Optimization of Water Use in Vineyards in the Okanagan Using Precision Irrigation

FINAL REPORT

1 Acknowledgments Funding for this project was provided in part by the Governments of Canada and British Columbia through the Investment Agriculture Foundation of BC under Growing Forward 2, a federal-provincial-territorial initiative. The program is delivered by the BC Agriculture & Food Climate Action Initiative. A special thank you goes to Scott Smith at the Summerland Research and Development Centre for his help and guidance.

Disclaimer Opinions expressed in this document are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Governments of Canada and British Columbia. The Governments of Canada and British Columbia, and their directors, agents, employees, or contractors will not be liable for any claims, damages, or losses of any kind whatsoever arising out of the use of, or reliance upon, this information.

2 INTRODUCTION ...... 4

Three main objectives: ...... 5

METHODOLOGY ...... 5

RESULTS ...... 8

Soil texture and moisture retention curves ...... 8

Modification of all 5 irrigations system and first results ...... 15

CONCLUSIONS ...... 20

APPENDICES ...... 21

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ABSTRACT With the increasing demand on water resources in the Okanagan Valley, Le Vieux Pin and Lastella Wineries began a project to study and improve their irrigation techniques.

The wineries are interested in reducing their water consumption by improving water application and delivery to match the physiological requirements of the vines and soil composition on a fine scale.

Using NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and electroconductivity, in conjunction with GIS mapping, 29 pits were excavated throughout the vineyards and 76 distinct soil samples were analysed. Using this data, the irrigation system was adapted on a vine by vine basis. The final goal is to improve vine health, control plant vigor and thereby improve grape quality. A reduction of labour costs through automation of the system and the resulting reduction in time required to manage the canopy of the vineyards was a secondary benefit that will allow the vineyards to offset the cost of changing the irrigation systems over time. It is expected that the precision irrigation system with also reduce water usage within a few years time, once the vines have adapted to the new system.

This report outlines project activities and preliminary findings from the project inception to February 2018.

INTRODUCTION The changing climate in the South Okanagan, combined with the potential for issues around long term water supply has motivated Enotecca Wineries and Resort to obtain more precise information about their soils (structure, water retention capacity, macro and micro element composition) in order to better manage the irrigation system and fertilization.

The project will be accomplished through 4 components:

1. Detailed analysis of both physical and nutrient properties of the soil and mapping these differences across the vineyards. 2. Installation of irrigation equipment for precise and timed delivery of water and nutrients specific to the mapped soil conditions. 3. Monitoring of total volume of water used for irrigation in the vineyard, along with evaluating the quality and quantity of production. 4. Dissemination of the project results through producer visits to the vineyard and through the wine and grape industry via workshops and presentations.

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Three main objectives: The Okanagan valley is the only desert in Canada and is therefore characterized by high temperatures in the summer, low precipitation, and, due to the geological history, the soils contain a lot of sand requiring irrigation of vineyards to produce quality grapes. Enotecca Wineries and Resorts owns and operates Le Vieux Pin and LaStella wineries and 50 acres of prime vineyards, all located in the southern Okanagan. The three main objectives of this project were to:

1) Reduce the amount of water use in the vineyards by enhancing the application and the delivery of irrigation water and by controlling the amount delivered according to the soil/plant requirements in order to adapt better to the climate change. Also, to prepare for the possibility of water shortages and lack of available water for irrigation during droughts by having an irrigation system designed with precision, which can maintain grape quality with far less water.

2) Increase the knowledge within the project leads’ company and also within the grape growing industry in the Okanagan. The more that is known about the soils, the plants’ needs and how to improve the overall balance of the plant, the more business productivity can be improved. At the industry level, it is expected that this project will increase growers’ awareness around the need to manage the available water with precision and adapt to climate change as an industry.

3) Improve water management by understanding how the soil works and by modifying practices. This implies both:

• Better time management of labour crew on a yearly basis

• Increased health of each plant in the vineyard by managing the vigor and therefore enhancing the quality of the grapes: Improving the microclimate surrounding the grapes (less use of anti fungicide and insecticide) will also have a financial impact by saving on labour costs, spraying product costs; and will improve the quality of the grapes resulting in better wines.

• The ultimate goal is to be able to sustain an outstanding grape quality. A good wine is not made in the cellar; it is made in the vineyard. As two boutiques wineries that strive to put BC on the world map as wine producing region, having uniformed vineyards and balanced grapes in terms of flavor and also chemistry, is the number one priority.

