Diadumene Lineata Class: Anthozoa, Hexacorallia Order: Actiniaria, Nynantheae, Thenaria Orange-Striped Anemone Family: Acontiaria, Diadumenidae

Phylum: Cnidaria Diadumene lineata Class: Anthozoa, Hexacorallia Order: Actiniaria, Nynantheae, Thenaria Orange-striped anemone Family: Acontiaria, Diadumenidae

Taxonomy: The column is often scarred by longitudinal Diadumene lineata was first described by fission (asexual reproduction) (Hand 1955). Verrill in 1869 as Sagartia lineata. The Collar: The collar includes the subclass Zoantharia has been synonymized parapet and capitulum. The capitulum is the with Hexacorallia (Hoeksema 2015). top part of the anemone, separated from the Synonyms include Haliplanella luciae (Fautin column by the parapet (Fig. 2). The capitulum and Hand 2007). is transparent, usually light green, and without cinclides. There are tentacles around the Description upper margin of the capitulum. The parapet is Medusa: No medusa stage in Anthozoans noticeable only when anemone is fully Polyp: extended, and rings the top of the column. Size: A large specimen can be 30 mm Oral Disc: The mouth is dark high (Kozloff 1983). It is usually not more than and ribbed. The ribs correspond to number of 20 mm high and 10 mm diameter (Fautin and mesenteries. There are 0-3 siphonoglyphs Hand 2007) (ciliated grooves on the ends of the mouth Color: The color is variable; that direct water into the pharynx) (none specimens are usually green with single or figured). The margin is plain, rather than frilled double vertical orange, white or yellow stripes or lobed (Fautin and Hand 2007). A large (Fautin and Hand 2007), but they can have a area of the disc around the mouth is tentacle- brownish or olive column. Gonads are pink or free, with radiating rows of white flecks on the orange and may be visible on the lower endocoels (spaces between the pairs of column. Mesenteries appear as dark vertical mesenteries) (Hand 1955) (Fig. 4). lines. Tentacles are usually colorless, though Tentacles: The number of they can be gray to light green with white tentacles is greater than 24 but fewer than flecks (nematocysts) (Hand 1955). The oral 100 (Fautin and Hand 2007). They are disc is transparent and can appear dark retractile and smooth, short and blunt when because of the dark interior. Lips are dark contracted, and they are not capitate gray. (knobbed). There are only one kind, and Body: This anemone is cylindrical with there’s no oral ring of tentacles. 2 pairs of many fine long tentacles (Fig. 1). Mesenteries "directives" (a kind of tentacle close to the divide the internal structure. Defensive ends of mouth) (not figured) are typically tentacles called acontia can extend through present, but this can vary (Hand 1955); when pores called cinclides in the column. The present, these tentacles are marked no parapet rings the end of the column, from differently than the others (Fautin and Hand which the capitulum extends distally (Fig. 2). 2007). They can have up to 18 "catch" On the oral disc, specimens occasionally tentacles near the mouth, which are short, have ciliated grooves to direct water blunt and opaque (Williams 1975). This (siphonoglyphs) and spaces between the species has acontia, which are threadlike mesenteries (endocoels). defensive structures discharged through the Column: The column is a column wall when the anemone is disturbed smooth, low cylinder that tapers towards the (Fautin and Hand 2007). top and has vertical stripes (often 7-19) Mesenteries: Mesenteries are (Fautin et al. 1987). Dark mesenteries show vertical internal partitions (usually 6 in this through the column. It is dotted with cinclides species) visible as dark vertical lines. There (portholes through which acontia can are usually more mesenteries distally than protrude) that can be seen by the naked eye.

