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LIFE BEGINS AT 40 OLD HAWK TEACHES NEW TRICKS

September 2014

AIRCRAFT AND SATELLITE INSURANCE

FARNBOROUGH AIR SHOW REPORT MH17 AND THE MISSILE THREAT A regal Christmas celebration in Mayfair

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* Images show hired chairs that would be an extra cost Volume 41 Number 9 September 2014 The SAM threat and Millennium Falcon civil

Paul Heasman Does life begin at 40 What can be done to for BAE’s Hawk AJT prevent a repeat of the trainer? tragedy of MH17? Contents 14 30

Correspondence on all aerospace matters is welcome at: The Editor, AEROSPACE, No.4 Hamilton Place, London W1J 7BQ, UK [email protected] Comment Regulars 4 Radome 12 Transmission The latest aviation and Your letters, emails, tweets aeronautical intelligence, and feedback. analysis and comment. 58 The Last Word Beware a messy divorce 10 Antenna Keith Hayward on the EC’s Howard Wheeldon looks at New Deal for European how the MAA is making UK Defence report. This month goes to the polls to decide its future inside or outside military aviation safer. the UK. The decision, by Scotland’s voters, has profound implications not only for this 300-year partnership but also for the UK’s aerospace, aviation and defence sectors. The SNP’s wish to move the location of the UK’s Trident Features nuclear deterrent and close the Faslane base could result in an extremely costly 18 Farnborough Show and lengthy relocation process — and would blow a hole below the waterline Report of the UK’s defence budget planning. In addition, the SNP has published its A round-up of the highlights, orders and news from FIA post-independence desires — which include 16-18 Eurofi ghter Typhoons, 2014.

four C-130Js, four frigates and six army which will fragment the CollinsRockwell UK’s shrinking combat power even further — just at a time when the need for a robust NATO capability has been at its highest since 1989. There are also questions over a small nation supporting and operating 18 Eurofi ghters — when other countries such as have diffi culty fi elding the cheaper Gripen. In addition to the effect of independence on high-level organisations, such as the 34 EU and NATO, there are also other aerospace implications. Complex multilateral agreements with international bodies such as ICAO, ITAR waivers, airworthiness 24 Technology Horizons Rockwell Collins on its path (a Scottish CAA/AAIB?) and airspace (a divided Scottish/UK NATS?) will all to innovation. need to be examined in detail, unpicked and then reapplied. Independence may Taking cover The role of aviation affect the location of the UK’s fi rst spaceport (six of the current eight potential insurance in protecting sites are in Scotland). At the national level there are industry bodies like the new against liability. ATI, Space UK and ADS to consider too. In short — should Scotland decide to Ian Black go it alone, untangling these deep aerospace and aviation ties may prove more challenging than at fi rst glance.

Tim Robinson

[email protected] 38 27 Bolt into the BLUE NEWSEditor-in-Chief IN BRIEFAEROSPACE is published by the Royal AEROSPACE subscription rates: Satellites: Reliability in an QRA in the ultimate Cold Tim Robinson Aeronautical Society (RAeS). Non-members, £150 era of change War interceptor — the +44 (0)20 7670 4353 Chief Executive Please send your order to: The space insurance market. Lightning. [email protected] Simon C Luxmoore Dovetail Services Ltd, 800 Guillat Deputy Editor Advertising Avenue, Kent Science Park, Bill Read Emma Bossom Sittingbourne, Kent ME9 8GU, UK. +44 (0)20 7670 4351 +44 (0)20 7670 4342 +44 (0)1795 592939 [email protected] [email protected] +44 (0)844 856 0650 (fax) 41 [email protected] Publications Manager Unless specifi cally attributed, no Chris Male material in AEROSPACE shall be taken Any member not requiring a print +44 (0)20 7670 4352 to represent the opinion of the RAeS. version of this magazine, please 42 Message from our President [email protected] contact: [email protected] Reproduction of material used in this 43 Message from our Chief Executive Production Editor publication is not permitted without the USA: Periodical postage paid at Wayne J Davis written consent of the Editor-in-Chief. Champlain New and additional 44 Book Reviews +44 (0)20 7670 4354 offi ces. [email protected] Printed by Buxton Press Limited, 47 Library Additions Palace Road, Buxton, Derbyshire Postmaster: Send address changes to IMS of New York, PO Box 1518, 48 The Society at Farnborough Online Editorial Assistant SK17 6AE, UK Alfonso Serrano Alcala Champlain NY 12919-1518, USA. 50 Farnboroughs past Additional features and content Book Review Editor Distributed by Royal Mail Brian Riddle ISSN 2052-451X 52 Diary are available to view online on Editorial Offi ce 54 Corporate Partners www.media.aerosociety.com/ Royal Aeronautical Society aerospace-insight No.4 Hamilton Place 55 First Lecture Including: Five daily blogs on the highlights from London W1J 7BQ, UK 56 RAeS Elections the 2014 Farnborough Air Show, +44 (0)20 7670 4300 Defending against missiles, [email protected] August 1914 — the RFC goes to war, www.aerosociety.com Front cover: View from cockpit of an RAF Hawk trainer. Paul Heasman &A with the Scorpion king.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 13 Radome

INTELLIGENCE / ANALYSIS / COMMENT

Tiltwing Not strictly a tiltrotor, the E7 would use a tiltwing with two 'proprotors' to achieve verti- cal fl ight. The whole wing, with four control surfaces, would be able to swivel up to 100 degrees from horizontal. The tiltwing would also act as an airbrake for steep descents.

Joined-wing confi guration The high-lift 'box' or joined-wing confi guration is not new but here joined with a tiltwing gives the E7 unique qualities including, a higher operating ceiling and better lift-drag ratio than the current V-22 Osprey. The joined-wing confi guration also gives low stall speeds — important in transition to and from forward fl ight. NEWS IN BRIEF

?????? ???? ???? ??? ???

Elytron ????? ????? ??????

?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? GENE????? ????? ??????RAL AVIATION ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? Diamond-wing????? ????? ?????? VTOL ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? From????? ????? California, ?????? comes this advanced high-speed VTOL concept from Elytron Aircraft — the 7S which combines two technologies, a tiltwing and a 'box' or diamond-wing confi guration, for a next-generation executive or business transport.?????? ???? ????The ???seven-seater ??? 7S is the larger of two concepts from the company, with a smaller two-seat 2S technology????? ????? demonstrator set for fl ight tests in 2015. As well as an executive transport, Elytron also foresee other missions such as SAR, offshore oil support and EMS.

4 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 Engine A turbocharged engine with FADEC powers the proprotors via two gearboxes. Once in the horizontal forward fl ight mode, speeds of 300kt are predicted. The proprotors also counter rotate, eliminating yaw issues.

Ease of piloting Elytron envisage a fully-equipped with ADS-B, TAWS, WAAS and NextGen ready. EVS for low-visibility would also be fi tted. The air- craft would also be fi t- ted with optional pilot assistance including envelope protection and yaw dampening.

Undercarriage Safety The Elytron 7S would feature As well as an enhanced glide ratio a retractable, wheeled tricycle compared to helicopters or tiltrotors, the undercarriage. 7S also features other safety enhance- ments. The position of the proprotors inside the boxwing prevents rotor strikes. Meanwhile, Elytron say that it will also feature a run-dry gearbox and an advanced ballistic parachute — able to be deployed from 0-130kt. Elytron Aircraft

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 5 Radome

AIR AEROSPACE TRANSPORT MD-83 MH17 shootdown stokes tensions

Mali crash On 17 July, a Malaysian afternoon as MH17. accident investigation. Boeing 777- Access to the crash site A total of 282 bodies An Air Algerie MD-83 en 200ER on a fl ight from proved diffi cult owing to recovered from the crash route from Burkina Faso Amsterdam to Kuala the confl ict in the region. site were moved by train to Algeria crashed in the Lumpur crashed over The CVR and FDR from to Kharkiv and fl own to Sahara between Gao and eastern Ukraine killing MH17 were handed The Netherlands aboard a Tessalit in north-eastern all 283 passengers and over to investigators by RNLAF C-130 and RAAF Mali on 24 July with no 15 crew. pro-Russian rebels on C-17. survivors. Flight AH5017, Flight MH17, which was 22 July who agreed to The incident sparked which was chartered from fl ying at 33,000ft, is guarantee safe access for off a major international

Spain’s Swiftair, had 110 strongly believed to have investigators to the crash incident with Russia being Netherlands The passengers and six crew been hit by a SA-11 ‘Buk’ site. The black boxes were blamed for supplying Map of MH17 crash site released by The Netherlands aboard when it was lost SAM fi red by pro-Russian then handed to the UK the separatists with the showing how much has been during heavy storms. Initial separatists. Eight other AAIB on 23 July who will SA-11, including tit-for-tat searched. fi ndings from the FDR commercial passenger attempt to retrieve data sanctions. France has data show that the aircraft fl ights are reported to have from them as collaboration resisted pressure to halt has threatened to ban entered a spiral dive after fl own over the eastern with the Dutch authorities the delivery of two European airlines from losing speed. Ukraine on the same who are leading the carriers to overfl ying Siberia on fl ights Russia. Meanwhile, Russia to the Far East. SPACEFLIGHT GENERAL AVIATION Rosetta rendezvous Bristow's AW189 enters with comet service Europe's comet probe, AW189 super-medium Rosetta has successfully has reported helicopter. Bristow rendezvoused with the that, on 21 will have two comet 67P/Churyumov- July, it carried AW189s based Gerasimenko after a 10- out its fi rst at Norwich year chase. ESA is now commercial Airport, UK, adjusting its orbit prior offshore fl ight to serve the to deploying the Philae with its new southern North Sea lander in November. AgustaWestland oil fi elds. Bristow ESA NEWS IN BRIEF

on the islands of Penghu, Lemaître on 29 July to the 8X early next year, with privatise and restructure Bombardier has Taiwan, killing 47 people International Space Station certifi cation slated for mid- loss-making Malaysian announced it will change and injuring 11. (ISS). The resupply ATV 5 2016 and initial deliveries Airlines (MAS). its business structure was successfully launched anticipated by the end of and cut 1,800 jobs. The grounding order from ESA’s spaceport in 2016. US tactical training and The company will split has been lifted on the Korou, French Guiana fl ight support services its aerospace unit into Lockheed Martin F-35 using an Ariane 5 . Boeing has teamed up company Draken three segments focused with the aircraft returning The fi rst ATV fl ew in 2008. with South African Airways International is to buy up on business aircraft, to limited fl ight status. It to develop made to 28 Aero Vodochody commercial aircraft recently completed wet Dassault announced on from a hybrid tobacco plant L-159Es from the Czech and aerostructures and and crosswind 22 July the assembly which will be produced by Republic. engineering services. testing at Edwards AFB, of , and alternative jet fuel maker California. engines of its fi rst Falcon SkyNRG. SpaceX is to a new On 23 July, a TransAsia 8X, paving the way for the launch facility at Boca ATR 72 crashed ESA launched the fi fth start of ground tests in After the loss of MH370 Chica Beach on the on a second attempt at and fi nal ATV (Automated the coming months. The and MH17 and falling Gulf of Mexico, on the landing during a storm Transfer Vehicle) Georges company expects to fl y the share prices, is to outskirts of Brownsville,

6 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 AIR TRANSPORT GENERAL AVIATION Etihad, Alitalia agree Pilatus PC-24 rolls out on Swiss stakeholder deal National Day -based carrier partnership. The agreement Pilatus has offi cially Swiss national day. The of three aircraft will be Etihad will now acquire will see the two airlines unveiled its new PC-24 fi rst fl ight is scheduled by produced for the fl ight test a 49% stake in ailing invest some €1·76bn in ‘Workhorse’ business jet, spring 2015 and a total programme. Italian fl ag carrier Alitalia Alitalia to restructure and rolling the fi rst prototype for €388m — as the two rebrand it, with the goal of out of the production airlines agreed terms of the profi tability in 2017. hangar on 1 August: the DEFENCE Pilatus AEROSPACE Buzz off

USAF German aerospace low-level (50ft) passes over research lab DLR has Magdeburg/Cochstedt Air strikes, airdrops as crisis conducted test fl ights Airport to collect insects. deepens using its A320-based The next stage of the tests Advance Technology will be to install retractable The US has begun air strikes against ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) insurgents Research Aircraft (ATRA) Kruger wing fl aps on as a humanitarian crisis deepens in the north of Iraq. The militant group's swift capture of to assess how wing laminar-fl ow wings to terrrority led to upwards of 20,000 Yazidis fl eeing up Mount Sinjar to escape ISIL forces. contamination by insects redirect insects away from The US and UK has joined Iraq in airdropping food and water to these refugees, using can be avoided on laminar- the leading edges during helicopters, USAF C-17s and RAF C-130Js. The UK MoD is also believed to be set to fl ow aerofoils. The trials take-off and landing as well deploy four Chinooks to aid the relief effort. saw the ATRA A320 make as enhance lift.

Texas. The facility will navigation, ADS-B, been grounded due to arriving on Mars in 2004, the fi rst time. The group comprise the rocket instrument, weather, and EU sanctions in the wake beating the previous record has been put together as launch site, a control airspace information in the of the MH17 shootdown. which was held by the priority to consider risks to command centre and a cockpit. However, it is still reported Soviet Union's Lunokhod following the ground-tracking station, to be planning to buy up to 2 rover. shootdown of MAS Flight all within two miles of Now on its fi nal test 16 Boeing 737-800s. MH17. It is set to report to each other. phase, ' A350 XWB Bell Helicopter has the ICAO Council. MSN5 has completed a Poland has solicitated delivered the fi rst Bell 429 Aero Glass has developed three-week global route- interest in acquiring up to to the New York Police All Nippon Airways (ANA) a new ‘augmented reality’ proving tour of 14 cities in 40 attack helicopters. to Department as one of four has become the fi rst Google Glass-based Canada, , South Africa, replace its Mi-24s. on order. to begin revenue fl ights head-mounted display , South America, with the Boeing 787-9 for GA pilots. Scheduled Middle-East, Russia and NASA's Opportunity As AEROSPACE goes to Dreamliner on 7 August. for release in Q3 of this Europe. Mars rover now holds the press, the International Meanwhile, fi rst to take year, the glasses offer off- roving distance Civil Aviation Organization's delivery of the -9, Air New a wearable solution for Dobrolet, the low-cost arm record after accruing 25 (ICAO) new confl ict task Zealand followed suit on 9 providing pilots with of Russia's Aerofl ot has miles of driving since force is set to meet for August.

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AIR TRANSPORT SPACEFLIGHT Tata, SIA launch new Indian airline NASA completes second Orion recovery test NASA and the US Navy have completed the second recovery tests of the Orion space capsule off the coast Vistara of California. The aim of this Singapore Airways and in October using a single test, conducted on 2 August, the Tata Group have Airbus A320, although is to determine primary announced the launch of there are plans to and alternate means of a new jointly-owned Indian increase the fl eet to 20 recovering the Orion module carrier. aircraft within fi ve years. in preparation for Orion's Named Vistara (from the The launch is subject fi rst trip to and from space in

Sanskrit word meaning to approval by India’s Exploration Flight Test-1 iny ky

‘limitless expanse', the new Directorate General of Civil December this year. r ors k NASA

airline will begin operations Aviation. Sikorsky GENERAL AVIATION DEFENCE strikes Gaza Lancs reunited For the fi rst time since the mid 1960s, two In the biggest military Operation Protective Edge Lancasters are operation of its kind on 8 July, some 1,881 fl ying in UK skies. since 2008, Israel Palestinians have Lancaster 'V-Vera' from has conducted been killed, while the Canadian Warplane extensive air 67 Israelis Heritage Museum made and artillery were killed. a transatlantic fl ight on strikes on Israeli forces 4 August from Hamilton Gaza as struck to RAF Coningsby. As it seeks over 3,834 AEROSPACE goes to to destroy targets. press, the aircraft has Hamas’s rocket- Meanwhile, joined the RAF BBMF fi ring capability and Hamas forces have

Lancaster for a six-week infi ltration tunnels. IDF launched over 2,927

MoD tour of air displays. Since the start of at Israel. NEWS IN BRIEF

will be used to conduct the AsiaSat 8 commercial fuselage of the new On 13 August, South fi rst orbital fl ight due to On 10 August 38 people telecomunications satellite An-178 has been rolled Africa's Paramount launch in November 2016 were killed in Tehran, into orbit on 5 August. The out and it expects to Group fl ew its low-cost atop an Atlas V rocket. when a Iran140 turboprop launch took place at Cape complete assembly of the AHRLAC (Advanced with 48 people on board Canaveral Air Force Station fi rst prototype later this High-Performance Russia’s new twin-engined crashed on take-off from in Florida at 4 am EDT. year before beginning Reconnaissance Light Technoavia Rysachok Mehrabad Airport. fl ight tests in early 2015. Aircraft) COIN/ISR aircraft, will now be Airbus Helicopters has aircraft for the fi rst time equipped exclusively with Japan has rolled out handed over the fi rst International Airlines in Wonderboom Airport in Russian engines. A light the fi rst prototype of its example of its EC145 Group (IAG) has fi rmed up Pretoria. utility aircraft, it is aimed as Mitsubishi ATD-X stealth medium helicopter — the an order for eight Airbus an An-2 replacement. fi ghter demonstrator. It is EC145 T2 to German EMS A350-900s for its Spanish Sierra Nevada Corp (SNC) set to fl y this year with a company DLR Luftrettung. fl ag carrier, Iberia. The buy and Lockheed Martin Boeing is to build the two-year test programme. for Iberia's long-haul fl eet have unveiled the fi rst stretched 787-10 Russian manufacturer also includes eight A330- Dream Chaser spacecraft Dreamliner exclusively at SpaceX’s Antonov announced 300s. They will replace the composite structure which its South Carolina factory. rocket launched the that the fi rst assembled A340s in service.

8 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 AEROSPACE SPACEFLIGHT 'Impossible' space drive gets validation

NASA reseachers have using the properties of announced the result of electromagnetic waves. validation tests on the Scientists in ‘impossible’ EmDrive have also replicated electric space drive system, these results. The thrust Bell Helicopters Sikorsky which appears to violate generated is tiny but JMR prototypes downselected laws of physics by not could be used to create needing any fuel. long endurance space The US Army has awarded designed as eventual Sikorsky for their joint First proposed by propulsion systems. One two development contracts replacements for the UH- SB-1 Defi ant coaxial British inventor Roger estimate the transit time for prototypes for its new 60 Black Hawk and AH-64 rotorcraft and to Bell Shawyer in 2001, the to Mars using the EmDrive Joint Multi-Role (JMR) Apache. The contracts Helicopters’ V-280 Valor EmDrive generates could be as little as 28 technology programme have gone to Boeing and tiltrotor. thrust without propellant days. AIR DEFENCE TRANSPORT INFOGRAPHIC: The RFC goes to war, 1914 Skymark A380 order axedfl ying Airbus has terminated a 2011 order for six A380s from Japanese carrier Skymark. While the fi rst of these had already fl own there were reported to be concerns about the airline’s fi nancial viability.

ON THE MOVE

As part of the company's restructuring, Bombardier Aerospace President & CEO Hachey is to retire.

Giorgio Moreti is the new ATR Chief Financial Offi cer, succeeding Eric Baravian.