METHODOLOGY 1) Electroconductivity and NDVI measurements

In July 2015, soil electroconductivity and canopy NDVI measurements were taken by the Chilean company AGRO PRECISION. Using GIS technology, maps were generated and compared to identify 29 distinct areas throughout 5 vineyards.

See two examples of the Electroconductivity maps below:

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Map#1-Electroconductivity at Selona Vineyard and location of the 5 soil pits. Location of two of the pits for Selona

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Map#2-Electroconductivity at Lastella Vineyard and location of the 5 soil pits.

2) Soil sampling

These sites were then excavated, measurements of the different strata were recorded and a total of 76 soil samples were collected. These samples were analyzed in Victoria at the BC Ministry of Environment with help from the Summerland Research and Development Centre in Summerland, BC. See Appendix #1 and Appendix #2 for detailed results.

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RESULTS

Soil texture and moisture retention curves Scott Smith from the Summerland Research and Development Centre, Summerland, BC helped to draw some conclusions regarding the vineyard’s soils according to the soil analysis.

Irrigation management requires an understanding of the water-holding capacity of a soil (particularly in the root zone of the grapevines); of the water-intake rate of the soil; of the root system of the types of vines to be grown; and of the amount of water that the vines require. There are four important levels of soil moisture content that reflect the availability of water in the soil. They are commonly referred to as: saturation, field capacity, permanent wilting point, and plant available water.

• Saturation: Saturation is the point the soil pores are filled with water. Saturation usually occurs for short periods of time, either during heavy rainfall events or when soil is being irrigated. • Filed Capacity: Field capacity defines the amount of water remaining in the soil after downward gravitational drainage has stopped. This value represents the maximum amount of water that the soil can hold against gravity following saturation by rain or irrigation. • Permanent Wilting Point: The amount of water a soil contains after vines are wilted beyond recovery is called the permanent wilting point. • Plant Available Water: The amount of water held by the soil between field capacity and the permanent wilting point is referred to as plant available water. Plant available water is typically expressed in terms of inches of water per inch of soil depth.

Other important concepts for this research are:

• Management Allowable Depletion (MAD): Only a portion of the water content can be potentially removed from a volume of soil by the vines and, this quantity is called management allowable depletion (MAD). • Soil Type: Sandy soils have many large pores and very little clay resulting in little available water. Water applied by drip irrigation tends to move vertically rather than horizontally in these soil types due to gravity pulling the water through the large pores.

The following charts summarize the surface soil textures (the proportion of sand, silt and clay sized particles in each sample) and places these into discrete soil texture classes. Individual samples are represented as points on the texture triangle charts.

The soil water retention curves for the surface samples collected from each vineyard are also shown below. The curves are generated by saturating each soil sample in the lab then applying suction to the samples to remove excess water. Suction is applied incrementally at set values, referred to a soil tension and measured in kilo Pascals (KPa), to extract water. Because most of the soils in these vineyards are coarse-textured, plant available water is considered to be the volume of water held between 10 and 100 kPa. These limits can be derived from the graphs shown for each vineyard.

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Figures 1 and 2: All the soils sampled in the Stagg vineyard have similar textures and have similar moisture retention patterns. Hence, soil conditions are relatively uniform within this vineyard. Soils do not contain much gravel. The loamy sand texture generates low water holding capacity, only about 4 cm of water in the top 30 cm.

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Figures 3 and 4: All of the soils sampled in the LaStella vineyard have similar texture and have similar moisture retention patterns. Hence, soil conditions are relatively uniform within this vineyard. All soils contain moderate volumes of gravel, which reduce their water holding capacity somewhat.

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Figures 5 and 6: Soil conditions in the Selona vineyard are highly variable, both in terms of the soil texture and the gravel content. Gravelly soils are shown with dashed lines. In general, the non-gravelly soils have moderate water holding capacity, while the gravelly soils have much less water holding capacity.

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Figures 7 and 8: Within the LFO vineyard, coarse fragment content controls the moisture holding capacity. The best water holding capacity is found in soil D11, which is a sandy loam but without significant coarse fragments. The dashed lines show gravelly soils, which have less water holding capacity than non-gravelly soil even though some of these soils contain significant amounts of silt and clay.

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Figures 9 and 10: The soils from the LVP vineyard are all loamy sands and generally without coarse fragments (except soil E11) yet there appears to be significant variability in the water holding capacity of these soils. The range of water holding capacity is most likely a result of the size of the sands within the sand fraction of these soils. It is likely that soils E41 and E61 contain mainly coarse sand particles, which decrease moisture holding capacity.

