CITIES HEADING TOWARDS 100 % RENEWABLE ENERGY by Controlling Their Consumption FOOD for THOUGHT and ACTION

CITIES HEADING TOWARDS 100 % RENEWABLE ENERGY by controlling their consumption FOOD FOR THOUGHT AND ACTION

Kindly supported by Written by 100% renewable energy citiesandcommunitiesworldwide, already areality...... Amorce association, theLyon local energyagencyandHespul. Mulhouse, Nantes, Paris, SaintEtienne andStrasbourg andfromthe Occitanie Regional Council aswellthefollowingorganisations: SFM Vendée, cabinet Transitions, The authorswould like toacknowledgethe intervieweesfromthecityandmetropolitan councilsofBayonne, Bordeaux, Dunkirk, Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Metz, Montpellier, Translation from French: NathalieFauchadour Impression: Simon Graphic, Besançon Graphic design:solennmarrel.fr Authors: AnneBringault(Réseau Action Climat et CLER, réseaupourlatransition énergétique), MiriamEisermann(Energy Cities) andSylvieLacassagne(Energy Cities) Date ofpublication: November2016 No.5 No.4 No.3 No.2 No.1: Foresight Malmö: Geneva: Frederikshavn: Frankfurt: Barcelona: In anutshell, 5recommendations tobearinmind...... Towards 100%renewable energy, aglobal, fast-expandingmovement TABLE OFCONTENTS European championsthatareshowingtheway forward. They areall To provideabroaderperspective, theauthorshaveselectedfive local governments. views ofcouncillorsandcityemployeesfromaboutfifteen French experience oftheauthors’networks, aswellonaround30inter renewable energypath. This reportisbasedontheknowledgeand French citiesandmetropolitanareasanxioustoembarkona100% this publication. The aimistoprovideguidanceandsolutions CLER, EnergyCitiesandRéseau Action Climatcollaborated toprepare : FinancingandInvestment : Smartcities : :

The urban-rurallinkage Participation From anindustrial toarenewable capital...... Enroutefor100%renewable energyinmunicipalbuildings. A Germanpioneerwitha “100% renewable” roadmap...... Towards energyself-sufficiencyby2050...... –Givinglong-termplanningitsrightfulplace...... A territoryanxioustocreateanewenergysystem. –Makingsmartcitiesplacesofcollectiveintelligence...... –Engaginglocalstakeholders...... – Creatingnewurban-rural partnerships...... – Fundingrenewable energyproductionandefficiency ...... - ...... French examplesofcompletedoron-goingprojects. factsheets illustrating the path towards 100% renewable energywith The secondpartofthereportiscomposedfivetheme-specific capable ofmobilisinglocalstakeholders aroundacollectiveproject. Their policies and action plans rely on robust, flexible partnerships ciency and the optimumuseofrenewable and interconnected energy. regions aim to develop a coherent energy system based on energy effi different mobiles, approachesandtimetables, allthesecitiesand signatories totheCovenantofMayorsforClimateandEnergy. Despite ......

16 26 24 22 12 20 10 18 14 8 4 3 6 -

© shutterstock.com - Ross Helen and citizenstosupportitsdevelopment. This localfocus renewable energycanrelyonlocalcompanies, farmers compared toconventionalenergyproductionfacilities, and hydraulic power)andoftenproducedinsmallerunits resources (wind, sun, geothermalenergy, biomasswood process and the stakeholders involved. Adapted to local Developing renewable energychangesthedecision-making and issettobecomesoinmostverysoon. competitive source of energyinmanyregionstheworld production costsmeansthatrenewable energyisalreadya regional economic development. The sustained decrease in pollution togeopoliticalrisks, pricevolatilityandlocal solution to a number of issues, from climate change and air Renewable energyhasbecomeanessentialpartofthe bring benefitstoall. energy, but how to conduct this transition so that it will will resolutelyembrace energyefficiencyandrenewable as apivotalyear. The questionnowisnotwhethertheworld of thelawonenergytransition inFrance marked 2015out ment oflocalauthoritiesandcivilsocietytheadoption The Paris Agreement AGLOBAL,FAST-EXPANDING MOVEMENT TOWARDS 100%RENEWABLE ENERGY, opportunities. Citycouncilspromotingrenewable energy are clearlylinked tolocalsocio-economicdevelopment approach worldwide, wecanseethattheirmotivations and communitiesengagedina100%renewable energy However, if we look at the pioneering cities, regions in urbanareas. Communities –andinEurope. The trendismorerecent called “Territoires àEnergiePositive” orPositive Energy renewable energyprogrammes inFrance –wheretheyare Many rural communitiesarealreadyengaged in100% energy issuesandmake decisionsthatbenefittheirarea. provides citieswithanopportunitytoregaincontrolof 1 -http://unhabitat.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/P1HotCities.pdf at COP21, theengage - use andthedevelopmentof renewable energy. an ambitiousenergytransition basedonreducedenergy off awidermovementinFrance andinEuropefavourof is possible, French citiesandmetropolitanareascanspark their citizens. Bysettinganexampleandshowingthatit adapted tothelocalcontextandwhichmeetneeds of fore thebestplacedtocomeupwithpractical solutions victims of pollution and rising sea levels. They are there- population will liveincities–buttheyare also thefirst expected toreach75%by2030when2/3oftheworld’s and 70%ofgreenhousegasemissions 2050. Cities are responsible for 67% of global energy use City Hallincommittingto100%renewable energy by the world joined Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo at the Paris On 4 energy sources. economic players, aswelltheir dependence on polluting energy bill, to the benefit oftheinhabitants andlocal and energyefficiency want toreducetheirterritory’s th December2015, over 700cityleadersfromaround

1 –alevelwhichis 3 © Naziha Mestaoui IN A NUTSHELL

No two cities or metropolitan areas are alike. The path towards 100% renewable energy will be different depending on what natural resources are available in the territory and in neighbouring areas and on the priority given to energy efficiency, to particular energy sources (electricity, gas, heat), uses (buildings, mobility) or players (large energy companies, digital businesses, cooperatives). Although there is no right or wrong path, the pioneering authorities, all members of the international Global 100 RE2 campaign, and the French stakeholders interviewed for this publication as well as literature reviews provided the authors with sufficient material to identify five major recommendations. Yannick Régnier, CLER Régnier, © Yannick

5 RECOMMENDATIONS TO BEAR IN MIND

1. A VISION OF THE FUTURE 2. THE URBAN-RURAL LINKAGE INTEGRATING THE 100% COOPERATING WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY OBJECTIVE NEIGHBOURING RURAL INTO A BROADER PERSPECTIVE COMMUNITIES

Adopting a 100% renewable energy objective exemplifies and In most cases, a city or metropolitan area, due to its density, will draws attention to the city council’s political will to commit to a not be able to cover its energy needs with 100% renewable energy vision of the future that brings hope. It also lays down an official produced on its territory, even after markedly reducing them. It framework for taking action, involving stakeholders and allocating will therefore have to outsource wood, electricity and biogas, as it the necessary technical, administrative and financial resources. already does for food. Here lies an opportunity to create a win-win Such a publicly avowed objective also creates a secure environment relationship between urban and rural land area. Cities have an for investments. But it will not be understood or shared by local interest in providing financial or technical support for the develop- stakeholders unless it is part of a broader perspective: reducing ment of renewable energy production in neighbouring rural areas, greenhouse gas emissions, resilience, economic development, thereby cementing local economic development and resilience. social justice, reducing vulnerabilities like fuel poverty, quality of life or making the area more attractive. Likewise, rural communities, some of which are already engaged in a positive energy community approach, or, in French, “Terri- Although a 100% renewable energy target may be viewed as toire à énergie positive”3, may also develop relations with cities, being related to energy generation, energy savings should not be offering them access to their resources whilst keeping control of overlooked. Many cities which have adopted such a target even the projects and benefiting from locally generated revenue. In identify energy savings, a sector that is often forgotten, as their this context, regional councils have a crucial role to play: they main resource, representing up to 50% of the energy currently can facilitate or coordinate the tools and governance necessary used. Buildings, transport and even industry have a huge energy to avoid conflicts regarding access to resources (e.g. wood) and saving potential. ensure a balance of powers between rural communities and growing metropolitan areas.

2 - www.go100re.net 3 - www.territoires-energie-positive.fr

4 3. TAKING ACTION ILLUSTRATING SUCCESS STORIES WITH PROJECTS ON THE GROUND

Long-term objectives need to be backed by short-term actions offering tangible results. A 2050 target may be useful to set a course but will seem like hollow words if it does not go along with immediate measures. This is particularly the case of a 100% renewable energy target which requires massive changes to be made as quickly as possible.

Experimenting means starting small, to facilitate general acceptance. Tangible projects and results also help rally stakeholders and keep the momentum going. These actions may take many forms, from demand-side management measures in buildings and the transport sector – no city can achieve 100% renewable energy without drastically reducing its energy use – to the installation of renewable energy generators within its boundaries or municipal and community investments in renewable energy projects in neighbouring areas. Passagers des villes © Passagers

4. CO-CONSTRUCTION INVENTING NEW WAYS OF ENGAGING LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS

Setting a 100% renewables course involves not only completely 5. FACILITATION changing the energy model, but also the practices and stakeholders involved. It is a chance to give local stakeholders wider HUMAN RESOURCES, opportunities to participate, co-create and develop new economic models in relation to the energy transition. Success will depend THE KEY TO SUCCESS on the diversity of the solutions, on the capacity of city council departments to work together and on the degree of involvement Whatever the objectives are, it is people who will get the job done. of local players, a pre-condition for better accepted and accom- Involving and engaging citizens and local stakeholders, supporting plished projects. the community and helping new projects emerge, all will require human resources. Co-construction and the sharing of benefits with all will help obtain the best results, whilst ensuring wider support. Without this public engineering, projects will not be able to grow, whether they are private, public or mixed projects. It is therefore The desire to participate and get involved is also exemplified by essential that the appropriate level at which such engineering cooperatives and their values of solidarity, durability, transparency can be created or at least made available within the city council and proximity. is quickly identified.

