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GEOTRACES: Changing the Way We Explore Ocean Chemistry Robert F Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons OEAS Faculty Publications Ocean, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences 3-2014 GEOTRACES: Changing the Way We Explore Ocean Chemistry Robert F. Anderson Edward Mawji Gregory A. Cutter Old Dominion University, [email protected] Christopher I. Measures Catherine Jeandel Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/oeas_fac_pubs Part of the Biogeochemistry Commons, and the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons Repository Citation Anderson, Robert F.; Mawji, Edward; Cutter, Gregory A.; Measures, Christopher I.; and Jeandel, Catherine, "GEOTRACES: Changing the Way We Explore Ocean Chemistry" (2014). OEAS Faculty Publications. 26. https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/oeas_fac_pubs/26 Original Publication Citation Anderson, R., Mawji, E., Cutter, G., Measures, C., & Jeandel, C. (2014). GEOTRACES: Changing the way we explore ocean chemistry. Oceanography, 27(1), 50-61. doi: 10.5670/oceanog.2014.07 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Ocean, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in OEAS Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. OceTHE OFFICIALa MAGAZINEnog OF THE OCEANOGRAPHYra SOCIETYphy CITATION Anderson, R.F., E. Mawji, G.A. Cutter, C.I. Measures, and C. Jeandel. 2014. GEOTRACES: Changing the way we explore ocean chemistry. Oceanography 27(1):50–61, http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.07. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.07 COPYRIGHT This article has been published inOceanography , Volume 27, Number 1, a quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2014 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. USAGE Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systematic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] or The Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA. DOWNLOADED FROM HTTP://WWW.TOS.ORG/OCEANOGRAPHY SPECIAL ISSUE ON CHANGING OCEAN CHEMISTRY » ANTHROPOCENE: THE FUTURE…SO FAR GEOTRACES Changing the Way We Explore Ocean Chemistry BY ROBERT F. ANDERSON, EDWARD MAWJI, GREGORY A. CUTTER, CHRISTOPHER I. MEASURES, AND CATHERINE JEANDEL Photo courtesy of Micha Rijkenberg, Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research 50 Oceanography | Vol. 27, No. 1 ABSTRACT. GEOTRACES is an international study of the marine biogeochemical Both the successes and the limitations cycles of trace elements and their isotopes (TEIs), designed by marine geochemists to of GEOSECS weighed heavily in the accelerate TEI research under a global program. Combining ocean sections, process design of GEOTRACES. studies, data synthesis, and modeling, GEOTRACES will identify and quantify the processes that supply TEIs at ocean boundaries as well as the physical and biological RATIONALE AND processes that redistribute TEIs within and between ocean basins. Constraining ANTICIPATED BENEFITS processes that remove TEIs from the ocean will enable complete mass budgets to Research on trace elements in the ocean be generated. Anticipated beneficiaries of GEOTRACES products include scientists was revolutionized in the 1970s by the studying the sustained health of marine ecosystems and their sensitivity to changes development and application of tech- in micronutrient supply; paleoceanographers seeking to reconstruct past changes nology to collect and analyze uncon- in the ocean environment, including the ocean’s role in climate variability; and taminated seawater samples. Early results scientists and policymakers who seek a better understanding of the transport and showed nutrient-like profiles for many fate of contaminants in the ocean. It is hoped that the experiences described here will trace elements, suggesting that these provide helpful guidance to scientists in other disciplines who wish to advance their elements are consumed biologically in fields by organizing coordinated research programs. surface waters and regenerated at depth along with decomposing biogenic mate- INTRODUCTION: THE novel research on the distribution of rial (Bruland and Lohan, 2003). The vital NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL dissolved inorganic carbon species, role of marine organisms in the cycles COLLABORATION major nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, of a number of trace element micro- Marine biogeochemical cycles occur on and silicon), a suite of natural and man- nutrients is now recognized (Table 1). a global scale. Sources of trace elements made radioisotopes, and noble gases Nonlinear biological responses due to and their isotopes (TEIs) are diverse, to