GAMA has named Jonathan Archer as Director of Engineering & Airworthiness. Royal

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 9 Global Outlook and antenna: Analysis with HOWARD WHEELDON MAA and military aviation safety

he phrase ‘intelligence leads to smart the implications of failure.” regulation’ would make an excellent Five years on from the Nimrod Report the MAA motto for the Military Aviation Authority is the much-needed result of effort to combine T(MAA), an organisation established the air safety regulatory responsibility requirement in April 2010 in the wake of the for the Royal Air Force, the and the Nimrod XV230 disaster and that which is now Army. While operating different forms of air power the established regulatory body for UK military capability there is, today, one set of accepted air air safety governance. Responsible for all aspects safety standards to work to. of military air safety, including airworthiness and, From its inception the MAA set out on a wherever there may be risk to life or capability, the combined approach of enhancing delivery of governance, ownership and accountability of the operational capability without getting in the way established rules-based model, the MAA has set of operation. Through a process that required exemplary standards that other world militaries continual improvement in military air safety would do well to follow. standards to be put in place, the culture of military Smart, focused, evidence-based information air safety, regulation, governance and practice is at the heart of the MAA regulatory culture. has radically changed. It is a culture that everyone From its inception the MAA has been built on the engaged has been happy to sign up to. With need to acquire knowledge of what is going on the establishment of the MAA, Haddon-Cave’s across the whole military air environment and the principal recommendation that what had been a ability to independently investigate on a safety, fragmented safety structure, culture and approach as opposed to blame, basis. Airworthiness is, should be merged into a unifi ed self-regulating within the military air power capability component, body had been achieved. The strategy, to provide arguably the single most important element of air the military air power component with coherent safety. Four years on the MAA is already mature policy, well-defi ned process, communication and is the responsible governing authority for and governance has, in my view, been very all aspects of military air safety. Those impacted successfully achieved. by what the MAA has already achieved should As it brought about a huge change in air be content that never again will air safety be safety culture, under the guiding hand of its fi rst determined by blurred regulation and affordability Director General, Air Marshal ‘Timo’ Anderson, options. the MAA was quick to earn praise and respect While there can never be an absolute from the end user. Today, under the charge of the guarantee of aircraft airworthiness — the ultimate second DG, Air Marshal Richard (Dick) Garwood, decision and fi nal responsibility for this will always the MAA has moved on and made great strides remain with the ultimate user — the destruction of Nimrod XV230 over Afghanistan in September 2006 with the loss of 14 military personal was confi rmation enough that the then existing regulatory framework, rules and policy standards built up over many years were no longer fi t for purpose. The 2009 Nimrod Report, written by Mr Justice Charles Haddon-Cave QC not only provided a substantive critique of events that led to the crash of XV230 but exposed a complete lack of air safety co-ordination and operation across all three armed forces engaged in the use of , helicopter and capability. Safety, he concluded, was “a 24/7 business” and ‘by and large’ it should be organised by those who are directly affected by

10 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 forward in its attempt to achieve the right level say that fi ve senior military offi cers now ‘own’ the of balance between operation responsibility and ‘duty holder’ process. They are ‘owned’ in terms of operational risk. senior level ‘duty holder’ by the heads of the three Employing 260 personnel, of whom 146 armed forces involved with the Secretary of State are military and 114 civilian, apart from six for Defence sitting at the top of the ‘duty holder’ THE MAA IS at MoD Main Building and 19 specialists at process ladder. As was said to me very recently WELL ON Farnborough, the bulk of MAA staff work at by a senior military offi cer, once you have been a DE&S headquarters at Abbey Wood. ‘duty holder’ you ‘get the message very quickly’. THE WAY TO The MAA has, of course, not been without The ‘Duty Holder’ process allows clear BUILDING A some critics, particularly those engaged in responsibility of action, ownership and WORLD-CLASS Watchkeeper and Airseeker RC-135W ‘Rivet management of risk. Additionally, although Joint’ programmes, both of which had been more work is needed, the MAA Assurance Plan ORGANISATION delayed awaiting ‘Statement of Type Design encompassing an audit process of Duty Holder- Assurance’ (STDA) and full ‘Release to Service’ facing organisations including DE&S is now Sir Charles Haddon- (RTS) statements. The MAA was also blamed for maturing. Cave QC causing delays to entry into service of the RAF While I suspect that, to some, the MAA may Voyager KC Mk3 refuelling tanker and transport appear to be an imposition that has the potential aircraft derivative version of the Airbus A330- to cause serious delay and frustration, the placing 200 aircraft. In the case of the delay in issuing of the ownership of risk with key individuals that a release to service for Airseeker the problem carry personal and legal responsibility and that was unusual and caused by there being, due to are required by law to be accountable for their the age of the airframe, a lack of ‘aircraft type actions and decisions, has rightly changed the certifi cation’ and, due to unavailability of design, face of air safety in the UK. Notes Sir Charles technical and other required specifi cation details, Haddon-Cave QC of the safety organisation's a large evidence gap. progress: “a remarkable achievement, the MAA Apart from imbuing a system of regulation is well on the way to building a world-class and certifi cation, oversight and approvals, safety organisation.” and policy, analysis and enabling, the MAA also Since its inception the MAA has been involved has responsibility for both the Centre of Aviation in certifi cation of various air systems, such as Safety Training and the Military Air Accident Voyager KCMk2 for the RAF, Wildcat AH Mk Investigation Branch which, like its civilian 2 and HMA Mk 1 for the Army and RN, Puma counterpart, is also based at Farnborough. Mk2 mid-life upgrade for the RAF, along with At the heart of what the MAA has Watchkeeper RPAS replacement for the Army subsequently established, is ownership and and Airseeker RC-135W for the RAF/SIGINT. management of responsibility of risk. It has It will have similar activity on programmes such achieved this through a system of ‘Duty Holder’ as A400M Atlas, F-35 Lightning II, Tucano and process sitting over a chain of military operators Grob trainer replacements as part of the MFTS all of whom act in support of each other and who programme, Apache upgrade and, following work bear elements of personal legal responsibility for already achieved on upgrade, for Merlin the safety and airworthiness of platform capability. Mk2 for the RN's proposed ‘Crowsnest’ AEW The ‘duty holder’ is based on ‘their modifi cations for the same helicopters. Earlier this decision and their accountability’. While there are year the MAA produced a report into the mid-air also around 16 industrial ‘duty holders’, suffi ce to collision between two RAF Tornado aircraft that occurred in 2012 and concluded that it could have been avoided, had planned acquisition of collision avoidance systems agreed many years earlier not been cancelled by the Government in 2010. The MAA was but a fi rst step in the process of improving defence safety as a whole. The Haddon-Cave report has also led to the creation of the Defence Safety and Environmental Authority (DSEA) which, in order to avoid confl icts of interest, means that those charged with the responsibility of safety should be independent of those responsible for delivering output. Bringing in safety regulation of nuclear, maritime, land, explosives, ordnance, fuels and gasses and, maybe in future, other related activities, the intention is that defence safety will, I suspect, eventually have one voice and single ownership. Royal Navy Royal

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 11 Transmission

LETTERS AND ONLINE

Russian rocket engines the Atlas 2AS***. Atlas marketability and 3. The extra thrust margin evolution. The next step Keith Hayward’s thoughtful of the de-rated two- would be to select the best commentary, ‘Unintended chamber confi guration confi guration (my own Consequences(1),’ does would be extremely recommendation is that it be highlight a serious fl aw useful in allowing the two-chamber RD-170, in US space policy. simplifi cation of other as detailed above****), write However, the decision Atlas systems. It also up a set of specifi cations, to support development provides for evolutionary and solicit a proposal from of the Russian RD-180 payload growth via Energomash to perform engine for the Atlas launch incremental upgrades to and deliver a preliminary vehicle was not in any full rated thrust, and might design study which meets way a product of policy. allow manifesting dual those specifi cations. It is It was solely a technical payloads… If thrust is too likely that Energomash’s and economic decision high for certain missions, proposed cost for this effort by the third-removed it might be cost-effective will not be excessive****… ancestor of United Launch to de-rate chamber it would provide you with Alliance (ULA), General pressure even further, a sound basis on which to Dynamics Space Systems offl oad propellants, or use decide whether or not to Division (GDSSD), original the RD-170’s impressive proceed with development developer of the Atlas throttling capabilities. funding and subsequent that launched America’s 4. The additional recurring engine procurement from Mercury . The cost of the two-chamber Energomash.” rationale for this statement NASA version (relative to the is outlined below. The The fi rst stage of an Atlas V rocket powered by the Russian- single chamber) is Jerry Grey initial decision to then designed RD-180 is lifted into an upright position essentially the cost of the FRAeS at Cape Canaveral prior to NASA’s 2011 Mars Science purchase RD-180s from second thrust chamber, Laboratory (MSL) mission. The US is currently looking into Energomash was also not alternative US-sourced engines after Russia threatened to ban which is a relatively Engineering crisis a US space policy decision, exports of the engine. small fraction of the nor was it made by ULA, total propulsion-system Some aeronautical but by ULA’s immediate cost. Further, that small engineers are now entering ancestor Lockheed Martin “As requested, here’s resulting vehicle…The incremental cost would a crisis. While aircraft Astronautics, who employed my reaction to the 6-7 two RD-170 options… very likely be offset by (a) are fl ying, maintenance the RD-180 to develop April meeting with provide adequate thrust the two-chamber version’s engineers have enough and then launch, fi rst the Russian Energomash levels for the single-stage lower nonrecurring work. While Airbus, Boeing, Atlas-2AR, then the Atlas-3 representatives…They [Atlas] confi guration… (development) cost, (b) etc are manufacturing and, fi nally, the Atlas-5. I was would like very much to Of the two, the better savings that accrue from airliners, production then a member of Lockheed receive GDSSD funding choice is the two-chamber the bigger margins it engineers too have no Martin’s Executive Advisory to conduct the studies confi guration****, for the allows, and (c) higher troubles. But, left out from Board, and participated in and development needed following reasons: revenues due to the this are stress and design the design reviews of all to adapt their engines to 1. The single-chamber higher payload capability engineers who work on three RD-180-powered whatever requirement version requires more it offers. new designs… Our job vehicles. Subsequent GD specifi es. Our ‘Atlas new (and therefore 5. Because the two- depends on having new events, including the inability Alternate LO2/RP Engine developmental) chamber RD-170 engine aircraft in the pipeline. This of Amross to set up a US Study’ dated 6 April 1992 hardware than the two- provides more-than- past ten years we have RD-180 production line as showed four engine options: chamber version. adequate thrust at little had the 787, 747-8, A380, requested by the US Air a dual-chamber RD-170*, 2. The single-chamber or no additional cost, A350, A400M, KC-390 Force, were the result of a single-chamber RD-170, version requires a operating it de-rated and CSeries. A lot of new US policy decisions. The a 1·5-stage vehicle using chamber-pressure signifi cantly improves aircraft. But now they are following quotations are three RD-120s** and increase… imposing an its reliability potential, designed and in production. extracted from a letter by a single-stage vehicle extra risk burden on the with attendant economic This year, Airbus and GDSSD Executive Advisory with two RD-120s… vehicle… In contrast, benefi ts to Atlas. It also Boeing, and the companies Board member Jerry Grey, The disadvantage of the the two-chamber will have better roll- that work for them have dated 9 April 1992, to Chief RD-120 (options) is their version could be de- control characteristics contracted lots of people Engineer, low thrust and probable rated by 20% and still than the single-chamber to deal with this ramp up in Space Systems Division high cost of multiple deliver more thrust than engine. production — and are even (GDSSD — Michael Wynne, units, and also marginal you need for all Atlas “The Russian engine could recruiting engineers without CEO): performance of the confi gurations, including play an important role in any knowledge of aviation. * The four-chamber RD-170 is the Lox/RP Soviet workhorse engine that powered their Energia and Buran vehicles. It delivered 1,700,000lb of thrust. ** The RD-120 Lox/hydrogen engine is a 120,000lb thrust upper-stage engine. ** The Atlas-2AS was the highest-thrust Atlas confi guration, using solid-propellant boosters. **** The two-chamber RD-170 was subsequently named the RD-180, and was developed by Energomash via a $100,000 GD contract. At that time It was rated at 850,000lb of thrust.

12 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 young engineers to work doubt be looking at the The engineering job now Lockheed Super Constellation fl ight from Farnborough. is so atomised, that it does on. Some of us perhaps information and/or advice not matter if the engineer will be able to fi nd work in given to airlines concern- is an aeronautical one or maintenance or concessions ing areas to avoid, we not, simply that the team (but it’s going to be diffi cult). should await their fi ndings leader is a good engineer. Where will these engineers and, in all probability, safety But, while production rates come from for the next recommendations. are rising, there are no clean-sheet aircraft? new projects. The Airbus Roger M. CTO and Busi- A330neo, Boeing 777X, José Manuel Gil García ness Leader Twenty fi ve A320neo and EmbraerE2 Stress Engineer years ago in a EUROCAE are older designs that working group on GPS, an only need updating. The airline representative noted @4tis [On pics and tweets design workload is quite how diffi cult it would be for from a Super Constella- low in comparison with a satellite navigation sys- tion fl ight] Very jealous. the previous situation. So tem to achieve four nines Those engines sounded now there are too many availability. An air force ex- gorgeous at @FIAFarnbor- engineers chasing work pert smiled and said: “We ough yesterday. in too few projects. It is i in the military accept we rumoured that Airbus may may lose an aircraft if mis- cut thousands of employees sion circumstances dictate @AirPowerHistory [On in six years and a signifi cant Frank T. Training Captain it. You airline people get new book European Air portion of these may be Boeing 777/787 at Brit- upset if you lose even one @AndrewJGWhite [On Power: Challenges and engineers. Meanwhile, other ish Airways [on Farnbor- passenger!” Military and MH17 shootdown] An Opportunities] Should be a aerospace companies are ough Air Show] Will this be civil aviation are still worlds aircraft doesn’t have to good book with a chapter fi ring senior engineers. They the fi rst year a pilot doesn’t apart. A defensive aids be over a ‘warzone’ to get by the Society’s Research say that senior, experienced ‘talk to the hand’ when suite (DAS) will improve targeted by a surface to air Fellow! engineers are too expensive, trying to coerce a cup of mission success rates missile. and that three junior where the risk of attack is tea and a sit down for half- @PeterLee000 [on legal engineers can do the signifi cant but will have no an-hour for his dear ol’ 85- @ForcesReviewUK [On aspects of civil UAVs(4)] same job of one senior appreciable impact where year old Dad who is visiting Q&A with the Scorpion Would love to see you at worker. Additionally, the threat levels are very Farnborough for what must King(3)] Do you think it will Farnborough with your salaries are every day lower low. They are not 100% be the 25th time at least? be useful for the UK? journo-drone in the future! than previous. In Spain, It has never ceased to effective, a fact accepted for example, companies amaze me how unwelcome by the military world but are offering €1,000 net/ the people who fl y the one which the civil world month to experienced and , etc. (and the press) will fi nd AirLand Scorpion tactical military jet. engineers. But not only in all are by the manufactur- diffi cult. The loss of an Spain. Wages for engineers ers and our own airlines at aircraft where counter- are decreasing in the UK, Farnborough. I appreciate measures were deployed France, Brussels, The it’s all about sales but do but the threat not negated AirLand Textron Netherlands and Germany. we really make the place will be seen as negligence It was not strange to receive look that untidy? Should rather than a property of offers of £38-40 per hour sales and marketing the system. False alarm in UK. Now you can fi nd people not take sometime rates are notable and, in this has dropped down to to meet the people who the low threat environ- £18-20 an hour. The advice actually fl y their planes and ment of civil aviation, could to today’s generation of operate their kit on a daily lead to more lives being young stress and design basis? Not the same in lost through DAS related aeronautical engineers Dubai, for example. accidents than real threats seems to be: “don’t worry successfully negated. The … and look for a job as Frank T. Independ- expression ‘don’t go there’ maintenance engineer.” ent Airlines/Aviation says it all. It was a similar boom in IT Professional [on whether some years ago, and then civil aircraft could be fi tted 1. Last Word, AEROSPACE, August 2014, p 58. the bubble exploded. The with anti-missile defensive 2. http://aerosociety.com/News/Insight-Blog/2345/Defending-airliners-against-missiles (2) 3. http://aerosociety.com/News/Insight-Blog/2358/QA-with-the-Scorpion-King bubble is near to explode aids ] Wholly unrealistic 4. The legal status of drones, AEROSPACE, August 2014, p 16. in aeronautics! In summary, and totally unnecessary, Airbus and Boeing and this was an extremely rare the supply chains have event and should not be employed lots of people used to add even more Online but now there are no fresh complexity to civil aircraft. Additional features and content are available to view aerospace projects for The investigators will no online at http://media.aerosociety.com/aerospace-insight

@aerosociety i Findlinkedin.com/raes us on LinkedIn f facebook.com/raesFind us on Facebook. www.aerosociety.comwww.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 13 DEFENCE Hawk at 40

n August 1974 the prototype Hawk took to the skies for the fi rst time. A replacement for the Gnat and Hunter in the Millennium Iadvanced and lead-in-fi ghter training role in the RAF, it quickly became an export sales success with, to date, 998 aircraft fl own by more than 20 operators from Australia to Finland. The Hawk also entered the history books by being one of the few post-war UK military aircraft to be manufactured by the US (the other two being Harrier and Canberra) when the Hawk was turned Falcon into the Boeing T-45 Goshawk carrier-capable Forty years ago the advanced trainer for the US Navy/Marines. Hawker Siddeley Hawk Enter the T2 took to the skies. While the Hawk in its export guise has evolved over a number of marks (and even as a single-seat light Today it stands on the fi ghter) its latest training incarnation is the Hawk T2 AJT (Advanced ). Entering service in cusp of a 1,000-aircraft 2011, 28 Hawk T2s were procured by the UK MoD for the fast-jet tactical weapons training course. sales record — an export Today, the Hawk T2 that the RAF’s IV(R) Squadron success story for a British fl ies is much removed from the earlier T1, with only the canopy and the airbrake remaining common. military aircraft. TIM The longer nose and wingtip rails are clues that, despite appearances, this is not your father’s Hawk. ROBINSON asks — does The Hawk T2 features an uprated Rolls-Royce/ Turbomeca Adour Mk951 engine giving increased life begin at 40? thrust (6,500lb) compared to the T1’s 5,200lb. The engine is also equipped with FADEC. Says Flt Lt Paul Heasman*, CFS Agent/ QFI on IV(R) Sqn: “The R-R 951 Adour offers a lot of power compared to the T1 and the FADEC gives us carefree

BAE Systems Hawk T2 from IV(R) Sqn, RAF, banks over RAF Valley.