5 6 use by10%2020(compared to2008). and energy efficiency, theobjective beingtoreduceenergyend- towards 100%renewable energybypromotinglow energyuse The municipalityisalsoplayinga driving roleinthecity’s transition locally tomeetmunicipalneeds. 40% by 2030 (compared to 2005) and producing enough energy set itselftwoobjectives: reducingitsgreenhousegasemissionsby a transition towards energyself-sufficiency. The municipalityhas In 2015thisanalysisledBarcelonatoformallylayoutitsvision of efficient energysolutions. of the21stcentury, andtheneedforlargeurbanareastodevelop concentration ofurban population isoneofthemajorchallenges Barcelona’s strategy isbasedonatwo-fold observation: thehigh MANAGINGURBANDENSITYINASUSTAINABLE WAY KEY FIGURES 1 THESTARTING POINT ,6

inhabitants MILLION MILLION

BARCELONA BY 2050 INDEPENDENT CITY AN ENERGY

long Towards energyself-sufficiency by2050 - term

vision

by renewable energy(buildings, lighting, municipal vehicles, etc.). Currently, themunicipality has 50%ofitsinternalneedscovered thus coveringtheelectricityrequirements ofitswholepopulation. solar panels, Barcelonawouldbeabletoproduce5,500GWh/year, extended toPVsolarenergyin2011. Ifallroofswerefittedwith district heating. based onsolarenergy, small-scale windpowerand by promotingenergysavingsandproduction objective anintegralpartofthecity’s officialstrategy associated roadmapmakesthe“100%renewable” is tobecomeenergyself-sufficientby2050.The optimising itsurbanflowsforyears.Itspoliticalvision economic developmentandactivity, hasbeen Barcelona, Spain’s secondcityinterms ofpopulation, 90,000 m 1,650 m be effective: in2000, themunicipalityanticipatedinstallationof energy tocovertheirhotwater needs. This legislationhasprovedto and retrofittedbuildingsarerequiredtouseatleast60%of solar nance (OrdenanzaSolar Térmica). According tothisbylaw, new years ago. In1999, themunicipality adoptedathermalsolarordi- The CityofBarcelonastartedtacklingclimatechangesometwenty BYUSINGRENEWABLE ENERGYASMUCHPOSSIBLE SUPPLYING HIGH-QUALITY ENERGY SERVICES TOCITIZENS THEAPPROACH 2 ofsolarpanels, butinfactthefigurehadvirtually reached 2 bytheendof2012. The ordinancewas subsequently

© Hessbeck-shutterstock Covenant ofMayorsin2008, thuscommittingtoreducingitsCO SEAP (SustainableEnergy Action Plan) when Barcelonajoined the renewable energy and energy savings. The planbecame the city’s 108 newmeasuresaimedatpromotingthedevelopmentof local stakeholders’ energyuseandCO reviews theresultsobtainedinpreviousperiod, takes stockof of aparticipatoryprocessinvolvinglocalstakeholders, theplan litat del’AireBarcelona-PECQ). Partly preparedonthebasis change andairqualityplan”d’Energia, (Pla - i Qua CanviClimàtic In 2010, Barcelonapublishedits2011-2020 “Energy, climate reducing airpollutionandtheuseoffossilfuels. of measuresaimedatpromotinganenvironmentally-friendlycity, and emissionsgenerated persector. Italsosuggestedanumber energy plan(PMEB)providedforquantificationoftheused parcel ofBarcelona’s strategy since2000. Its2002-2010integrated Promoting renewable energyandsavingshasbeenpart waste fromthecity’s publicparks. waste heatfromtheBesosincinerating plantaswellbiomass networks cover24kmandsupply 105GWhperyear. They use major transformations ofthecityinpastfewyears. These with districtheatingandcoolingnetworks, leadingtooneofthe The 22@BarcelonadistrictandFórumareahavebeenequipped the city’s roofstoproducerenewable energy. put citizens’needsatthecentreofenergypolicyandto use target partofthecity’s officialstrategy.to Itreflectsthedesire roadmap towards self-sufficiency made the “100% renewable” of renewable energyandmakingmoreaffordable. The introduced. The mainobjectiveremainedanincreaseintheshare objectives anda40%CO city’s energy policy was aligned with European andinternational A politicalchangein2015broughtwithitnewambitions: the achieving thisvision. target of10%renewable energyby2024isthefirststepin never formallyadoptedbytheCityCouncil, aninterimtechnical providing forBarcelona’s energy independencyby 2050. Although After the 2012 municipal elections, a new political vision emerged, emissions by23.5%2020. 2 emissionreductionby2030targetwas 2 emissions and proposes emissionsandproposes 2

generated withinthecitylimits, themunicipalityplanstocooperate expansion, and withlimitedresources. To supplementtheenergy Barcelona isadenselypopulatedcitywithfewopportunitiesfor THEOBJECTIVES COOPERATING WITHRURALCOMMUNITIESTOACHIEVE energy efficiency. information andadviceonlocal renewable energyproductionand public awareness of the issue. This platform provides citizens with The “self-sufficient Barcelona” website was launchedto raise and makingenergyapublicserviceaccessibletoall. linking energyproductionandconsumptionfortheveryfirst time aimed atdevelopingnewenergygeneration unitsinthecity, thus to sellingrenewable energy, thecompanywillpromotemechanisms Barcelona alsoplanstosetupapowersupplycompany. Inaddition society anactiveplayerofthecity’s energyandclimatepolicy. to createforumsandcitizens’adviceorganisationsmake civil (“mesa solar”)initiatedsomeyearsago, themunicipalityintends involving all stakeholders. Anxious to develop the solar roundtable authority responsibleforcoordinatingthecity’s energypolicyby A newformof governance isemerging inBarcelona, withan become astructural andcross-cuttingissueforthemunicipality. Since thenewpoliticalmandatebegunin2015, energyhastruly TRANSITION CIVILSOCIETY, ADRIVINGFORCEFORTHEENERGY not yetbeendefined. with thewidermetropolitanarea. The partnershipandscopehave http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/ For information further THEURBAN-RURALLINKAGE AND REGIONALSTAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT OFLOCAL

7 Brian Kinney shutterstock

BARCELONA 8 and renewable FrankfurtRheinMain” concept. The regional in 2012, theCityofFrankfurt developed the “100% efficient a callforprojects launched bytheGerman federal government to fightclimatechangeandreduce energyuse. Encouraged by In 2008, the city council adopted a list of 50 measures intended Energiereferat, thelocalenergyagencyanddepartment. commitment renewed in 1990 with the establishment of the the municipality’s BuildingDepartmentasearly1983, a as demonstrated by the creation of an energy office within Frankfurt’s commitmenttofightingclimatechangeisnotnew, ORGANISATIONAL CHART THEINCLUSIONOFCLIMATE PROTECTIONINTHECITY’S KEY FIGURES 717, THESTARTING POINT

inhabitants 000

100 renewable energy renewable energy produced within produced within 50% FRANKFURT 25% the city A a German pioneerwith “100% renewable” roadmap %

long ENERGY SAVINGS - term ENERGY BY2050 RENEWABLE

vision renewable energy renewable energy produced in the produced inthe 25%

region

energy supplyby2050. Masterplan aimedatachievinga100%renewable was amongthefirstGermancitiestoadopta fighting climatechangeforseveraldecadesand financial centres.Thecityhasbeenactively energy department. mentation of the Masterplan is supervised by the municipality’s and instrumentsforachieving theobjectiveby2050. Imple- Protection Masterplan)adopted in2015identifiesthestrategies Frankfurt’s “Masterplan 100%Klimaschutz” (100%Climate growth was usedtoidentify several possiblescenarios. sectors aswellforeseeablechangesinpricesandpopulation taking intoaccountcurrentandfutureenergyuseinall the research institute. A simulationoftheenergyneedsby 2050, the roadmap, afeasibilitystudywas entrustedtotheFraunhofer a 100%renewable energy supplyroadmap. Priortodefining The CityofFrankfurt was oneofthefirstGermancitiestoadopt dimension. agency was laterassociatedwiththeprojecttoaddaregional andranks4 industry tertiary Frankfurt isaflourishingcitywithstrong th amongEuropean

© Rainer Rüffer © Rainer Rüffer (and cooling)networks. cogeneration unitsandtofurtherextenditstendistrictheating energy futureisheat, Frankfurt planningtomassivelybuildup produced inthemetropolitanarea. Butthecentrepieceofthis and PVenergy, biomass, and, toalesserextent, windpower The identifiedrenewable energysourcesincludesolarthermal to beimplementedintheelectricity, heatingandtransport areas. improvement ineachsectorandsuggestsanumberofmeasures assesses theenergyneeds, greenhousegasemissionsandareasfor metropolitan area (25%). To achieve these objectives, the plan by renewable energyproducedwithinthecity(25%)andin loping thecirculareconomy. The remaining50%willbecovered retrofitting, theuseofnewtechnologiesandfurther effortsatdeve This willrequire reducingenergyuseby50%throughbuilding to haveallitsenergyneedscoveredbyrenewable energyby2050. With its “Masterplan 100% Klimaschutz”, the municipality aims ENERGYEFFICIENCYFIRST with thepassivebuildingstandard. has expertiseinenergyefficiency andalongstandingexperience 2050) and has developed many good practices whereas the city energy resources (which should cover 184%of its power needs by It is a win-win situation: the metropolitan area has renewable even thewiderLand(regionallevel)forwindpowerandbiomass. the citywillhavetouseresourcesfrommetropolitanarea and its “100% renewable” target on its own. To meet its energy needs, Preliminary studiesshowthatthecityofFrankfurt cannotachieve CREATING AWIN-WINSITUATION Energy demand demand Energy 100% 2010 THEURBAN-RURALLINKAGE THEAPPROACH Energy demand demand Energy 50% 100% CLIMATE PROTECTION 50% 2050 savings andenergyefficiency reduction through energy MASTERPLAN 25% from themetropolitan area 25% …entirely coveredbyrenewable energy from thecityofFrankfurt - In 2013and2014, aspartofthepreparation phaseofitsmas- awareness. energy andclimatepolicy. Pilotprojectsalsohelpedraise public nicating to the general public the results and implications of its its ambitiousobjectivebyinvolvingthemandclearlycommu- The municipal teamwas abletoconvincelocalstakeholders of OFTHEFUTURE SHARINGANDCONSOLIDATING THECITY’S VISION www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=3077 For information further many otherstakeholders intheregion. create value andhavebecomerenewable energyprosumers, like previously thecityandregionweresimplyenergyusers, theynow measures. This cooperation opens up new opportunities: whereas the city’s mainpartnerforimplementingthe “100% renewable” The metropolitanregionRegionalverbandFrankfurtRheinMain is network operators. and associationsofmunicipalitiesaswellenergysuppliers and based oncontributionsfromtheLandofHesse, municipalities energy dataontheFrankfurt Rhine-Mainmetropolitan region by aregional monitoring structure responsible for publishing the planbymunicipality. Monitoring willalsobeprovided mission istoprovideadviceandevaluate theimplementationof well-respected persons from very different backgrounds. Its stated The citycouncil hasalsosetupasteeringcommitteewith30 convince themoftheproject’s addedvalue forthewholeregion. possible tointegrate theirneedsandideasintotheplanto tions involvingover800inhabitants. These workshopsmadeit stakeholders (businesses, banks, etc.)aswellpublicconsulta- terplan, theCityofFrankfurt organisedworkshopswitheconomic AND REGIONALSTAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT OFLOCAL

