence ...... 29 Plymire, Darcy ...... 57 Wheaton, Belinda ...... 5, 52 Prakash, Kaveri ...... 36 Whiteside, Bethany ...... 13 Rich, Emma ...... 50 Wilson, Brian ...... 19 Rich, Kyle ...... 13 Won, Young-Shin ...... 60 Ritchie, Ian ...... 26 Yaprak Kemaloğlu, Pinar ...... 45 Rowe, David ...... 44 Yoon, Liv ...... 7 Rubio, Katia ...... 32 Zakus, Dwight ...... 8, 53 Rui, Zhang ...... 49 Zhang, Chaoan ...... 32 Ryan, Greg ...... 24 Sage, George ...... 2

Sam, Michael ...... 21, 41 Santos, Natasha ...... 40 Scherer, Jay ...... 21 Schoch, Lucie ...... 56 Scott, Olan ...... 8 Sheard, Adam ...... 60 Silva, Marcelo ...... 40 Sirna, Karen ...... 30