14 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 handling of the engine and a rapid response/spool- up time.” The aircraft also features an APU and OBOGS (on-board oxygen generation system) for reduced dependence on ground support. Crucially for an aircraft that may be used (and abused) by students training to be fi ghter pilots, the Hawk also features advances in its maintainability RAeS/NAL and mission readiness. HUMS (health and usage fi ghters what is needed is sensor and information monitoring systems) sensors keep track of aircraft management skills to guarantee mission success. allowing better fl eet management. Fatigue Says Flt Lt Heasman: “The weapons profi les fl own First of the life has also been boosted to 10,000 fl ying hours on IV(R) Sqn are frontline representative Paveway and the time-between-overhauls is now 4,500hrs. IV profi les that have a direct read across to those many — test pilot These features, previously ‘nice to have’, are now tactics taught on the OCUs.” critical for air forces that are looking to save every These changes now mean the Hawk has been gets airborne at penny and get the most out of their training system. ‘future-proofed’ ready to incorporate, simulate TCAS (traffi c collision avoidance system) and or emulate other systems, weapons, avionics or in Hawk GPWS (ground proximity warning system) are also sensors that may fi nd their way onto front-line XX154. fi tted as standard — enhancing fl ight safety. fi ghter aircraft. Much as a user’s iPad retains the One aspect of the Hawk not touched on is its same operating system, yet allows a variety of handling or performance, with BAE judging that different ‘apps’ to be installed, so the software- generations of instructors are correct in that the driven T2 allows fl exibility for operators to customise aircraft, as is, sorts out the adequate pilots from the glass cockpit for their training. For example, those destined to be the best. While other types in the future, with a ‘virtual radar’, it might be (most notably the M346 and T-50) have embraced possible to teach basic stealth tactics or LO aspect fl y-by-wire (FBW) in a bid to close the gap between awareness to pilots set to transition to the F-35. advanced trainer and fi fth generation fi ghter performance — the Hawk remains resolutely old- A complete training system school. But does it matter if the aircraft cannot pull extreme angles-of-attack? Flt Lt Paul Heasman However, the Hawk T2 today is more than the thinks not: “Older versions of the Hawk have airframe itself. It also comes as part of a bigger been successfully producing students to feed the training package that includes simulators, instructors Canadian and Australian Hornet (both Super and and support under the auspices of the Ascent legacy versions) OCUs for a number of years — MFTS training contract. This includes FMS (full these are real high AoA operators!” mission simulators), FTD (fl ight training devices) and desktop trainers — making the aircraft and facility at Hawk T2 — now training the Digital future-proofi ng RAF Valley one of the world’s best-equipped fi ghter Playstation Generation of pilot training schools. Says Flt Lt Heasman of the fi ghter pilots. However, the biggest change is on the inside. T2 and its training system: “The trainees are truly Key to the Hawk’s mid-life facelift is how its glass of the ‘Playstation Generation’ and they seem to cockpit is now software-driven. While other nations’ embrace the glass cockpit elements of the aircraft. 100-series Hawks have introduced glass cockpits, The trainees also have access to issued laptop the jump from the RAF’s ‘steam gauge’ Hawk T1 to and high fi delity fl ight training devices the T2 is particularly big. In comes HOTAS, a HUD that allow them to self study the aircraft and mission and three MFDs that are NVG-capable. INS/GPS systems.” feed into a moving map display. Add instruction from highly experienced RAF More signifi cant than MFDs is that aircraft now and civilian instructors and staff — and the T2 come with embedded training, datalinks, simulated part of the training system itself could be highly defensive aids and a ‘virtual’ radar. This allows attractive for air forces wishing to send students to Hawk T2s to ‘fi ght’ with other (up to 32) datalinked this FJ ‘fi nishing school’. Once the syllabus evolves Hawk T2s in realistic training scenarios. No other to incorporate the F-35 — this also could position T2s airborne? Synthetic ‘virtual’ enemies can be T2/Valley as Europe’s F-35 lead-in training school introduced for the student to practice BVR tactics of choice. with. Air-to-surface tactics and weaponeering can also be taught with ‘no-drop’ scoring allowing The IV Squadron ‘product’ re-attacks without having to return to base. More signifi cantly, the advent of precision, all-weather After upgrading from the ‘steam gauges’ era T1, the guided weapons means that training needs have RAF is now at the forefront of melding simulation, evolved from the Cold War low-level, laydown synthetic radar and weaponeering and real fl ying to attacks practised in the1980s. Today, for modern produce a pilot ready to step into a fi fth-generation Paul Heasman Paul Heasman @aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 15 DEFENCE Hawk at 40

digital cockpit — with the fi rst fast jet students graduating from the T2 in 2013. Says Flt Lt Heasman: “A trainee graduating from Hawk T2 is a rounded pilot capable of fl ying a IT’S VERY EASY wide breadth of fl ying skill sets while assimilating a TO GET MIRED lot of data from a complex, frontline representative IN A ‘TOP mission system. The pilot is comfortable and well- versed in the application of modern air-to-air and TRUMPS’ STYLE air-to-surface weapons.” NUMBERS With the fi rst student ‘products’ of the Hawk GAME WHEN T2 now stepping into Typhoon and Tornado GR4 cockpits, the RAF is already seeing results. Group COMPARING Captain Johnny Stringer, Station Commander at the AIRCRAFT Typhoon base at RAF Coningsby noted recently at TYPES. YOU the Farnborough Air Show: “We are already seeing NEED TO ASK the benefi ts of exposing people to high-end training Paul Heasman on Typhoon on the Hawk T2.” He added: “It is saving BAE believes so, pointing out that the Hawk is A BIGGER money, it is building capacity, it is building capability fi rst and foremost a trainer, with additional combat QUESTION: in the individuals which, in turn, breeds confi dence. capabilities, rather than the other way around. RAF WHAT ARE THE What the Hawk T2 does very well is prepare people QFI Flt Lt Heasman agrees: “In my view the M346 SKILL SETS for stepping into a Typhoon cockpit.” and T-50 are superb light fi ghters. They offer superb With its new glass-cockpit, synthetic radar and performance in that role but are not training aircraft THAT I NEED TO embedded training systems, the Hawk T2 is thus — operators of these types will pay a signifi cant TRAIN MY able to ‘download’ some of the Typhoon OCU course premium in both initial outlay and through-life AB INITIO to the earlier phase. While swapping expensive costs to acquire a lot of unusable capability in the fl ying hours on a front-line jet to an affordable training role.” While the AoA limits, G-rating, FBW PILOTS? trainer may be one benefi t, it also gives front-line and performance of these new trainers more closely Flt Lt Paul Heasman commanders more options. match the Typhoon, Gripen, F-35, Rafale, Super CFS Agent/QFI, Flt Lt Heasman expands on this: “We are Hornet, etc, Heasman believes that these are the IV(R) Sqn, RAF downloading training from the OCU in terms of wrong priorities for today’s training requirements. intercept training for Typhoon. This could allow “From a training perspective, it’s very easy to get students to be graduated in fewer hours from the mired in a ‘Top Trumps’ style numbers game when OCU or it could allow the OCU to train to a higher comparing aircraft types. You need to ask a bigger standard within its hours budget — ultimately both question: what are the skill sets that I need to train routes offer savings for defence and UK PLC.” my ab initio pilots?.”

Rival trainers Future prospects +8 and -4G limits give students Today there are new pretenders to the Hawk’s So what are the export prospects for the Hawk? training crown, in particular the Alenia Aermacchi Phil Hodge, Hawk Business Development Director, exposure to M346, Lockheed Martin/KAI T-50, Yak-130 and BAE Systems, notes that trainer fl eets worldwide representative an as yet unnamed Boeing/Saab T-X trainer. Can have suffered undercapitalisation in recent decades, combat limits. the Hawk hold its own against these new upstarts? compared to front-line fi ghter fl eets. “As a result”, he says, “there has been underinvestment in training pipelines and training fl eets.” While there are ‘signifi cant’ opportunities for the Hawk (including an additional 20 for India that may be fi nalised shortly), the biggest prize in the military trainer market is the USAF’s T-X requirement — which could be around 350 aircraft. Here the Hawk faces fi erce competition from the T-100 (M346), the LM/KAI T-50 and a Boeing/Saab clean sheet design — as well as potentially a new entrant in the Textron AirLand Scorpion. To that end, BAE is teamed with , and recently swapped places to give NG the lead in this bid. It is also important to note that the development of the Hawk is not fi nished with the T2. “Our focus is that it stays at the pinnnacle, stays relevant and we continually evolve some of the capabilities,” Paul Heasman

20 AEROSPACE /SEPTEMBER 2014 Deceptive looks. Only two components are common between this and the T1 Hawk.

— shifting the emphasis from pure fl ying skills to mission management and tactical skills. This ties in POSSIBLE with the fi nal factor to consider — that the increased FUTURE HAWK sophistication and fi delity of fl ight simulation and synthetic environments means more and more of UPGRADES the syllabus can now be trained effectively on the Large single ground, in a simulator. This not only saves money, display but also reduces complaints about noise — a growing issue for many air forces today. Helmet- Yet the fl ip side of this suggests perhaps a mounted display cause for optimism. Firstly, while the RAF uses the (HMD) Hawk T2 exclusively in the advanced training role, SAR radar for many other air forces the Hawk can be armed and also carries out other roles such as light attack. mapping This versatility expands its market reach beyond emulation says Hodge. With the glass cockpit now software- perhaps what might be considered the pure trainer Targeting pod driven, there exists the potential for continued market. Secondly, the introduction of the F-35 to upgrades and tweaks. To this end, this year BAE Western air forces may provide a boost to advanced simulation Systems brought its Hawk avionics and software trainer/LIFT manufacturers — in selling their experts together in one facility at Brough to address aircraft as ‘companion jets’ — to deliver cheaper future upgrade potential. These range from small fl ight currency for Lightning II. Much like the T-38 is (qualifying iPads for use in the cockpit) to larger used to provide currency for B-2 pilots, if defence modifi cations. For example, a single fl at-panel budgets continue to be constrained, and operating touchscreen display could emulate the F-35s costs of F-35 prove higher than estimated, there cockpit design. Hodge reveals: “There is a lot of may be a desperate need for LIFT/trainers able to work ongoing on how we could put a large area cheaply simulate some of the F-35’s sensors and display in the aircraft”. systems in order that pilots maintain fl ight currency. Meanwhile a HMD would introduce the student to this concept earlier in the training process. The Summary introduction of a digital HMD with training specifi c- symbology perhaps could also allow future T2 There is plenty of potential life yet in this affordable, students to dogfi ght virtual bandits within visual but effective jet trainer. ‘Future proofi ng’ with range — with no safety restrictions. Indeed, BAE is software means that it can now keep pace with already working with the SAAF (South African Air whatever fi fth or (even sixth) generation fi ghter’s Force) studying integration of the Striker HMD on cockpits look like in the next 40 years. The Indian AF its Hawk 120s. introduction of ‘virtual weaponeering’ and synthetic Hawk 132 AJT. Meanwhile, the RAAF’s Hawk 127s are set to radar means it is now blazing a trail in delivering Finalisation of a undergo a mid-life avionics upgrade to bring them the kind of fi ghter pilot at ease with sensor follow-on order for up to a similar mission systems standard as the T2. management prevelant in fourth/fi fth generation While the jump between earlier glass-cockpit Hawks front-line cockpits. It still retains a spritely 20 for and the latest T2 software standard is a natural performance, able to challenge the student up to would see Hawk upgrade, for those operators with earlier Hawks, it 8·5+G and even exceed Mach 1 in a dive, without sales pass 1,000. may turn out to be most cost-effective to buy new, afterburner. The Hawk family also boasts a large than attempt to upgrade these older trainers. Says customer user base and includes some of the most BAE’s Hodge: “Could you say upgrade a T1 to highly respected air arms in the world — including T2? You could but it just wouldn’t be cost effective the US Navy and Marines, the RAAF and the RAF. compared to the cost of a new aeroplane.” Says BAE’s Hodge: “The T2 is an evolution that has taken place over the past ten years but which builds How big is the market? on that 40 years of understanding, knowledge and background.” However, weighed against this is that western air And, while Western air forces shrink, the forces are becoming smaller — and thus fewer fast introduction of the high-end F-35 may drive a need jet pilots are needed overall. The rise of UAVs for for the Hawk AJT as ‘companion jets’ — simply for reconnaissance, surveillance and pilots to retain currency, while keeping fl ying costs also reduces the number of tactical fi ghter aircraft down. Now just two aircraft away from achieving BAE Systems * The views of this needed — only in 2012 the USAF trained more UAV a millennium in sales (and beating 824 Harriers individual are personal operators than pilots. Another factor is that four and produced) at this stage in its career, much like other only and should not be half/fi fth generation fi ghters are now comparatively young-at-heart 40-year-olds, the Hawk AJT is still taken as offi cial opinions ‘easy’ to fl y than previous generations of aircraft going strong. of the RAF/MoD.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 17 SHOW REPORT Farnborough Air Show 2014

ith the civil aerospace cycle at for the industry. Let’s now cast an eye over some of the top of the upswing, this year’s the week’s news highlights: Farnborough was a busy one for Worders — with some $115·5bn CSeries absence makes heart grow worth of deals concluded over fonder the course of four trade days. The event continues to be a must-attend global showcase — with two-thirds While another aircraft was staying away from of exhibitors now coming from outside the UK. This Farnborough due to engine issues, the absence of year, the exhibition saw new permanent facilities Bombardier’s CSeries did not seem to hurt sales added for exhibitors in the form of a Row A Chalet prospects. The Canadian manufacturer was fi rst line. The show also featured a Space Zone and out of the stalls for show orders, with UK lessor Typhoon ready Futures Day returned on the Friday to inspire and Falko signing a letter of intent (LoI) for up to 24 to test AESA encourage young people to consider an aerospace CS100s. This was followed by Abdu Dhabi operator radar or aviation career. Falcon Aviation Services placing a fi rm order for two Making its ‘world premiere’ While Lockheed Martin’s F-35 was absent (see CS300 jets. More interest followed, with Chinese was perhaps the world’s next page) visitors were treated to a number of new airline Loong Air signing a LoI for 20 CS100s. most advanced AESA radar, CAPTOR-E installed on aircraft appearing at Farnborough for the fi rst time Finally, Bombardier rounded off the fi rst day by Eurofi ghter Typhoon prototype — including the Airbus A350 XWB, Boeing 787-9, securing another LoI for four CSeries aircraft from IPA5, ready to commence (both fl ying in the air display), Scorpion Jet, Boeing Jordanian carrier Petra Airlines. testing. At the reveal of the MSA and P-8A Poseidon, Piaggio Avanti EVO — as IPA5 radar-equipped test jet (in well as a welcome return for a Spanish Navy AV-8 a special security cleared tent) ‘Command & Conquer’ no video executives from Eurofi ghter and Harrier and the — in what was probably game for MBDA’s Stratus concept Euroradar consortium explained its fi nal Farnborough appearance. how mating CAPTOR-E with However, the holiday atmosphere of the fourth Those familiar with real-time strategy (RTS) video the Typhoon would deliver a day of the air show, with more record orders and games will know these games are always blessed ‘paradigm shift’ — saying that “we believe now we are at the soaring temperatures, was chilled at the end of the with the perfect human machine interface (HMI) forefront of this technology.” day as exhibition visitors heading home learnt of yet for battlespace commanders. Missiles can be Although a full contract for the another aviation tragedy, this time in Ukraine, launched with a click of the mouse, without the CAPTOR-E from Eurofi ghter involving a Malaysian Airlines 777. This tragic gamer worrying about interservice rivalry, stovepiped nations is still awaited — news, with 298 dead, cast a pall over what technologies or incompatible communications Eurofi ghter believe that it could only be two years before had been an extremely successful Farnborough networks of real commanders. However, revealed the Typhoon/CAPTOR-E at Farnborough this year was MBDA’s Stratus — combination has its fi rst the latest in its series of ‘Concept Visions’. Stratus operational fi elding.

Incremental revamps and the F-35 no-show dominated headlines at this year’s Farnborough Flying Air Show, held on 14-20 July. TIM ROBINSON and BILL READ report. the FLAG

18 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 Perhaps the biggest FIA14 IN news story of the show on everyone’s BRIEF lips, whether staunch supporter or fi erce critic Airbus Helicopters is of the stealth fi ghter to design a large-scale programme, was the compound rotorcraft cliffhanger of whether demonstrator. To be the Lockheed Martin called LifeRCraft (Low F-35 grounding sees jet miss RIAT, F-35 Lightning II would Impact Fast & Effi cient Farnborough make it to the show for RotorCraft), the new its international debut. aircraft will combine fi xed With the UK as a Tier wings for energy-effi cient 1 partner, and strong ties between the US/UK military and industry, there was a natural desire to aim for lift, open propellers for Farnborough Air Show as the ideal venue to display this aircraft — set to be the dominant western fi ghter. high-effi ciency propulsion However, it was not meant to be. After an engine fi re that grounded the F-35 fl eet, offi cials and executives and a main rotor for remained hopeful that, even after missing RIAT, the four USMC F-35Bs could fl y the trip and appear at the vertical take-off and tail end of the airshow. Hopes were boosted late on Monday when the US safety chiefs lifted the grounding landing (VTOL) fl ight order — allowing aircraft to return to fl ight. However, on the Tuesday afternoon of the show, rumours capabilities. The LifeRCraft and hints that a public statement would give the good news of an attendance, were dashed later with an will be developed in the announcement from the US Pentagon that it would not allow the aircraft to make the transatlantic fl ight, as framework of the European the engines still need to be inspected every three hours following the fi re incident. Despite the F-35 team’s Union’s Clean Sky 2 Joint pledge to keep fi ghting for the F-35 to get to Farnborough until the bitter end, by Tuesday night, its air show Technology Initiative which hopes were over. was formally launched in early July at Brussels.

Eastern Air Lines Group attempts to draw their previous guided weapon launch the A330neo, switch back to Boeing with signed an MOU for ideas into a future battlespace C2 network for an order for six 777-300ERs and 20 737 MAX 8s. 20 Mitsubishi MRJ90 the year 2035, with air/ground/sea weapons and Finally another US-based leasing company, Intrepid regional jets plus 20 resources all working seamlessly together. MBDA Aviation, placed an order for six GE90-powered additional purchase rights. foresee Stratus assessing threats, then optimising Boeing 777-300ERs plus four options. Additionally, Air Mandalay responses and suggesting weapon options or placed an order for six effects to the human operator. ‘Stealth’ fl ying buggy revealed MRJ90 regional jets with purchase rights for an Lessors drive huge deals Looking like something that the ‘Q-Branch’ might additional four. issue to James Bond was a ‘fl ying car’ from Parajet The pace of airliner orders reached a fever pitch on — the SkyRunner — which features a rear-mounted Embraer updated the the Tuesday — mainly driven by leasing companies – propeller and a paraglider fl exible wing. The media with progress on its who know airlines’ needs perhaps sometimes better SkyRunner, say Parajet, who normally specialise in KC-390 jet military tactical than the carriers themselves. The biggest deal the smaller, one-man powered paragliders, is still at transport — now in fi nal was from Japanese lessor SMBC which ordered the concept stage but has been attracting attention assembly. The company 110 Airbus A320neos and fi ve A320ceos, in an at the show. highlighted its jet speed agreement worth $11·8bn at list prices. Meanwhile, (470kt) advantage over the air lessors Avolon ordered six Boeing 787-9 Civil Super Herc gets fi rst order slower C-130 cutting a 6hr Dreamliners in a deal worth $1·5bn. Avolon also mission down to 3·35hrs. reconfi rmed a previous order for fi ve 737 MAX9s. ASL Aviation Group has become the fi rst customer The type is set to make Singaporean leasing company BOC Aviation also for the civil version of the Lockheed Martin C-130J its fi rst fl ight by the end of settled for narrowbodies — placing an order for 36 Super Hercules — signing a letter of intent to buy the year — with delivery Airbus A320ceos and seven A320neos. Tuesday up to ten LM-100Js. South Africa’s ASL already to launch operator — the also saw Air Lease Corporation (ALC), after helping operates civil C-130s/L-100s in the freight role. Brazilian AF in 2016.

INAER is to acquire a Bell 429 light twin in helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) confi guration. Meanwhile, a further seven Bell 429s have been sold to the Swedish National Police.