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Table 1. A summary of soil properties as they influence irrigation management. The interpretations are based on the soil physical data presented in the appendices of this report

Soil Properties Vineyard Soil texture class gravel content AWHC Interpretations for Irrigation management

The moisture holding capacity of these soils is low, meaning that irrigation is best Stagg Loamy sand very few low applied often but at low volumes. Excess water will leach from below the root zone. Soils are relatively uniform and can all be irrigated in the same way.

These soils contain gravel, which generally occupies 20 to 25% of the soil La Stella Gravelly sandy loam common low volume. While the soil texture provides favourable water holding capacity, this capacity is reduced by the volume of soil made up of gravel. Soils are relatively uniform and can all be irrigated in a similar manner.

Sandy loam to loamy Selona sand, sometimes variable variable The soils in this vineyard are highly variable. This variability comes from the gravelly range of soil textures and gravel content that exist, as well as topography. This variability will require localized irrigation management to suit specific soil conditions that exist in this vineyard.

The soils in this vineyard are variable. This is a result primarily of coarse Le Feuille D'or variable cobbles fragment content and size. The soil volume made up of coarse fragments varies Gravelly sandy loam variable (LFO) and boulders from from 5% to 40%, often cobble and even boulder size. These reduce the water holding capacity proportionately. This variability will require localized irrigation management to suit specific soil conditions that exist in this vineyard.

isolated, Le Vieux Pin (LVP) Loamy sand low While all the soils sampled in the vineyard were of loamy sand texture, there is generally absent considerable variation in the moisture holding capacity of these soils. The variation is likely a result of the size of the sand particles in the soil. Irrigation management will have to be block-specific in order to respond to this variability.

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Modification of irrigations systems

The irrigation systems at all 5 properties were converted from micro-sprinkler (or maxi-jet) irrigation to drip irrigation and adapted to the soil variation in each block. This was done over two years: spring 2016 (Selona vineyard and Stagg Vineyard) and spring 2017 (Lastella vineyard, Le vieux pin Vineyard and La Feuille d’Or Vineyard)

Below are the definitions of drip and Micro sprinkler irrigation according to Ted Goldammer in his book: Grape Grower’s handbook

Drip irrigation: Drip irrigation is sometimes called trickle irrigation and involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates from a system of small diameter plastic pipes fitted with outlets called emitters or drippers

Micro-sprinkler (maxi-jet) Irrigation: Micro-sprinkler irrigation systems are very similar to drip irrigation systems except that, rather than discharging water at discreet points, the water is sprayed out through a small sprinkler device

a) Stagg Vineyard:

The irrigation was changed to drip irrigation in the spring of 2016 and was automated. The irrigation staff only has to go to that vineyard to turn the filters on and make sure that everything is running properly. Instead of going to the site every 6 hours when a valve has to be closed and another one opened, the irrigation occurs at night over two days and it requires only 0.5 h of labor. See Appendix #3

For this vineyard, a lot of labor time and cost was saved. Each block is now separately irrigated and, with the automation, irrigation is done in shorter and more frequent sets. As per the soil texture described above, this vineyard responds better if irrigated with shorter sets and more often.

Irrigation sets have been recorded for the 2016 and 2017 season and will be recorded in the future. See Appendix #3. Conclusions regarding grape quality linked to the amount of water delivered is not available yet, as the plants have to adapt to the new irrigation system.

b) Lastella Vineyard:

The irrigation was changed to drip irrigation in the spring of 2017 and will be automated in the spring of 2018. A lot of labor went into completing the change over for this vineyard as there were previously some maxi jet and small overhead irrigation systems and not every block had their own valve.

Before modifications to vineyard irrigation, staff had to go to the vineyard 7 times to turn on the 14 valves at 1 hour to 1.5 hours per change. Now there are still 14 valves but only 4 changes and it takes 0.5 h per change. The whole vineyard can now be irrigated in 1 day. See Appendix #3

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By combining the results from the electroconductivity map and NDVI map, from the soil samples, and from the soil properties, the irrigation system was adapted. For example, in the Sauvignon Blanc block, the top section where the water retention capacity is low is irrigated, the bottom where the electroconductivity is high (red on the map) was not irrigated at all in 2017. The total amount of water for the 2017 season for this block was 140 L/plant versus 150 L/plant previously. See Appendix #3. In this block there is already a reduction in water use combined with an increase in quality. At harvest time, the phenolic maturity (appreciated by testing the berries) from the top and bottom of the block were very close. In years prior, there was a huge difference in taste between the top and the bottom: the bottom was less ripe, more acidic and a lot more vigorous. Not irrigating this portion allowed the two sections of the vineyard to ripen at a uniform speed and level.

c) Selona Vineyard:

Drip tubes were installed in 2016 to counteract the soil variation and to try to even out the heterogeneity and even out the maturity process of the grapes from the bottom and the top portions of the vineyard. The vineyard previously had 18 valves, and after the modification, the vineyard now has 9 valves and is run automatically. As of the 2016 season, this vineyard can be irrigated in full over two nights (which also means that less water is lost to evaporation), versus 4 full days (day and night) before the changes to the system. See Appendix #3.

