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Constructs of Meaning and Religious Transformation: Cognitive Complexity, Postformal Stages, and Religious Thought

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Constructs of Meaning and Religious Transformation: Cognitive Complexity, Postformal Stages, and Religious Thought 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 4.0 1 Religion and Transformation 2 in Contemporary European Society 3 4 5 6 7 Band 4 8 9 10 11 12 Herausgegeben von Kurt Appel, Christian Danz, Richard Potz, 13 14 Sieglinde Rosenberger und Angelika Walser 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Die Bände dieser Reihe sind peer-reviewed. 40 41 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 4.0 1 Herman Westerink (ed.) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Constructs of Meaning 9 and Religious Transformation 10 11 12 Current Issues in the Psychology of Religion 13 14 15 16 17 With 12 figures 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 & 37 V R unipress 38 39 Vienna University Press 40 41 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 4.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ® MIX Papier aus verantwor- 16 tungsvollen Quellen ® 17 www.fsc.org FSC C083411 18 19 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek 20 Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen 21 Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über 22 http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. 23 ISSN 2198-5235 24 ISBN 978-3-8471-0099-7 25 26 Veröffentlichungen der Vienna University Press erscheinen im Verlag V&R unipress GmbH. 27 28 An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working 29 with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books 30 Open Access for the public good. The Open Access ISBN of this book is 978-3-7370-0099-4. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at 31 www.knowledgeunlatched.org. 32 & 33 © 2013, V R unipress in Göttingen / www.vr-unipress.de Dieses Werk ist als Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der Creative-Commons-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 34 International 4.0 („Namensnennung – Nicht kommerziell – Keine Bearbeitungen“) unter dem 35 DOI 10.14220/9783737000994 abzurufen. Um eine Kopie dieser Lizenz zu sehen, besuchen Sie 36 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Jede Verwertung in anderen als den durch diese Lizenz zugelassenen Fällen bedarf der vorherigen 37 schriftlichen Einwilligung des Verlages. 38 Printed in Germany. 39 Titelbild: RaT-Logo (Gerfried Kabas, Wien). Druck und Bindung: CPI Buch Bücher.de GmbH, Birkach 40 41 Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier. Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 4.0 Contents Preface and Acknowledgements . ................... 7 Herman Westerink Introduction: Religious and Spiritual Constructs of Meaning and Transformation ................................ 9 Part i: Religious and Spiritual Transformation Niko Tiliopoulos In Search of a Scientific Definition of Religion . ...... 23 Maik Arnold Religion as Experience: An Interpretative Approach to Cultural Psychology of Religion . ................... 39 James M. Day Constructs of Meaning and Religious Transformation: Cognitive Complexity, Postformal Stages, and Religious Thought . ...... 59 Caroline Shepherd A Discursive Psychology Framework for the analysis of Faith Attribution in Conversation ................................ 81 Tatjana Schnell/William J. F. Keenan The Construction of Atheist Spirituality : A Survey-Based Study . 101 Barbara Keller/Constantin Klein/Ralph W. Hood/Heinz Streib Deconversion and Religious or Spiritual Transformation . ......119 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 4.0 6 Contents Part ii: Religious and Spiritual Meaning, Well-being and Coping Rosa Scardigno/Giuseppe Mininni What is it Like to Feel Good in this World? The Several Meanings of Religious Well-being . ...................143 Jessie Dezutter /Jozef Corveleyn Meaning Making: A Crucial Psychological Process in Confrontation with a Life Stressor . ................................167 Tuija Hovi Meanings of Healing: Experiences of Prayer-Team Members at the Christian Healing Rooms Service in Finland . ......185 Valerie DeMarinis Existential Meaning-Making and Ritualizing for Understanding Mental Health Function in Cultural Context . ...................207 Srdjan Sremac/R. Ruard Ganzevoort Testimony and Transformation: Addiction, Meaning and Spiritual Change . ................................223 Jacques Körver/Marinus van Uden /Joseph Pieper Post- or Para-Modern Devotion in the Netherlands? . ......239 Marinus van Uden/Joseph Pieper/Janske van Eersel/ Wim Smeets/Hanneke van Laarhoven Ritual Counseling and Religious Coping Processes in Cancer Patients . 