PUBLIC AFFAIRS 105 the bottom of tbe list, with Mississippi Library. Where the population of the and Arkansas, in its per capita expenditure county is less than 40,000 the unit could on public libraries and its per capita book be enlarged to include two or three circulation. The Prince Edward Island' counties. According to library author­ demonstration attracted the attention of ities the minimum population for effective many people in Nova Scotia and there is library service is 40,000 to 50,000 and the now considerable interest in the possibility minimum budget $25,000, or fifty cents of establishing similar systems in Nova per capita. The cost would be the joint Scotia. This could be effected through a system concern of the cities, towns and rural of county libraries, each conducted on municipalities with possibly, some as­ lines similar to the Prince Edward Island sistance from the government.

Cape Breton Highlands National Park

By R. J. C. STEAD

CANADA'S great chain of national of St. Lawrence. Along its eastern coast , playgrounds has recently been aug­ are the picturesque fishing ports and mented by the addition of a remarkable villages, out of which ply the sturdy sea-shore area-the Cape Breton High­ individuals that gain their livelihood lands National Park. Situated in the from the sea. northern part of Cape Breton Island, one Another distinctive feature of the of the most picturesque of all the interest­ region is the retention of old customs and ing sections of Nova Scotia, the Park handicrafts by the inhabitants of the contains an area of approximately 458 vicinity, many of whom are of Scotch square miles. It includes sections of the descent. Their native songs and dances counties of Inverness and Victoria, and have also been handed down through lies between the Atlantic Ocean and the generations and make public celebrations Gulf of St. Lawrence. and festivals most interesting. One of the great attractions of Cape Access to the Park is provided by a Breton Island is the diversified nature of motor highway called the Cabot Trail, its scenery, and the new Park exemplifies which connects with the main provincial its wild and rugged coastline and its highway system. Entrance to the Park beautiful rolling interior. Along the west­ may be made over an eastern route ern coast steep well-timbered hills rise leading through the famous Bras D'Or sharply from the sea to a height of from Lake region to Sydney and Ingonish, 1,200 to 1,700 feet and bold headlands or by way of a western route via the well­ jut out to form delightful bays and known Margaree Valley to Cheticamp. sandy coves. In the interior of the The Cabot Trail practically girdles the park are beautiful green valleys, snuggling Park on three sides in the form of a vast between rolling blue-green hills, that horseshoe, and traverses many delightful resemble greatly the Highlands of Scot­ scenic regions. land. On the great plateau which forms One of the most popular approaches to the central portion of the Park are numer­ the Park from the mainland of Nova ous little lakes, which feed streams that Scotia is made via highway No. 5 from flow both to the Atlantic and to the Gulf Port Hawkesbury to the Margaree Valley, EDITOR'S NOTE: R. J. C. Stead Is Superintendent connecting there with the Cabot Trail. of PubliCity and Information In the Department of Mines and Re90urcea at Ottawll.. From Margaree Forks the route is follow- 106 PUBLIC AFFAIRS p.d northward through the village bays separated by the long narrow head­ of Cheticamp to the northern houndary land known as Middle Head. of the Park. North of Cheticamp comes South Ingonish Harbour has many one of the most thrilling sections of the features of interest to the visitor. Enter­ drive. The road rises as high as 1,200 ing the harbour boats pass through a feet above the water, particularly in the narrow gap past a lighthouse, into a vicinity ofCape Rouge, where magnificent broad well-sheltered bay. Lying at anc­ seascapes and remarkable views of the hor are large sword-fishing boats with coastline may be obtained. their tall masts equipped with lookout About two miles from Cap Rouge, the stations, and their "pulpit" or spear road turns inland, climbing gradually throwing station located on the cow. through wooded valleys to the top of From South Ingonish the Cabot Trail is French Mountain with an elevation of followed out of the Park over Cape 1,260 feet, and from there to the top of Smoky and south to Englishtown Ferry, Mackenzie Mountain, with an elevation where a turn westward may be made to of 1,200 feet. From these points wonder­ Baddeck on Bras D'Or Lake, or eastward ful views may be obtained of the surround­ to Sydney, the metropolis of Cape Breton ing country and the adjoining coastline. Island. The ne,t point of interest to be reached During 1936 an administrative centre is Pleasant Bay, located just outside the for the Park was established at North Park boundary. Pleasant Bay is a popu­ Ingonish, where a resident superintendent lar summer resort and a place of great is located. A park warden service, re­ beauty, and is noted for the excellent sponsible for fire and game protectidn fishing in the vicinity. From Pleasant has also been established and develop­ Bay the road turns eastward across the ment work has been commenced on a Park following the valley of the Grand modest scale. Improvements to date Anse River across the height of land to the have been confined for the most part to Aspy River Valley. Between Pleasant highway and trail construction. Portions Bay and Cape North are several lookouts of the Cabot Trail are being rebuilt to which furnish spectacular views of the park standard, and revision made to great valley which runs inward from Aspy provide easy grades. Other improve­ Bay on the Atlantic Ocean. Before .ments which are planned for the future reaching Big Intervale the motorist leaves include the provision of additional facil­ the Park, and re-enters a few miles beyond ities for recreation, and the e,tension of the settlement of Cape North, near ~outh accommodation for park visitors. Harbour. Accommodation of a limited nature is Continuing southeastward, the highway available in nearly all the small villages emerges on the Atlantic coast at Neil and fishing ports in the vicinity of the Harbour, one of the most picturesque Park, including Cheticamp, Pleasant Bay, of all the fishing villages in the vicinity. Neil Harcour and Ingonish. It is antici­ Here the mighty Atlantic rolls in to break pated that the gradual development of in clouds of spray on the rocky shore, the Park will result in the erection of while in the little sheltered harbour additional hotels and bungalow camps, numerous fishing craft ride at anchor. as well as camping areas for visitors From Neil Harbour the route turns carrying their own camping equipment southward, crossing a number of beautiful or travelling with motor trailers. little streams. One of these, Mary Ann Opportunities for recreation in the Brook, tumbles telow the highway bridge Park as yet are limited mainly to fishing, in a series of falls into a quiet pool. bathing, boating and hiking, as well as Farther on are the viIlages of North motoring along the park highway. Many Ingonish and South Ingonish, lying in the of the smaller streams and lakes of the shadow of Cape Smoky. This bold Park abound in s]:orty trout, and salmon prominence towers more than 1,000 feet also ascend the larger streams, providing above the sea, overlooking the twin excellent sport for tl)e angler. Deep PUBLIC AFFAIRS 107 sea fishing enthusiasts may also gratify Cape Breton Highlands National Park their ambitions, for one of the finest is still in its early stages of development sword-fishing grounds in the North At­ as a national recreational area and wild lantic lies off Ingonish and Neil Harbour. life sanctuary. However, as time goes Commercial fishermen use both the on, orderly development along approved small "snapper boat" carrying a crew lines will be carried out, including the of about three men, and the large schoon­ construction and improvement of high­ er, with its tall mast and lookout stations. ways and trails, the restoration of Both types of boat are equipped with the mammalian wild life indigenous to the picturesque "pulpit", or station on the area, and the provision of additional bowsprit, from which the harpoon is facilities for accommodation and recrea­ thrown at the swordfish. Angling for tion. Endowed by Nature with many swordfish, as well as other large species, natural advantages Cape Breton High­ including tuna, is becoming very popular lands National Park for years to come in Nova Scotia, and recently new North American records were established for will serve the aesthetic and recreational both tuna and swordfish caught by rod needs of the people of Canada and visitors and line in Nova Scotian waters. within her gates.