FRANKFURT 10 green jobsasquicklypossible. objective setbythenationalgovernment, inordertocreatenew deadline, thusanticipating the100%renewable energyby2050 Greater Frederikshavn areaand2030was definedasthenew In 2014, the100%renewable energytargetwas extendedtothe a reductioninheating(-25%)andelectricityrequirements. (20% in2007, 40%in2009and100%2015), combinedwith of renewable energyinthetown’s energyproduction anduse all politicalparties, allowedforasignificantincrease intheshare mark. The strategy implementedthe nextyear, andsupportedby City) andtobecomethefirst100%renewable energycityinDen rikshavn totake partinapilotprojectcalled “Energibyen” (Energy It allstartedin2006withanofferfromenergyexpertsforFrede- APIONEERINGMIND ACALLFORPROPOSALSTHAT TRIGGERED KEY FIGURES 61 THESTARTING POINT

inhabitants , 100

100 FREDERIKSHAVN FOR THEWHOLEAREA A territoryanxioustocreateanewenergysystem %

long - term BY 2030 RENEWABLE

vision

- system basedonrenewableenergy. activity inparticular, butanew, coherentenergy focus isnotondevelopingonetechnologyor to promoteinnovativeactivities,Frederikshavn’s proximity toagriculturalareasanditswillingness some 10yearsago.Withitsportzones, on attractinggreenenterprisesandtechnologies centred onportactivities,startedtoconcentrate Frederikshavn, atowninnorthDenmarkpreviously (biomass, biogas, heatpumps, etc.). produced fromotherlocalrenewable sourcesortechnologies 49% ofwindenergyandthe remainingpartofenergymostly energy of27%currentlybyachieving 14%ofenergysavings, sets thefollowingobjectives: completingtheshareofrenewable heating andtransport) coveredbyrenewable energy, theplan In ordertohave100%ofthearea’s energyneeds(electricity, the general public. a communicationtoolandtoraise awareness ofpartnersand basis ofdataandscenarios. The samesoftware isalsousedas University of Aalborg was usedtolaunchtheinitiativeon A new 3D modelling and visualisation model developed by the TOSTAY ONCOURSE ACONTINUOUSMONITORINGPROCESS THEAPPROACH

© Frederikshavn Kommune © Frederikshavn Kommune Frederikshavn liveinurbanareasand30%therural part. derikshavn. 70%ofthepopulationnewmunicipality by merging the former municipalities of Skagen, Sæby and Fre- Danish municipalities. GreaterFrederikshavn was thencreated In 2013, alocalgovernmentreformledtothemergerofmany ENERGYCONVERSIONANDECONOMICOPPORTUNITIES bio-refinery or water electrolysistoproducehydrogen. included inthemasterplan, suchaswave energy, theFrederikshavn new renewable technologies already in the pilot phase but not continuous monitoringprocesswillmake itpossibletointegrate with theambitionofa100%renewable energyconversion”. The The action plan for2030willbereviewedeveryyearto “keep up bike-friendly roadinfrastructure andcar-sharing facilities. charging andtransfer stations for electric, biogas or hybrid vehicles, infrastructure encouraging cleanerformsofmobility, including As regardsthetransport sector, GreaterFrederikshavn iscreating district heatingnetwork. and biogas. Heatwillbeconveyedtoconsumersviaadense waste incinerating plantswillbebuilt, producingheat, electricity and 1GWhrespectively)newbiogasproducingunits GWh. PVandthermalsolarenergywillalsobepromoted(4GWh wind turbines, thusboostingpowergeneration from 34 to 130 renewable resources, includingtheconstructionofanumber projects areinthepipelinetoreplacenatural gasandoilwith and adoptingsustainablepublictenderingprocedures. Large-scale involve reducingbuildingenergyuse, optimisingtransport flows efficiency willbeup23%by2030(comparedto2010). This will If measures continue to be implemented at the same pace, energy THEURBAN-RURALLINKAGE of projectprogress. To reinforcethisparticipativeapproach, Facebook groupwere also created to keep citizensabreast workshops organisedbythemunicipality. A websiteanda bitants wereabletocontributebothprojectsbyattending rably receivedbythepopulationofFrederikshavn. The inha- The EnergyCityprojectandthe2030Masterplanwerefavou- in thisproject. The Universityof Aalborg isoneofFrederikshavn’s key partners BRINGINGPARTNERS OFALLKINDSONBOARD partly throughDONGEnergy, an80%state-controlledcompany. activity as energy supplier. Off-shore wind power is also harnessed, opportunity toboosttheagricultural sectorbydevelopinganew surrounding Frederikshavn intoenergy. Biomass isviewedasan attained without converting the resources available inthe area The ambitious100%renewable energyobjectivewillnotbe retrofitting projects. with local banks on the development of financing schemes for tematic. Inadditiontotraining courses, the network alsoworks is expected to make energy retrofitting of buildings more sys- technologies. The creationofanetworklocaltradespeople sector, trade andindustry)inordertodevelopnewrenewable craftsmen, landlords, publictransport companies, agricultural businesses andprivate investors(banks, propertydevelopers, Frederikshavn has also set up multiple partnerships with created in2016. people from Skagen intheNorthto Voerså in the Southwas a groupofcitizensknownas«MyEnergy Town» involving AND REGIONALSTAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT OFLOCAL

FREDERIKSHAVN 12 administrative andsocialhousingbuildings. own stockofbuildings, whichiscomposed ofabout800public, This willsignificantlyincreasetheenergy performanceofthecity’s bilitation work from both an environmental and energy point of view. identifies buildingswhichwould benefitmostfromretrofitting/reha changed thethrustofitsenergypolicy. This stillon-goingstrategy strategy applicabletomunicipalbuildingheatingrequirementsclearly In 2006, theadoptionof “100% renewable by2050” municipal decided tostepupitsactionandengageinanenergytransition. nalisation of its energy use over the last 30 years, the city council dependence onfossilfuels. Already engagedinasystematicratio- energy resources, revealed Geneva’s strong energy and financial the 2004-2006period, aswelltheprospectivedepletionoffossil The successiveincreasesinoilpricesandtheirextremevolatilityover TACKLING ENERGYEFFICIENCYINMUNICIPAL BUILDINGS KEY FIGURES 201,100 THESTARTING POINT

inhabitants

100 GENEVA FOR PUBLICBUILDINGS Enroutefor100%renewable energyinmunicipalbuildings %

long BY 2050 ZERO EMISSIONS ENERGY AND RENEWABLE - term

vision

- and planningpriorities. tourism. They arealsotaken intoaccountwhen defininginvestment information and communications and even economic promotion and planning, mobilityandtransport, procurement, waste management, The objectivesofthispolicyarecarried outinanumberofareas: urban reflected initsenergyandclimatepolicy. Gold forthe comprehensiveness and consistency ofits approach, of its territory. In 2008, it was awarded the European Energy Award The CityofGeneva aimstotake anactivepartintheenergytransition buildings heatedwithrenewableenergyby2050. of Genevaistohaveallitsmunicipally-owned oil crisesinthe1970s. TheobjectiveoftheCity and acknowledgedenergypolicysincethefirst organisations andhasconductedarecognised Geneva istheseatofnumerousinternational and thepromotionofrational useofwater andelectricitysavings. fleet, thedevelopmentofsoftmobilitysolutionsforitsemployees climate footprint, asdemonstrated by changesmadetoitsvehicle engaged inacomprehensiveapproachtoreducingitsenergyand the sewage systemandallpubliclightingwithinthecitylimits. Itis for the water used in public buildings and places, large sections of The municipality alsorunsafleetof500vehiclesandisresponsible

© Alain Grandchamp © Alain Grandchamp project, carriedoutincollaboration withtheCantonandGeneva The firstexample ofthis ramping-up was CADécoJonction. The in thevarious districts. local resourcesandbuildingcollectivedistributioninfrastructure deployment of renewable energy solutions also requires pooling its competitivenesscomparedtofossilenergy. The rapid, massive be assessedpreciselytooptimiseimplementationcostsandensure Before harnessingthelocalresource, itspresenceintheareamust project andencourage localandrenewable solutions. at district level, ensure their integration at an early stage of the riaux -CET). These methodologicaltoolsidentifytheenergyissues set up Territorial EnergyConcepts (Concepts Energétiques Territo in theadoptionofCantonenergylawandobligationto planners inchargeofurbanplanning. This cooperation resulted Relations wereestablishedbetweenenergyspecialistsandthe could potentiallybeharnessed. the strategy alsorevealedthatmanyunusedlocalenergyresources progress target set by the City of Geneva. The implementation of and renewable energypenetration remains well below thegradual enough torapidly achieve theterritory’s energytransition objectives However, actingonnewandretrofittedbuildingsalonewillnotbe improving indoorcomfort. by significantlyreducingheatingcostsfortenantsandnoticeably Improving energy efficiencyalsobrought about social benefits the projectsandimprovingbuildingmanagementcostefficiency. heating requirements whilst preserving the financial integrity of was appliedshowedthatitwas possibletosignificantlyreduce The firstbuildingworktowhichthe “100%renewable” method TERRITORIALENERGYPLANNING EXTENDINGTHEPUBLICBUILDINGOBJECTIVETO and Europeanpartnerships. Itsmainrelations, however, arewith energy policyissystematically placedinthecontextofSwiss urban areawhichishometo almost1millionpeopleandits The City ofGeneva islocatedatthecentre of across-border CREATING AREGIONALWOODBIOMASSSECTOR efficient alternativetofossilenergysources. used todemonstrate thepotentialof “surface water” asacredible, track withitsrenewable energytarget. The projectwillalsobe requirements coveredbyrenewable energyandwillgetback on project, theCityofGeneva willhave14%ofitstotalheating with water fromLake Geneva by2019. Uponcompletionofthe buting grid-boundenergy)willheattwentyorsolargebuildings Industrial Services(asemi-publicpartnerresponsiblefordistri THEURBAN-RURALLINKAGE THEAPPROACH

- - or throughincentives. local stakeholders byadoptingtheroleofaplanningauthority reflected inthe various collaborations andpartnerships involving Geneva ensuresthatitsenergyandclimatepolicyactionare of infrastructure projectswithinthecity’s boundaries. Infact, influence anumberofdecisionsandfacilitatethedeployment Services, Geneva Public Transport operator, etc.). Itcan, however, public and semi-public partners (municipalities, Geneva Industrial due to the way power is shared between the Canton and the main The CityofGeneva hasonlyapartialabilitytoactonitsterritory ANDLOCAL,NON-OUTSOURCEABLEKNOW-HOW COLLABORATIONS PROMOTINGTHELOCALECONOMY It alsopromoteslocaljobsandashortsupplychain. owners sustainable, free of charge management of their forests. wood biomassissoldatafairpricewhilstguaranteeing private association of private forest owners. This partnership ensures that through municipal forestry and from a partnership with the Geneva new localindustrywhichbenefitsfromthecity’s ownresources biomass, themunicipalityhascontributedtocreatingabrand- the CantonofGeneva anditsmainpartners. As regardswood www.ville-geneve.ch/themes/developpement-durable-energie/energie For information further disseminating theproject. influence andcreatelocalexpertise, andcommercialpartnersfor who adheretotheproject, localindustrialpartnersabletoinvest, know-how isplayedoutatthreelevels: thedensityof “clients” needed topromotethelocaleconomyandlocal, non-relocatable The CADéco Jonction projectshowed that the scenario that is at therightmoment, intherightplaceandwith function. requires identifyingtherelevant stakeholders andactivating them is whyasuccessfulplanningprocessleadingtoinnovative projects implementing the2050visionarenewandthereforecomplex. This The processes and relations between the stakeholders involved in society andallrelevant stakeholders. to theobjectivessetthroughcollectivecommitmentofcivil vision, localpartnersandcitizenswillworktogetheradhere form adesirable futureintoacommon objective. According tothis forward-looking visionofenergyandclimateissuesabletotrans The CityofGeneva wants toprojectadynamic, positiveand terplan, theCovenantofMayorsand Agenda 21. links withothermunicipalprojectssuchastheMunicipalityMas- The energy and climate policy coordinators also strive to reinforce AND REGIONALSTAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT OFLOCAL

