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Dorothy Day's Extemporaneous Encounters Tracy Ann Stockwell Marquette University

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Dorothy Day's Extemporaneous Encounters Tracy Ann Stockwell Marquette University Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Rhetorical Invention, Leadership, And Dialogue: Dorothy Day's Extemporaneous Encounters Tracy Ann Stockwell Marquette University Recommended Citation Stockwell, Tracy Ann, "Rhetorical Invention, Leadership, And Dialogue: Dorothy Day's Extemporaneous Encounters" (2013). Dissertations (2009 -). 286. https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/286 RHETORICAL INVENTION, LEADERSHIP, AND DIALOGUE: DOROTHY DAY’S EXTEMPORANEOUS ENCOUNTERS By Tracy Ann Stockwell, B.A., M.A. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin August 2013 ABSTRACT RHETORICAL INVENTION, LEADERSHIP, AND DIALOGUE: DOROTHY DAY’S EXTEMPORANEOUS ENCOUNTERS Tracy Ann Stockwell, B.A., M.A., Marquette University, 2013 Dorothy Day, the co-founder and pragmatic leader of The Catholic Worker Movement, delivered extemporaneous speeches from the inception of the movement in 1933 until her death in 1980. Selected digitized, archival copies of her public discourse are analyzed for the first time through a newly developed framework for rhetorical communication and leadership entitled Encounter Rhetoric. A hybrid model synthesizing the theory of invitational rhetoric, transformational leadership theory, and social movement theory is developed and employed to conduct a critical analysis of 17 speeches delivered by Day between 1958 and 1975. This analysis reveals the rhetorical strategies employed by Day as a social movement leader. The framework is comprised of five constructs: (1.) principled persuasion as an ethical means to communicate and to lead, (2.) unconditional regard for the value of process, mutuality, and voice, (3.) tentativeness in understanding and concluding, (4.) acknowledgment of paradox in perceptions and conditions, and (5.) collaborative action. These constructs inform Dorothy Day’s charismatic eloquence and leadership. Even as a self-admitted apprehensive speaker, Dorothy Day’s public discourse reveals The Catholic Worker Movement’s communication strategy as well as a discernible format for extemporaneous dialogical exchange. As an analytical framework and as a rubric for communication practitioners and leaders in other settings, encounter rhetoric is offered as a means for dismantling binary positions and potentially providing relief to otherwise marginalized voices and communities. In addition, the potential relevance of the framework is considered in relation to new and social media, including reflections upon those parties unwilling or unable to respectfully or safely engage in encounters of mutual regard. The usefulness of encounter rhetoric may be further considered as a tool for analyzing the rhetorical acumen of communicators as leaders and leaders as communicators, especially those orators, reluctant or charismatic, who traditionally have not been included as subjects for study in academic scholarship. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to Dr. Steven R. Goldzwig, Professor & Associate Dean for Graduate Studies and Research for the Diederich College of Communication, Marquette University. Dr. Goldzwig has served as my advisor for both my M.A. in Communication Studies with a Specialization in Rhetoric and for my interdisciplinary Ph.D. in Rhetorical Communication and Leadership. His expertise, generosity, and compassion are beyond compare. His commitment to ethical communication is modeled in his teaching, scholarship, and collegial work within our University community and his encouragement to pursue my authentic interests as a non-traditional student, spanning more than a decade, is acknowledged as an immeasurable gift. I am indebted to my committee, Dr. Sarah Bonewits-Feldner, Associate Professor, Department of Communication Studies, Marquette University; Dr. Johnette (Jay) Lynn Caulfield, Associate Professor & Associate Dean, College of Professional Studies, Marquette University; Dr. Stephen R. Sharkey, Professor of Sociology, Alverno College; and Dr. William J. Thorn, Associate Professor of Journalism, Marquette University. Throughout this process their combined expertise, support, and unwavering dependability has bolstered my resolve to “Keep Calm and Carry On” in the midst of competing demands and moments of self-doubt inherent to doctoral work. My alma mater and employer, Alverno College, is acknowledged as a treasured community of friends and colleagues, which has nurtured my personal and professional development for more than 20 years. I was granted a sabbatical to complete this work and I am an inaugural benefactor of The Alverno College Doctoral Completion Program. ii Any expression of gratitude seems wholly insufficient, however I am committed to upholding the