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Practice Guidance Renewable and Low Carbon Energy in Buildings

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Practice Guidance Renewable and Low Carbon Energy in Buildings Practice Guidance Renewable and Low Carbon Energy in Buildings 1 Introduction July 2012 Wales Planning Policy Development Programme This practice guidance was prepared for the Welsh Government by Mott MacDonald (herein referred to as MM). Mott MacDonald Prince House 43–51 Prince Street Bristol BS1 4PS Tel: +44(0) 117 906 9500 Fax: +44(0) 117 906 9501 Web: www.mottmac.com Planning Division Department of Environment and Sustainable Development Welsh Government Cardiff CF10 3NQ Email: [email protected] Web: www.wales.gov.uk/planning Acknowledgements The following individuals and organisations assisted in development of this practice guidance. Carbon Trust (Wales) Sustain Wales Cadw Design Commission for Wales Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) Building Research Establishment (BRE) Powys County Council Constructing Excellence Wales/Wales Low and Zero Carbon Hub Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI) Wales Cover image courtesy of Stride Treglown. ISBN 978 0 7504 7701 7 © Crown copyright July 2012 WG14120 2 Practice Guidance – Renewable and Low Carbon Energy in Buildings – Introduction Background This practice guidance has been prepared in response to Regulation 9 and 11 of The Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources Regulations 2011 (No.243). The regulations derive from Article 13 (5) and 14 (5) of the Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC). Disclaimer This document is intended to serve as guidance only and should not be used as a design manual. Suitably qualified professional advice should always be sought in order to develop detailed design proposals. While all efforts will be made to ensure that this document is kept up–to–date, the reader must be aware of the fast pace of development in this area. Each specific development opportunity will present a unique combination of opportunities and limitations, depending on geographic location, development size and the mix of building typologies and uses included; therefore it is not possible to create a one–size–fits–all solution for the optimal combination of renewables. Assessment of the available renewable energy resources for a given site should be undertaken as early as possible in the design process. This is required to ensure that the maximum potential is realised, but also because some technologies can require longer–term surveys and licensing negotiations (such as extraction licenses and local planning issues). 3 Practice Guidance – Renewable and Low Carbon Energy in Buildings – Introduction Table of Contents List of Abbreviations 6 1. Introduction 9 1.1 How to Use this Guidance 2. Promoting Renewable and Low Carbon Energy 14 in Buildings 2.1 Climate Change and Energy Security 2.2 The role of energy 2.3 Drivers for Renewable and Low Carbon Energy 2.4 Sustainable Building Standards 2.5 Public Sector Development 2.6 Private Sector Development 3. The Energy Hierarchy 25 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Design Approach 3.3 Summary 4. Integrating Renewable and Low Carbon Energy 30 in Buildings 4.1 Overall Approach 4.2 Stage 1 – Scoping 4.3 Stage 2 – Technology Selection (Technical Feasibility) 4.4 Stage 3 – Financial Viability 4.5 Stage 4 – Implementation & Delivery 4.6 Summary 5. Understanding Energy in Buildings 45 5.1 Energy Demand and Building Use 5.2 Building Development Density and Location 5.3 Energy Mapping 4 Practice Guidance – Renewable and Low Carbon Energy in Buildings – Introduction 6. Technology Selection 54 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Resilience and Reliability 6.3 Planning and Other Approvals 6.4 Wind 6.5 Biomass 6.6 Biomass – Anaerobic Digestion 6.7 Hydropower 6.8 Solar Thermal 6.9 Solar Photovoltaics (PV) 6.10 Ground Water Source Heat Pump 6.11 Air Source Heat Pump 6.12 Fuel Cells 6.13 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) 6.14 District Heating 7. Implementation and Delivery 135 7.1 Stakeholders 7.2 Drivers 7.3 Outline Costs 7.4 Funding Options 7.5 Other Funding in Wales 7.6 Energy Services Company (ESCo) 7.7 Delivery 7.8 Barriers to Implementation 7.9 Opportunities for Local Income Generation 7.10 Summary 8. Renewable and Low Carbon Feasibility Study Template 147 Appendices 154 Appendix A Case Studies summary Appendix B Glossary of Terms Appendix C List of Figures Appendix D Sources of Further Information 5 Practice Guidance – Renewable and Low Carbon Energy in Buildings – Introduction List of Abbreviations Organisations and Policy BRE Building Research Establishment BREEAM Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method BWEA British Wind Energy Association CCC Committee on Climate Change (UK Government) CCL Climate Change Levy CCW Countryside Council for Wales CDM Clean Development Mechanism