13 -

GENEVA 14 district, a former flood-prone area. The district’s regeneration potential. The municipalityfirsttransformed the Augustenborg power) andhavedemonstrated Malmö’s energy transition 100% renewable energy(biogas, solar, windandhydraulic Augustenborg and Västra Hamnen, already are supplied by lopment andgreenenergysolutions. Today, twoofitsdistricts, As of 1998, Malmö embarked on a policy of sustainable deve thereby regaineditstitleofSouthernSweden’s economichub. local know-how, culture and sustainable development. The city mayor in 1994, Malmö started to reinvent itself by promoting riously thrownintodoubt. With thearrival ofIlmarReepalu as future ofMalmö, formerlyspecialisedinshipbuilding, was se- to 40,000inhabitantswholeftthecityinsearchofajob. The Following theindustrialdeclinein1990s, Malmölost close INJECTINGNEWLIFEAFTERTHECRISIS KEY FIGURES 300, THESTARTING POINT

inhabitants 000

100 energy efficiency MALMÖ From anindustrialtoarenewable capital 50% %

long - BY 2030 RENEWABLE term

renewable energy renewable energy vision produced within produced within the cityarea 50%

- unanimously adoptedbythecity councilinthesameyear. Malmö”, was preparedonthebasisofthisstudy. The planwas targeting a100%renewable supply, called “Energistrategi för years later, in2009, astrategic energyandenvironmentalplan tal challenges and come up with sustainable solutions. Two different municipaldepartmentstoidentifylocalenvironmen - the municipalitysetup5workgroupscomposedofstafffrom approach to further accelerate its energy transition. In 2007, But Malmö wanted to go further by adopting a more systematic for residents). mobility solutions(e.g. freefive-yearcar-sharing subscription and coolingnetworkwas introduced, aswellsustainable nable materialswerebuiltandaninnovative districtheating (Western port)was alsoregenerated. 350flatsmadeofsustai it intendstoachievebyhalvingenergyuse. needs byrenewableenergy2030,anobjective municipality aimstocover100%ofitsenergy culture andsustainabledevelopmentcentre.The transformed itselfintoatechnologicalinnovation, Sweden andaformerindustrialcity, has Malmö, theeconomicmainstayofSouthern public buses. In2001, theindustrialdistrictof Västra Hamnen creation of a systemusingfood waste to produce biogas for tion system), theintroductionof9,000greenroofsand programme includedadaptationmeasures(rainwater collec- -

HARNESSING ALL AVAILABLE LOCAL RESOURCES REGIONAL CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION

With its “Energistrategi för Malmö”, the city aims to have 100% of Compared to other cities, Malmö has “direct access” to a wide range its energy needs covered by renewable energy by 2030, an objec- of renewable sources (wind power, biogas, wave and tidal energy, tive it intends to achieve by halving energy use. Recommended etc.). It can therefore meet its energy needs with its own resources, measures include energy retrofitting, smart grids, efficient waste without having to resort to surrounding areas. management and developing public transport and cycle paths. The remaining needs will be covered by renewable energy produced This does not prevent Malmö from engaging in regional and inter- within the city (50%). Malmö has prepared a roadmap describing national cooperation. Within the Öresund cross-border region, which the urban development required to achieve this deployment of comprises the cities of Malmö and Copenhagen, as well as the MALMÖ renewable energy. regions of Zealand (Denmark) and Skåne (Sweden), Swedish and Danish municipalities are encouraged to cooperate to become the Malmö’s plan, which the municipality also submitted as its Sus- first carbon-neutral European region. Malmö contributes to making tainable Energy Action Plan for the Covenant of Mayors, clearly Skåne carbon-neutral and therefore plays a pivotal role in eliminating identifies those sectors (transport, building, energy production) fossil fuels in the region. with energy efficiency and renewable energy potential. In the building sector for example, an energy mapping of the city has helped the municipality determine how to retrofit buildings in a INVOLVEMENT OF LOCAL cost-effective way. AND REGIONAL STAKEHOLDERS

Malmö has also set interim milestones for achieving 100% re- A SHARED POLITICAL AMBITION newable energy: • Energy use will be reduced by 20% by 2020 compared to 2001, Right from the start, Malmö has been proactively seeking to moti- and then by 50% by 2030. vate and engage local and regional stakeholders in its energy and • Greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by at least 40% climate policy in order to obtain their support and commitment. by 2020 compared to 1990. This target was almost already Its “Energistrategi för Malmö” was submitted for public consul- reached by 2014. tation from July to September 2009. Malmö has also conducted • The share of renewable energy will increase from 50% by 2020 educational programmes on sustainable lifestyles in secondary to 100% by 2030. and driving schools (“Eco-driving” programmes). Smart sensors installed on traffic lights give right of way to public transport Malmö intends to become a 100% renewable energy city by and cyclists. A structured dialogue involving all stakeholders was developing solar, wind, hydro-power and biogas. The municipality organised by the municipality in order to create a truly Smart City already has the largest solar farm in the country, Sege Park, a farm in the Hyllie district in South Malmö. with 1,250 m2 of PV panels which will soon be equipped with the first solar-powered Stirling engine. Malmö is also close to Sweden’s Cooperation is also deeply rooted within the city’s administration: largest offshore wind farm, Lilgrund, which produces 0.33 TWh the various departments (architecture, environment, etc.) syste- and supplies energy to 60,000 households. The municipality is matically work together and with local stakeholders (businesses, simultaneously developing small-scale wind power close to the universities, NGOs and citizens) to achieve the common objective of port area in order to ensure a more diversified and secure energy a low-carbon future. The political ambition and continuous support future and create new local jobs. It also plans to have the world’s of the municipality, even after the departure of the “instigating” largest biogas unit (300 GWh) built in the port area in cooperation mayor in July 2013, explain the progress made towards the 100% with E.ON, its main energy supplier. In the long-term, Malmö plans renewable energy objective. to have it converted from a biogas to a hydrogen unit supplying electricity and heat to municipal buildings and a more sustainable fuel to the transport sector. For further information http://malmo.se/Bo-bygga--miljo/Boende--narmiljo/Energi--uppvarmning.html

15 1 FORESIGHT Giving long-term planning its rightful place

aving an ambitious vision of a desirable future and setting a course towards 100% renewable energy encou- rages and facilitates the engagement of the various local stakeholders and opens up new opportunities. It is important that long-term planning is given its rightful place in municipal action. Obviously, this long-term course must not be used to postpone measures aimed at reducing energy use and developing renewable Henergy. On the contrary, its purpose is to trigger a paradigm change whilst not losing sight of the desired objective. To be credible, this political message must be backed up with “no-regret” short-term measures and medium-term planning documents defining interim targets, for example a Territorial Climate, Air and Energy Plan or an energy masterplan. This entails adding a foresight dimension to one of these tools by considering a 2050 time horizon, a 100% renewable energy target and, therefore, a territorial area extending beyond the city’s boundaries. Although cities already carry out planning exercises, covering 100% of a territory’s energy needs with renewables requires going much further.

LONGER-TERM PLANNING A PERIMETER EXTENDED TO NEIGHBOURING TERRITORIES For most French cities and metropolitan areas, a 100% renewable energy target involves making plans for the medium or long term. Since most cities and metropolitan areas are densely populated, 2050 is a time horizon that matches the timeframe required for they will be unable to produce all renewable energy necessary to energy and urban transitions (given the inertia) with the need to cover their needs within their own boundaries. They will therefore take immediate action to tackle climate change and the depletion have to rely on neighbouring areas, especially rural ones, for of natural resources. This time horizon also makes it possible to their energy supply. Existing territorial climate and energy plans anticipate future changes such as demographic trends or the usually only consider the energy produced within the city limits impacts of climate change. The city of Frankfurt in Germany has or connected to its area of responsibility (e.g. wood used to fuel developed a Master plan that includes the possibility of halving a boiler or an incinerator located outside the city but delivering energy use by 2050. Energy needs will then be covered by 100% heat to the urban area). For cities, the main priority will be low renewable energy, of which 50% will be produced in the city and energy use and energy efficiency policies and then renewable 50% in surrounding areas (see p. 8). energy produced in their territory, in the region or in neighbouring areas, whilst remaining connected to the national grid to benefit Although a longer-term scenario is less accurate than a 10-year from its flexibility. This cooperation between urban areas (heavy one, it encompasses the ultimate target and distinguishes the consumers) and rural areas (surplus producers) will be crucial long-term solutions from the more transitional ones. A more distant and mutually beneficial. It will encourage rational use of natural horizon also makes it possible to consider and better integrate resources. It will also help improve -rather than compromise- structuring issues like urban planning as opposed to focussing the ecosystemic services cities receive beyond their territorial on the most efficient measures in the short or medium-term. boundaries and will lay the foundations of future cooperation. This foresight approach may be combined with other tools, like a Territorial Climate, Air and Energy Plan, an energy masterplan or An assessment of future energy demand therefore needs to be a ScoT (territorial strategic planning document in France) to avoid made by a given time horizon, accompanied by strong demand- multiplying initiatives and consultations, and consists of defining side management measures, identification of the perimeter a “desired future” and then using “backcasting” methods to required to cover these needs with renewable energy based on determine what measures should be taken now to move towards the resources available within the city limits and in surrounding this vision4. areas (solar maps), and network development planning.

4 - www.energy-cities.eu/IMG/pdf/imagine_session5_waldron_fr.pdf 16 © Pline CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons concentrate itsresourcesonterritorialgrowthcentres. used, like third-partyfinancingandcrowdfunding. The Regionwill communities forgreengrowthschemes. Financialtoolswillalso be nance andterritorialcoordinationnotablythroughpositiveenergy to ensurethattheobjectivesaremet, bothintermsofgover and energyefficiencydocuments. Resources willthenbeallocated into regionalplanning, economicdevelopment, vocationaltraining ADEME andtheState. Milestoneswillbedefinedandintegrated stakeholders, aswellwiththeFrench NationalEnergy Agency or twoscenarioswillthenbepreparedanddiscussedwithlocal defining apathbasedonambitious, yetrealisticobjectives. One energy transition roadmapisbeingprepared(November2016), are bothsocialandeconomic. With thehelpofexperts, a2050 its productioncovering22%ofneeds. For theRegion, thestakes the secondhighestrenewable energy-generating regioninFrance, objective ofbecomingenergy positiveby2050 . Itiscurrently The OccitanieRegion(South-West ofFrance) hassetitselfthe Région Occitanie units. projects like theinstallationofbiogasproduction 2020 tospreadcostsandeachstudywilllead One specificsectorperyearwillbestudieduntil production, districtheating, solarmapping, etc.). the various energysectors(windpower, biogas resources andtodeterminethepotentialof consolidate andrefineknowledgeofexisting this objective, studiesarebeingcarriedoutto energy use(mainlywoodbiomass). To achieve sources currentlyaccountingforjust6%oftotal ambitious objective, energyfromrenewable the energy mixby2050. This isaparticularly locally produced renewable energy in energy useinallsectorsandtoattain70%of munity scheme. The jointprojectaimstohalve duction policythroughaPositive EnergyCom- their energysavingsandrenewable energypro- Nature Park havejointlydecidedtoreinforce Saint-Étienne MétropoleandthePilatRegional Regional Nature Park Saint-Etienne Métropole –Pilat

