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November 1986 LawEnforcement Bulletin A Special Report November 1986, Volume 55, Number 11 ~@®@@U'©Du 1 The Police Foundation: A Special Report By Thomas J. Deakin [L,@ w ~ITil~ @ U'©@[]iJi)@ITil~ 12 Fighting Fear in Baltimore County: ~ @ O@ The COPE Project By Cornelius J. Behan [M1J @ITil@@@[]iJi)@ITil~ 16 The Nature of Police Authority By Donald C. Witham and Stephen D. Gladis [M1J@ITil@@@[]iJi)@ITil~ 21 Law Enforcement Career Management: Planning for Promotion By Thomas Mahoney [L,@@ @O@O@@®~ 25 Urinalysis Drug Testing Programs for Law Enforcement (Part II) By Jeffrey Higginbotham 31 Wanted by the FBI The Cover: With the Police Foundation vertical logo, the cover symbolizes the foundation "Crime File" video project. l?OO1J Law Enforcement Bulletin Un ited States Department of Justice Publi shed by th e Office of Federal Bureau of Investigation Congressional and Public Affairs. Washington, DC 20535 William M. Baker, Assistant Director Editor- Th oma s J. Deakin William H. Webster, Director Assistant Editor- Kathryn E. Sulewski Art Director- Kevin J. Mulholland The Attorney General has determined that the publication of this periodical IS necessary In the Production Manager- Marlethl a S Bl ack transaction of the publiC business reqUired by law Reprints- Beth Corbin of the Department of Justice Use of fund s for printing thiS periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through June 6. 1988 ISSN 0014-5688 USPS 383- 310 The Po/ice Foundation A Special Report The dramatic opening moments of are important to the public, the public's By the Police Foundation's series of elected policymakers, and to the police THOMAS J. DEAKIN "Crime File" videos are reminiscent of themselves. The newly appointed Special Agent/Editor, the popular "Hill Street Blues" televi• President of the Police Foundation, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin sion series: Scenes of officers at role Hubert Williams, wants to increase the call , on patrol, in raids , ending with a foundation 's support of law enforce• courtroom scene. More realistic than ment agencies seeking to adopt more• commercial television, these videos, effective means to accomplish their produced by the Police Foundation un• missions. Generating public and der a grant from the National Institute policymaker support of innovation, a of Justice, contain thoughtful, balanced purpose of these "Crime File" televi• analyses of issues affecting police sion productions, is one way of helping work today. law enforcement to achieve this goal. These half-hour programs, a new medium for dissemination of research results and debate in criminal justice, November 1986 I 1 The Police Foundation was ini• thus police must be close to the citi• tially best known for its year-long zens they serve. This belief is now a Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experi• tenet of police practice that has helped ment, conducted with the cooperation to foster today's neighborhood policing of Clarence M. Kelley, then Chief of programs and a variety of other pro• the Kansas City, MO, Police Depart• grams designed to bring police and the ment. Completed in 1973, this study citizenry closer together. showed that the level of preventive po• Other Police Foundation operating lice patrol did not affect the crime rate assumptions include: or citizens' fear of crime. "That the police must be willing to This conclusion caused a re• examine their practices and question Special Agent Deakin examination of one of policing's basic and experiment with the ways they tenets, that crime is prevented by ran• use their resources; That the police dom police patrol. Perhaps as impor• must be prudent and civil in the tant, the study opened policing's door ways they use their discretion, espe• to experimentation by showing that ex• cially in the use of force ; That to be periments could be conducted while a effective in controlling crime and police department carried out its re• maintaining order in the diverse sponsibilities to life and property. This communities of the nation's cities, was one of the goals of the Police police departments should actively Foundation: To overcome natural po• hire and promote members of minor• lice objections to experimentation, ob• ities and women ; That, because of jections based on fear the process cutbacks in local funding for many would interfere with normal operations police departments the police must and obligations. do more with less. ,,2 What is the Police Foundation and In many ways, especially the last, what is it trying to accomplish? What these assumptions are today gov• has been its impact on policing? How erning the ways police do their job. Ex• will the foundation's work affect the fu• periments with ways of using re• ture of policing? sources, prudence in the use of force ''The mission of the Police Founda• (also as mandated recently by the Su• tion is to