In 2018, the bottom section will be isolated from the top section with valves, so it will be possible to water the top and not the bottom. The bottom section is still really vigorous and does not actually need irrigation at all.

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d) La Feuille d’Or vineyard :

The irrigation switch from maxi jet to drip irrigation was done in the spring of 2017. There used to be 8 valve changes required at 2 hours per change and additional labour to make sure all the emitters were not plugged. Irrigation was done in sets of 6 h. It previously took 8 h of labor to complete the change.

Now, the vineyard still has 13 valves but it can be irrigated with only 4 changes and it takes 0.5 h per change. Because it takes less time, shorter and more frequent sets of irrigation were put in place (2 h). The water retention capacity in this vineyard is very variable due to the large amount of rocks and boulders. Therefore, more frequent irrigation allows the plant to profit more from the water delivered. Therefore, it is more efficient. In the peak of the summer, this will allow the plant to be less stressed. The plant will then be able to go through the maturation process more smoothly with no break period due to high stress.

Each block now has its own valve and the water can be distributed as per the varietal demand. For example, Sauvignon Blanc is growing beside some Cabernet Franc. Sauvignon Blanc is usually picked at the end of August, while Cabernet Franc is picked in mid-October. When the block is picked, it is heavily watered to help the vines accumulate reserve for the winter. Now the Sauvignon Blanc can be watered without watering the Cabernet Franc. The Cabernet Franc does need

17 very much water anymore at the end of August, as that is when it enters the last phase of phenolic maturation. In summary, in this vineyard the amount of water required is reduced combined with an increase in quality.

e) Le vieux Pin vineyard:

Changing to drip irrigation from maxi jet irrigation allowed for labor savings. This vineyard had 13 valves, 7 on maxi jet and 6 on drip. Previously, it took 6.5 hours to change valves at each irrigation set. After the change, it now takes 1.5 hours to change the valves and 4 valves can run at a time, versus 2 at a time previously. $135.4 is now saved per irrigation set on labor costs. Also, a higher percentage of water distributed via drip can be used by the plant (90% versus 80%) so less water is lost to evapotranspiration.

The soil texture is not homogenous at Le vieux pin. To respond to this parameter the vineyard was switched entirely to drip and a valve per block was installed. That way each block can be watered separately and more or less water can be delivered depending on the soil texture. In 2017, the maturity in one of the Viognier blocks, located at the back of the property, was more even and this was achieved by providing the block with more water than the block adjacent to it.

Also, with maxi jet irrigation (Micro sprinkler irrigation), the area in between the rows was previously irrigated. A lot more weeds were growing and were growing more quickly due to this factor. By switching to drip, the weed propagation control is easier and faster, and this has also decreased the amount of mowing time by the tractor driver.

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Total Total installing drip tube LFO, LVP 1862.5 cleaning maxi jet/ 978.56 installing drip tube, digging removing maxi jet 1863.2 trenches, installing sub mains and removing maxi jet 684.73 poly tubing, back filling ditches 12551 cleaning maxi jet/ 272.08 from March 30th 2017 till April wired all new electric 28 2017 valves at selolna 272.08 cleaned up in line drip at back filing ditches and installing selona 156 wires for electric valves at 1407 fired up water at new Lastella from may 2nd 2017 till projects 840.99 May 10 2017 selona project 1517.3 selona project 1103.5 Total labor cost for spring 9550.9 13958 2017 to finish project

Table 2: Spring 2016 cost of labor to install drip on 2 vineyards. Table 3: Spring 2017 cost of labor to install drip on the last 3 vineyards.

In future years, after the vines have adapted to the new irrigation system, data such as amount of water delivered, fruit quality (brix, ripeness, etc.), all cost savings from labour, and product usage will be compiled and analysed.

Initial detailed results are presented in Appendix #3.

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Summary of amount of water delivered per plant

At the La feuillle d’or vineyard, Lastella vineyard, Le vieux pin vineyard and Selona vineyard, the amount of water delivered has significantly decreased even if the irrigation time has increased. This means that with less water delivered (flow rate of one drip emitter is 2 l/h versus 26.5 L/h for a maxi jet emitter), and shorter but more frequent irrigation sets, the quality objectives are attained.