gie-positive www.tousacteursduclimat.fr/decouvrir/territoire-a-ener - like landandbiomassuses, biodiversityconservation andheatislands. the interestsofvarious partiesandbeabletoagreetermsoncross-sectoral issues consolidating betweenurbanandrural areas, themainchallengewillbetoreconcile wood supplyagreementswithrural communities. Although trustmaysometimesneed the latter, theMetropolitanCouncilisstudyingpossibilityofsigninglong-term ping tothewholemetropolitanareaordevelopmentofwoodbiomass. As regards long-term objectiveisassociatedwithimmediate, measureslike rollingoutsolarmap- defined inthe Territorial Climate, AirandEnergyPlanenergymasterplan. This economic activitiesandproducingfoodenergylocally. Interimtargetswillbe areas. This objectiveispartof awiderstrategy aimedatdecentralising, developing and byproducingrenewable energyinthemetropolitanareaandneighbouring achieved byreducingenergyuse, especiallyinthetransport andresidentialsectors, the first French “Positive Energy” metropolitan areas by2050. This willbe In February 2016, BordeauxMétropoleadoptedtheobjectiveofbecomingone Bordeaux Métropole -

metropole-durable https://participation.bordeaux-metropole.fr/participation/developpement-durable/construisons-une- and biogas)from120GWhcurrently to300GWhby2020. tion ofGEG’s sectors (hydropower, windpower, PVsolarenergy 2020 forrenewable energy generation. This willtripletheproduc- company adoptedaplanforinvestment worth100millioneuroby and gastolocalresidents. InDecember2015, thissemi-public cipality ofGrenoble, produces, distributesandsupplieselectricity GEG, alocalpubliccompanywhosemainshareholderisthemuni - Citoyennes, acommunityenergyinitiative. Itistobenotedthat energy productionprojectsandisnowashareholderofSASEnergY and waste energyrecovery. Grenobleisalsoinvestinginrenewable resource-efficient bydevelopingdistrictheating, woodbiomass of renewable energyreflectsthecity’s desiretomake Grenoble months afteritcameintoforceinearly2015. The policyinfavour rements. 1,000housingunitsareconcernedbythismeasure, 18 must be20%higherthanthecurrentthermalregulationrequi- for example, stipulatesthattheperformanceofnewbuildings in particularasregardsenergyefficiency. The LocalUrbanPlan, energy path, leadingtothedevelopmentofambitiousprojects, The CityofGrenoblehasembarked ona100%renewable Grenoble 17

FORESIGHT 2 THE URBAN-RURAL LINKAGE Creating new urban-rural partnerships

ocal governments want to get involved and participate in the economic development of their area together with new, game-changing stakeholders, cooperatives and smaller businesses. Rural communities with sufficient resources (forest, wind, agricultural waste, etc.) and space will be able to produce energy, as they already produce food, and “export” their surpluses (electricity, biogas, wood, etc.) to energy intensive urban Lareas with insufficient resources to meet all their needs. New economic models and new players will thereby be able to enter the energy market.

Whereas cities and metropolitan areas have rarely kept themselves busy with their gas, electricity and fuel supplies in the past, the development of renewable and, therefore, more decentralised energy and increasing energy costs have changed the situation. Due to its density, a French city or metropolitan area will find it difficult to have all its energy needs covered by renewable energy produced within its boundaries, even after drastically reducing its energy demand. A 100% renewable energy target therefore involves cooperating with neighbouring land, usually rural, with capacity to produce more energy than they need for their own consumption. But such cooperation requires developing new forms of solidarity and smart systems.

EXPLOITATION OR NEW SOLIDARITY? COMPETING FOR RESOURCES OR FAIR SHARING?

For rural communities, the growing appetite of cities for their Whereas cities are starting to develop their own renewable energy resources may be perceived as a threat. Rural areas very often do supplies, pressure on resources may lead to tensions between not meet their own needs with locally produced energy; so how urban and rural areas. Should timber be sold to fuel urban boilers could they consider supplying other territories? And rural or subur- or to heat country people? Will the wind of Northern Picardy be ban territories which have had to put up with city annoyances in used to supply electricity to the metropolitan areas of the neigh- the past (installation of an incinerator, landfill site or the spreading bouring Hauts-de-France region? Renewable energy production of sewage sludge) are unwilling to see their environment spoilt projects will only be supported by people in the countryside if they to satisfy the needs of city dwellers. first meet their own energy needs. Cooperation must be seen as a way for rural communities to benefit from the support of urban A win-win relationship between urban and rural territories must areas and not simply as a solution for siting urban projects. The therefore be created to facilitate acceptance of the projects and Region can and must play a coordinating role. There remains ensure that all parties gain from them. Cooperation may take the counting issue: will electricity produced by a wind turbine in many forms: investment in renewable energy production projects a rural area be counted as energy from the rural community or by urban authorities, technical assistance, provision of shared tools from the city which invested in the project? This is just a detail if or engineering that would be too costly for rural authorities to fund both communities are able to collaborate in developing renewable on their own (thermography, feasibility studies, etc.), involvement energy production and avoid competing for resources. in setting up public transport systems to reduce pollution from commuting.

This cooperation is an opportunity for rural communities to benefit from new revenues, notably through taxation, as well as new jobs and technical support. As for cities and metropolitan areas, stronger links with rural communities ensure reliable local supplies and stable energy prices.

18 © Richard Weil Posit’if semi-public company. Val-de-Marne departmentthroughtheEnergie Ile-de-France Region, theCityofParis andthe Val de Seineurbancommunity, aswellthe project. ShareholdersincludeSDESM, theMelun métha-77” semi-publiccompany inchargeofthe Region whichhavetaken stakes inthe “Bi- local governmentsoftheIle-de-France resources andisfinancedby a numberof territorial dimensioninthatituseslocal communities. Melun Val deSeineandBoissise-le-Roiurban 30 kmorsoradius andsewage sludgefromthe (crop waste, horsedung, etc.)collectedwithina two typesofraw materials: agricultural waste wastewater treatmentplant, theunitwillhandle the gasdistributionnetwork. Builtnexttothe Seine-et-Marne (SDESM)toinjectbiogasinto by theSyndicatDépartementaldesEnergiesde Seine-et-Marne department, hasbeeninitiated production unitinDammarielesLys, inthe A projectfortheconstructionofabiogas des énergies deSeine-et-Marne Syndicat départemental in theCOBarea. in Brest métropole forthewoodbiomasssectorbeingsetup jects. Oneoftheseprojectswillconsistcreating anewoutlet the territoriesshouldnowbeabletoshareanddevelopjointpro- assessing renewable energyresourcesandreducinguse and extendthedistrictheatingnetwork. The firststepconsistedin the incinerator andthenewlybuiltwoodboilerwillhelpreinforce Brest métropolehasdevelopedanurbaninfrastructure inwhich COB isrelyingonitswindfarmandwoodresources, whereas different, butcomplementarypathsintermsofrenewable energy. the Centre-OuestBretagne(COB)areawhicharefollowingtwo experiment withvolunteerterritoriesincludingBrestmetropoleand The General Directorate for Territorial Equality(CGET)is leading the excellence suitedtoterritorialcooperation initiatives. environmental protectionorinagricultural andindustrialsectorsof approach involvingfederative projectsinthefieldoffoodsupply, of municipalities. These agreements arebasedona “win-win” agreements betweenvolunteeringmunicipalitiesandassociations affairs decidedtopilotthefirst “city-countryside” reciprocity In March2015, theFrench InterministerialCommitteeforrural area Brest métropole andtheCentre-Ouest Bretagne

http://sdesm.fr/service-energie/methanisation metropole-pays-centre-ouest-bretagne-elements www.adeupa-brest.fr/nos-publications/vers-un-contrat-de-reciprocite-brest- This project has a genuine This project hasagenuine

backs ofurban-rural cooperation: thecompetitionforlocalresourcessuch aswood. authorities andrelevant stakeholders will help smoothoutoneofthepotentialdraw- provide technicalsupportandengineeringexpertise. A governanceassociatinglocal within theperimeterofPositive Energy Community. Citiescanalso been created andanenergy retrofitting platformisbeingimplemented exchange formakingresourcesavailable. A “Mobility Mission” hastherefore territories willbeabletousepartoftherenewable energy producedinrural areas, in and ensuretheygetsomelocalbenefitsfromthem, especiallyfinancial ones. Urban Rural communitieswant toretaincontrolovertheprojectsdeveloped intheirarea rural areastosupplypartofanurbanarea’s needsisnotnecessarilystraightforward. inhabitants andtherefore, reducedenergyneeds. Butproducingrenewable energyin drinking water, etc. The potentialisusuallyhigherinrural areas, whichhavefewer farms andsewage plants, PVsolarenergy, districtheating, hydropowerproducedwith bute toachievingthetargetof70%renewable energyby2050: biogasproductionat complementary strengthsasurbanandrural territories. All energysectorswillcontri- Positive EnergyCommunityschemethatmakes useoftheirrespectiveassetsand reinforce theirenergysavingsandrenewable energyproductionpolicythrougha Saint-Étienne MétropoleandthePilatRegionalNaturePark havejointlydecidedto (Eastern Central France) Saint EtienneMétropole –PilatRegional Nature Park www.tousacteursduclimat.fr/decouvrir/territoire-a-energie-positive ving jobsinrural areas. pruning, clearing, etc. This approachtherebycontributestopreser pay forestownersdirectlybutthecompaniesinchargeofplanting, opportunity tofinanceworkinforestedareas. Sylv’ACCTES willnot with membercities, communitiesandorganisationsbeinggiventhe ment whilstcreatingalinkbetweenthecityandcountryside, and ensurethepromotionofadequatesustainableforestmanage- ciation was setuptogainaccessanumberoffinancingschemes be managedoverthenext60to80years. The Sylv’ACCTES asso- a “territorialforestry project ” specifyinghowtheforestshould representatives, etc.)havedecidedtojoinforcesanddeveloped stakeholders (foresters, natureconservation organisations, elected to transport andonlypartialbenefitsforthelocaleconomy. Local distant sources, thusgenerating additionalcostsandpollutiondue demand, districtboileroperators willgettheirsuppliesfrommore ted toheatingnetworks. Iftheregionalsectorfailstokeep upwith per year. To date, 70MWofwoodbiomassenergyhasbeenconnec- a districtheatingnetwork, whichwouldneed200,000tonsofwood by 2020160MWproducedbiomass-fuelledboilersconnectedto Its Territorial ClimateandEnergyPlanhassettheobjectiveofhaving Wood biomassisastrongenergytransition driverforGreaterLyon. Lyon (EasternCentral France) The Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes RegionandGreater

pour-demain http://blogs.grandlyon.com/plan-climat/2015/10/13/sylvacctes-des-forets-

- 19

THE URBAN-RURAL LINKAGE 3 FINANCING AND INVESTMENT Funding renewable energy production and energy efficiency

or cities and metropolitan areas, embarking on a 100% renewable energy path involves changing scale and supporting the development of renewable energy production in their own and surrounding areas. This support requires new tools. Capital contributions to renewable energy production projects enable the local authority to improve project viability by increasing the amount of equity, depending on the investment resources available Fto it. It also means that the local authority is involved in project governance and can ensure that the territory will benefit from the profits made. Opening capital up to citizen investment contributes to improving project acceptance. This is possible in the case of energy efficiency projects, like public lighting for instance.