CIBSE Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers CRC Carbon Reduction Commitment CSH Code for Sustainable Homes DECC Department of Energy and Climate Change (UK Government) DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs EA Environment Agency ECA Enhanced Capital Allowance EP Environmental Permitting EST Energy Saving Trust ETS Emissions Trading Scheme FIT Feed in Tariff GIS Geographical Information System IPC Infrastructure Planning Commission IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LA Local Authority MCS Microgeneration Certification Scheme NREAP National Renewable Energy Action Plan PPC Pollution Prevention and Control PPW Planning Policy Wales REAL Renewable Energy Assurance Limited RHI Renewable Heat Incentive ROC Renewables Obligation Certificate SME Small and Medium Enterprises TAN Technical Advice Note UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) WG Welsh Government 6 Practice Guidance – Renewable and Low Carbon Energy in Buildings – Introduction Technical Terminology AC Alternating Current AFC Alkaline Fuel Cell AQMA Air Quality Management Area ASHP Air Source Heat Pump ATES Aquifer Thermal Energy Store BGS British Geological Survey BIPV Building Integrated Photovoltaics BIR Building Integrated Renewables CCHP Combined Cooling Heat and Power CCS Carbon Capture and Storage CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics CHP Combined Heat and Power CHPQA Combined Heat and Power Quality Assurance Programme CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide CoP Coefficient of Performance DC Direct Current DHW Domestic Hot Water DNO Distribution Network Operator EfW Energy from Waste EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EP Environmental Permitting ESCo Energy Services Company GHG Greenhouse Gas GSHP Ground Source Heat Pump ha Hectare km Kilometre kW kilowatt (unit of power) kWe kilowatt electrical (unit of power) kWh kilowatt hour (unit of energy) kW/m2 kilowatt per metre squared (unit of heat density) LZC Low or Zero Carbon m Metre m2 Metres squared (area) m3 Metres cubed (volume) m/s Metres per second (unit of velocity) MCFC Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells mm Millimetres MSW Municipal Solid Waste Mt Mega tonne MW Megawatt (unit of power) 7 Practice Guidance – Renewable and Low Carbon Energy in Buildings – Introduction MWe Megawatt electrical (unit of power) NOx Nitrogen Oxide (Emission associated with combustible fuels) NPV Net Present Value p Pence PAFC Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell PEM Proton Exchange Membrane pH Measure of the acidity or basicity PPC Pollution Prevention and Control PV Photovoltaic SAP Standard Assessment Procedure SBEM Simplified Building Energy Model SE South East SHW Solar Hot Water SOFC Solid Oxide Fuel Cell SW South West W Watt (unit of power) 8 Practice Guidance – Renewable and Low Carbon Energy in Buildings – Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction Purpose The purpose of this guidance is to help all those involved in the built environment identify ways in which they can reduce the carbon footprint of a new building, extension or refurbishment by optimising the use of renewable and low carbon energy technologies in the design process. The decision to incorporate renewable and low carbon energy technologies into these projects should only be considered once the energy hierarchy has been applied. This guidance emphasises this but its purpose is to assist architects, planners, developers and other actors to plan for, design and incorporate the optimal combination of renewable and low carbon energy technologies in these projects. The Welsh Government’s approach to good design is set out in planning policy and guidance. This sets out an approach that can be applied to the three scenarios covered by this guidance – new buildings, extensions and refurbishment. Technical Advice Note (TAN) 12: Design states: “Good practice in mitigating the causes of climate change is to apply the energy hierarchy which details a series of steps that should be taken to minimise the carbon emissions associated with a new development in the most efficient and cost effective way. In taking forward an energy hierarchy, an approach to ‘carbon reduction’ can be prepared for developments, where appropriate, and included or summarised in a design and access statement to illustrate how the design of the development has sought to reduce the carbon emissions associated with the development – including opportunities to move towards zero carbon.” This practice guidance focuses on the final step of the energy hierarchy, through the promotion of renewable and low carbon energy sources. What is Renewable and Low Carbon Energy?1 Renewable energy is the term used to cover those sources of energy, other than fossil fuels or nuclear fuel, which are continuously and sustainably available in our environment. This includes wind, water, solar, geothermal energy and plant material (biomass). These sources
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