The total amount of water delivered between 2016 and 2017 has increased (+17 %-1333 L). So there is no indication of water saving overall at this point, but this is in part attributed to the weather experienced in 2017. The amount of irrigation hours has increased by 69%, with no correlated increase in amount of water delivered. This indicates that the drip tube irrigation system is more efficient.

Regarding the labor cost savings, per irrigation set (usually 1or 2 days in 2017 and 3 to 4 days in 2016), the labor cost savings per irrigation set reached $729.05. In 2016 14 irrigation sets took place and in 2017 18 took place. The total cost saving on labor between the 2 years when all vineyards were switched to drip is $6103.19.

Some cost savings were also recorded in fuel. Selona and Stagg vineyards are fully automated and 0.5 hours is spent at those vineyards once per irrigation set. Prior to the change, the vineyard worker had to drive for every change. This cost saving is hard to quantify as the 5 vineyards are scattered over 25 km from Oliver to Osoyoos and the mileage related to those irrigation changes was not recorded.

CONCLUSIONS This study allowed a better understanding of soil structure, chemical composition, and water holding capacity in relation to grapevine vigor at the 5 study sites. Using this new information, the irrigation was modified to drip irrigation and adapted to deliver water in a more precise way.

Since the irrigation upgrade, there has been a reduction in labor hours on irrigation management. Counter to expectations, there was a increase in water use, but this is attributed to the transition from under-canopy sprinklers to drip irrigation in relation to grapevine root structure and also due to the weather pattern over the 2 years the data were collected. Visually, there seems to be more consistent vigor within vineyard blocks, which will be verified with further NDVI and grape composition analysis. Labor and cost savings from irrigation, canopy management and pesticide application will be analyzed as a result of these upgrades. More results will be presented at the Enology and Viticulture conference in 2019.

Constant recording of the amount of water delivered and grape quality parameters will be done over the course of the next 3 years. The project lead will then be able to establish conclusions and transfer the final findings to the sector.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX 1:SoilSampleResults C11 B11 A11 C12 B12 A21 A12 B21 B13 C13 A31 A22 B22 A41 A32 B23 B31 B24 A51 A42 B32 A61 A52 B41 B33 A71 A62 B42 B51 B43 A72 A73 B52 B53 Sample # Sample # Sample # Min Depth Min Depth Min Depth (cm) (cm) (cm) 1 150 115 0 130 100 075 30 50 35 150 30 0150 50 5150 75 0150 40 770 37 0150 30 085 70 5150 85 0150 30 050 30 0150 30 0150 50 0150 30 5115 45 0100 30 565 35 0150 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Depth Depth Depth (cm) (cm) (cm) Max Max Max 30 35 30 40 37 30 30 30 30 30 45 30 35 Rutland-Osoyoos Rutland gravely sand Osoyoos loamy sand 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Handling

Crushing

Total C and N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 pH CaCl2

P04-P available (tbd)

Available NH4-N, N03-N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Conductivity (sat pst) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mehlich ext 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CaCO3 equiv

OM (LOI)

1 1 Water Ren Curve 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Particle size analy 15 16 C21 0 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

C22 20 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C31 0 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C32 15 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C41 0 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C42 15 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C51 0 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 A51 25 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 Max Min Depth Sample # Depth (cm) (cm) Ratnip gravely loam D11 0 75 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D12 75 81 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D13 81 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D21 0 80 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D22 80 95 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D23 95 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D31 0 35 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D32 35 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D41 0 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D42 10 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Max Min Depth Sample # Depth (cm) (cm) Osoyoos (slightly gravelly) E11 0 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E12 30 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E21 0 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E22 20 35 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E23 35 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E31 0 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E32 25 35 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E33 35 55 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E34 55 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E41 0 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E42 25 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E51 0 30 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E52 30 50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E53 50 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E61 0 25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E62 25 55 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E63 55 65 1 1 1 1 1 1 E64 65 150 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E71 0 35 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E72 35 70 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 E73 70 80 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 73 73 45 73 33 33 33 56 73 42 38 73

73 APPENDIX 2: Soil Pit Observations Stagg Vineyard - A

• Location: Southeast Osoyoos, 10117 42nd Avenue

• 41.015974, -119.470678

• Area: 8.84 Acres Stagg Vineyard - A

Hole 1 Hole 2 Sample 1 Sample 1 • 0-30cm • 0-40cm • 10cm of loam • 5 cm of loam • Sand and small pebbles • Sand (medium grain) Sample 2 • No rocks • +30cm Sample 2 • Sand and small pebbles • +40cm • Sand (medium grain) Stagg Vineyard - A