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Paying a fl ying visit to the show was UK Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, who announced £154m in Government investment to support the UK’s new civil aerospace R&D push Airbus launches A330neo with 121 orders — co-ordinated by the recently created Aerospace Technology Institute. This second batch of ATI R&D In perhaps the worst kept surprise announcement of the show, Airbus used the Monday to launch its projects includes £42m to anticipated A330neo which fi lls a gap at the smaller end of the A350 XWB and is aimed directly at go to Airbus for lightweight customers for whom the ultra-long range A350 is ‘too much aircraft’. Despite being based on an older wings technology, £20m to design, Airbus is confi dent that the updated, re-engined A330 (to be available in two variants -800neo Rolls-Royce for low-carbon and -900neo) can hold its own against Boeing’s composite challenger — the 787. Driving the 14% better engine research, £49m ‘game-changer’ per seat fuel effi ciency, will be a new Rolls-Royce engine — the Trent 7000. Other neo to GKN for 3D printing tweaks include the wingspan extended by 3·7m and XWB-style blended winglets. The A330neo will feature of metallic aircraft parts 95% spares commonality with the standard A330 and keep the same type rating as the A330. Interestingly, and £13m to Thales for drawing on their experience with the A320neo, Airbus intend to shave one and a half years off the research into in-fl ight development schedule to achieve an entry into service of 2017. Said Airbus chief Fabrice Bregier: “I want an connectivity. Airbus that is faster, more agile.” First sign of the ‘overwhelming customer demand’ for the A330neo came from global lessor, Air Lease Corporation (ALC) which signed a deal for 25 A330neos and 60 A321neos. With its revamped, re- Meanwhile the fi rst airline customer to take the plunge was Malaysia’s AirAsiaX — placing an order for 50 engined E2 airliner cabin A330-900s. mock-up at Farnborough, Brazil’s Embraer was also Ruffl ed Russians between all partners whatever their systems may be. celebrating after winning The system has three key capabilities: a $2·4bn order from the While there were two Sukhoi Superjet 100s at 1. An OEM can exchange programs and projects, US’s Trans States Holdings Farnborough, the lack of Su-35s and Ka-52s that including the delegation of administrative roles; for 50 of its re-engined appeared at Paris last year was a large clue that, 2. An integrated, secured and automatic technical E-175 E2 jets. The deal after Crimea and Ukraine, relations with Russia data package exchange ensures the management also includes options for a were less than cordial. Complaints by Russian of large technical fi les between OEMs and suppliers further 50 E2s. delegations of slowness in processing visas by the and; UK Foreign Offi ce and instructions from Russia’s 3. Partners can access a wide variety of services, deputy prime minister for defence delegations to including converters based on standards or approval return home, led to a diplomatic snub and offi cial services. frostiness — though it is unclear how many Russian delegates were denied visas in time or chose to ATR wins Myanma Airways order obey Moscow and leave. State-owned Myanma Airways ordered six ATR More A350 XWBs ordered 72-600 regional plus six options. The Schools Build-a aircraft are scheduled for delivery between 2015 Plane soars Air Mauritius signed a MoU for four Airbus A350- and 2017. Futures Day on the Friday 900s. The airline also announced that it is leasing saw two ultralight aircraft (G-SBAP and G-YTLY) from two more A350-900s. The six new aircraft will be Head to head rivals? RAeS/Boeing Schools Build- operated on European, Asian and Australian routes. a-Plane project make history Key to making the best use of sensor-fused fourth by being the fi rst aircraft built New collaboration platform and fi fth generation fi ghters is the new generation by school children to take part of helmet mounted displays (HMD) — and the show in the Farnborough air display. 3D design software specialists Dassault Systèmes saw two companies provide details on their latest has launched a new European aerospace and combat helmets. Systems (Rockwell Collins/ defence industry’s collaboration platform. Called Elbit) helmet mounted display system (HMDS) — it AirDesign, the system is a neutral workspace for was revealed, is now up to its Gen III standard and advanced OEM and partner PLM collaboration in has been delivered for software integration with the design and manufacturing. Available on a high- jet. The Gen III HMDS fi xes earlier latency fl aws, security, private cloud or on-premise, AirDesign enhances capability and is set to be integrated with is a scalable collaboration platform designed to the LRIP 7 F-35s. Says Lockheed Martin’s Chief integrate all industry players, from OEMs to SMEs. F-35 Test Pilot Al Norman of the HDMS: “I love it. AirDesign can manage the exchange of PLM data Once I put this helmet on, I become one with the

20 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 aircraft. I have information everywhere I look.” For twice as quiet as the the F-35 which has no HUD, the helmet is critical 700. The specifi c fuel for its outstanding situational awareness and its consumption (SFC) is 360 degrees DAS (distributed aperture system) — 10% better than the PM visits allowing pilots to look ‘through’ the structure of the Trent 700, which when show, boosts aircraft to see an IR image of what is around them. added to the A330neo’s defence Meanwhile, BAE Systems (which from 2011 to other airframe tweaks, late 2013 was called in to develop a back-up F-35 gives a 14% improvement in fuel effi ciency over The UK defence sector helmet) launched its Striker II HMD— an upgrade of the standard A330ceo. Rolls-Royce is aiming to received a signifi cant boost on the Striker I already in use by Typhoon and Gripen build a test Trent 7000 engine in 2015, with fl ight the Monday when UK Prime pilots. The Striker II builds on the alternate F-35 testing in 2016. Certifi cation of the Trent 7000 Minster David Cameron visited HMD experience and the earlier Eurofi ghter/Gripen will be in 2017 ahead of the A330neo’s entry into the show and announced HMD. The Striker II, an ‘agnostic-type’ helmet for service. £1·1bn of defence investment any fi xed-wing or helicopter gives HD seamless towards ISR, UAVs and day/night vision with an integrated digital night ‘Minority Report’ display for ATC Eurofi ghter radar development. vision camera (DNVC) rather than bulky, weighty controllers The offi cial announcement is NVG googles. Said BAE Systems Chief Test Pilot, also a stay of execution for Mark Bowman of the Striker II: “NVG goggles on Spotted inside the Thales pavilion was a concept UK Sentinel R1 and Shadow combat helmets are now essentially a thing of for a future ATM human-machine interface, SHAPE. crews, who were set to be the past.” BAE plans to test fl y the Striker II with The concept blends eye-tracking technology with axed after the withdrawal from Typhoon later this year. touchscreen, iPad-style functionality. Though still a Afghanistan. The new timetable concept, Thales say that it was 30% quicker in test sees Sentinel and Shadow Meet the Trent 7000 than with the keyboard and mouse. ISR platforms continue until at least 2018, with the Sentinel’s With Airbus aggressively targeting 2017 for entry MAX seizes Monarch’s crown radar being enhanced for the into service for its re-engined A330neo widebody, maritime domain. as sole supplier, the responsibility for meeting Meanwhile, Boeing’s single-aisle sales push seemed Meanwhile, the show also engine deadlines rests on the broad shoulders of to be working, with the defection of otherwise saw the offi cial launch of the Rolls-Royce. For the A330neo, Rolls-Royce has stalwart Airbus customer, UK charter Monarch Defence Growth Partnership merged the best of three existing Trent engine Airlines, to Seattle. Monarch announced that it had (DGP) — intended to technologies (the Trent 700/1000-TEN/XWB) selected Boeing as the preferred supplier for its replicate the success of the to create the new Trent 7000 . The Trent single-aisle fl eet renewal plan — ordering 30 737 UK’s Aerospace Growth 7000 doubles the of the 700, features MAX 8s in a deal worth $3·1bn at list prices. The Partnmership (APG). a larger diameter fan and adds two extra low agreement also included additional options for pressure turbine stages. The result is an engine another ten aircraft. Egypt has ordered eight additional Airbus Defence On display outside the Textron chalet was the prototype Scorpion low-cost light attack/military tactical and Space C295 military surveillance aircraft which fl ew from Wichita in Kansas to Farnborough in the UK in seven stages. “We’re transport aircraft. The order pretty proud of it,” said Textron Airland President Bill Anderson. “We started back in January 2011 with an follows an earlier deal empty building, nine people and a white board and this is what you’ve got now. The only thing we needed to for 12 C295s, of which get over here was fuel and good weather — and we got both.” The $20m strike/ISR jet is looking to create a six have already been new combat aircraft niche between expensive fi ghters and lower-cost turboprops for a variety of missions and delivered. is already in advanced negotiations with potential customers. (See Q&A with the Scorpion King, Insight blog). Piaggio Aero won a fi rm order for ten of its updated Avanti EVO business aircraft, with options for Scorpion Jet fl ies Atlantic to make international a further 40 from Hong Kong-based lessor Bravia début Capital. First deliveries will begin in 2015.

The Netherlands Aircraft Company was reported to be negotiating with fi nanciers and suppliers with a view to relaunch the defunct Fokker 100 regional jet as the F120NG.

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Gripen to stay lethal to 2040+ Raytheon’s silicon carbide tech paying off Lennart Sindahl, Deputy CEO of Saab, outlined his vision of the future for the Gripen fi ghter up to While Raytheon is mostly known for radars and 2040 and beyond. His fi rst words were to reassure missiles, it is also now moving into high-end operators of the current Gripen C and Ds that niche technology for civil aerospace. Talking to they would not be left behind while development AEROSPACE, Raytheon UK revealed that its silicon continued on the new Gripen E and F. He said: “We carbide technology, made in Glenroths in Scotland, have a policy of continuous upgrades to the C and had already proved vital in winning places on several the D, the latest of which is MS20, that will expand projects for the UK’s ATI civil aerospace R&D effort. the aircraft’s operational capability.” Meanwhile, Potential applications for this technology include certifi cation of the Gripen E and F is expected in high-temperature sensors, engine monitoring and E-Fan fl ies at 2018. One test aircraft, the 39-7, is already fl ying, more-electric aircraft. show this year will see the testing of tactical rigs and Farnborough visitors caught a three more test aircraft will fl y in 2015, 2016 and Final airliner tally glimpse of a greener, quieter 2017. future GA aircraft when The trade days fi nished on the Thursday with some Airbus Group’s electric E-Fan · demonstrator fl ew at the 500 up for Bombardier $115 5bn worth of deals done. Having its best-ever show. (See ‘It’s Electrifying’ Farnborough was Airbus, which notched up some AEROSPACE, June 2014) Farnborough saw Bombardier celebrate a double 496 aircraft orders worth $75·3bn. Chief Salesman milestone when three deals pushed its CSeries John Leahy pointed out that 121 of these were for and Q400 orders over the 500 aircraft mark. The the freshly launched A330neo, the last of which, fi rst deal, worth around $375m, from an unnamed from Russian carrier Transaero, only was announced African carrier was for fi ve CSeries. Meanwhile, an minutes before the fi nal tally. While lessors made up Lessor Nordic Aviation existing undisclosed CSeries customer placed an the bulk of A330neo sales, regular Airbus customer Capital (NAC) signed an additional order for seven CS300s and purchase Tony Fernandes, signed for 25 A330neos — order for 25 ATR 42-600 rights for another six. This now brings the CSeries becoming the type’s fi rst airline customer. regional turboprops plus order book to 513. In Q400s — ’s Nok Air Meanwhile, Boeing scored 201 orders at the show, 50 options in a deal valued converted two Q400NextGen purchase rights to worth $40·2bn — with highlights including at over $1·55bn. fi rm; giving it six on order — and bringing the total fi rming up its 777X order and Monarch defecting to number of Q400s sold to 501. select the 737 MAX. AERO Vodochody announced the launch of an upgraded version of With the UK likely to restore its Nimrod MPA capability in the 2015 SDSR, manufacturers used the show its popular L-39 training to display their potential solutions. Airbus Defence and Space had a C295 MPA from Portugal, while Saab jet. Called the L-39NG, brought its 340MSA. Boeing, meanwhile, was taking no chances and, as well as its P-8A Poseidon had also the new aircraft will brought its new MSA (Maritime Surveillance Aircraft) — based on a Challenger 604 bizjet on static. Packed feature advanced modular with sensors, the MSA uses mission systems based on its bigger brother, the P-8A, but ditches the ASW ‘glass’ avionics and mission and weapon carriage for an affordable, jet maritime (and overland) patroller. Particularly impressive communication systems, in this aircraft are the mission displays — in place of bulky consoles there are giant hi-res touchscreen embedded virtual training displays that fold away clamshell-like. iPad owners will feel right at home, as the displays also feature ‘pinch systems, a new wet wing, and zoom’ touch functions — similar to tablets and smart phones. After sensor testing after the show, Boeing weight-saving materials plans to begin customer demonstration fl ights with the aircraft at the end of 2014 or early 2015. and a more effi cient Williams International FJ44-4M engine. Boeing sends maritime patrollers, large and small

In the UK, the Kent, Surrey & Sussex Air Ambulance Trust (KSSAAT) selected the AgustaWestland AW169 twin-engine light intermediate helicopter for emergency medical service missions. The aircraft will be operated by Specialist Aviation Services (SAS) for the KSSAAT.

22 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 A major step forward for the UK space industry Textron company TRU was announced by Simulation + Training Robert Goodwill, UK has signed an agreement Parliamentary Under with Boeing to supply the Secretary of State for full fl ight simulators for Transport, who explained the 737 MAX. As well as that the CAA had supplying FFS, the contract identifi ed eight potential includes fl at panel, fl ight Scottish sites dominate UK sites for a new UK and procedures trainer with spaceport from which to 3D hardware components spaceport choices operate sub-orbital space and desktop trainers for fl ights. The sites are all on use as a classroom virtual BIS existing airport or military cockpit instructional tool. sites which could be adapted or improved, if required. The sites are: Stornaway Airport, RAF Lossiemouth, The fi rst 737 MAX FFS is Kinloss Barracks, Cambeltown Airport, Glasgow Prestwick Airport (all in Scotland), Llanbedr Airport in Wales expected to be ready for and Newquay Cornwall Airport. In addition to meteorlogical, environmental and economic factors, the eight training in 2017. sites were chosen on the basis of: being a reasonable distance away from densely populated areas, having the ability to operate segregated airspace and having an existing runway of 3,000m — or the capability of ’ parent extending to that length. The Department of Transport is now awaiting comments from stakeholders of the group IAG, placed a proposals but the plan is for the site to be operational by 2018. fi rm order for 20 Airbus A320neos. Turboprop manufacturer ATR won a total of — that of inspiration for the next generation. As one 38 fi rm orders as well as 56 options. Bombardier, industry veteran remarked when watching the 787 Thales launched a maritime meanwhile, celebrated winning 20 commitments and A350 display: “These are the only airliners you version of its I-Master including 12 for its CSeries — which pushed the will see for the next decade — get used to them”. lightweight tactical total number over the 500 mark. Embraer did well In defence, the biggest story bar none was surveillance radar. The with 135 orders in total, the bulk of which were for the Lockheed Martin F-35 apperance cliffhanger. 30kg radar can be used its new re-engined E2 model. Japan’s Mitsubishi Having missed the HMS Queen Elizabeth aircraft in either ground moving also secured 26 orders for its MRJ — including a carrier launch, and the Royal International Air target indication (GMTI) or MoU for 20 from the relaunched US carrier Eastern Tattoo, its appearance at Farnborough was always synthetic aperture radar Air Lines. Finally Russia’s Sukhoi picked up a total of going to have been a close-run thing. In the event, (SAR) modes. 15 orders for its SuperJet. it did not make it. While eminently sensible it was a big public-relations disaster for the programme Summary — turned what should have been the jet’s exciting international debut into fresh ammunition for critics. Taranis fl ies In civil aerospace, while the A330neo caused a In the long term, this episode will probably not ‘full’ stealth stir, the success of these incremental upgrades make much difference to what is a decades-long prompted media questions to both Airbus and defence programme (and indeed valuable lessons BAE Systems revealed that its Boeing on their next re-engining projects. Would on deploying overseas were learned) — however, it Taranis UCAV demonstrator Airbus, for example, take heed of Emirates’ urging to also meant that the team went home empty-handed had now successfully launch an A380neo? Chief Fabrice Bregier thought without the predicted order announcement from undertaken the second phase not, at least not yet — saying that the priority for the the UK of its fi rst production batch. There was one of fl ight tests at an ‘undisclosed Airbus A380 would be cabin enhancements and other theme that emerged during the show — that location’ in its ‘full-up’ stealth tweaks. Meanwhile, Boeing, facing stiff competition of a major UK cabinet reshuffl e — which saw mode. This saw the antennas from the A321 was probed on a possible 757 ‘MAX’ Philip Hammond moved to the Foreign Offi ce and replaced by low-observable — although the company has quashed such rumours Michael Fallon made the new Secretary of State for ones and the air data probe, before. Other options might be another stretch of Defence — ahead of the expected SDSR in 2015. switched to stealth conformal the 737, or smaller 787. However, while these re- This comes on top of other political distractions like sensors — to make the Taranis engined airliners are a sales hit (and this includes the Scottish referendum and the General Election virtually invisible to radar. Embraer’s E2) in one respect they are sorely lacking of 2015. BAE Systems

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n common with other forms of transport, there the risks borne by aerospace insurers run into are mandatory insurance requirements that $billions in respect of a single incident. Cumulative apply to air carriers. For example, air carriers exposures in the event, e.g. of a terrorist attack on a in the European community are required to be number of aircraft, such as that at Tripoli Airport in insured to cover liability in case of accidents, in July, are enormous. Iparticular in respect of passengers, luggage, cargo, Specialist aerospace insurers include Global mail and third parties. Aviation insurance can also Aerospace Underwriting Managers (GAUM) while be taken out by manufacturers of products including large insurers, such as AIG, Allianz, Amlin, Axa and airframers or engine manufacturers for liability in Catlin, write specialty business, including aviation respect of their products which may give rise to and aerospace risks, as part of their portfolio. The claims arising from incidents. European Commission recognises the aviation/ Aerospace insurers underpin the whole of the aerospace market as highly competitive, due aviation industry which would be unable to operate in part to the structure of slips and policies in a without them. While aviation insurance comprises a verticalised, subscription market. Claims in this modest proportion of the overall insurance market, market are handled by a ‘leading underwriter’ who Taking cover GILES KAVANAGH* explains the vital role played by the aviation insurance market to protect aircraft owners, operators and fi nanciers against liabilities in the event of an accident.

24 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 has the power to bind a ‘following market’ airline’s insurers into litigation in a jurisdiction comprising a number of Lloyd’s syndicates (typically the US) where there is no real or companies. The leader’s authority is connection to the accident. So aviation subject to buy-in also from a limited insurers are increasingly conscious of number of ‘agreement parties’ — other where lessors are domiciled. Average participants on the insurance slip. awards in death cases in the US are over $5m, contrasted with more modest All risks and war risks awards in other countries. Plaintiffs lawyers (who in the US will typically Aircraft insurance will be purchased by be paid 30% or more of any damages airframers to cover damage caused as a result recovered by their clients) are therefore of pre-delivery incidents, e.g. test fl ights. Following incentivised to bring claims in the US, even where delivery, operators of aircraft will have various types the accident has occurred in Africa or Asia and the Third party liability claims of insurance in place, depending on the nature of can continue for years after connections with the US are tenuous. their operations. an accident, as has been Regarding the loss of fl ight MH17 which was The insuring clause in the policy will describe the case following the crash shot down while fl ying over the Ukraine on 17 the risk in relation to which cover is being provided. of Asiana Flight 214 at San July, the incident gives rise to exposures on the Francisco in July 2013 Insurers may express their obligations by way of a part of war risks insurers in relation to the aircraft. (NTSB). general undertaking to cover the insured against all Claims by passengers’ families are most likely to be risks of loss, subject to exclusions that will appear made against the airline and its insurers in the fi rst elsewhere in the policy. Such policies are described instance, although the airline has a potential defence as ‘All Risks’ policies, covering the insured property to claims exceeding $170,000, if it can prove there against all losses provided they are accidentally was no negligence on its part and the carriage by caused. Alternatively, the policy may specify ‘named air was governed by the Montreal Convention 1999. perils’ in respect of which cover is provided, such There has been talk of passengers’ families as ‘war risks’. bringing proceedings for the full value of their Policies typically provide agreed values claims against the Russian Government; in relation to the aircraft covered so the recent award in the Yukos arbitration that there is no argument in the event against the Russian Federation may of a total loss or constructive total loss. encourage such thoughts, although Such policies are also typically subject enforcement against Russian authorities to deductibles which may also be insured may not be easy. under a separate ‘hull deductible’ policy. Value for money Pay fi rst, ask questions later The products provided by the aviation insurance The importance of these types of cover, in the Insurance cover is just as market are real value for money. The fi nancial important for operators of context of commercial aircraft, has been illustrated business jets. limits attaching to third party liabilities (e.g. injury by the loss of MH370 and, more recently, MH17. to or death of passengers) under aviation policies Policy provisions enabled Malaysian Airlines to be will often exceed $1bn in the case of commercial paid quickly in respect of the MH370 aircraft hull, carriers and may reach $2bn. Premiums paid by without there having to be a fi nal determination as airlines and even manufacturers do not currently to whether the aircraft had been lost as a result of refl ect these levels of exposure, although those an accident or whether there had been sabotage. premiums are now, sensibly, rising following the MH370 demonstrates the fl exibility of aviation recent spate of crashes, including the TransAsia insurance products and the readiness of the Airways crash on 23 July and the Air Algerie aviation insurance market to provide rapid crash on the following day in Mali where 116 solutions for airlines and their fi nanciers. people were tragically killed.