underpinning vision and sentiment that has been extended to me in all of my future endeavors as an expression of my thankfulness. I wish to acknowledge my students at both Alverno College and Marquette University, whom continuously stand as my referent for dignity and diligence, as well as for the abiding potential of individuals to transform. It is with humility and respect that I bear witness to their learning. I also extend my heartfelt blessings to the Tertiary Sisters of St. Francis of Mambu, Bafut, Cameroon, (W. Africa), to Catholic Workers, and to all those served by these living saints, respectively. They have renewed my work ethic, commitment to service, and my faith. There are many cherished friends who have extended such kindness and acceptance, maintaining long-standing belief in my impassioned pursuits. They are the “soul sustenance” expressed in jazz, poetry, prayer, art, and dance. Foremost, I am profoundly grateful for my family. My beloved husband, partner, and proofreader, Jim, is a consistent source of affirmation grounding our lives. He has withstood a great deal. To my children, Ella, Carmen, and Joe, I can finally answer, “Yes,” to the question, “Are you done, yet Mama?” The Bickel’s, Brewster’s, and Stockwell’s makeup my tribe and enduring support system; to all of you, I dedicate this work. My final acknowledgment is allotted to Dorothy Day. Her lived example is worthy of exaltation and I willingly commit to her proposed “revolution of the heart.” Tracy Ann Stockwell, B.A., M.A. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………….i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………………ii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………….iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Stockwell, T., 2013, January 27…………………………………….1 Kitchen Table, Saints Francis and Therese Catholic Worker Community, Worcester, Massachusetts Figure 2. An Analytical Framework for Rhetorical Communication……..…72 and Leadership: “Encounter Rhetoric” PREFACE………………………………………………………………..……..…….2 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………..….14 Introduction………………………………………………………………..…14 Background and Biography………………………………………………….17 Dorothy May Day ~ November 8, 1897 – November 29, 1980……………..17 Purpose of the Study & Rationale……………………………………………25 Research Objective, Research Goal, & Research Questions………………...28 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REIVEW & THEORETICAL BASE………………30 Introduction…………………………………………………………………..31 Literature Review & Theoretical Base……………………………………….36 Related Scholarship: Dorothy Day’s Rhetorical Appeals and Leadership….37 Rhetorical Appeals………………………………………………………...…37 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Leadership…………………………………………………………..40 Theoretical Base for the Encounter Rhetoric Framework………….44 Invitational Rhetoric………………………………………………..45 Transformational Leadership Theory………………………………50 Social Movement Theory…………………………………………..54 CHAPTER 3: AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR RHETORICAL COMMUNICATION & LEADERSHIP “ENCOUNTER RHETORIC”…..60 Introduction………………………………………………………....61 Polarization & Division……………………………………………..61 Dorothy Day, Speech Anxiety, and Charisma……………………...62 A Framework of and for Dialogue…………………………….……65 Conceptualization & Development…………………………….…...67 Summative Overview & Definitions………………………….…….75 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY………………………………………………....78 Introduction………………………………………………………………....78 Methodological Rationale…………………………………………………..80 Method of Discourse Selection……………………………………………..83 v TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS & EVALUATION OF EXTEMPORANEOUS DISCOURSE……………………………………....94 Introduction……………………………………………………………….....94 Principled Persuasion as an Ethical Means to Communicate And to Lead………………………………………………………………..98 Unconditional Regard for the Value of Process, Mutuality and Voice…….103 Tentativeness in Understanding and Concluding…………………………..108 Acknowledgment of Paradox in Conditions and Perceptions………………116 Paradoxical Communication………………………………………..117 Paradoxical Conditions……………………………………………..121 Collaborative Action………………………………………………..129 CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY & CONCLUSION……………………………………138 Introduction…………………………………………………………………138 Summary……………………………………………………………………139 Limitations………………………………………………………………….140 Implications for Modern Practice…………………………………………..144 Potential Use in Other Contexts……………………………………………144 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Bridging Dialogical Exchange & Dismantling Binaries………………….…146 New & Social Media…………………………………………………….…..147 Willingness & Valuing an Encounter……………………………………….150 Conclusion “A Lifetime Job”.……………………………………………....151 BIBLIOGRAPHY & REFERENCES……………………………………………....154 1 Figure 1. Stockwell, T. 2013, January 27 Kitchen Table, Saints Francis and Therese Catholic Worker Community,
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