Hole 3 Hole 4 Sample 1 Sample 1 • 0-30cm • 0-30cm • 10cm of loam • 5 cm of loam • Sand and small pebbles • Sand (fine to medium Sample 2 grain) • +30cm • Small pebbles • Sand and small pebbles Sample 2 • +30cm • Sand (medium grain) • Tiny pebbles Stagg Vineyard - A

Hole 5 Hole 6 Sample 1 Sample 1 • 0-30cm • 0-30cm • 5cm of loam • 5 cm of loam • Sand (fine to medium • Sand (medium grain) grain) Sample 2 Sample 2 • +30cm • +30cm • Sand (medium to large • Sand and small pebbles grain) • Small pebbles Stagg Vineyard - A

Hole 7 Sample 1 • 0-30cm • 5cm of loam • Sand (fine to medium grain) Sample 2 • 30-100cm • Some clay present Sample 3 • 100-130cm • Sand (fine grain) LaStella Vineyard - B

• Location: North Osoyoos,

10117 42nd Avenue

• Area: Acres LaStella Vineyard - B

Hole 1 Hole 2 Sample 1 Sample 1 • 0-35cm • 0-37cm • River Rock (5-10cm) • Loam • Loam Sample 2 Sample 2 • 37-70cm • 35-50cm • River rock (5-10cm) • River rock (5-10cm) • Large-grain sand • Sand/Clay Sample 3 Sample 3 • 70-85cm • +50cm • Clay w/ medium grain sand • Large grain sand • River rock (5-10cm) • River rock (5-10cm) Sample 4 • +85cm • Medium grain sand w/ clay • River rock (5-10cm) LaStella Vineyard - B

Hole 3 Sample 1 Sample 1 • 0-30cm • 0-45cm • River Rock (5-10cm) • River Rock (golf ball) • Clay/loam • Clay/loam Sample 2 Sample 2 • 35-50cm • 45-115cm • River rock (5-10cm) • River rock (golf ball) • Sand/Clay • Clay dominant Sample 3 Sample 3 • +50cm • +115cm • Large grain sand • Medium grain sand • River rock (5-10cm) • River rock (golf ball) LaStella Vineyard - B

Hole 5 Sample 1 • 0-35cm • Loamy Sample 2 • 35-65cm • Clay dominant • Some roots Rock layer • 65-80cm • Ping-pong sized Sample 3 • Medium grain sand • Small pebbles Selona Vineyard - C Selona Vineyard - C

Hole 1 Hole 2 Sample 1 Sample 1 • 0-30cm • 0-20cm • Clay/loam • Clay/loam • River rock (3-5cm) • River rock (variable Sample 2 sizes) • 30-75cm Sample 2 • Fine sand • +20cm • River rock (5-10cm) • Sand (Fine to medium Sample 3 grain) • +75cm • River rock (variable • Fine sand to small rocks sizes) Selona Vineyard - C

Hole 3 Hole 4 Sample 1 Sample 1 • 0-15cm • 0-15cm • Mostly loam, few rocks • Loam Sample 2 • Few rocks • +15cm Sample 2 • Clay • +15cm • Sand (medium grain) • Multicolour Selona Vineyard - C

Hole 5 Sample 1 • 0-25cm • Clay/loam • Rocky (3cm) Sample 2 • +25cm • Sand (medium grain) • Multicolour • River rock (5-10cm) LFO Vineyard - D LFO Vineyard - D

Hole 1 Hole 2 Sample 1 Sample 1 • 0-75cm • 0-80cm • Rocks (variable in size) • Clay/rocks • Clay • Wood throughout Sample 2 Sample 2 • 75-81cm • 80-95cm • Organic layer • Sand/loam • Rusty in colour Sample 3 • From mudslide (old • +95cm Chardonnay) • Clay Sample 3 • Small pebbles • +81cm • Clay/rocks LFO Vineyard - D

Hole 3 Hole 4 Sample 1 Sample 1 • 0-35cm • 0-10cm • Clay/loam • Loam • Rocky • Rocky Sample 2 • Abundant earthworms • +35cm Sample 2 • Sand (fine to medium • +10cm grain) • Clay dominant • Rocks of varying size • Many rocks of varying sizes LVP Vineyard - E LVP Vineyard - E