Litigation complexities Policy cover and exclusions

The lessor of an aircraft will generally Are there any circumstances under which insist on being named as an ‘additional an insurer wouldn’t pay out? The insuring insured’ under an operator’s all risks policy, clause in an aviation policy will defi ne the so that the lessor’s interests and exposures scope of cover provided and so for example, are also covered by the operator’s insurers. losses incurred by airlines due to the closure of The implications of these insurance arrangements Accident rates for GA aircraft European airspace following the eruptions of the are that the cover afforded to a lessor in the airline’s have not declined in line with Icelandic volcano in 2010, were typically not covered. policy has been used by some lawyers to draw the those in commercial aviation. Aviation policies, like other types of insurance, will

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provide for exclusions. There may be territorial resultant fi nancial losses to airlines ATC etc. Another $5m exclusions, restricting the carrier from fl ying into development is the increased use of unmanned Average awards in or over certain countries. But the scope of cover aircraft. The International Union of Aerospace death cases in the US provided under aviation policies is broad and debates Insurers (IUAI), whose members underwrite about cover are the exception, not the rule. The approximately 90% of the risks in the aerospace aviation insurance market is in the business of paying sector, has been looking closely at the insurance claims and has a long record of doing so. implications of the commercial operation of UAVs 30%+ which involve risks to property, injury and even death Percentage of Future challenges to people on the ground. UAV regulation in the UK damages paid to US and the US is in its infancy but this is a huge growth plaintiff lawyers Aerospace insurance is continuing to evolve, to area for aviation. adapt both to changes in levels of existing risks Yet another interesting development is the and to new risks. “If you look at trends advent of space tourist fl ights. There is a specialist for commercial air carriers, safety has satellite insurance market, but commercial manned $1bn+ improved considerably, accident trends spacetravel, for example by , is insured Financial limits on are generally downwards and in the aerospace insurance market. Issues arising third party liabilities there have been fewer large may depend on whether an incident occurs in space under aviation polices claims scenarios. However, or atmosphere, where different legal regimes apply. claims arising in the past What is clear is that those who undertake such travel decade from airline losses are likely to be high-earning individuals such that any have been substantial and claims arising could be very expensive indeed. complicated, involving signifi cant cost The huge and continuing growth in air travel to aerospace insurers, including legal and man’s technical ingenuity means that the risks costs. In addition, there are segments for the aerospace sector will grow and diversify. of the aviation sector where accident But, the aerospace community can rest easy that trends are less benign, for example there is huge experience and for rotorwing operations and the expertise in the aerospace GA sector more broadly. Rotorwing insurance market that accident trends are currently a major will underwrite concern for the NTSB in the US. the risks that Aerospace brokers and insurers are innovation innovating, examining not only the ways presents. in which risks are changing but also new forms of cover. The risk of cyber attacks has been much publicised and some aviation brokers and insurers are considering whether policy provisions may be included to provide signifi cant levels of cover for

NEWS*Giles Kavanagh IN isBRIEF Head of the Aerospace practice at Holman Fenwick Willan LLP and Legal Adviser to the International Union of Aerospace Insurers.

Stormy skies ahead? The aircraft insurance market is considering the future risks posed by cyber attacks against airlines and air traffi c control systems, the advent of space tourism?????? and???? the ???? third-party ??? ??? liability issues posed by the increased use of UAVs. ????? ????? ??????

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426 AEROSPACE // SEPT JUNEEMBER 2013 2014 Insurance Satellite insurance Satellites Reliability in an era of change

ANTOINE BAVANDI, Space Risks Underwriter at Argo International, looks at the role of space insurance and risk management in the ever- evolving satellite industry.

eliability is an essential attribute for Artist’s impression of a European Galileo global space systems, with a failed launch positioning satellite about having signifi cant and often lasting to be deployed in orbit Rfi nancial and reputational effects for around the Earth. ...operators. After take-off, little can be done to correct anomalies on a spacecraft and, consequently, insurance is an important element in allowing companies to mitigate these risks. However, the limited availability of launch failure data, due to the small number of launches, combined with constantly changing technology has made it increasingly challenging for insurance underwriters to precisely assess and predict the ability of space systems to perform as intended. This problem is compounded by the lack of a consistent measure of the reliability of space systems. To address this, space insurers have proposed a method by which the reliability of both current and future systems can be more thoroughly assessed to the benefi t of the space industry as a whole. Technological advancements have dramatically altered the aerospace landscape. There are large-scale innovations, with new launch vehicles such as SpaceX’s Falcon 9 and ESA’s rockets. These new vehicles, which are ESA

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already in use and commercially operational, are SpaceX challenging the dominance of established models such as Ariane 5 and Proton, compelling their manufacturers to assess every component to maintain profi tability. This increased competition has, in turn, driven change and innovation across the entire procurement chain. An example of this is the signifi cantly increased use of COTS (commercial- off-the-shelf technology) in launch vehicles over the more expensive space-qualifi ed components.

Size does matter

Satellites are also changing dramatically. They now tend to be either bigger and more powerful — allowing economies of scale for a lower cost per amplifi er in orbit, a key metric for the profi tability of a commercial telecom project — or smaller and smarter, with adaptive antennas, on-board signal processing, improved spectral effi ciency, and optimised use of higher frequencies (from C and Ku to ). However, arguably the biggest change for satellites comes from the development of all-electric platforms, with the fi rst Boeing 702- SP slated for launch in 2015. Benefi tting from one of the lightest electric-propulsion technologies on the market, those satellites maximise the weight savings (and launch costs) but at a price of lower thrust, requiring between six and eight months to travel from initial injection to fi nal . While the launch supply is diversifying, and the small satellites market is expanding, project fi nancing has also become more accessible with the rise of low-interest export-credit agency (ECA) satellite funding. This has allowed more countries to enter the satellite industry and, today, the fastest emerging space countries are Brazil, Argentina, Taiwan and South Korea. There are new organisations, new operators, and new space nations, which refl ect the ongoing democratisation of satellite communications in what seems to be a transition to mass market, driven, in no small part, by the appetite for direct-to-home (DTH) services and broadband applications (Internet by satellite). These new business forces often demand tight manufacturing schedules and, if unchecked, may jeopardise the overall quality standards.

Space insurance

While none of these changes are truly unique, the history of space communications has always been shaped by innovations and the combination is unprecedented, making it a nerve-racking and exciting time for operators, manufacturers, space enthusiasts and insurance underwriters. These developments have already had a profound impact Space X Falcon 9 rocket launch.

28 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 on the space insurance market, which, in recent insurance claim payment will never fully compensate years, has experienced a great deal of volatility, for all other losses an operator or manufacturer unexpected failures and unforeseen success might suffer such as anomaly investigation costs, stories. Statistics alone emphasise the unique the impact on reputation, or on future sales. Unique nature of the space insurance market: a single opportunities can also be missed with, in the case of rocket launch can generate 10% of the industry’s a total loss, the operator often needing two-to-three annual premium, while one launch failure can years for another satellite to be fi nanced, designed, wipe out the market’s procured and built, during which time the market will annual income. And have changed and the opportunity may no longer this unpredictability has Boeing exist, in particular for new ventures. somehow been amplifi ed As a consequence, insurers, in collaboration with lately, as the space operators and manufacturers, propose to redefi ne communications industry our way of assessing reliability for satellites, through as a whole experiences a the implementation of a common terminology sea-change. and a transparent computation method. This will Space insurance is a key enable more diligent underwriting and allow in element of any commercial space turn for more technical pricing and improved rate project, providing the certainty of differentiation. The risk quantifi cation exercise should loss-free operations in exchange be supported by actual fl ight data. Soft factors such for a premium proportional to the as quality, design robustness and redundancies, risks involved. The complexities of system sensitivity to any given failure (to improve the space industry, enhanced further our understanding of the satellite’s ability to absorb by the recent developments, mean that, critical anomalies), corporate culture and vision regardless of whether the duration should also be assessed as part of a of the insurance protection separate but complementary required is for as little as a qualitative approach. three-hour launch sequence Satellite manufacturers Centre — Boeing’s or as long as a full year of are implementing more 702-SP all-electric satellite is scheduled in-orbit life, it requires a thorough stringent quality control for launch in 2015. understanding of the operator’s asset, standards in the design fi nance and business plan as well and manufacturing as the models it employs. It also processes, which demands an in-depth knowledge have been under the of their history, experience and spotlight in the recent long-term vision. With the life-cycle of past, following a series a single satellite project typically being around of quality-related anomalies. This 20 years (from early design to end of life), it is increased emphasis on quality a long-term investment, a close partnership that control is a promising indication requires transparency, stability and confi dence. To that the outlook for the future maintain this over the years in a fi nancially stable of geostationary commercial SPACE and sustainable way, it is necessary to refi ne the communications satellites will be INSURANCE IS insurance market’s risk approach and improve one of higher reliability. the correlation between current pricing and new Signifi cant changes A KEY ELEMENT risks, while accounting for a signifi cant amount of are ahead of us, which OF ANY uncertainty. This can ensure that confi dence in the come with a great deal of COMMERCIAL insurance community is maintained and the strong uncertainty. The past will SPACE PROJECT, co-operation between client, fi nance and insurance is certainly not refl ect the future. It is reinforced today and for the future. time the insurance community PROVIDING THE rethought its underwriting tools CERTAINTY Understanding risk and means of assessing reliability, OF LOSS-FREE for the benefi t of an improved risk OPERATIONS Collaboration between operators and insurers will evaluation process which would signifi cantly benefi t both parties. From improved use a common language and IN EXCHANGE risk understanding, to reduced volatility of premium analyse actual track records in an agreed FOR A PREMIUM rates and valuable risk prevention and mitigation format. We believe this is a necessary step towards PROPORTIONAL planning. Given the fi nancial requirements for any more diligent underwriting, and a great step towards launch, the cost of risk prevention will always be reaffi rming the insurance market’s stability and TO THE RISKS less than the impact of a loss. The payment from an its long-term partnership with the space industry. INVOLVED

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 29 Air transport MH17 shootdown implications The SAM threat & civil aviation The tragic loss of Malaysia Airlines MH17 has highlighted the dangers of surface-to -air missiles to commercial air transport. Can anything be done to protect them? TIM ROBINSON offers analysis.

his July has been a black month for civil petition the FAA to install aviation – with the loss of so many lives. active missile defences Perhaps most shocking was the loss of on airliners. Is he being Talmost 300 people on 17 July on fl ight realistic? MH17. Compounding the horror of the 298 people who died on the Malaysia Airlines The MANPADS threat Boeing 777 over eastern Ukraine was the cause of their death, not mechanical failure, bad weather, or The most common type of missile pilot error — but likely destruction by a surface-to- threat an airliner might face is from air (SAM) missile fi red from the ground. small, portable shoulder-launched The aircraft was on a recognised, international missiles — or MANPADS. However, fl ightpath and fl ying at cruising height (33,000ft). despite dire warnings over MANPADS Attention has turned to what can be done to prevent proliferation since the 1990s, the spectre of this type of incident in the future. Certainly, there civil airliners being shot from the skies every week have been similar disastrous shootdowns of civil never came to pass — why? Firstly, despite the airliners in the past. The late , for example vulnerability of civil airliners, they are usually much saw two airliners shot down in Zimbabwe by rebels larger than the targets MANPADS are intended using MANPADS. Meanwhile, in 1983, there was for — helicopters and low-fl ying fi ghters or attack international outcry when a Soviet interceptor shot aircraft. The attempted shootdown of a DHL A300F down Korean Air Lines Flight 007 with an air-to-air with MANPADs over Baghdad in missile. In 1988, a US Navy missile cruiser, USS 2003 shows the surprising resilience of modern Vincennes, mistook an Air A300 airliner for airliners to IR missiles with small warheads. This an Iranian F-14 — blowing it out of the sky. More failure may have played a part in discouraging recently, in 2001, a Russian Siberia Airlines Tu-154 other terror or insurgent groups that despite the was downed over the Black Sea, most likely by an opportunity presented by these tempting targets, Ukrainian S-200 SAM in an air defence exercise the risk is simply not worthwhile for a low-chance of gone terribly wrong. success. Today though, the overall safety of air transport Second, is despite that airliners are low and makes this latest isolated event even more shocking slow on approach and take-off, the effective range and unfathomable. In the wake of MH17 there (approx 3km) of MANPADS coupled with the have been fresh calls to look at missile defences limited maximum altitude (approx 11-15,000ft) of for airliners — with one US senator saying he will missiles like the SA-7, SA-16 or SA-24, means any

30 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 (Wikipedia/Vitaly V. Kuzmin) V. (Wikipedia/Vitaly

changed the course of the Soviet Union’s confl ict in Afghanistan. Finally, while many terrorist groups aspire to Shoulder- violence and indiscriminate killing, shooting down launched terror? an airliner, while guaranteed to grab headlines, also Igla-S MANPADS puts the insurgents on a number one enemy list. An international passenger list means that not just at a defence one country but several countries intelligence and show. Light, security agencies will be hunting your group and portable and crucially sharing information. It may be that, while lethal they allow ownership of MANPADS will be a status symbol to many groups, actual use has not matched fears. infantrymen to Indeed, since the Mombasa 2002 attempt and the counter enemy air DHL/Baghdad incident in 2003 there have been no attacks confi rmed cases This, of course, is not to understate the threat. The political and social convulsions in the Middle East from Libya to Syria are especially worrying in that fears that ‘Arab Spring’ and uprisings have put large stocks of MANPADS into the wrong hands.

‘Buk’ and high-end SAMs

However, the missile system fi ngered for the destruction of MH17 is of a more sophisticated nature. The ‘Buk M1’ (Sa-11 NATO codename) insurgent will need to be is a tracked vehicle with four missiles ready to fairly close to the end of the launch. Crucially, in normal doctrine it is deployed DESPITE DIRE Snow Drift) runway in order to get a shot with as part of a battery, with a radar vehicle ( WARNINGS a high probability of success. There are thus and a command vehicle allowing simultaneous limited places for a successful kill which airports launches and situational awareness of the wider OVER MANPADS and security agencies are aware of and keep at air picture (including IFF). However, should the PROLIFERATION many airports a special watch on for any unusual Sa-11 individual missile vehicles (TELAR) become SINCE THE activity. The third challenge for insurgent groups separated, or the radar destroyed — they can act 1990S, THE is that, without the extensive support and spares in an autonomous, stand-alone mode, with their system that an established military has, it may be own radar. It was, very most likely that this stand- SPECTRE OF diffi cult keeping MANPADS in working order as alone mode — with no IFF and limited situational CIVIL AIRLINERS they (like consumer goods) have ‘best-before’ dates. awareness of the wider air picture, was a key factor BEING SHOT In particular, batteries can run down, leaving the in dooming MH17. missiles useless. Yet the ‘Buk’, despite its large warhead and FROM THE Fourth, is that counter-proliferation efforts have engagement altitude (72,200ft), is only a medium- SKIES EVERY so far proved remarkably successful in restricting range (42km) system compared to the S-300V (SA- WEEK NEVER the fl ow of these weapons — especially in rounding 12) series — which can not only reach 82,000ft, CAME TO PASS up and buying back US-made Stingers, which but also has a range of 200-250km — giving it

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21,300ft, (above the usual MANPADS maximum engagement zone) showed that the ‘Buk’ most probably had been used in this previous incident.

Defensive measures

Given these lethal threats — can anything be done for civil airliners? Modern military aircraft carry a wide range of defensive aids, from electronic jamming pods, to chaff and fl are dispensers to spoof incoming missiles. Larger aircraft, such as tankers, transports and VIP assets, also can the ability to deny large swathes of airspace to be equipped with DIRCM (directed infra-red aircraft. The ‘Buk’, with its smaller engagement countermeasures) a laser in a turret able to burn Elbit Systems is zone, would have relied on the separatists putting it an IR missile seeker out. However, against radar- now marketing in a favourable position where Ukrainian transport guided missiles, HVA (high value assets) such as the C-MUSIC or ground were known to fl y. It thus transport aircraft would, in the fi rst instance, be kept defensive seems it was sheer bad luck that the Malaysian well away from these threats. fl ightpath intersected the threat zone of this vehicle, Some of these technologies have already made system for especially when other civil fl ights had also been in their way into the civil arena. Certain VIP aircraft airliners. the vicinity at the same time. or government bizjets are already equipped with The more advanced S-300/400 family is a defensive aids, such as DIRCM turrets. In 2002, complex, lethal SAM system only used by nations an attempted attack by Al-Qaeda militants using — as part of a battery and tied into a national MANPADs on an Israeli charter airline in Kenya saw integrated air defence (IADS) system. It would thus Israel take the unprecedented step of deciding to seem unlikely that this level of equipment could be equip all its airliners with anti-MANPADS defensive operated successfully by insurgents or rebels. Key aids under a project called SkyShield. factors in the MH17 shootdown are that the ‘Buk’ Following these near-misses in the , anti- can operate as a single vehicle, outside the usual MANPADS systems for civil airliners are now being battery. This, coupled with Ukrainian rebels with offered on the wider market. Israel’s Elbit Systems, army experience who probably had either switched for example, produces the C-MUSIC a low- sides and/or received additional training from profi le DIRCM now under testing for SkyShield. Russia in handling this weapon, perhaps Meanwhile ’s Saab offers CAMPS (Civil explains how a medium-altitude, Aircraft Missile Protection System) which uses mobile, tracked SAM system decoy fl ares that can only be released in fl ight (a could be operated major worry for airlines in regular airport operations). and fi red by Finally, another approach is to protect the irregular forces. The airspace around airports with a ground-based downing of an defence system to destroy or spoof any Ukrainian AF MANPADS missile away from An-26 on 14 July its intended target. Raytheon, while for example, proposed a ground- fl ying based system called ‘Vigilant Eagle’ at for the US Department of Homeland Security — which would use high-power microwave directed energy to fry the missile’s electronics in fl ight. However — an important fact lost in the calls for airliners to be equipped with military-specifi cation missile defences is that chaff and fl are release is usually combined with a radical manoeuvre to assist in breaking lock and make the missile go wide. Timed correctly, a fi ghter pilot can use the massive speed of an incoming radar-guided or IR missile to force it to overshoot. A400M in full fl are jettison mode. Some point out that fl ares could be more risky for airliners if accident- ly fi red at a busy airport during refuelling.

There is, of course, no way a civil airliner can perform these manoeuvres — even if the pilots were aware a missile was coming their way. It is also notable that all of these current anti- missile systems for airliners are designed to counter IR MANPADS at low altitude. Incorporating jamming pods, electronic warfare capabilities or chaff to foil radar-guided missiles would be hideously costly, impractical and, because of the above point about manoeuvring, it still would not guarantee the safety of the crew and passengers. Adding the additional complexity of defensive aids systems also raises issues of airworthiness and training.