A publication of the University of Oregon Libraries and the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology Individual species: http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12640 and full 3rd edition: http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18839 Email corrections to: [email protected] near the base (Hand 1955). Gonads appear Habitat: Diadumene lineata lives high in the as thickened bands on mesentery filaments. intertidal on rocks and pilings, often in Pedal Disc: At the base, there barnacle tests and cracks in wood, in is a distinct pedal disc, which is circular and estuarine situations, but they have not been attaches to the substrate. Cnidae: The found on the outer coast (Hand 1955; Fautin cnidae are stinging organelles. There are and Hand 2007). Specimens can tolerate a several types present in this species; on the variety of habitats, from rocks high in the acontia there are 3 kinds (Fig. 5) intertidal to eelgrass in mudflats (MacGinitie (Haliplanellidae) (Hand 1955). and MacGinitie 1968; Ricketts et al. 1985). They are often found in fouling communities Possible Misidentifications (Fautin and Hand 2007). Metridium senile is another anemone found Salinity: This species is euryhaline (Ricketts on docks and pilings. However, while D. et al. 1985), and adapts to variations in lineata usually has a darker brown or olive- salinity. colored column and stripes, M. senile has a Temperature: Diadumene lineata is lighter white or gray column and lacks stripes. eurythermal, living in cold and temperate Metridium senile is also often larger (if only by waters (Ricketts et al. 1985; Fautin and a centimeter or two) than D. lineata. Sebens 1987). Contraction and encystment The anemone most likely to be confused with can occur with extreme high temperatures Diadumene lineata is D. franciscana, which (East Coast) (Williams 1975). can be cream to light green with white stripes. Tidal Level: Shallow waters, high in the It has one pair of directive tentacles (long, intertidal. retractable tentacles that point toward the Associates: Metridium sp. are often found in mouth), which are yellow at their bases, while conjunction with Diadumene lineata. They are D. lineata’s are identical to their other also found on the mussel Mytilus edulis with tentacles (Fautin and Hand 2007). its accompanying fauna, and they have been Diadumene franciscana usually has 2 reported growing on the stems and roots of siphonoglyphs, pink lips, a rough column, and the cordgrass Spartina alterniflora (Molina et often an irregular base. Its parapet is poorly al. 2009). developed compared to D. lineata’s. Abundance: This species is usually found in The Puget Sound Diadumene is not green but clonal aggregations (Fautin and Hand 2007). orange, yellowish, grayish, reddish, cream or These aggregations can completely cover the brown. Other Diadumene species are not surface of logs or pilings. Though stable usually green (Fautin and Hand 2007). populations are present year-round, they can If the specimen is orange striped "it can only have a higher abundance in the summer be [D. lineata]” (Hand 1955). (Molina et al. 2009).

Ecological Information Life-History Information Range: The type locality is Hong Kong Reproduction: This specimen can reproduce harbor (Verrill 1869). This anemone is more both sexually and asexually, the latter by wide-spread than any other anemone species longitudinal fission of the column or pedal (Fautin and Hand 2007), and has been found laceration (Haderlie et al. 1980). Pedal in Europe, North America, and Asia. It was laceration occurs when the anemone spreads likely introduced to Europe through the Suez out its base and then tears itself away at the Canal in Egypt (Streftaris et al. 2005). In the center, leaving parts of the outer base US Atlantic, it is found on the New England attached to the substrate that can then coast, and on the Pacific it is found from the mature into clonal anemones (MacGinitie and Puget Sound to California. It was likely MacGinitie 1968). This process can only introduced to the US from Asia with oyster occur when the anemone is well-fed and spat (Ricketts et al. 1985). relatively large, and it usually takes many Local Distribution: It is found in Oregon hours (MacGinitie and MacGinitie 1968). Its estuaries. Locally (in Coos Bay), it is found on success is largely due to its ability to colonize the Charleston docks and in South Slough. quickly (Hausmann 1919; Ricketts et al. 1985). In female specimens, the eggs are

