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Looking for Stories and Unbroken Threads: Museum Artifacts As Women’S History and Cultural Legacy by Sherry Farrell Racette

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Looking for Stories and Unbroken Threads: Museum Artifacts As Women’S History and Cultural Legacy by Sherry Farrell Racette Restoring the Balance First Nations Women, Community, and Culture Image Not Available Maria Hupfield,An Indian Act (Moccasins), 1997 Restoring the Balance First Nations Women, Community, and Culture Gail Guthrie Valaskakis, Madeleine Dion Stout, and Eric Guimond, editors University of Manitoba Press University of Manitoba Press Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3T 2M5 uofmpress.ca © University of Manitoba Press 2009 Cover and interior design: Relish Design Studio Cover image: Robert Houle, MorningStar. Collection of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Photo by Lawrence Cook. Reproduced by permission of Robert Houle. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Restoring the balance : First Nations women, community, and culture / edited by Gail Guthrie Valaskakis, Madeleine Dion Stout, Eric Guimond. Includes bibliographical references. Issued in print and electronic formats. ISBN 978-0-88755-186-4 (bound). ISBN 978-0-88755-709-5 (pbk.) ISBN 978-0-88755-361-5 (PDF) ISBN 978-0-88755-412-4 (epub) 1. Indian women—Canada—Social conditions. 2. Indian women—Canada—History. 3. Women in community development—Canada. I. Valaskakis, Gail Guthrie II. Stout, Madeleine Dion III. Guimond, EricE98. W8R48 2009 305.48’897071 C2008-907736-9 All author royalties are being donated to the National Aboriginal Achievement Awards of Canada. The University of Manitoba Press gratefully acknowledges the financial support for its publication program provided by the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund, the Canada Council for the Arts, the Manitoba Department of Culture, Heritage, Tourism, the Manitoba Arts Council, and the Manitoba Book Publishing Tax Credit. Contents ix • Dedication xi • Acknowledgements xiii • Notes on Co-editors xv • Notes on Contributors 1 • Introduction by Gail Guthrie Valaskakis, Madeleine Dion Stout, and, Eric Guimond 11 • Theme 1: Historic Trauma 13 • Trauma to Resilience: Notes on Decolonization by Cynthia C. Wesley-Esquimaux 35 • Contributions That Count: First Nations Women and Demography by Cleo Big Eagle and Eric Guimond 69 • First Nations Women’s Contributions to Culture and Community through Canadian Law by Yvonne Boyer 97 • Theme 2: Intellectual and Social Movements 99 • Leading by Action: Female Chiefs and the Political Landscape by Kim Anderson 125 • Creating an Indigenous Intellectual Movement at Canadian Universities: The Stories of Five First Nations Female Academics by Jo-ann Archibald 149 • Reflections on Cultural Continuity through Aboriginal Women’s Writings by Emma LaRocque 175 • Sisters in Spirit by Anita Olsen Harper 201• Theme 3: Health and Healing 203 • Heart of the Nations: Women’s Contribution to Community Healing by Marlene Brant Castellano 237 • A Relational Approach to Cultural Competence by Gaye Hanson 265 • Theme 4: Arts, Culture, and Language 267 • A Culture of Art: Profiles of Contemporary First Nations Women Artists by Viviane Gray 283 • Looking for Stories and Unbroken Threads: Museum Artifacts as Women’s History and Cultural Legacy by Sherry Farrell Racette 313 • The Role of First Nations Women in Language Continuity and Transition by Mary Jane Norris 355 • Bibliography List of Illustrations Accompanying the essays in this volume is a selection of artwork by First Nations women artists from the collection of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Ottawa. The editors selected pieces that reflect the themes found in this volume and contribute to the dialogue about cultural continuity and community resilience. These appear on Plates 1 to 9 in the colour pages following Page 270; five of the images are also reproduced in the lead pages of the thematic sections and in the frontispiece. The images on Plates 10 to 15 are discussed in Viviane Gray’s chapter, “A Culture of Art: Profiles of Contemporary First Nations Women Artists.” 272 • Jane Ash Poitras 276 • Shirley Cheechoo 276 • Daphne Odjig 278 • Susan Point Colour Plates Following Page 270 1. Susan Point, Survivor, 1992. 2. Alice Olsen Williams, Midewiwin Women’s Colours, 1999. 3. Maria Hupfield, An Indian Act (Moccasins), 1997. 4. Zoey Wood-Salomon, Meeting with the Chiefs, 1993. 5. Joane Cardinal-Schubert, My Mother’s Vision, 1983 6. Katia Kurtness, Fragment of Textile, 2004. 7. Teresa Marshall, Mikmaq Worldview, 2005. 8. Katia Kurtness, Our Language on 3 Lines, 2004. 9. Jane Ash Poitras, Magenta Earth Manitou, 1986. 10. Joane Cardinal-Schubert, In the Garden, My Mother’s Vision, 1987. 11. Still from Bearwalker, 2000. 12. Daphne Odjig, In the Bosom of the Earth, 1969. 13. Susan Point, Flight, 1994. Commissioned by Vancouver International Airport Authority. 