The evolving SAM threat Airbus DS many nations are keen to acquire the low- One other related point that the loss of MH17 and observable F-35 — as this offers a way to complete military aircraft to SAMs over Ukraine highlights missions, even in airspace defended by the latest — is the need for stealth aircraft, EW and SEAD long-range ‘triple digit’ SAMs. to effectively counter these ground-based threats in modern confl icts. In a matter of days since 16 Conclusion July Ukraine lost four of its ground-attack Su- 25s — a sizeable chunk of its combat effective While technology certainly exists to defend against force — and an unsustainable loss rate for any air airliners against IR-guided SAMs, fi tting it to the force. Compare this to coalition fi xed-wing losses world’s civil airliner fl eet would be prohibitively in Afghanistan — which, despite operations lasting expensive. If mandated, it would throw up all sorts over a decade, saw accidents, not enemy shoot of additional questions. Would all airliners, whatever downs as the biggest cause of destroyed aircraft. size, need them — from Twin Otters to A380s? Part of this can be attributed to differences in the Or would it be required only for airliners that fl ew threat level (MANPADS and AAA being the chief into danger zones? What about airliners that only threat in Afghanistan — the insurgents having no fl y domestically? Would they need them too, or systems comparable to the ‘Buk’). Another part of would that just open a new security loophole, with this is in the technology. Targeting pods, precision terrorists then focused on smuggling missiles to guided weapons and armed UAVs have evolved target internal fl ights? close air support for western forces — allowing Defending airliners against high-end radar them to ‘stand-off’ above low-level SAM and AAA guided SAMs such as the ‘Buk’ or even the more threats — yet retain accuracy. Recent shoot-downs lethal S-300/400 series is even more unrealistic. of Ukrainian aircraft (and Russian combat aircraft Even 9G-capable agile military fi ghters equipped in the 2008 Georgian confl ict, along with with EW jammers, towed decoys, fl ares and chaff Syrian AF losses in its civil war) face stiff challenges in penetrating the threat rings demonstrates how high the level of the latest SAMs — hence the move to stealth, of losses would be without electronic attack and stand-off weapons. Large, these key technology and ponderous targets would have no chance. tactics. In summary — the safest course of action for However — the the civil airline industry when faced with unstable appearance of a Sa-11 regions where there may be an elevated threat ‘Buk’ in Ukrainian rebel from high-level SAMs (beyond low-altitude hands underscores MANPADS), is to avoid the area completely. that, in future confl icts Instead, quicker and more co-ordinated global — even perhaps intelligence sharing of airspace threats is a key against insurgent lesson from this tragic incident. forces, higher altitudes This could perhaps include tweaks to will be no guarantee the existing NOTAMS to ensure that critical of safety. Air forces, will information like ‘An-26 shot down by suspected need to consider this in SA-11 Buk at 23,000ft’ is better highlighted among procuring equipment and the hundreds of other warnings, safety notifi cations in evolving tactics. No wonder and directives that pilots, dispatchers and airline that, despite the price tag (and bosses must digest in risk decisions about fl ight the recent no-show at Farnborough), planning, routes, and diversions.

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 33 Nan Mattai Senior Vice President, Engineering & Technology, Rockwell Collins Horizons From human-machine interfaces of the future, to 3D printing and ultra-fast wireless communications, NAN Rockwell CollinsRockwell MATTAI outlines Rockwell Collins’ R&D path to innovation.

rom the early days of fl ight to the next generation technologies, the intense global connected sky of tomorrow, Rockwell competition and the increased pace of technology Collins has a heritage of pioneering change, it is a challenge for companies to raise Ftechnologies in aerospace and defence. the stakes and invest in the right areas to have the Our company is dedicated to serving right solutions ready at the right time. We cannot our core markets through exceptional execution afford to stand still, as there is always the risk of of current commitments while leveraging that and new players entering the performance to gain new business opportunities. market, displacing the incumbents. To stay ahead Looking forward, accelerating growth is a top priority and differentiate in this challenging environment, and we plan to do this by enhancing and expanding Rockwell Collins invests between 18-20% of its our addressed markets, growing our international annual revenue in research and development. business and maintaining our strong commitment to These investments are targeted to high priority innovation. technologies that align with customers’ needs and corporate strategic direction. Biggest challenges Future technologies Currently, there are two sets of challenges that stand out. The fi rst is the tough economic These are some of the future technologies we are environment and continuing budgetary pressures, most excited about: primarily in the advanced economies. This has resulted in changing priorities and the pressing Photonic communications — Radio frequency (RF) need to reduce total cost of ownership. The second systems on the modern battlefi eld must cover many challenge is maintaining an innovative edge in an RF and microwave bands and deliver accurately increasingly competitive environment to provide our processed information. Software-defi ned radios customers with the best capabilities to meet their provide the capability for a single radio to generate mission and operational needs at an affordable multiple wave forms, allowing them to serve the cost. functions of many different conventional radios. Innovation is at the heart of how we best Photonic technology transmits information using serve our customers and, given fewer funds for light and has the potential to digitise signals at

Z-Fab brings 3D printing to the chip scale. 18- 20% Revenue

Rockwell CollinsRockwell reinvested into R&D

34 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 THE KEY TO Rockwell Collins’s HeliSure brings advanced INNOVATION situational awareness to the rotary-wing SUCCESS pilot.

Rockwell CollinsRockwell IS SOLVING PROBLEMS higher frequencies and with more resolution than aerospace manufacturing is out there with dramatic CUSTOMERS ever before. This technology can further enhance progress being made. Additive manufacturing builds CARE ABOUT, the capabilities of today’s software-defi ned radios objects by adding parts together in layers, rather ALIGNMENT with direct conversion receiver capability. Silicon than taking raw material and ‘subtracting’ excess based photonics-integrated circuits enable material away from fi tted moulds, as in traditional WITH BUSINESS high- speed, high-resolution analogue-to-digital ‘subtractive’ manufacturing. Additive manufacturing GROWTH converters, signifi cantly reducing size, weight and isn’t new but was typically used for small plastic STRATEGIES power requirements while boosting performance of prototypes of objects, aiding design tweaks. today’s RF systems. Mass production of metallic objects for AND MARKET commercial and industrial use, built up layer-by- TIMING Information analytics and human machine interfaces layer and modelled through software, has sparked — Rockwell Collins has pioneered information excitement in manufacturing. Rockwell Collins has delivery and security for over 80 years. Today we are developed a game-changing additive manufacturing building on that experience to develop systems for technology at the microelectronic device scale the 21st century: information-rich fl ight decks, smart called Z-Fab. Z-Fab is used to create 3D radio targeting systems, real time battle-space networks, frequency (RF) components that reduce size and and aviation information management solutions. cost of radio systems while improving performance The future lies in connecting everything, getting and increasing functionality. The Z-Fab design hardware functions into software applications that process utilises the latest in 3D parametric design run on open architectures, proliferating sensors tightly coupled with high fi delity co-simulation through aircraft and systems, and controlling where methods (electrical, thermal, and mechanical). This data goes, how it is distributed and analysed. technology is quickly growing to include active We expect that the number of aircraft that are integrated circuits, greater functionality, higher information-enabled — those featuring advanced power and frequency, and further reductions in size avionics, connectivity and information services and and cost. applications — will increase signifi cantly by 2030. The volume of data available to these systems will R&D investment be much greater and more complex, requiring new technologies and tools to integrate and translate Meanwhile we are investing in R&D to create the into meaningful, actionable information. technologies of tomorrow: Given this more interconnected world, improving information analytics and human machine interface Adaptation of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) to provide the most effi cient, secure and reliable technologies — With defence budgets tightening, real-time interconnectivity possible is foundational. the days of defence programmes spending billions Rockwell Collins’ Venue A good example is air traffi c management in the of dollars developing new technologies are gone. cabin management NextGen airspace. The backbone of this system is Actually, defence programmes are placing greater system. The company the new surveillance system, Automatic Dependent emphasis on open architectures and affordable predicts information- Surveillance — Broadcast or ADS-B. With the mature technologies (high technology readiness enabled aircraft will ADS-B Out mandate set to go into effect in 2020, levels) that are ready to be introduced onto increase signifi cantly by aircraft will broadcast precise location and other programmes to reduce program uncertainty and 2030. information about the aircraft to ground stations technical risk. and other aircraft equipped with ADS-B receive Given the investments being made in the capability. Processing and presentation of this consumer industry in technologies such as information will give air traffi c controllers and pilots connectivity, computing, high-speed networking, a better understanding of their environment. graphics, displays, augmented reality and 3D printing we are working to rapidly adopt and adapt Additive manufacturing /3D printing — The potential these COTS technologies for the unique commercial for this technology to be a game changer in and military applications. Rockwell CollinsRockwell

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 35 Nan Mattai Senior Vice President, Engineering & Technology, Rockwell Collins

technologies such as collision avoidance, sense and avoid, auto takeoff and landing, failure tolerance and redundant avionics systems will enhance UAS safety and reliability for use in any airspace. The use of multiple technologies and systems to seamlessly connect and communicate, to detect other aircraft and avoid collision by ‘plugging into’ national and international air traffi c management systems, whether an aircraft is a manned platform,

Rockwell CollinsRockwell an optionally piloted aircraft or an unmanned aircraft is required. One of the critical enabling Cockpit of the Future (2020 and beyond) — The technologies is the command and control data cockpit of the future (2020 and beyond) must be link. We are collaborating with NASA on its UAS Sophisticated ready to meet the requirements of global air traffi c certifi able non-payload command-and-control data algorithms in modernisation initiatives such as NextGen and link programme, which will defi ne the requirements Rockwell Collins Single European Sky. The future fl ight deck will for future command and control in the National be an intelligent cockpit that forms an integral and Airspace System for control of small and large ThreatTrack interactive part of the airspace eco-system, aware unmanned aircraft weather simulate of the aircraft and the environment around it with the build-up of an unprecedented amount of information available Radical breakthroughs thunderstorms. from advanced sensors, databases and connectivity channels. But we are always on the lookout for radical ideas Rockwell Collins is focusing its research and that could create breakthroughs in our industry: development efforts to provide greater safety, security and effi ciency through enhanced situational Terahertz communications — Today’s radio bands awareness, improving human-automation interaction are heavily allocated, data rate limited and near and effi ciency in operations. Sensing and other saturation. One of the avenues of research that is technologies are creating the ability to see weather being explored to address this problem is terahertz and terrain outside the specifi ed fl ight path, as communication. The challenges of working in the well as other aircraft, allowing the pilot to make THz regime are balanced by the massive potential real-time decisions to benefi t the passenger or to unlock very high data rates for end-users in a mission, while improving operational effi ciency. We large new carrier frequency space for wireless are developing next generation large format display, communications. The terahertz frequency range sensor and data fusion and intuitive human machine from 100 GHz to 10 THz, lies in the frequency gap technologies to provide pilots a heads-up, eyes between infrared and microwave wavelengths. forward capability for operations in challenging low- The properties and propagation characteristics visibility conditions. of THz waves are shorter wavelengths, wide bandwidth and high directivity. Several research Adaptive Networked Communications — Rockwell groups around the world have reported impressive Collins has been pioneering airborne and surface results in THz communications but the key issue communication capabilities for military customers that remains in achieving robust THz links is for more than 80 years. We provide solutions that obtaining long-term error-free performance which offer high throughout, spectrum-effi cient, ad- is required for real-time applications like video hoc networking capabilities that address tactical streaming. The realisation of THz communications operations requirements. The future battlespace This year saw Rockwell is becoming even more complex, contested and Brazil’s new Embraer KC-390 airlifter will Collins break ground on a highly congested. Assured secure communications be equipped with Rockwell Collins’ Pro new 40,000ft² R&D facility regardless of the electromagnetic environment is Line Fusion fl ightdeck. in Reading, UK, set to open in 2015. critical to mission effectiveness. Therefore, the need for jam-resistant communications and diffi cult- to-detect communications technology to keep battlefi eld networks functioning amid a variety of spectrum-warfare threats is a top priority and aligns well with our capabilities and strengths.

Unmanned vehicles in civil airspace — Integrating unmanned aerial systems (UAS) into the national airspace will require advanced technology to ensure

that fl ight safety is maintained. Capabilities and CollinsRockwell Rockwell CollinsRockwell

36 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 NASA relies on stable, robust THz emission chips, including power amplifi ers at emission and low noise amplifi ers at reception. THz communications with achievable data rates of 50 gigabits per second and more could be a game changer for many applications, such as machine-to-machine interfaces or transferring massive amounts of data. One application would be to eliminate many of the thousands of feet of electrical cable in an aircraft, thus saving hundreds of pounds of weight and freeing up space for other applications. Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) High Assurance Security Program (HACMS). This Rockwell Collins Formal methods for cyber-physical systems — project involves developing formal methods tools to model-based engineering — The development analyse UAVs for cybersecurity vulnerabilities. is working of modern embedded systems is becoming with NASA to increasingly diffi cult and challenging because of Which technology to pursue? investigate UAS their overall system complexity, tighter and cross- in civil airspace functional integration, the increasing requirements There are often more ideas than investment dollars concerning safety and real-time behavior, and the which requires us to make consumption choices challenges using need to reduce development and operational costs. and place technology bets. This is not a process this S-3 Viking Formal methods are mathematical techniques to be taken lightly, making the down- testbed. for the specifi cation, development and selection process a complex, rigorous verifi cation of software aspects of digital task that involves a wide range of systems. parameters and stakeholders. The The mathematical basis of formal key to innovation success is solving methods consists of formal logic, problems customers care about, discrete mathematics and computer- alignment with business growth readable languages. The use of formal strategies and market timing. To methods is motivated by the expectation ensure that we are solving the right that, as in other engineering disciplines, problems, we engage with our customers performing appropriate mathematical analyses early and often, seeking their feedback during can contribute to establishing the correctness and the development of new technologies. robustness of a design. Implementing a formal Through the engagement with advanced methods-based approach to the development of research labs, such as DARPA, the DoD Service large complex systems can provide the highest Labs, NASA, FAA, regulatory agencies and original levels of dependability and resiliency. Formal equipment manufacturers (OEMs), we gain methods also have the potential of reducing awareness of emerging customer needs. At the DO-178c certifi cation costs and improving test same time, we stay aware of emerging technologies coverage. through universities, academic studies, trade Formal analysis can be applied to architectural shows and media reports. By bringing together models before the system is built, allowing ‘virtual the base of technology know-how with emerging integration’ and allows fi nding problems before customer needs, we are able to identify where the going to the integration rig. Formal methods big opportunities might exist in our markets and the tools are also being developed on the Defense technology and product strategy needed to make it happen. In partnership with business leaders within our company, an assessment of the market and strategic fi t is made resulting in a prioritisation of ACHIEVABLE the technology thrusts and initiatives. To mitigate the risk and exposure, we DATA RATES OF engage with our customers through technology 50 GIGABITS demonstrations and in-house customer immersion PER SECOND labs so that they can see the prototype and AND MORE experience what value it brings. Having done all that, we have to remain fl exible and be prepared to COULD BE terminate a project if the market need or customer A GAME- strategies change. At the end of the day, having CHANGER a differentiating competitive solution that delivers a powerful convincing value proposition to the FOR MANY customer is what it takes to win. APPLICATIONS

@aerosociety i linkedin.com/raes f facebook.com/raes www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 37 Aviation history QRA then and now Bolt into the BLUE

With tensions between Russia and the West at a new high — IAN BLACK describes a Cold War-era scramble — in the ultimate interceptor — the Lightning

t is August 2014 and I’m writing this article — the air reeks of aviation fuel. I’m feet amid a plethora of 'hot news articles' involving away from a live armed English Electric Lightning air defence intercepts. A Royal Air Force English Electric fi ghter built in the early 1960s but still then fulfi lling ITyphoon FGR4 intercepts Qatar Airways Lightning F.6 a vital peacetime role QRA (Quick Reaction Alert). fl ight QR23 and escorts it into Then, as now, the Royal Air Force maintained a Airport with a credible bomb threat over UK round-the-clock alert state. Two aircraft were live airspace. Meanwhile, USAF F-15s of Alaskan- 54,000ft armed ready to scramble at a moment's notice based squadrons are intercepting Russian SERVICE CEILING to intercept the unknown. The two pilots and two Bear bombers close to US waters after the tragic aircraft (no different today at RAF Coningsby with shooting down of Malaysian Airlines Flight MH17 the Typhoon) are part of a big picture — air defence over Ukraine. Tensions are high and the world is a 1,300mph fi ghter, pilot, ground crew, engineers, air traffi ckers, more volatile place than it ever was. MAX SPEED refuellers, suppliers, ground control intercept (GCI) But turn the clock back a quarter of a century (36,000FT) offi cers, civilian radar and, of course, tanker support and I’m sat on a windswept base in North all keep Britain’s skies safe. Via Author Via

38 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 the 20 metres you have before entering the active Scramble scramble runway is enough to complete the vital pre take-off scramble checks: Canopy is down and locked — seat pins are out — fl aps are down and no warning captions The Lightning was well suited to the THE LIGHTNING are illuminated. The ground crew have worked their job of a rapid response fi ghter capable of LURCHES magic and your aircraft is serviceable — as you line launching in all weathers in well under fi ve up both throttles are moved smoothly forward. A low minutes from idle to airborne. FORWARD LIKE rumble becomes a roar and you push the throttles Pilots sat waiting in full exposure suits on A PIT BULL ON A into reheat (burner) a noticeable kick in the back 24-hour calls of duty day and night. The monotone LEAD EAGER TO lets you know they are lit without the need to look click, click of the telebrief was a stark reminder of BE RELEASED inside. The speed increases rapidly and you are the open line to GCI (ground control). This would now committed to take off. At 165 knots you ease either be pre -warned with a phone call of expected the stick back and the heavy Lightning reluctantly 'activity' as 'Zombies' (unknown contacts) headed breaks terra fi rma. Swiftly the gear is selected up round the -Faeroes gap or in true Battle to reduce drag and the fl aps come from down to of Britain style, the call of “Scramble Scramble up. Head inside and a glance around the cockpit to Scramble” followed by your own personal callsign check nothing is amiss. The radar is selected to 'on' and a vector and height for initial contact with GCI. and you hope that this 1950's valve-driven device It is hard to describe in words, the feeling of will function — it’s a no-go item and your only means sitting in a dormant state fully kitted-out to getting of fi nding the tanker and target in the dark night sky. the message to launch. With just a frequency, heading and height you run to your aircraft, grab Identify and shadow your 'bone dome' and climb the ladder into your cockpit — outside it could be a beautiful summer's While the late 1980s might have been the height day or it could be the dark of night mid-winter snow of the Cold War, the mission today is no different blowing round the hangar — it matters not. The — defending UK airspace. Each pilot has spent clock is now ticking. It is vital you are airborne in the past year on his particular type, training for under fi ve minutes and the only joker you can play this moment — the ability to intercept, identify and for not achieving this task is a technical fault — but engage a target day or night. In peacetime the it needs to be good. normal routine will be to intercept, identify and shadow or shepherd the target but, in an escalation Strapping in to war, that may change. Today, pilots have the added responsibility (as Strapping in takes the longest part, ensuring your seen recently) of intercepting a civilian airliner harness is locked, safety pins are removed and and either shadowing it or, in the worst scenario, oxygen is connected. As soon as the ground crew Below, an XI Sqn Lightning destroying it. Obviously, this would require Prime remove your ejector seat safety pins and your seat FMk6 blasts off from a wet Ministerial approval and the threat that an airliner is live, he dismounts, removing the cockpit ladder, UK runway in April 1988. This was going to impact a major city causing untold the rapid start gang bar is pulled up, power is on was the last scramble with loss of life would not be taken lightly. However, live Red Top missiles. and with a single fi nger raised you give a circling motion of the hand and press the number 1 starter. An almighty wheezing noise is followed by a 'whoosh' as a gallon of volatile Avpin A Mono combustible fuel similar to the German T-Stoff/V- Stoff rocket fuel is injected into the starter and the massive Rolls-Royce Avon springs to life. As soon as the RPM rises, a check of the jet pipe temperature (as a hot start will melt the back end and do serious unseen damage) and the number two engine is given the same treatment. With both engines at idle, the electrics and hydraulics come to life. Now the radio crackles and as calmly as possible, you ask air traffi c for taxi clearance. The hangar doors are now open, the ground crew have removed the external power and, as you release the parking brake, the Lightning lurches forward like a pit bull on a lead eager to be released. As a QRA scramble you have absolute priority and Via Author Via

@aerosociety i Find us on linkedin f Find us on facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 37 Aviation history QRA then and now

THE LIGHTNING’S ENDURANCE IS POOR (ABYSMAL MIGHT BE A Looking for trouble — an XI Sqn Lightning F.Mk6 — the 'bolt-on' AAR probe was an afterthought.