Piazzola, C.D. and T.C. Hiebert. 2015. Diadumene lineata. In: Oregon Estuarine Invertebrates: Rudys' Illustrated Guide to Common Species, 3rd ed. T.C. Hiebert, B.A. Butler and A.L. Shanks (eds.). University of Oregon Libraries and Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, Charleston, OR. spherical and magenta, while in male 4. FUKUI, Y. 1991. Embryonic and larval specimens the sperm is white (Fukui 1991). development of the sea anemone During the spawning season in summer, Haliplanella lineata from Japan. Diadumene lineata can be sexed by checking Hydrobiologia. 216:137-142. the color of the gametes through the body 5. HADERLIE, E. C., C. HAND, and W. wall (Fukui 1991). They reproduce through B. GLADFELTER. 1980. Cnidaria spontaneous broadcast spawning. (Coelenterata): the sea anemones and Larva: After fertilization, it takes eighteen allies, p. 40-75. In: Intertidal hours for the embryo to develop into a invertebrates of California. R. H. swimming planula larva (Fukui 1991). These Morris, D. P. Abbott, and E. C. larvae are ciliated and have an apical tuft on Haderlie (eds.). Stanford University their aboral end (Fukui 1991; Sadro 2001). Press, Stanford. Juvenile: 6. HAND, C. 1955. Distribution of Alderia Longevity: Unknown modesta in Washington. Nautilus. Growth Rate: Unknown 69:22-28. Food: Diadumene lineata eats small 7. HAUSMANN, L. A. 1919. The orange- crustaceans and annelids (Hausmann 1919). striped anemone (Sagartia luciae, Predators: In San Francisco Bay, the Verrill). Biological Bulletin. 37:363-371. nudibranch Cuthona perca eats Diadumene 8. HOEKSEMA, B. 2015. Hexacorallia. lineata (McDonald 2007). Other nudibranchs, Vol. 2015, World Register of Marine like Hermissenda crassicornis, also eat this Species: species (McDonald 2007). http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.p Behavior: The catch tentacles are used only hp?p=taxdetails&id=1340. [Accessed for stinging, not feeding, and serve to keep 9/23/2015]. anemones separate (Williams 1975). 9. KOZLOFF, E. N. 1983. Seashore life Diadumene is considered one of the faster of the northern Pacific coast. anemones and, in some studies, has been University of Washington Press, reported moving three to four inches in an Seattle. hour (MacGinitie and MacGinitie 1968). It also 10. MACGINITIE, G. E., and N. shows a sensitivity to light in laboratories, and MACGINITIE. 1968. Natural history of will contract when exposed to bright lights marine animals. McGraw-Hill Book (MacGinitie and MacGinitie 1968). Co., New York. 11. MCDONALD, G. R. 2007. Sacoglossa Bibliography and Nudibranchia, p. 788-807. In: The Light and Smith manual: intertidal 1. FAUTIN, D. G., and C. HAND. 2007. invertebrates from central California to Anthozoa, p. 173-184. In: The Light Oregon. J. T. Carlton (ed.). University and Smith Manual: intertidal of California Press, Berkeley, CA. invertebrates from central California to 12. MOLINA, L. M., M. S. VALINAS, P. D. Oregon. J. T. Carlton (ed.). University PRATOLONGO, R. ELIAS, and G. M. of California Press, Berkeley. E. PERILLO. 2009. First record of the 2. FAUTIN, D. G., and K. P. SEBENS. sea anemone Diadumene lineata 1987. Phylum Cnidaria, Class (Verrill 1871) associated to Spartina Anthozoa, p. 83-104. In: Reproduction alterniflora roots and stems, in and development of marine marshes at the Bahia Blanca Estuary, invertebrates of the northern Pacific Argentina. Biological Invasions. coast. M. F. Strathmann (ed.). 11:409-416. University of Washington Press, 13. RICKETTS, E. F., J. CALVIN, J. W. Seattle. HEDGEPETH, and D. W. PHILLIPS. 3. FAUTIN, D. G., A. E. SIEBERT, and 1985. Between Pacific tides. Stanford E. N. KOZLOFF. 1987. Class University Press, Stanford, CA. Anthozoa, p. 68-78. In: Marine 14. SADRO, S. 2001. Cnidaria invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. (Coelenterata), p. 13-23. In: An E. N. Kozloff (ed.). University of identification guide to the larval marine Washington Press, Seattle. invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest.

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