Hole 1 Hole 2 Sample 1 Sample 1 • 0-30cm • 0-20cm • Loam • Clay/loam/sand Sample 2 Sample 2 • +30cm • 20-35cm • Sand (medium grain) • Clay/sand • Pea gravel Sample 3 • River rock (5-10cm) • +35cm • Sand (medium to large) • Rocks (pea-sized and up) LVP Vineyard - E

Hole 3 Hole 4 Sample 1 Sample 1 • 0-25cm • 0-25cm • Sand/Loam • Sand/loam Sample 2 Sample 2 • 25-35cm • +25cm • Sand (fine grain) • Sand (medium grain) Sample 3 • Multicolour • 35-55cm • Sand/loam (compact) Sample 4 • +55cm • Sand (fine) • Round small rock at 2m LVP Vineyard - E

Hole 5 Hole 6 Sample 1 Sample 1 • 0-30cm • 0-25cm • Sand/loam • Sand/loam Sample 2 Sample 2 • 30-50cm • 25-55cm • Sand/Clay • Sand (fine grain) Sample 3 Rock Layer • Sand (fine grain) • 55-65cm • Multicolour • River rocks (3-5cm) Sample 3 • +65cm • Sand (medium grain) • Multicolour LVP Vineyard - E

Hole 7 Sample 1 • 0-35cm • Sand/loam • Evidence of past fire (charcoal evident) Sample 2 • 35-70cm • Sand (fine to medium grain) River-rock Layer • 70-80cm • River rock (3-5cm) Sample 3 • +80cm • Sand (medium grain) • Multicolour APPENDIX 3: Preliminary Irrigation Results

amount of amount of amount of amount of water per amount of water per amount of years of Map type of type of water per Vineyard Varietal Acreage irrigation plant in irrigation plant in irrigation planting number irrigation irrigation plant in liter hours liter for hours liter for hours for 2015 2017 2016