The Danish Farmer, His Cooperative and His Folk High School

By PETER MANNICHE

DENMARK is not an Eldorado, but villages cover seventy per cent of all there are certain aspects of its sales out there. life and activities which are of significance As to producers' cooperation more to foreigners who are interested in social than eighty-six per cent of the milk is and educational reform. It has been sent to the 1,400 cooperative dairies called a cooperative commonwealth and and some eighty per cent of the pigs to though this is an exaggeration it is true the 50 cooperative slaughter houses. that Danish farmers have carried co­ The chief services of cooperation to operation through to a greater extent the Danish farmer have been: (I) that than the farmers in any other country. it has made it possible for him to unite A Danish farmer is now environed by the advantages of intensive small-scale cooperation. He gets the working cap­ farming with the advantages of large­ ital he needs from a cooperative credit scale machinery in dairies and slaughter association. He buys a great deal o' houses; (2) that it has freed him from the imported fodder and fertiliser through commercial responsibility of his job and cooperative purchasing societies. Though allowed him to concentrate on the pro­ the consumers cooperatives cover one duction of good crops and stocks; (3) fifth of the selling of the country as a that the dairies and slaughter houses, whole, the cooperative stores in the through mutual cooperation, are able to adapt their production to the changing EDITOR'S NOTE: Peter Ma.nolche 18 Principal of the International Folk Hlgb School in Elsinore, Oen­ needs of the markets in a quicker and mllrk. He bas done a areat deal to promote the Idea of Folk High Schools In other countrles. He more expedient way than would otherwise has repeatedly been in No.a SCoda and other paTh of Canada lpea.ldng about hla work. have been the case; 4 finally there is little