Part of the revenues generated by renewable energy production projects may also be used to finance measures aimed at reducing energy use (supporting households with a home renovation project, improving public lighting energy efficiency, retrofitting public buildings, etc.), thus creating a virtuous circle towards achieving 100% renewable energy.

Cities and metropolitan areas (in France) wanting to invest in renewable energy production projects have a range of options.

SEM SPL

A Société d’économie mixte (SEM) is a public limited company A société publique locale (SPL) is exclusively held by public stakehol- with a minimum of 7 public and private shareholders. Public ders (local authorities and their groupings). The minimum number shareholders (local governments or groupings of them) have a of stakeholders is two. The activities of an SPL are limited to the controlling interest, holding between 50 and 85% of the share territories of its shareholders. capital. This structure ensures public control, admits local governments as shareholders at different levels (city council, metropolitan council, associations of municipalities, departmental and regional COOPERATIVE councils) and means that a partner, like a developer, can sit on the company’s board. Shareholding can also be opened up to citizens. A SCIC is a limited company (SA or SARL) with variable capital A SEM can invest outside its shareholders’ territories (depending whose object is to produce or supply public interest goods and on the limitations set out in its articles of association). services serving a social purpose. The SCIC can be used to gather multiple players around a common project: employees, volunteers, users, local authorities, businesses, community organisations, SA OR SAS private individuals, etc.

The French energy transition for green growth act allows municipalities and their groupings, following a decision by their governing bodies, to take stakes in a SA (société anonyme or public limited company), or SAS (société par actions simplifiée or simplified joint- stock company), whose object is to produce renewable energy in their territory or in neighbouring areas contributing to the energy supply of their territory. Special attention needs to be given to the Jerémy Goldyn

shareholders’ agreement and the articles of association. ©

20 © Vinicius Pinheiro energy. this initiativeagoodexampleofcommunity educationabout workshops threetimesayearfor school andcityhallstaff, making French tax-freesavingsaccount. OnCIMèalsoorganiseseventsand share yields1%tax-freeinterestplusinflation, i.e. morethanthe were boughtby66peopleforatotalamountof€38,000”. The the PVfarm. “The panelsrentedtothemunicipality for15years was usedasaninterfaceforcollectingthemoneynecessary tobuy created bythe “Bretagne énergiescitoyennes” (Béc)association independent andfreesusfrommarket prices”. The OnCIMèSAS, than forsale. Producingourownenergy is cheaper, makes usmore transition says: “The objectiveistoproduceforour ownuserather council rentsthemfromit. As thecitycouncillorinchargeofenergy The PVpanelsareboughtbytheOnCIMècollectiveandcity - - two taskswerecarriedoutinparallel: hall,etc.).For thisprojectwhoseimpetuscamefromthemunicipality, for itsownuseviaPVpanelsinstalledonbuildings(schools, city 2020, theCityofLorient also reliesontheproductionof electricity In ordertoreach50%ofrenewable energyinitsbuildingstockby Lorient a crowdfunding platform will be created to install these sun shades. regional fundOSER, themetropolitancouncilandcitizensthrough An SASbringingtogetherthelocalenergycompanyGEGEnr, the Three 250KWpprojectswereselectedinthesummerof2016. in thepreparation phaseasimplementationwas notguaranteed. of renewables organised at national level which involved taking risks project hadtocomplywiththetenderingprocessforpromotion moting the installation ofPVsunshadesonPark &Ridefacilities. The The metropolitancouncilisalsoinvolvedinParkoSol, aprojectpro- ling 100solarroofswithinthemetropolitanarea. invest partoftheirsavings, proposearooforgetinvolvedininstal- interested localresidentsandstakeholders withanopportunityto renewable sources. The objectiveoftheprojectistoprovideall is topromoteanddevelopdecentralised electricityproductionfrom joint-stock companywithlocaldemocratic governancewhoseaim June 2016, itagreedtoinvestinSASEnerg’y Citoyennes, a in localandcommunityrenewable energyproductionprojects. In Transition Act, theGrenobleMetropolitanCouncildecidedtoinvest advantage oftheopportunitiesofferedbynewFrench Energy In linewithits Air, EnergyandClimatePlanobjectivestaking Grenoble public tenderingprocesslaunchedbythecityinearly2016. Setting upacitizens’collectiveabletosubmitbidunderthe cipality andthecitizens’collectiveowingpanels. Preparation oftherentaltermsandconditionsbetweenmuni- http://solairedici.org

taiques-finances-par-l-epargne-citoyenne https://tisolenn.lorient-agglo.fr/article/des-panneaux-solaires-photovol- to reinforcethelinksbetweenrural communitiesandthecity. in anoff-shorewindprojectorajointwithNantesMétropole grids, hydrogenproduction, etc., andpossiblyinthefutureinvesting involving smallhydropower, biogasproduction, smart electricity Vendée Énergiealsohasmanyinnovative projectsinthepipeline and getareturnontheirinvestment. shares intheprojectcompany. Everyonethereforecancontribute project, localgovernmentsandcitizensarealsoallowedtoacquire When Vendée Énergieinvestsinarenewable energyproduction on streaminDecember2017. MWp (i.e. 10%ofthenationalcapacityallocated!)whichwillcome French energyregulatorycommissionwithatotalcapacityof18.2 be built. They wonthemost recent CRE3tenderlaunchedbythe sites. Four newground-mountedPVpowerstationsarereadyto and twoground-mountedPVpowerstations(6.8MWp)onlandfill public andindustrialbuildingswithatotalcapacityof3.45MWp of 50MW, 51photovoltaicpowerstationsmountedontheroofsof SEML operates 6windfarms(36turbines)withatotalcapacity city in Vendée, enoughtocovertheneedsof40,000households. owns 25%oftheassetsproducingwindandPVgenerated electri- other SEMs(SoregiesandSergies)for15%. Vendée Énergienow la Vendée (Sydev)for75%, theCaissedesDépôtsfor10%andtwo shareholding: SyndicatDépartementald’Énergieetd’Équipementde semi-public companyisnow3.8millioneuroswiththefollowing Vendée Énergie, alocalSEM(seep. 20), in2012. The capitalofthis publicly-owned companywas createdin2002andtransformed into adopting anumberoflandplanninganddevelopmentmeasures. A able tobenefitdirectlyfromtheresultingeconomicspin-offsby local renewable electricityproducers. These municipalitieshavebeen (West-Central France) havebeensettinganexamplebybecoming Since theearly2000s, localgovernmentsinthe Vendée department ÉnergieSEML Vendée set bytheStateandguaranteed for20years. ling theelectricitythusproducedat thefeed-intariffs to localcouncilsandprivate stakeholders andforsel- for installing, financing, operating andrentingroofs “Un Deux Toits Soleil” projectcompanyresponsible The associationwas alsoinstrumentalincreatingthe partnership withÉnergiePartagée andEnercoop. ding areaswiththesupportofGreaterLyon andin private buildingsintheGreaterLyon andsurroun- community PVsolarproductionunitsonpublicand ciation was createdtopromotethedevelopmentof The “Toits entransition” (Roofsintransition) asso- Greater Lyon www.sydev-vendee.fr/pages/vendee-energie.php http://toitsentransition.weebly.com/le-projet.html

FINANCING AND INVESTMENT 4 PARTICIPATION Engaging local stakeholders

hether the impetus for setting a 100% renewable energy target comes from the public authority, elected representatives, private players, community organisations, farmers or citizens, it is of key importance to get all stakeholders on board. It is a prerequisite for obtaining significant, sustainable results. Each category of stakeholders brings its own complexity, but also reinforces the process with its own inte- Wrests and skills. And because many aspects of everyday life will be impacted by this 100% renewable energy vision, including housing, lighting, mobility, new technologies and consumption, fully engaging citizens and the various local stakeholders from the urban, metropolitan and surrounding areas is essential to ensure ownership of the process.

ANTICIPATING AND SUPPORTING THE ARRIVAL OPENING UP PARTICIPATION OPPORTUNITIES OF NEW STAKEHOLDERS In order to support the major changes induced by the transition Energy transition and the 100% renewable energy vision are towards 100% renewable energy and because the various players radically transforming our energy market. We are moving away – citizens, businesses, farmers, administrative authorities, etc. – can from a highly centralised electricity production system based on contribute ideas and solutions, the participation of all stakeholders the massive use of imported fossil fuels (petrol, gas, etc.) to a local should be openly encouraged from the foresight phase. The objective production system based on locally available resources (sun, wind, is to co-build a new energy model, decompartmentalise policies and wood, etc.). This shift, which also involves reducing our energy create a shared momentum. In the same way as achieving 100% use, is paving the way for new players: local councils, cooperatives, renewable energy will rely on production from rural areas, the local digital companies, committed citizens. The new energy model that players from these territories need to be involved in the discussions. will emerge from this will be determined by the role played by Participation opportunities may take many forms, including investment these stakeholders. in renewable energy production projects. Experience has shown that people are less tempted to adopt a NIMBY (Not in my backyard) Researchers have defined four possible energy coordination sce- attitude when they are involved in the decision-making process and narios in urban areas by 20405. Each scenario gives a vision of the have a financial interest in new projects. This will also contribute to future with, each time, the focus on one potential dominant player: reinforcing the new paradigm whereby citizens are given back control local governments, large companies, cooperatives or central public over their energy future. Finally, it is essential not to leave out certain authorities. The technological choices and the relations between groups. Households experiencing fuel poverty, for example, need to the various territories and neighbourhoods differ significantly see that their concerns are being paid attention to but they will not depending on the scenario considered. Cities and metropolitan necessarily take part in consultation meetings on energy transition. areas therefore cannot forego a reflection on the role they want Methods such as selecting groups of citizens as participants at random to play in the future, taking into account the various stakeholders may therefore be used to ensure that all stakeholders have their say. involved, and on the energy model and underlying values they want to endorse. This role may take many forms depending on the projects and subjects under consideration: a leading role when INFORMING AND COMMUNICATING the city council is behind the project, a facilitator of emerging ON A REGULAR BASIS projects or a partner for joint projects. Direct peer-to-peer exchange between elected representatives from different local governments Creating a momentum around a 100% renewable energy tar- committed to a 100% renewable energy target process may get can be quite easy. Keeping the momentum going over the contribute useful insights to the discussions. long-term may prove more difficult, with a risk of running out of steam. It is therefore essential that all stakeholders receive regular progress updates, news of projects and reminders of the ultimate aim and benefits.