provide a first view of the chemical interactions among multiple limiting including atmospheric deposition of landscape of the sea. New insights into micronutrients are now being explored, mineral aerosols, continental erosion ocean mixing and overturning circula- as are synergistic and antagonistic effects and river transport, sediment-water tion were extracted from the global associated with metal substitution and boundary exchange, and hydrothermal distribution of radiocarbon and tritium, co-limitation. New techniques in molec- fluxes from mid-ocean ridges. Removal while uranium-series radionuclides ular biology offer the promise of assess- processes are equally diverse. Once in were modeled to constrain rates of ing micronutrient limitation in field stud- the ocean, TEI distributions are influ- vertical transport by sinking particles. ies (Sunda and Huntsman, 1998). There enced by biological uptake and regenera- A synthesis of GEOSECS results was is great potential for revealing the funda- tion and by physical transport, as well as embodied in the classic textbook by mental role of micronutrients in regulat- by the chemical forms in which the indi- Broecker and Peng (1982), which has ing marine ecosystems in coming years. vidual TEIs exist. With so many factors since been used to educate a generation However, success in these endeavors, involved, and with processes operating of oceanography students. and in assessing the sensitivity of marine in many regions of distinctly different While GEOSECS was an unmitigated ecosystems to perturbations of marine character, a comprehensive understand- success, its scope was limited by several micronutrient cycles, depends critically ing of the marine biogeochemical cycles factors. For example, technologies had on developing a complete knowledge of TEIs can be attained only by a global, not yet been developed to permit sam- of micronutrient distributions, together coordinated, international effort. pling without contamination for a broad with a quantitative understanding of The Geochemical Ocean Sections suite of trace elements. Furthermore, the processes that regulate their supply, study (GEOSECS) of the 1970s trans- although there was some interna- removal, and transport within the ocean. formed the field of chemical oceanog- tional collaboration in GEOSECS, A quarter century of research following raphy as it existed at that time, and it it was largely the responsibility of a the development of contamination-free served as a role model for the design of single nation, thereby limiting the geo- methods to measure trace elements in GEOTRACES. Exploiting new technolo- graphical coverage that was feasible seawater produced insufficient informa- gies available then, scientists pursued within the lifetime of the program. tion (Figure 1) to fully characterize the Oceanography | March 2014 51 marine biogeochemical cycles of essential been calibrated in an ad hoc way. Many and internal cycling of TEIs to be gained micronutrients (e.g., Boyd and Ellwood, were developed using samples that do through GEOTRACES research can be 2010). Early in the new millennium, it not necessarily reflect modern oceanic applied to improve predictions of their was evident to marine chemists that a conditions, while others are based solely transport and fate in the ocean. new strategy would be required to accel- on lab studies. Furthermore, paleo-proxy A number of factors favor coordinated erate research on trace metals. calibrations are generally empirical, and simultaneous study of multiple TEIs. A need to accelerate research was based on limited understanding of the With decreasing sample size require- also recognized for geochemical prox- processes that link the measurable proxy ments from improved sensitivity of new ies used in paleoceanography. Our to the variable that it is intended to rep- instrumentation, it has become pos- understanding of past variability in resent. Consequently, there is a critical sible to design sampling strategies that the ocean environment, including the need for more comprehensive assess- are compatible with multiple analytical ocean’s role in climate change, has been ment and testing of geochemical proxies, procedures. More importantly, studying advanced through the application of a both to develop and calibrate new prox- multiple TEIs simultaneously provides variety of TEI proxies archived in marine ies for environmental variables that are information that cannot be derived by substrates such as sediments, corals, presently difficult to reconstruct and to examining a single element in isolation. and microfossils (Henderson, 2002). reduce the uncertainties associated with Each element can be understood
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