BETTER TERM) Author Via AND TANKER the fact that the UK possesses the capability to and it also relied on the tanker for information once SUPPORT engage any target from a slow-speed to a outside radar and radio aids navigation. The ability to WAS A 100% high-speed airliner should send a clear message to record the unknown aircraft in a Lightning is down anyone intent on using an aircraft as a method of to a trusty Pentax 35mm camera armed with high REQUIREMENT destruction that the RAF are prepared for this tactic. ASA fi lm. Today video recording is in vogue and pilots have a range of other devices to complete Then and now the task — infrared search and track (IRST) as well as night vision goggles (NVGs) which make night Having been built in the 1960s, the English Electric fl ying a walk in the park. The Lightning only had a Lightning was well suited to getting airborne in rapid small light fi tted to the refuelling probe to illuminate time and intercepting an unknown target in day targets — despite trials in the early 1960s of fi tting and night in clear air. However, its successor, the high-intensity searchlights into one of the two air- Tornado F3 and, more recently, the Typhoon FGR4 to-air missiles, the idea was dropped. Occasionally have some distinct advantages. The Lightning’s pilots were known to use hand-held torches to get endurance is poor (abysmal might be a better term) identifi cation details of Russian bombers but this and tanker support was a 100% requirement on meant getting dangerously close. every QRA launch. Its navigational aids were minimal Summary QRA then and now: A RAF Typhoon intercepts Today the threat may have expanded, but the role a Russian AF Su-27 over remains the same. Quick Reaction Alert is perhaps the Baltics, 2014. the most important task the Royal Air Force Bottom right — Battle undertakes in peace time from home soil and future fl ight — a Lightning sits in close whilst his wingman governments would be well advised to diminish this scans the skies with the responsibility at their peril. While the Lightning might radar. have been capable of the task in the 1960s, the Typhoon of today's generation is more than suited to the increased diversity of threats to UK airspace. MoD

Limited edition Lightning book now out 'Lightning 1954 – 2014' Ian Black

A photographic tribute to the most well known British fi ghter of the past 50 years the work covers the later years of operations, including the fl ying of this iconic fi ghter in civilian hands. Each image has been chosen to capture the very essence of what it was like to operate and maintain this charismatic aircraft.

£39.99 + P&P from fi restreakbooks.com Via Author Via

40 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 Afterburner www.aerosociety.com

Diary 9 September Farnborough Branch Lecture The life and times of the Harrier Sir Donald Spiers

An AV-8B Harrier assigned to Marine Attack Squadron (VMA) 31 lands on the fl ight deck of the forward-deployed amphibious assault ship USS Essex (LHD 2). US Navy/Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Adam M Bennett.

42 Message from RAeS 44 Book Reviews 52 Diary On the Wings of a Gull, The X-15 Rocket Plane and Find out when and where around the world the - President Air Navigation Law. latest aeronautical and aerospace lectures and “Looking to the future, my President’s Conference events are happening. ‘Space: The Strategic Choices’ will take place in 47 Library Additions Hamilton Place on 8 and 9 October. We have put 54 Corporate Partners together an exciting programme with distinguished Books submitted to the National Aerospace Library. speakers from Europe, the US, Asia and Africa. It Three new members join the Society’s Corporate promises to be a landmark event and I would urge Partner Scheme. you to attend.” 48 The Society at Farnborough 55 Inaugural Eric Brown - Chief Executive A roundup of the Society’s achievements during the Lecture “Almost a distant memory now, both the Royal Farnborough Air Show. July saw the inaugural Eric Brown Lecture delivered International Air Tattoo at Fairford and the to the FAA Yeovilton Branch by Capt ‘Winkle’ Brown Farnborough International Air Show were great himself. successes for the Society. The Build-a-Plane teams 50 Farnboroughs Past and excelled at both events, with the highlight being a Present 56 Elections brief display by two of the aircraft at Farnborough. With the ongoing support of the Boeing Company A small selection of photos from Farnboroughs past New Society members elected in the past month. this continues to be an excellent project from which and present. many school children have benefi ted during recent years.”

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Bill Tyack July was a busy month for many people in the Society, not least because of our involvement in the Royal International Air Tattoo and Farnborough International. There were many memorable moments, but two events stand out for me. The fi rst was watching G-YTLY and G-SBAP, the fi rst two Schools Build-a-Plane aircraft, take to the air and fl y an impressive display on the Friday of the Farnborough Air Show. I believe that this is the fi rst time that student-built aircraft have taken part in the Farnborough fl ying display and it was a fi tting Cdre Jock Alexander, RN, Commanding Offi cer of RNAS Yeovilton and President of the FAA Yeovilton Branch; Bill Tyack, recognition of the success of the scheme and the RAeS President; Capt Eric Brown and Cdr Mark Langrill, RN, efforts of everyone involved. The aircraft were fl own Branch Chairman. by John Michie and Ray Lewis who, along with many of their colleagues from the Light Aircraft If the young people I met represent the future, then I Association and other volunteers, have been feel very optimistic. stalwart supporters of the scheme. The second very special event is described in I was fortunate to be able to meet many of our detail on p 55. It was a great privilege for me to be Corporate Partners during the show and view some at RNAS Yeovilton on 29 July, to introduce Capt Eric of their latest products. I also attended the launch ‘Winkle’ Brown and invite him to deliver the fi rst of the UK’s Defence Growth Partnership. Judging Society Named Lecture in his name. Winkle, as I by the number of ‘movers and shakers’ present from said at the time, is quite simply one of the most Government and industry, the partnership is starting accomplished and distinguished aviators that the from a very good position. The Society played a full world has seen. I was there as a guest of the Fleet part in Farnborough’s Futures Day on the Friday, Air Arm Branch of the Society and earlier in the with staff and members passing on their advice and evening I had handed over a striking portrait of experience to hundreds of eager school children. It Captain Brown to Cdre Jock Alexander, the was encouraging to see the commitment of industry Commanding Offi cer of RNAS Yeovilton. The and Government to the aim of encouraging young portrait, by the artist Lucasta Partridge-Brown, is people to follow a career in science and part of the Society’s collection and it will now hang, engineering and, ideally, aerospace. I was on permanent loan, in the Wardroom at Yeovilton. IF THE YOUNG privileged to meet several young people who Looking to the future, my President’s had been involved in the Schools Build-a-Plane Conference ‘Space: The Strategic Choices’ will PEOPLE I MET Programme and a number of recipients of the take place in Hamilton Place on 8 and 9 October. REPRESENT THE Aerospace MSc Bursaries that the Society has been We have put together an exciting programme with FUTURE, THEN helping to administer. They all made a very good distinguished speakers from Europe, the USA, Asia I FEEL VERY impression. In particular, the bursary holders were and Africa. It promises to be a landmark event and I clearly excited by the opportunities in aerospace would urge you to attend. Details are on p 59 of this OPTIMISTIC and were looking forward to fi nding fulfi lling careers. issue and on the website.

2014 MEMBERSHIP SURVEY

The membership survey was run for the fi rst time in 2010 and the results of this were extremely valuable, providing insight into the views and opinions of our members which were used to inform the Society’s future strategy. We are hoping to get the same excellent level of response this year and need as many members as possible to complete the questionnaire to gather the most representative view of the membership as a whole. RAeS members are encouraged to participate and have your say about how the Society moves forward. Thank you for In association with Dr Helen Watts (Lead Consultant in Applied Research, Worcester Business School), the questionnaire gives you the opportunity to rate your membership benefi ts and may take up to ten minutes to taking the time complete. The survey is available for RAeS members: https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/RAES2014 to complete The Royal Aeronautical Society Membership Survey 2014 is live throughout September. the 2014 Paper versions of the survey can be provided upon request to Scott Phillips: Membership E [email protected] T +44 (0)20 7670 4303 Survey No.4 Hamilton Place, London W1J 7BQ, UK

42 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 OUR CHIEF EXECUTIVE

Simon C Luxmoore  Almost a distant memory now, both the Royal highlights from his life in aviation and received a International Air Tattoo at Fairford and the standing ovation from the 400 people present. Farnborough International Air Show were great Congratulations to the Yeovilton Branch — successes for the Society. The Build-a-Plane particularly the Chairman, Cdr Mark Langrill, and teams excelled at both events, with the highlight the Secretary, Lt Mark Davis for organising and being a brief display by two of the aircraft at hosting an RAeS event worthy of Capt Brown. Farnborough. With the ongoing support of  The Society’s Young Persons Committee, on this the Boeing Company this continues to be occasion led by Greg McKay, once again hosted an excellent project from which many school the International Air Cadet Exchange (IACE). The children have benefi ted during recent years. day was attended by around 100 cadets from Our congratulations to all those involved during countries across the world and, as on previous the RIAT and Farnborough exhibitions but most occasions, proved to be a great success. Our particularly the school children and our many thanks to Lockheed Martin for its support on this Society volunteers. Farnborough week wouldn’t occasion. AT THE HALF- be the same without the Society’s Summer  At the half-year I am pleased to report that YEAR I AM Reception which, once again, was supported the Society’s fi nancial performance is on track by our friends from Raytheon and our in-house for the year end, with particular improvement PLEASED TO catering providers, food by dish. Several hundred coming in the areas of venue hire and delegate REPORT THAT guests from across the industry attended. From attendance at our conferences. I hope neither will THE SOCIETY’S historically being a ‘drop-in’ reception the profi le be adversely affected by the necessary Airbus FINANCIAL of this event has changed and it is clear that the project works which are now underway. event stands in its own right as an important  We welcome Beth Hargreaves as our new PERFORMANCE occasion for international visitors to meet and Governance Manager who assumes many of the IS ON TRACK network with their industry peers. responsibilities of Paul Bailey, who has now taken FOR THE YEAR  Capt Eric Melrose ‘Winkle’ Brown CBE DSC AFC up his role at the Engineering Council. Beth will KCVSA PhD HonFRAeS RN is a former test have additional duties including the defi nition END, WITH pilot who has fl own 487 different aircraft types; of business processes and internal audit and PARTICULAR more than anyone else in history. He also holds compliance. IMPROVEMENT the record for the most landings  David Houston has left the Society after a number COMING IN (2,407) and is the ’s most decorated of years working in our Careers and Education living pilot. Capt Brown is also, of course, a Past- department. David was the ‘owner’ of our Cool THE AREAS OF President of the Society. Having kindly agreed Aeronautics activity aimed at bringing our industry VENUE HIRE to allow the use of his name for the Fleet Air to the attention of younger school children and, AND DELEGATE Arm Yeovilton Branch annual ‘named lecture’, in this arena, he absolutely excelled. Having seen ATTENDANCE the Branch were delighted that Capt Brown also him in action on many occasions, there must be agreed to deliver the inaugural lecture. The lecture literally many thousands of young people who AT OUR duly took place on 29 July in the will look back and refl ect on an event organised CONFERENCES Hall at the . Capt Brown and delivered by David. We wish him well for the delivered yet another excellent lecture detailing future.

ENGINEERING COUNCIL COMPETENCE REQUIREMENTS

Changes to the competence requirements for the ‘commitment’ element of the requirement for There is an Chartered and Incorporated Engineers and registration and the addition of one new standard of Engineering Technicians were published by the competence for all titles: ‘Exercise responsibilities in enhanced Engineering Council in January 2014 in its an ethical manner’ (E5). focus on the document UK-SPEC (3rd edition). The revised The Society will be implementing those changes ‘commitment’ version can be reviewed on the Engineering Council as follows: element of the website: http://www.engc.org.uk/ukspec.aspx  Revised application form available on the RAeS Unnecessary changes have been avoided and website from 1 August 2014 for immediate use. requirement for the revisions are mostly for the purposes of  Applications based on UK-SPEC 2nd edition will registration and clarifi cation or updating in areas which have come be accepted (together with UK-SPEC 3rd the addition to the fore since the previous review such as ethics, edition applications) up to the August 2015 of one new safety and risk management. Attention has also closing date for applications. been paid to enhancing the distinctiveness between All professional reviews will be conducted in line standard... IEng and CEng. There is an enhanced focus on with UK-SPEC 3rd edition from 1 November 2015.

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 43 Afterburner Book Reviews ON THE WINGS OF A GULL

Percival and almost choose his own way through the book, With its By D W Gearing whether it be to focus on the changing aircraft balanced view designs or to follow the fortunes of the company of both the through WW2 when it produced Airspeed Oxfords Air-Britain (Historians), 41 Penshurst Road, Leigh, and DH98 Mosquitos alongside its own Proctor company and Tonbridge, Kent TN11 8HL, UK (E mike@absales. aircraft. The post-war acquisition of Percival by demon.co.uk). 2012. 384pp. Illustrated. £32.50 its aircraft this Hunting & Son Ltd and the eventual merger into (Air-Britain members), £42.95 (non-members). impressive BAC are ably covered, as are the development of ISBN 978-0-85130-448-9. the Prentice, Prince, Pembroke and both types of volume will Provost. remain a learned to fl y with the RFC during The second half of the book briefl y records the Great War and, after a period running his own comprehensively the production, in service life and eventual fate, commercial fl ying operation in his native Australia, used resource of every aircraft produced by the Percival Aircraft came to in 1928. A fi rm believer in the Company and its successors. While this may be for many years superiority of the monoplane over the biplane, of less interest to the average student of British to come he initially formed a relationship with The Hendy aviation history, it does serve to reinforce the aim Aircraft Company, test fl ying their Type 281 and Type of this book as the reference book of choice for 302 aircraft, both of which were fi tted with Basil anyone seeking information on Edgar Percival and Henderson’s patented wing spar design. In 1931, his company’s aircraft. If any criticism is merited, it Above: Percival E3H Mew considering that there was a market for a three-seat would be that the technical description of each of Gull, G-AFAA, at Hatfi eld after touring and sporting monoplane, Percival conceived the aircraft is more limited than a student of aircraft fi nishing third in the 1937 the Gull which fl ew the following year though King’s Cup Race fl own by design might desire but this should not diminish its controversy as to how much the design owed to the Edgar Percival. appeal to the more historically minded. Below: The fi rst of nine Type 302 was to reverberate for years. There can be David Gearing unfortunately did not live to see development Hunting Jet little doubt that in the Gull, the Mew Gull and his other the results of his comprehensive research in print Provost T1s, XD674. pre-war designs, Edgar Percival created a breed of RAeS (NAL). and Rod Simpson together with the other members effective touring, racing and record breaking aircraft. of the Air-Britain Percival Project Team are to be The fi rst half of this copiously illustrated book applauded for their decision to see his work through sets out to record the development of these aircraft, to its ultimate conclusion. With its balanced view of balanced with brief details of the more meritorious both the company and its aircraft this impressive fl ights made in Percival aircraft and the impact volume will remain a comprehensively used resource of the burgeoning Percival Aircraft Company on for many years to come. fi rst Gravesend and then Luton. With separate chapters on each aircraft type supported by others Dr Alex Ellin chronicling the company history, the reader can CEng MRAeS

44 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 THE X-15 ROCKET PLANE Flying the First Wings into Space By M Evans

University of Nebraska Press, 1111 Lincoln Mall, Lincoln NE 68588-0630, USA. 2013. Distributed by Combined Academic Publishers Ltd, Windsor House, Cornwall Road, Harrogate HG1 2PW, UK. 450pp. Illustrated. £25.99. [25% discount available to RAeS members via www.combinedacademic. co.uk using CS314FLIGHT promotion code]. ISBN 978-0-8032-2840-5.

This is an unusual and interesting history, researched and written in the 35 years after the X-15’s 1959-1968 fl ight programme. The author’s credentials are unique. She was only fi ve when her father, an instrumentation engineer with Sangamo Electric, took her on one of his day trips to Edwards Air Force Base. She was shown close-up the NASA fl eet of research aircraft and the X-15 ‘Iron Bird’ controls simulator. This was being used that day by Neil Armstrong, who chatted to this young visitor to Above: The X-15 was taken such effect that she became a lifelong enthusiast up to 45,000ft and 500mph for the X-15 and, in effect, its unoffi cial historian. by the B-52 mother ship. Until now, I have been well-served by the X-15 NASA. The X-Planes: X-1 to Left: The X-15 is launched chapter of Jay Miller’s book during an early powered test X-45 (Midland Publishing. 2001) but this new book fl ight. NASA. fl eshes out the X-15 story into a factual, but much Below: North American X-15, more comprehensive, account; it includes material 56-6670. RAeS (NAL). gleaned by the author from dozens of interviews with surviving participants — pilots, engineers, mechanics, family members and acquaintances — and through painstaking and skilled documentary research. Far more is told than in conventional histories; readers will learn from the various personal accounts how communities, families and broke the news that Lockheed Martin is now individuals reacted to situations such as the desert working on the SR-72, a Mach 6 cruise speed environment, the Vietnam War, the assassination of successor to the Mach 3 SR-71 Blackbird. If such President Kennedy and, of course, the vagaries of a machine enters service, the X-15 would have the X-15 programme itself, which made signifi cant contributed enormously, even though its fl ying contributions to the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo career ended as long ago as 1968. Of its 199 adventures. Those were some of the big issues. fl ights, 45 exceeded Mach 4, 105 exceeded Mach Inevitably, many small surprises emerge — for 5 and fi ve exceeded Mach 6: how’s that for a solid example, I was not aware of the foundation for fl ight at Mach 6? versus Scott Crossfi eld rivalry and I did not know The social element in this splendid book adds that RAF pilots on USAF/RAF exchange schemes much to the overall history of this remarkably fl ew on many occasions in the right hand seat of the successful research aircraft. My only complaint B-52 launch aircraft. At the trivial level, a camper about the book — that there is no map to help one van lost its roof when the impatient driver tried to understand the extraordinary desert terrain covered pass a sharp-edged X-15 being trucked south along by the X-15 — will not prevent the reader being very inadequate desert roads. The X-15 was heading well rewarded. back for repairs at North American and did not suffer — the camper driver got no compensation. Mick Jeffries As I was fi nishing this review, AEROSPACE CEng MRAeS

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 45 Afterburner Book Reviews AIR NAVIGATION LAW

By R Abeyratne others v R (The Queen) (Federal Court of Canada) An A318 over London City 31.10.89 and Federal Court of Appeal of Canada Airport. British Airways. Springer, Tiergartenstrasse 17, D-69121 1991 would have been helpful. Heidelberg, Germany. 2012. 267pp. Illustrated. £90. The book touches on the question of whether ISBN 978-3-642-25834-3. the standards in the Annexes are formally binding on member states automatically except where The stated purpose of this book is to provide a a state opts out from certain procedures under discussion on the current law of air navigation, the Article 38 of the Chicago Convention. Reference steps being taken in its modernisation and the rights to the confl icting civil law cases Ministere Publique and liabilities of the key players. v Schreiber 11RFDA355 (1957) and Etat Belge Air navigation law is derived from those activities v Marquise de Croix de Maillie de la Tour Landry of the International Civil Aviation Organization (1958) Pasicrisie Belge 1,88 might help. (ICAO) carried on by its Air Navigation Commission. The book also deals with the origin of the These activities consist of 12 fi elds which include sovereignty of airspace, the future development on those dealt with in this book. an agreement on liability arising out of defective The book also deals with environmental GPS signals, the planning and management of procedures for noise and emissions certifi cation of modern airports and also describes privatisation engines which are part of the activities undertaken of state entities and monopolies law in the United by the ICAO Air Transport Committee. Under Kingdom. While these subjects are important, they Article 37 of the Chicago Convention 1944, ICAO take up space which could, at least in part, have The stated draws up and publishes Annexes setting out the been used for further consideration of the current purpose of international standards and recommended practices legal position. The book considers the resolution of for all operational activities including those in the disputes between sovereign states. this book is air navigation fi eld. The standard procedures in The text in Chapter 2 on Outer Space Treaties to provide a these Annexes should form legal duties or at least is substantially repeated in Chapter 12. There are discussion on standards of care in the ICAO member states. If a number of references to ‘tortuous liability’ which a state fi nds it impractical to comply with these should have been to ‘tortious liability’. the current standards it is obliged to notify ICAO. The information contained in the book is law of air The summaries provided by the book of the useful. However, the question arises whether the navigation, the relevant Annexes and how they were developed dividing line in content between current air law on steps being are helpful, as also are the references to domestic the one hand and topics of origins of air law, its litigation arising out of their application. Annex 6 modernisation and related subjects on the other is taken in its dealing with operation of aircraft is dealt with briefl y: adequately drawn so as to meet the expectations of modernisation one and a quarter pages at the end of Chapter 4 the reader, whether student or practitioner. and the rights dealing with Search and Rescue and also pp 125- and liabilities of 134 on Air Crew Fatigue Management. A reference Tim Unmack to the important Canadian case of Swanson and FRAeS the key players