foster improvement and in• preme Court), and hiring and novation in American policing and, promoting minorities (the number of thus, to help the police in their mis• black chiefs of police has greatly in• sion of reducing crime and disorder creased in recent years) are ways in in America's cities.'" which the police are seeking to do Beyond this basic mission state• more with less, as evidenced in the ment, underlying assumptions about pages of this Bulletin. police work guide the foundation ; over the last 16 years, these assumptions Ford Foundation Origins have become guiding standards for On July 1, 1970, McGeorge much of American policing. The foun • Bundy, President of the Ford Founda• dation believes that the control of tion, met with then FBI Director crime and the maintenance of order J. Edgar Hoover and outlined the Ford depend on the cooperation of citizens, Foundation's plan to begin a Police Development Fund, which would have $30 million to spend over the next 5 years. Three weeks later, on July 22, 2 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin '''The mission of the Police Foundation is to foster improvement and innovation in American pOlicing ... .'" Bundy held a press conference in New The report noted that America had periments and demonstrations aimed York City to announce the fund, which realized in recent years that there was at improving operations, and to sup• would make grants to police depart• a "seriously high incidence of crime" port special education and training ments to bring about major reforms. and the "system of criminal justice is projects." The fund would join with At the press conference, Bundy inadequate for its prevention or the ap• Federal, State, and local agencies in introduced Ivan Allen, Jr., former prehension of criminals ." The 1965 order to increase its impact. Mayor of Atlanta, GA, who would be Presidential Commission report, "The James Q. Wilson, today's Chair• the chairman of the board of the new Challenge of Crime in a Free Society," man of the Board of Directors of the organization. The board would include recommended far-reaching improve• Police Foundation and a Professor of members of the legal, academic, and ments, and later reports from the Com• Government at Harvard University, told police communities, including Quinn mission on Civil Disorders (the Kerner the Bulletin that the Police Foundation Tamm, Executive Director of the Inter• Commission) and the Commission of took its present name immediately af• national Association of Chiefs of Police the Causes and Prevention of Violence ter the Ford Foundation announce• (IACP) and a former FBI executive. (the Eisenhower Commission) added ment of the formation of a Police De• Executive Director of the fund would significant observations on the need velopment Fund , to avoid any be Charles H. Rogovin, former head of for more effective policing. connotation that the ''fund'' was to im• the Law Enforcement Assistance Ad• These commission reports ob• prove policing in the manner of improv• ministration and previously an Assist• served that a fundamental attack on ing underdeveloped countries. ant Attorney General of Massachu• crime would require a national effort to Wilson, an original member of the setts. lessen poverty, slums, ill health, and il• board of directors, said that a differ• Other members of the board with literacy, but the Ford Foundation said ence in poli cy priorities between the police backgrounds included Michael remedies to the criminal justice system board and the Police Foundation's first Canlis, then President of the National "cannot wait for action on the full range President, Charles H. Rogovin, led to Sheriff's Association; Hubert Locke, of our social ills." Noting that Federal the selection of Patrick Murphy as the former Deputy Police Commissioner of funds would be available in the 1970's new chief executive officer of the foun• Detroit and a professor at Wayne State to assist local police for the first time dation in 1973. The board wanted a re• University; David McCandless, Direc• (the Law Enforcement Assistance Ad• search focus for the foundation while tor of the Southern Police Institute in ministration), the foundation expressed Rogovin, the board felt, was more in• Louisville, KY; Lawrence Pierce, a concern whether our society would terested in an emphasis on police former Deputy Commissioner of the end up with more of the same system leadership development and training. 6 New York City Police Department; and or with "something new and signifi• Another member of the Police Stanley Schrotel, former Chief of Po• cantly different" in policing, because: Foundation's Board of Directors noted 3 lice in Cincinnati. "We leave to the police many of so• that the board is self-perpetuating ; A report on the newly established ciety's problems, whether or not they members elect new members as va• police development fund was issued at are equipped to handle them.