14. Ann Smith displaying her traditional Ravenstail woven dance robe with leggings and apron. Credits and Permissions Page 272, photo courtesy of Clint Buehler. Page 276, photo courtesy of Shirley Cheechoo. Page 276, photo by Fred Cattroll. Page 278, photo courtesy of Susan Point. Plate 1, collec- tion of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada; photo by Lawrence Cook; reproduced by permission of Susan Point (image also appears on Page 11). Plate 2, collection of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada; photo by Lawrence Cook; reproduced by permission of Alice Olsen Williams (image also appears on Page 201). Plate 3, collection of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada; photo by Lawrence Cook; reproduced by permission of Maria Hupfield (image also appears on frontispiece). Plate 4, collection of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada; photo by Lawrence Cook; reproduced by permission of Zoey Wood-Salomon (image also appears on Page 97). Plate 5, collection of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada; photo by Lawrence Cook; reproduced by permission of Joane Cardinal-Schubert. Plate 6, collection of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada; photo by Lawrence Cook; reproduced by permission of Katia Kurtness. Plate 7, collection of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada; photo by Lawrence Cook; reproduced by permission of Teresa Marshall (image also appears on Page 265). Plate 8, collection of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada; photo by Lawrence Cook; reproduced by permission of Katia Kurtness. Plate 9, collection of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada; photo by Lawrence Cook; reproduced by permission of Jane Ash Poitras. Plate 10, collection of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada; photo by Lawrence Cook; reproduced by permission of Joane Cardinal-Schubert. Plate 11, photo by Sophie Geraud; © Girls from the Backroads, 2000. Plate 12, collection of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada; photo by Lawrence Cook; reproduced by permission of Daphne Odjig. Plate 13, photo courtesy of Susan Point. Plate 14, photo courtesy of Brian Walker. Dedication Dedicated to the memory of Gail Guthrie Valaskakis, who passed on to the spirit world on July 19, 2007. Your contributions will live on in the spirit of cultural continuity embodied in this work. Your dedication to sharing all knowledge, Western and traditional, for the betterment of all, is a guide to compassion and reconciliation. We are immensely grateful for your teachings throughout the journey of this project and we miss you. This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements we would like to thank some of the many people who poured so much energy into this project. First, the book was shaped by the contributions of representatives of federal government departments and academic institutions who served on an advisory committee and provided many of the initial ideas on how to develop this project, as well as suggestions on the various topics. Among these individuals were Lila Duffy, Director of Women’s Issues and Gender Equality, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (inac); Cleo Big Eagle, Senior Policy Officer at Aboriginal Affairs Directorate, Human Resources and Social Development Canada; Viviane Gray, Curator of the Indian and Inuit Art Centre, inac; and David Newhouse, Chair of Indigenous Studies, Trent University. Second, staff within the Strategic Research and Analysis Directorate at inac contributed substantial time and effort with respect to this project. These staff included Norma Chamberlain and Norma Lewis- Hartwick, who performed the myriad of administrative tasks necessary to get a manuscript ready; Stephanie Markovich, who contacted artists; and, most important, Beverlee Moore, who coordinated the call for papers and selection of authors and kept everyone on track. Third, senior bureaucrats at inac— namely, Dan Beavon and Sandra Ginnish—supported the development of this book. We are indebted to all of the individuals mentioned above for their xii support and assistance. Above all, however, this book could not have been produced without all Aboriginal women who have worked tirelessly over the past seven generations to create better lives for the seven generations to come. Notes on Co-editors GAIL GUTHRIE VALASKAKIS Gail Guthrie Valaskakis was a distinguished professor emeritus of Concordia University in Montreal, where she had served as dean, Faculty of Arts and Science; vice-dean, academic planning; chair of the Department of Commu- nication Studies; and director of the ma program in media studies. In addi- tion, Ms. Guthrie Valaskakis was a founding member of the boards of Waseskun Healing Lodge, the Montreal Native Friendship Centre (on which she served as secretary and president), the Native North American Studies Institute, and Manitou Community College. She served on the advisory boards of the National Film Board’s New Initiatives in Film program for women of colour and women of the First Nations, and Studio One, the First Nations Studio. Ms. Guthrie Valaskakis
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