La Feuille d'or Cab Franc 1995 3 0.73 drip 59 317 Maxi Jet 39 521 La Feuille d'or Cab Franc upper 1995 1 0.19 drip 59 317 Maxi Jet 40 534 La Feuille d'or Merlot 1995 2 2.02 drip 59 317 Maxi Jet 40 534 La Feuille d'or Muscat a petit grain 2013 5 1.26 drip 63 252 drip 28 112 La Feuille d'or Muscat Ottonel 2013 6 0.87 drip 63 252 drip 28 112 La Feuille d'or Roussane 2013 8 0.58 drip 65 260 drip 31 124 La Feuille d'or Sauvignon blanc 2011 4 0.412 drip 59 236 drip 37 148 La Feuille d'or Sauvignon blanc 2011 4 0.412 drip 59 236 drip 37 148 La Feuille d'or Syrah 2013 9 0.54 drip 65 260 drip 30 120 La Feuille d'or Viognier 2013 7 0.9 drip 65 260 drip 30 120 Lastella Merlot 1999 1 0.5 drip 51 274 Over Head 34 373 Lastella Merlot 1999 2 1.46 drip 51 274 Over Head 34 373 Lastella Merlot 1999 3 0.56 drip 52 279 Over Head 33 362 Lastella Merlot 1999 4 0.11 drip 51 274 drip 36 193 Lastella Muscat Ottonel 2011 7 bis 0.13 drip 50 200 drip 28 112 Lastella Orange Muscat 2011 7 0.25 drip 50 200 drip 28 112 Lastella Sangiovese 2011 3 bis 0.12 drip 49 196 Maxi Jet 31 302 Lastella Sangiovese 2011 5 bis 0.2 drip 26 140 drip 31 124 Lastella Sangiovese 2003 5 0.85 drip 26 140 Maxi Jet 31 414 Lastella Sangiovese 2011 8 0.04 drip 50 269 drip 31 124 Lastella Sauvignon blanc 2003 6 1.1 drip 26 140 drip 28 150 Le Vieux pin Marsanne 2009 6 0.83 drip 54.05 216 Drip 30 120 Le Vieux pin Roussane 2009 5 1.5 drip 50 200 Drip 30 120 Le Vieux pin Syrah 2010 1 1.66 drip 52 208 Maxi Jet 36 358 Le Vieux pin Syrah 2010 2 1.08 drip 53 212 Maxi Jet 41 407 Le Vieux pin Viognier 2010 3 0.25 drip 55 220 Drip 27 108 Le Vieux pin Viognier 2009 4 0.77 drip 55 220 Drip 31 124 Selona Cab Franc vigorous 2010 1 1.2 drip 56.5 226 Drip 29 116 Maxi Jet 39 388 Selona Cab Franc vigorous 2011 3 0.63 drip 56.5 226 Drip 29 116 Maxi Jet 39 388 Selona Cab Sauv bottom 2010 2 1.2 drip 56.5 226 Drip 26 104 Maxi Jet 39 388 Selona Cab Sauv bottom 2011 4 0.64 drip 56.5 226 Drip 26 104 Maxi Jet 36 358 Selona Merlot 2010 7 3.38 drip 56.5 226 Drip 30 120 Maxi Jet 42 417 Selona Muscat Ottonel 2011 6 0.18 drip 41 164 Drip 28 112 Maxi Jet 39 388 Selona Muscat Petit Grain 2011 6 0.74 drip 41.5 166 Drip 28 112 Maxi Jet 39 388 Selona Sangiovese 2011 5 0.57 drip 55.5 222 Drip 26 104 Maxi Jet 39 388 Stag Cab Franc 2016 4 0.76 drip 62 248 Drip 32 128 Stag Merlot 1 4.31 drip 58 312 Drip 34 183 Stag Syrah 1999 3 2.54 drip 59 317 Drip 34 183 Stag Syrah 2016 2 1.38 drip 62 248 Drip 28 112 36.854 2078.55 9176 1230 7843 312 3101 2015 2016 2017 type of type of type of time to time to Vineyard valve irrigation hourly rate cost valve irrigation time to run 2 valve hourly rate cost valve irrigation hourly rate cost savings run 2 valve run 2 valve per valve per valve per valve LFO 1 MJ 2 20.83 41.66 1 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 2 MJ 20.83 0 2 drip 0 3 MJ 2 20.83 41.66 3 drip 0 4 MJ 20.83 0 4 drip 0 5 MJ 2 20.83 41.66 5 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 6 MJ 20.83 0 6 drip 0 7 MJ 2 20.83 41.66 7 drip 0 8 MJ 20.83 0 8 drip 0 9 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 9 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 10 drip 20.83 0 10 drip 11 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 11 drip 12 drip 0 12 drip 13 drip 0 13 drip 187.47 31.245 156.225 Selona 1 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 1 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 2 MJ 20.83 0 2 drip 3 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 3 drip 4 MJ 20.83 0 4 drip 5 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 5 drip 6 MJ 20.83 0 6 drip 7 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 7 drip 8 MJ 20.83 0 8 drip 9 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 9 drip 10 MJ 20.83 0 11 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 12 MJ 20.83 0 13 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 14 MJ 20.83 0 15 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 16 MJ 20.83 0 17 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 18 MJ 0 281.205 10.415 270.79 LVP 1 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 1 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 2 MJ 20.83 0 2 drip 20.83 0 3 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 3 drip 20.83 0 4 MJ 20.83 0 4 drip 20.83 0 5 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 5 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 6 MJ 20.83 0 6 drip 20.83 0 7 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 7 drip 20.83 0 8 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 8 drip 20.83 0 9 drip 20.83 0 9 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 2015 2016 2017 type of type of type of time to time to Vineyard valve irrigation hourly rate cost valve irrigation time to run 2 valve hourly rate cost valve irrigation hourly rate cost savings run 2 valve run 2 valve per valve per valve per valve 10 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 10 drip 20.83 0 11 drip 20.83 0 11 drip 20.83 0 12 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 12 drip 20.83 0 13 drip 13 drip 20.83 0 166.64 31.245 135.395 Lastella 1 Over head 1 20.83 20.83 1 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 2 Over head 20.83 0 2 drip 20.83 0 3 Over head 1 20.83 20.83 3 drip 20.83 0 4 Over head 20.83 0 4 drip 20.83 0 5 Over head 1 20.83 20.83 5 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 6 Over head 20.83 0 6 drip 20.83 0 7 Over head 1 20.83 20.83 7 drip 20.83 0 8 Over head 20.83 0 8 drip 20.83 0 9 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 9 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 10 MJ 20.83 0 10 drip 20.83 0 11 MJ 1.5 20.83 31.245 11 drip 20.83 0 12 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 12 drip 20.83 0 13 drip 20.83 0 13 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 14 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 14 drip 20.83 0 166.64 41.66 124.98 Stagg 1 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 1 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 2 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 2 drip 20.83 0 3 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 3 drip 20.83 0 4 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 4 drip 20.83 0 5 drip 0.5 20.83 10.415 5 drip 20.83 0 52.075 10.415 41.66 Total saving per irrigation set for all vineyards combined 729.05 Total costs all vineyard combined per irrigation set 583.24 114.565 2016: 14 irrigation set-2017: 18 irrigation set : total saving between 2016 and 2017 is $6103.19. 8165.36 2062.17 6103.19