5 -www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/catalogue/9782110100252/index.shtml

22 © CC du Thouarsais join forces. energy transition desirable butcanalsobecomeareality ifweall and localgovernmentsaimsto demonstrate thatnotonlyis room forexperimentsandpractical measurestaken bystakeholders and bolts” process. Inotherwords, adebatethatgiveslotof gathering inputsandconfrontingviewpoints, butisalsoa “nuts sentatives. This opendebateisnotjustaboutinforming, educating, handled andpreparesafinalsummaryreportfortheelectedrepre- An independentcommissionensuresthattheprocessisproperly - - - Territories intransition: whatlandscapesandnewuses? - What transitions intermsoflifestyles? The debatefocusesonfourthemes published bymid-2017. nised forthewholemetropolitan area, whoseresultswillbe second publicdebateonenergy transition isbeingorga- of 30pledgesbytheMetropolitanCouncilinDecember2015. A 40,000 citizens, generated 5,000inputsandledtotheadoption la Loireetnous” (Nantes, theRiverLoireandus)whichinvolved 2014, NantesMétropolelaunchedafirstdebateentitled “Nantes, recommendations bylocalresidentsandstakeholders. InJune debate andarebasedonmultiplecontributions, expertiseand decisions aremoreeasilyacceptedwhentheyresultfromcollective A citizendialoguerestsontheprincipleandconvictionthat Nantes Métropole the Metropolitan Air, EnergyandClimatePlan. 50% renewable energytargetby2030shouldbeintegrated into Metropolitan Council: oneoftherecommendationswas thata The panelmetduringthreeweekends andmadeproposalstothe 3- 2- 1- Howcancitizensbeinvolvedintheenergytransition? on threespecificquestions: around thirtyrandomly selectedcitizenscollectively meditated The GrenobleMetropolitanCounciloptedforconsultation: apanelof Grenoble-Alpes Métropole jobs and social inclusion? jobs andsocialinclusion? Transition andtheeconomy: whatopportunitiesforinnovation, production to consumption? production toconsumption? How canlocalcommunitiestake ownershipofenergyissues, from use? use? What type of support measures do we need to reduce our energy How can we participate in the development of renewable energy? How canweparticipateinthedevelopmentofrenewable energy? conception-du-dialogue-citoyen-a-nantes-metropole-26469.kjsp?RH=WEB www.nantesmetropole.fr/institution-metropolitaine/dialogue-citoyen/notre- 6594058d52aca269125a33a.pdf http://participation.lametro.fr/media/default/0001/01/e9b9c315f0890662d- recent developments. and anewsletterarealsousedtokeep stakeholders up-to-datewith fits perceivedthatthemomentumwillbemaintained. Awebsite encountered. Itisbydemonstrating tangibleprogressandthebene- measures anddiscussions, especiallyasregardstheobstacles challenge isnowtokeep thisengagementalivethroughpractical and nationalrecognitiononcetheapplicationwas accepted. The positive energycommunityapplicationwas rewarded withregional emerge. This strongengagementofallstakeholders inpreparingthe situation, draw upalistofongoingprojectsandhelpnew energy sources, housing, etc.)weresetuptotake stockofthe Eastern France), theme-basedworkgroups (mobility, renewable Saint EtienneMétropoleandthePilatRegionalNaturePark (Central As partofthePositive EnergyCommunitySchemejointlyinitiatedby Park Saint EtienneMétropole –PilatRegionalNature issues ofdebate. development ofpedestrianstreetshastherebybecomeonethe cially theplacegiventocarsandlastmileissuefordeliveries. The As regardsenergytransition, themainconcernsare mobility, espe- close collaboration withitscitizens. a numberofmeasurestheCityBayonneintendstoimplementin main outlinesofthe “neighbourhood project” consistingof neighbourhood’s strengthsand weaknessesandlaydownthe roundtable andrecapmeeting). The objectiveistoidentifythe at consultationworkshops(kick-offmeeting, urbanexperience, between 200and250participantsonaverage meetfourtimes tions oflocalresidentsandstakeholders. Ineachneighbourhood, neighbourhoods” Bayonne organisescitizendialoguescalled “portraits of Bayonne www.tousacteursduclimat.fr/decouvrir/territoire-a-energie-positive http://portraitsdequartiers.bayonne.fr to betterunderstandtheneedsandexpecta- 23

PARTICIPATION 5 SMART CITIES Making smart cities places of collective intelligence

igital technology is transforming our lives, our way of moving around (via navigation systems, public transport applications, etc.), our jobs and the way we interact with others. By giving us access to real-time information and multiple data, the possibility of controlling functions and by connecting us directly with people and organisations, it projects us forward into a transformed future. The energy and digital transitions are following Dparallel, occasionally intersecting paths, driven by different forces.

Energy transition can be facilitated by digital technology: simplified access to public, shared or active transport systems, control of energy use in a building, adaptation of street lighting to foot traffic, interactions between energy networks, etc. For its part, digital technology is a source of experiments, especially for “smart cities” programmes involving large IT and construction companies, utilities, telecommunications operators and a network of start-ups. New models are being invented, but perpetuating and rolling out these experiments requires true understanding of uses and a cross-functional vision. A purely technological solution will not have the expected beneficial transformative potential.

CONSIDERING USES FIRST panel controlling and optimising urban flows. Neither is it a question of monitoring each individual’s activities. Smart cities The digital transition will be truly beneficial and shared if it provides will be what we collectively want them to be. Initiating a dialogue real added value. It will need to answer the basic question “what between digital specialists, community organisations and citizens, is it for?”. In a 100% renewable energy city or metropolitan area, decompartmentalising, experimenting, encouraging creativity digital technology is one way to reduce energy use in the trans- and engaging all stakeholders are all crucial issues. Although the port, building and lighting sectors and strike a balance between energy transition would be difficult without digital technology, energy production and demand. At the level of a neighbourhood achieving the digital transition requires a shared vision and or mixed development area, the so-called “smart grid” functions interest as well as integrating future lifestyles associated with help increase power grid flexibility locally by improving the balance a post-carbon city. between locally available supply and real-time demand, thus facilitating optimised integration of renewable energy. Combined with energy efficiency measures, these functions contribute to MONITORING OVERALL IMPACT limiting investment in new grid infrastructure. By creating added value for users in a broader context, the digital transition will not Digital technology and smart cities can help reduce energy use in only improve its chances of finding its economic model, but it will many sectors and at different levels and facilitate the integration also become a building block in an overall project. of renewable energy. But new technologies also mean more energy being used to satisfy new uses and greater use of natural resources. An overall assessment is therefore needed to make TAKING A CROSS-FUNCTIONAL APPROACH informed decisions. Social impacts must also be considered such as the risk of a digital divide or the impact of proposed solutions In cities and metropolitan areas, as elsewhere, breaking the on employment. “silo” mentality is not easy. As a matter of fact, digital technology is often associated with economic development only. Furthermore, projects launched generally concern a single sector (street lighting, energy, mobility). New, more cross-functional working methods integrating users should therefore be adopted not only by municipal teams, but also by public and private stakeholders. Smart cities cannot be reduced to a huge control

24 Greater Lyon

A recurrent problem in large metropolitan areas is urban traffic Rennes Métropole congestion which limits mobility and negatively impacts the environment, the local economy as well as city dwellers’ quality of life. A smart power grid project called RennesGrid is being developed At a time when alternative solutions are urgently needed, public, at the Ker Lann business park in Bruz, a Rennes metropolitan area private and academic players from the metropolitan area have municipality. The objective is to produce electricity from PV panels decided to pool their expertise in the Optimod’Lyon project with the installed on the ground, on roofs or as sun shades on car parks. encouragement of Greater Lyon. The Lyon metropolitan area is the The electricity produced will be used locally by student residences, first in France to have built a data warehouse pooling information higher education establishments and service industries. Active about road traffic, urban public transport, departmental transport, energy-demand management and storage devices will make it regional express trains, car-sharing, carpooling, planes, travel times possible to use the electricity produced from renewable sources at in real-time, 1-hour traffic forecasts and traffic logs. peak hours. Recharging solutions for electric vehicles will improve A mobile phone urban navigation system instantly provides real- mobility on the site. The project has been developed around an time information about all modes of transport thus allowing people innovative business model based on the sale of local to optimise their journeys depending on the situation. renewable energy and energy efficiency services. Local For freight, an on-line optimisation tool for delivery rounds consumers who have opted for this renewable and highly local helps improve goods deliveries. 30,700 tonnes of CO2 are thus electricity will benefit from smart devices to help them reduce avoided each year thanks to the large-scale deployment of solu- their energy use. RennesGrid is based on a cooperation agree- tions developed as part of this project. ment between the five partners of the project: Rennes Métropole, Schneider Electric, Enedis, the local green activity cluster EcoOrigin www.optimodlyon.com and the municipality of Bruz. The first solar panels will be installed in 2017.

http://metropole.rennes.fr/actualites/urbanisme-deplacements-environne - ment/environnement/un-reseau-electrique-intelligent-pour-la-gestion-energetique-de-la-zac-ker-lann SMART CITIESSMART Brest métropole

In early 2013, Brest métropole introduced an overall approach for better controlling electricity use on the right bank of the metropolitan area. This part of Brest hosts a number of regeneration and development projects involving housing units and economic activities, including the creation of a number of mixed development areas (ZAC). Energy issues are particularly tangible in these areas since new activities mean increased energy demand. Traditionally, these projects would have resulted in a significant increase in energy use, especially during peak hours, leading to the need to reinforce the high-voltage line serving the new ZAC des Capucins for an estimated cost of a610,000 borne by the local council. One of the ambitions of the energy loop is to change viewpoint, to consider that such reinforcement is not a fatality and to demonstrate that urban development and densification can lead to reduced electricity use. The approach is unique in that it involves multiple energy sources and uses. A smart grid component is planned: 800 PV panels will be installed on schools and on the tramway depot and by 2017 part of the electricity generated will be used to supply the cinema, the media library, shops and housing units. Volunteer professionals will be able to install a smart multi-energy metering system on their premises to monitor their energy use live via a web platform. This smart grid project is part of a broader approach including other projects like the construction of a thermal energy storage unit (hot water tank), outside insulation of buildings, the extension of the district heating network with a new wood-fired boiler and the installation of a cable car.

www.brest.fr/assurer-la-transition-energetique/la-boucle-energetique-locale-3781.html

25 100% renewable energy cities and communities worldwide ALREADY A REALITY

Communities, cities, regions, islands and even countries across the world have embarked on a 100% renewable energy path. An increasing number of local authorities are proving that a 100% renewable energy target – of course combined with energy efficiency and low energy use policies – is not only technically feasible but also economically and socially beneficial.

Global 100% RE, a worldwide initiative, supports local governments committed to a 100% renewable energy target. This campaign builds on projects that are already taking place at national, regional and local levels and aims to demonstrate that 100% renewable energy is set to become the new normal at all levels and on all continents. The list of cities committed to 100% renewable energy is growing with new additions like Salt Lake City in Utah, Aspen in Colorado, Copenhagen, Munich, Agadir (Morocco), Kasese (Uganda), Takarazuka (Japan), and Sydney which has a 100% electricity, heating and cooling target from renewable sources by 2030.

Global 100% RE is the first global initiative that advocates 100% renewable energy. It links up energy transition promoters and local authorities across the world to build a global alliance, proving that a 100% renewable energy scenario is achievable and beneficial. The goal is to build capacity and educate policymakers about the opportunities, case studies and stories that are happening all over the world. To achieve this, the campaign aims to establish a global network of 100% RE cities and regions.