259 Johan Bouwer Leisure as Moderator for Spiritual Well-being? . ......275 Alexey M. Dvoinin Value and Meaning Orientations of the Religious Individual . ......297 About the Authors . ...................317 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 4.0 Preface and Acknowledgements This volume results from a research project – “Contructs of Meaning and Values in Europe” – embedded in the interdisciplinary research platform “Religious Transformation in Contemporary European Society” (University of Vienna). According to its self-description, this research platform “investigates the con- tribution of religion to contemporary transformation processes and vice versa examines the influence of transformation processes on religion. The program focuses on the growing diversity of European societies and its impact on issues of pluralistic participation in social, political, religious and cultural spheres”. The research in the project “Constructs of Meaning and Values in Europe” put the focus on religion’s turn to the individual’s desire for transcendence and meaning in modern society, resulting in a multitude of individual and social forms of religion and constructs of meaning in which traditional religious forms are affirmatively and/or critically evaluated and reconfigured. In the present volume this issue is elaborated from the perspective of the psychology of religion. I would like to thank all those who contributed to this book. I thank Susanne Heine for the initial cooperation and initiative, and I thank all the authors for their contributions and collaborations. I am grateful for the support from my colleagues of the research platform, Christian Danz, Kurt Appel and especially Angelika Walser. I want to thank Jason Valdez, Nadine Mund and Thomas Scheiwiller for their meticulous correction and editorial work. Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 4.0 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 4.0 Herman Westerink Introduction: Religious and Spiritual Constructs of Meaning and Transformation One of the major trends in the psychology of religion is the growing interest in religious and spiritual meaning making in relation to religious and spiritual transformation processes, notably as the aftermath of traumatic experiences and in situations of crisis, stress or disease when personal well-being is at stake, and coping activities and skills are enhanced. The present volume, Constructs of Meaning and Religious Transformation, covers this broad and complex area of interrelated issues. The underlying coherence of the present volume is guar- anteed by the fact that all contributions, representing various psychological methods and theoretical perspectives, focus on religious and spiritual meaning making and transformation. The contributions in this volume do not compose an integrated perspective on religious meaning making and transformation processes. Rather, this volume assembles and presents the main – mostly Eu- ropean – research on this complex of issues. Thus it not only provides an ex- cellent overview of the current psychological study of constructs of meaning and religious transformation, but also contributes to our knowledge of con- temporary religious life in the context of socio-cultural transformation proc- esses (pluralisation, globalization). What is meaning making? Or, how do people construct meaning? How can we understand religious transformation? Crystal Park writes that “the notion of meaning as central to human life is a popular one” (Park, 2010, p. 257), and that it appears to be particularly important in critical and/or traumatic life situations. The question of meaning obviously gains importance in situations of crisis in which the meaning, sense, value or reason of things are no longer evident. According to Park, in these situations meaning making refers “to a process of working to restore global life meaning when it has been disrupted or violated”, so as to regain consistency and coherence by reconfiguring and transforming one’s beliefs (Park, 2005b, p. 299). Most psychological research on meaning making thus focuses on meaning making processes and efforts to construct meaning in situations of existential crisis, or on the conditions (depressions, addictions, and etc.) that produce a decrease of meaning and purpose in life and Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 4.0 10 Herman Westerink of personal well-being. Yet, Park also notes that a definition of meaning or meaning making is difficult. Proposed definitions are often very broad and thus lack precision as to which cognitive, emotional, motivational and behavioural aspects of mental life are involved in meaning making processes, or which purposes, goals, objects or sources increase or provide meaning. The issue of religious meaning and meaning making becomes much more complex when we consider the fact that
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