For further information www.go100re.net

CRITERIA FOR CHARACTERISING 100% RENEWABLE ENERGY IN A LOCAL CONTEXT

Moving towards 100% renewable energy may take many forms. Each city or local authority defines its own strategy depending on its local context and priorities and develops its own tools. Common criteria and indicators are therefore necessary to measure, characterise and better share the various policies that are being implemented. With new members joining the Global 100% RE campaign, new questions arise: What does 100% renewable energy actually mean for a city? How do we measure progress and success? How do we ensure that the transition to 100% renewable energy is an instrument that leads to sustainable development?

The criteria proposed by Global 100% RE members aim to cover the full array of energy transition measures taken by local authorities, regardless of their size. They do not endorse any specific renewable energy technology and energy efficiency plays an essential part. The principles that underpin the development of the criteria are as follows: • They describe the full scope of the energy used in the local authority area: electricity, heating and cooling, and transportation. • They must link the 100% renewable energy target to a more general sustainable development vision. • They must not overburden local authorities with intensive data collection and reporting.

The 12 criteria adopted range from the characterisation of the 100% renewable energy target to its application to the various energy uses, local stakeholders’ engagement and the implementation of action plans.

For further information www.worldfuturecouncil.org/inc/uploads/2016/03/WFC_2015_Kassel_International_Dialogue_on_100_Renewable_Energy.pdf

26 A selection of publications

CLER, NETWORK FOR THE ENERGY TRANSITION

INFOS CLERRÉSEAU POUR LA TRANSITION ÉNERGÉTIQUE

Anticiper le prix Un décret « décence » Réglementation thermique des du gaz : un nouvel enjeu totalement indécent bâtiments existants : une réforme pour le Fonds chaleur qui manque encore d’ambition CLER-Infos - the magazine of the Network for Énergies renouvelables : en finir avec les idées

ANIMER LES TERRITOIRES Des énergies humaines the energy transition (in French only) reçues ! (in French only) indispensables énergies CLER-Infos is a quarterly publication providing recent renouvelables en finir avec Renewable energies are expensive, they require more les idées reçues ! updates on the energy transition and aimed at local energy to generate than what they produce, they destroy stakeholders involved in promoting energy savings, jobs… We all have heard these assertions, often said in renewable energy and reducing fuel poverty. Special good faith by opinion or policy-makers. But they are very

#111 ÉTÉ 2016 reports, opinion columns, best-practice stories… discover often wrong as demonstrated by CLER, Réseau Action this publication (edited since 20 years) by subscribing Climat and the Hespul association in this publication – (€35/year for 4 issues) or read previous issues in PDF a5 per copy or 10 for €40. format on the website: www.cler.org/IMG/pdf/enr-2015-bat3-web.pdf www.cler.org

ENERGY CITIES

The European association of

local authorities in energy transition Four key recommendations for the European The Energy Transition Chronicles Vers une démocratie de l’énergie ? Quatre recommandations pour la révision de la Directive sur les Energies Renouvelables Chroniques de la transition énergétique Bruxelles, 10 février 2016 Renewable Energy Directive! Energy Cities provides local authorities with support for synthEsE

La Directive sur les Energies Renouvelables (DER) de 2009 a fourni aux Etats Membres un cadre et un élan décisifs qui ont conduit à la promulgation d’ambitieux programmes nationaux et mécanismes de soutien aux énergies renouvelables. Sans les objectifs nationaux contraignants imposés par la DER en matière d’énergies renouvelables (EnR) et sans les tarifs de rachat qui ont suivi, nous ne serions pas arrivé là où nous en sommes aujourd’hui, notamment en termes de développement technologique et de création d’emplois associés – un domaine où l’Europe a joué un rôle moteur. L’UE souhaite conserver son titre de champion, mais elle se trouve aujourd’hui dépassée par d’autres régions et pays comme la Chine. C’est peut-être le signe qu’il est temps d’adopter une nouvelle approche en matière de développement des énergies renouvelables, une approche centrée que ce qui To strengthen the energy democracy process across the implementing their own energy transition process. In this a fait la spécificité de l’Europe par rapport aux autres régions du monde : son modèle social. S’appuyant sur des « success stories » provenant d’Etats Membres comme l’Allemagne (plus de 900 coopératives, des milliers d’entreprises énergétiques locales), l’Autriche et les pays scandinaves, l’UE ne devrait-elle pas plutôt s’efforcer de devenir le numéro un mondial de l’énergie civique ? Une telle ambition apporterait de nombreux avantages, le plus évident étant d’accroître l’acceptation sociale vis-à-vis des projets d’énergies renouvelables. Dans le même temps, la tendance à la « re-municipalisation » fait que des collectivités locales - lesquelles jouissent d’un capital confiance bien supérieur à celui des multinationales - reprennent en main l’approvisionnement énergétique local ainsi que la gestion des réseaux et réinvestissent les bénéfices ainsi dégagés dans le développement des territoires. La société civile, quant à elle, souhaite jouer un rôle plus actif dans le système énergétique. Quelle EU, Energy Cities published four key recommendations document composed of five case reports, the European meilleure opportunité pour les institutions européennes de s’approprier cette tendance et, par là même, de reconnecter des citoyens désabusés au grand projet européen ?

Pour aller dans le sens de cette réflexion, Energy Cities a souhaité participer à la consultation de la Commission européenne en faisant les recommandations suivantes : based on a local, renewable energy model. city network goes further and tells the tale of energy PEnsER D’aboRD loCal : ElaRgiR 1 et aPPRofonDiR l’Union DE l’EnERgiE Au lieu de systématiquement rechercher de nouvelles voies d’importations énergétiques et capacités d’interconnexion électrique, ne serait-il pas plus judicieux pour l’UE au Pays-bas, un projet actuellement

d’identifier d’abord les ressources – y compris les économies à l’étude et visant à exploiter la chaleur de récupération du port de www.energy-cities.eu/IMG/pdf/energy_cities_redii_posi- d’énergie – qui peuvent être exploitées localement ? Jusqu’à Rotterdam permettrait d’économiser 12 % transition success stories. Because it is important to présent, la Commission européenne a fait de la coopération transfrontalière entre Etats Membres sa priorité. Bien que de la consommation nationale de gaz ! les cela soit important, l’un ne va pas sans l’autre. La transition territoires européens regorgent de telles énergétique ne peut en effet plus être planifiée à partir du opportunités et les ressources en énergies durables (chaleur de récupération des sommet, selon une approche « top-down ». Et puisque la Commission prévoie de publier un document d’orientation procédés industriels, géothermie, biomasse, hydro-électricité, énergie éolienne et solaire, sur la coopération transfrontalière dans le cadre de la proposition de gouvernance de l’Union de l’énergie, etc., ou toute forme d’économie d’énergie) tion_paper_layouted-2.pdf pourquoi ne pas en publier un sur l’intégration locale ? devraient être prises en compte en amont Adopter une approche qui consiste à « penser d’abord local et en priorité avant de se tourner vers de show that energy transition is “possible”. Why, how, with » lors de la phase de préparation des Plans Climat Energie colossaux projets d’interconnexion comme Nationaux (PCEN) permettrait d’éviter de financer des le très controversé north stream ii. infrastructures inutiles, ou qui deviendraient vite obsolètes. www.energy-cities.eu whom, for what results? Energy Cities interviewed local players and decision-makers to find out more. Here are their stories… www.energy-cities.eu/IMG/pdf/chroniqueste_complet_fr.pdf

€ The energy transition: New dialogues between cities & local stakeholders An exploratory study for cities and other project leaders who want to jointly initiate a long-term energy transition process in their territories. Energy Cities selected over ten European energy transition initiatives, as diverse as they are innovative, anticipating new modes of

€ € governance and new ways of acting and working together. This exploratory study does not just describe their implementation process, it

€ also analyses the synergies between the different stakeholders, examines the role of the municipality and identifies the key factors behind

TransiTion énergéTique : les nouveaux dialogues villes - acteurs du territoire their emergence, success and dissemination. étude exploratoire www.energy-cities.eu/IMG/pdf/dialogue_cities_stakeholders_energy_cities_leaflet.pdf Conception graphique : Diane Morel graphique : Diane Conception

avec le soutien de

RÉSEAU ACTION CLIMAT Nouvelles compétences climat-énergie des Les villes « Respire » de demain. Agir sur la Nouvelles compéteNces climat-éNergie des collectivités territoriales collectivités territoriales. Loi NOTRe, transition mobilité face à l’urgence sanitaire et climatique Loi NOTRe, transition énergétique : quels impacts pour les territoires ? énergétique : quels impacts pour les territoires? (in French only) (in French only) Largely based on road infrastructure and private cars, les villes In the summer of 2015, France adopted the Energy respire our transport model has run out of steam. The primary de demain Agir sur la mobilité et les transports Transition for Green Growth Act, as well as the third face à l'urgence sanitaire et climatique greenhouse gas contributor in cities and the main part of its territorial reform, thereby changing local cause of air pollution, this model comes with a cost authorities’ scopes and powers: who is responsible to economic players, citizens and the local community for tackling climate change, and therefore for energy, as a whole. Luckily, local authorities have a number transport, building, farming and planning policies? of tools they can use to take direct action and reduce What are the interactions between the various terri- the place given to motorised, polluting vehicles to the torial levels? And above all, how can we go beyond benefit of alternative modes, either active - like cycling the legal minimums in order to meet the local energy and walking- or shared and collective ones. How is it transition challenge? possible to meet this challenge and build breathable http://rac-f.org/Nouvelles-competences-climat-energie-des- cities whilst keeping the support of the local popula- collectivites-territoriales tion? There are plenty of solutions just waiting for you to implement them in your local area! http://rac-f.org/Les-Villes-respire-de-demain-repenser-la-mobi- lite-face-a-l-urgence-climatique CLER, NETWORK FOR THE ENERGY TRANSITION

CLER, Network for the energy transition, is a recognised environmental protection www.cler.org association created in 1984 and empowered to sit on national bodies. Its aim is to promote renewable energy, energy savings and, more generally, the energy transi- @assoCLER tion. Currently, CLER has a membership of around 300 professional organisations CLER - Réseau pour la Transition énergétique from all over France. [email protected]

ENERGY CITIES

Energy Cities is the European network of cities in energy transition. For over 26 www.energy-cities.eu years, it has been advocating a democratic energy transition led by the local and regional levels. By showcasing inspiring examples from its member cities, suppor- @energycities ting and facilitating exchanges between stakeholders committed to a low-carbon Energy Cities future, creating alliances and feeding the political debate in Europe, Energy Cities [email protected] demonstrates that the energy transition road is paved with social, environmental and economic benefits for all.

RÉSEAU ACTION CLIMAT

Réseau Action Climat-France is an association specialising in climate change www.rac-f.org issues comprised of 15 national environmental protection, international solidarity, transport users and energy alternative promotion organisations. Réseau Action @RACFrance Climat France is the French member of Climate Action Network (CAN), a network Réseau Action Climat of 1,100 member organisations worldwide. [email protected]

ISBN : 978-2-919083-09-1