46 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 Library Additions BOOKS

AIR LAW HISTORICAL Wey Court East, Union Road, Fighter Force through Two A welcome new edition Farnham, Surrey GU9 7PT, World Wars: Volume 1 of the fi rst biography originally The Principles and UK. 2011. 455pp. Illustrated. Prelude to the Air War — published by Herbert Jenkins Practice of International £85. ISBN 978-0-7546- the Years to 1914. M C Fox. Limited in 1918 of the leading Aviation Law. B F Havel 7580-8. Helion & Company Limited, British fi ghter ace of WW1 who and G S Sanchez. Cambridge The analysis of human- 26 Willow Road, Solihull was posthumously awarded University Press, The automation interaction and B91 1UE, UK. 2014. 314pp. the Victoria Cross following Building, Cambridge how the interface can be Illustrated. £34.95. ISBN 978- his death in action on 7 May. CB2 8RU, UK. 2014. 444pp. designed to reduce human 1-909384-14-9. It is preceded with a Foreword Illustrated. £30. ISBN 978-1- error and fatigue — such by David Lloyd George and 107-69773-7. as can potentially occur on Appreciations by Field-Marshal an aircraft fl ight deck — is Military Histories Sir Douglas Haig, Major- AIR TRANSPORT discussed over the 21 papers General Sir Hugh Trenchard included in this volume and Brig-Gen J F A Higgins. Born of Adversity: contributed by psychologists Britain’s Airlines 1919- and medical researchers from Guy Gibson. R Morris and 1963. G Halford-MacLeod. the aerospace world. C Dobinson. Viking, London. Amberley Publishing, The 1994. 416pp. Illustrated. ISBN Hill, Merrywalks, Stroud, PROPULSION 0-670-82878-5. Gloucestershire GL5 4EP, A detailed revisionist UK. 2014. 207pp. Illustrated. biography of the famous WW2 £17.99. ISBN 978-1-84868- The Next War in the Air: RAF pilot, focusing on his 993-0. Britain’s Fear of the Bombing the People leadership of the attack on the Bomber, 1908-1941. B Giulio Douhet and the Foundations of Ruhr dams in 1943 celebrated From Bench to Holman. Ashgate Publishing Air-Power Strategy, 1884–1939 in his best-selling book Enemy Boardroom. J G Boulding. Limited, Wey Court East, Union FUELS i th d ENGINES HEAT f i O A Coast Ahead (London: Michael Matador, Kibworth Road, Farnham, Surrey GU9 Thomas Hippler Joseph Ltd. 1946). Beauchamp. 2014. Distributed 7PT, UK. 2014. 290pp. £75. by the author, 1 Portland ISBN 978-1-4094-4733-7. Bombing the People: Road, Ashford, Middlesex Giulio Douhet and the TW15 3BU, UK. 212pp. The RAF Harrier Story. Foundations of Air-Power Illustrated. £10 (inclusive of Royal Air Force Historical Hero’s engine,, Aeolipile Aeo 150 B. C. Strategy, 1884-1939. T postage/packing). ISBN 978- Society. 2006. 131pp. Hippler. Cambridge University 1848765-665. Illustrated. ISBN 0-9530345- Press, The Edinburgh Building, The author recalls in this 2-6. Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK. informal memoirs his long The evolution of the 2013. 285pp. Illustrated. £65. career in aviation; originally V/STOL Harrier and its ISBN 978-1-107-03794-6. joining BOAC in October vectored thrust Pegasus An Overview of Heat 1940, he was to continue propulsion system from the Engines and their Fuels A History of the working for the airline through P1127 and Kestrel through in serving the community. Mediterranean Air War to its evolution into British to the operations of the GR3/ E M Goodger. Landfall Press, 1940-1945: Vol 2 — North Airways. Much of his over 40 GR7 and VAAC (Vectored Limes, 78 Church Road, African Desert February years of service centred on air thrust Aircraft Advanced fl ight Woburn Sands, Bedfordshire 1942 - March 1943. safety issues and air accident Control) variants is reviewed MK17 8TA, UK. 2014. 108pp C Shores et al. Grub Street, investigation. over the 15 contributed + DVD. Illustrated. £40. ISBN 4 Rainham Close, London papers. 978-0-9520186-8-1. SW11 6SS, UK. 2014. 736pp. Low Cost Carriers: Supported by an Illustrated. £50. ISBN 978-1- Alexander P de Seversky Emergence, Expansion Spitfi re: the Biography. accompanying DVD which 909166-12-7. and the Quest for Air and Evolution. Edited by J Glancey. Atlantic Books, incorporates digital versions A very detailed day-by-day Power. J K Libbey. Potomac L Budd and S Ison. Ashgate London. 2006. 260pp. of the book including chronology of the air operations Books, Washington, DC. 2013. Publishing Limited, Wey Court Illustrated. ISBN 1-84354- animated diagrams and of the over Libya, Tunisia and the Distributed by Casemate East, Union Road, Farnham, 527-6. author’s earlier publications Western Desert of North Africa UK, 10 Hythe Bridge Street, Surrey GU9 7PT, UK. 2014. A review of the history Combustion Stoichiometry and the major contribution the Oxford OX1 2EW, UK. 365pp. 395pp. £130. ISBN 978-1- of the famous fi ghter from and Temperatures (2012) and Allied air forces made to the Illustrated. £25. ISBN 978-1- 4094-6903-2. its evolution through to the A Young Engineers Guide to defeat of Rommel’s Deutsche 61234-179-8. A compilation of 23 major impact it was to have in Combustion Engines (2011), Afrika Korps at El Alamein in papers previously published WW2, on its pilots and on the this well-illustrated book October 1942. Intruders over Britain: the in various academic journals men and women who worked presents an overview of the story of the Luftwaffe’s between 1992-2012 which around the aircraft. different engine propulsion Arrival of Eagles: Luftwaffe night intruder force — the collectively review the systems and how they work Landings in Britain 1939- Fernnachtjager. S W Parry. Air impact of deregulation and Story of Flight. P Almond. followed by a review of the 1945. A Saunders. Grub Research Publications, Surbiton. liberalisation on the airline Arcturus Publishing Limited, chemistry and thermodynamic Street, 4 Rainham Close, 1987. 206pp. Illustrated. ISBN industry, how the low-cost London. 2003. 448pp. properties of various engine London SW11 6SS, UK. 2014. 0-904811-07-7. airline business model has Illustrated. ISBN 1-84193- fuel types. The chronological 191pp. Illustrated. £20. ISBN Incorporating the evolved and the impact that 178-0. development of aircraft 978-1-909808-12-6. recollections of pilots who LCCs have had on airports, A striking compilation jet fuel specifi cations, the A compilation of case were involved, a history of fares and airline network of 100s of black-and-white/ burning of aviation gasoline studies of a small selection of the Luftwaffe nightfi ghter development. colour photographs are in FIDO fog dispersal and the 1,200 Luftwaffe aircraft operations during WW2 and reproduced in this visual other wartime operations, that during WW2 crashed or their air offensive over Britain. AVIATION MEDICINE history of the development the spelling of kerosine/ landed in error in Britain and of aviation during the 20th kerosene, fl ammability and were subsequently captured. Flying Fast Jets: Human century. the calculation of maximum For further information Factors and Performance combustion temperature Britain’s Forgotten Fighter Limitations. D G Newman. HUMAN FACTORS are among other subjects Ace Captain Albert Ball contact the National Ashgate Publishing Limited, discussed. VC. W Briscoe and H Russell Aerospace Library. Wey Court East, Union Road, The Handbook of Human- Stannard. Amberley Publishing, T +44 (0)1252 701038 Farnham, Surrey GU9 7PT, Machine Interaction: a SERVICE AVIATION The Hill, Merrywalks, Stroud, or 701060 UK. 2014. 158pp. Illustrated. Human-Centred Design Glocs GL5 4EP, UK. 2014. E hublibrary@aerosoci- £60. ISBN 978-1-4094- Approach. Edited by G A Boy. To Rule the Winds: the 224pp. Illustrated. £14.99. ety.com 6793-9. Ashgate Publishing Limited, Evolution of the British ISBN 978-1-4456-2236-1.

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 47 Afterburner Society News THE SOCIETY AT FARNBOROUGH RAeS debates diversity at Farnborough Air Show

The Thursday of this year’s Farnborough Air Show was signifi cant in that a Royal Aeronautical Society Named Lecture, in the form of the Amy Johnson Debate, took place at the exhibition. Organised by the RAeS Women in Aerospace and Aviation Committee, the theme of the debate was ‘Diversity The question and answer session also provoked Above: The Amy Johnson in the aviation industry — what would Amy think?’ a lively debate with questions about the need for Debate panel. From left: Marion Broughton, VP, Thales On the panel were RAeS Past-President Jenny suitable female STEM role-models, the issue that Air and Land; Louise Body; Marion Broughton, VP, Thales Air and Land; only 4% of those on fl ightdecks are female, and Donaghey, Rolls-Royce; Maria Louise Donaghey, Rolls-Royce; Thierry Baril, Chief the question of whether the ‘oil streaked hands, Miller MP; Thierry Baril, Chief HR Offi cer, Airbus Group and Maria Miller MP. dirty garages’ image of engineering as a whole, still HR Offi cer, Airbus Group Speaking about her company, Marion Broughton persisted and was putting girls (and even boys) off and Jenny Body, RAeS Past- President. noted that, while 20% of graduate entrants were from entering the aerospace industry. Airbus. female at Thales, this dropped to just 4-5% at the However, despite the challenges — there top of the organisation. Meanwhile, Rolls-Royce’s were encouraging signs from the panel and the Louise Donaghey, a senior sales director for engine organisations that they represent, that people were Previously, it support services, thought that Amy would be now aware of the issue and things were changing disappointed by the lack of progress in the sector for the better — albeit slowly. Said Jenny Body of was ‘male, pale and would say: “It’s 80 years on and you are STILL the RAeS: “Previously, it was ‘male, pale and stale’ and stale’ — talking about getting started?” Thierry Baril from — but it is now changing — we are getting there to but it is now Airbus Group pointed to South Africa and Spain a certain extent.” However, for the global aerospace changing — as two examples of countries leading the way and aviation sector, with orders for 931 airliners in opening up male-dominated sectors, such as placed during Farnborough week — the issue at we are getting aerospace, engineering and defence, to females. large is not just one of fl uffy political correctness, there to a Finally Maria Miller MP noted that aerospace and but the looming STEM skills gap that could derail certain extent aviation was not the only sector facing a challenge the future growth of air transport, unless extra — women in parliament were also severely under- talent, of whatever sex or race, is found, encouraged Jenny Body represented. and nurtured. RAeS Past-President

RAeS stand in Innovation Zone

Right: The Monday’s team ready to help on the Society’s stand in the Innovation Zone in Hall 4. From left: Stephanie Jones, Membership and Communications Offi cer; Emma Bossom, Business Development Director and Pat Norris, Learned Society Board. Far right: The stand was also used by RAeS Corporate Partners. Here Christy Group CEO, Monty Christy FRAeS, discusses the company’s state of the art training technology with the Kuwaiti Air Force delegation.

48 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 RAeS Farnborough Summer Reception

The Royal Aeronautical Society Farnborough Summer Reception took place on Tuesday 15 July at the elegant setting of No.4 Hamilton Place. For many at the Farnborough International Air Show, this is the social highlight of the week. Guests from the international aerospace community gathered on the terrace overlooking Park Lane and Hyde Park to celebrate the air show and make the most of the extensive networking opportunities. The Society would particularly like to thank Raytheon for their sponsorship of this year’s event. We are also grateful to our resident catering company, food by dish, for providing a delicious spread of food and drinks.

Sponsor:

The Friday of the show saw the RAeS/Boeing SBAP Schools Build-a-Plane (SBAP) Challenge make aviation history when two Rans S6 ultralights, built makes by young people took part in the fl ying display. G-SBAP and G-YTLY took to the skies at this history international exhibition not only in front of the young people that had worked hard to build them, but also displayed to 10,000 young people who had been invited to the air show as part of the careers and education Futures Day. This is believed to be the fi rst ever time aircraft built by school children have taken part in a Farnborough fl ying display.

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 49 Afterburner Society News FARNBOROUGHS PAST AND PRESENT

1964 All RAeS (NAL)

1950 2014

1960

1959

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EVENTS www.aerosociety/events LECTURES www.aerosociety/events

2-5 September 40th European Rotorcraft Forum 2014 Rotorcraft Group Conference Grand Harbour Hotel, Southampton, UK

8 September An Overview of Hybrid Aircraft and the Airlander — Combining the Best of Aerodynamic and Aerostatic Lift Chris Daniels, Head of Partnerships and Communications, Greener by Design Lecture

15 September Flight Cutaways Tim Hall Historical Group Lecture

23-25 September The International Pilot Training Consortium: Next Steps? 9th Annual International Flight Crew Training Conference Nord 1500 Griffon, an experimental aircraft to test a combination -. The aircraft reached M2·19 at 50,000ft on 13 October 1959. Tony Buttler will discuss European experimental CAE aircraft at Brough on 10 September. RAeS (NAL).

BEDFORD testing. Sqn Ldr Jim Schofi eld, Lecture at 6 pm, followed by ARA Social Club, Manton F-35 Requirements Manager. buffet supper. Lane, Bedford. 6.30 pm. Ticket only. Marylyn Wood, T +44 (0)1933 28 October — Antarctic CANBERRA 353517. helicopter operations. Lee Great Hall, University House, 10 September — Graphene Evans. 12.15 pm. ANU. 6 pm. Jon Pike, — unexpected science in 11 November — Remotely E [email protected] a pencil trace. Dr Aravind piloted air system (RPAS) 9 September — Ian B Vijayaraghavan, Lecturer in operations and integration in Fleming Lecture and Dinner. 23 September Nanomaterials, School of civil and military airspace. Dr The future of Airservices Capt Ray Jones Lecture Materials, The University of Stuart Gilmartin. Australia. AVM Margaret Staib, Capt Simon Wood, Senior Standards Captain, Manchester. 25 November — Overview CEO, Airservices. Pilot Development, Airways 8 October — The evolution of current fast jet fl ight test 14 October — Restoration Flight Simulation Group Lecture of fl ight training. Dan Norman, activities. Flt Lt Young. 12.15 of a CA-12 Boomerang. Jim QFI. pm. Whalley. ADFA Military Theatre. 12 November — Rotorcraft 30 September handling qualities engineering: BROUGH FARNBOROUGH Detect and Avoid — Enabling Safe UAS Operations Beyond managing the tension between Cottingham Parks Golf & BAE Systems Park Centre, Visual Line of Sight safety and performance? Prof Country Club. 7.30 pm. Ben Farnborough Aerospace Unmanned Air Systems Group Workshop Gareth Padfi eld, Emeritus Groves, T +44 (0)1482 Centre. 7.30 pm. Dr Mike Professor of Engineering, 663938. Philpot, T +44 (0)1252 7-9 October Universiy of Liverpool. 10 September — The 614618. 4th Aircraft Structural Design Conference X-Planes of Europe. Tony 9 September — Cody Structures and Materials Group Conference , Buttler, Historian. Lecture. The life and times of Queen’s University, WOLVERHAMPTON AND 8 October — Understanding the Harrier. Sir Donald Spiers. COSFORD GPS without the mathematics. 14 October — TAG 8-9 October RAF Museum Cosford. 7 pm. Prof David Allerton. Engineering and TAG Aviation. The Strategic Choices for Space Chris Hughs, T +44 (0)1902 12 November — The Royal Greg Hoggett, MD TAG President’s Conference 844523. Air Force, Battle of Britain Engineering. Farnborough 16 October — A year with Memorial Flight — Maintaining College of Technology. 13 October the . Wg Cr Ross historic aircraft. WO Kev Ball. 18 November — Marshall of Aerospace Medicine Group Lecture Priday, previously Senior Cambridge: past, present and Engineering Offi cer, Red CAMBRIDGE future. Terry Holloway, Marshall 21 October Arrows. Lecture Theatre ‘O’ of Group Support Executive. Alternative Fuels and Propulsion Systems — Reducing 20 November — Airbus the Cambridge University University of Surrey, Guildford. Aviation’s Impact on the Environment A400M fl ight test programme. Engineering Department, Greener by Design Conference, held jointly with the RAeS Anthony Flynn, Test Pilot, Trumpington Street, GLOUCESTER AND Propulsion Group Airbus Defence & Space. Cambridge. 7.30 pm. Jin-Hyun CHELTENHAM Yu, T +44 (0)1223 373129. Messier-Bugatti-Dowty, 24 October BOSCOMBE DOWN 11 September — The Hybrid Restaurant Conference Room, Civil Aircraft Technology Services — A First Step Towards Lecture Theatre, Boscombe Air Vehicles Airlander project. off Down Hatherley Lane. Achieving Maintenance Credits Down. Refreshments from David Stewart, Head of Flight 7.30 pm. Peter Smith, T +44 Air Transport Group Workshop Group 5 pm. Lecture 5.15 pm. Sciences, HAV. Joint lecture (0)1452 857205. 16 September — 29 October Visitors please register at with IMechE. Tea and least four days in advance 9 October — Unmanned medals. Terry Warburton, Yesterday’s Weapons for Tomorrow’s Operations (name and car registration air systems — the future of MoD Medals Offi ce. Partners Weapon Systems & Technology Group Conference required) E secretary@ aerial combat and parcels Evening & Buffet. 6.30 pm for QinetiQ, Farnborough BoscombeDownRAeS.org delivery? Prof Keith Hayward, Buffet, 7.30 pm for lecture. 16 September — 40 years RAeS Head of Research. Joint 21 October — Living with All lectures start at 18.00hrs unless otherwise stated. of the Hawker Siddeley Hawk. lecture with IMechE. the bomb — operational with Conference proceedings are available at Gordon McClymot. 13 November — Attack of the V-Bomber force. Alan www.aerosociety.com/news/proceedings 14 October — Sir Henry the Zeppelins. Dr Hugh Hunt, Macdonald. Museum, Tizard Event. F-35 fl ight University of Cambridge. Park, Cheltenham Road

52 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 East, Gloucester. 6.30 pm for University. 7.30 pm. Colin and Simulation beim DLR in Edward Green, Head of SOUTHEND museum, 7.30 pm for lecture. Moss, T +44 (0)1509 Braunschweig. Service Sales, EMEA North. The Royal Naval Association, 18 November — 55 Years of 239962. 6 November — Facing 12 November — Reaper 79 East Street, Southend-on- fl ying fun. Clive Rustin. 23 September — Flying the the unexpected in flight operations. Wg Cdr Andrew Sea. 8 pm. Sean Corr, T +44 Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird — what must we do? Jeffery, UTAS. (0)20 7788 0566. HAMBURG strategic reconnaissance Jean Pinet, Engineer and 9 September — Sir Freddie Hochschule für Angewandte aircraft. Col Richard Graham, Experimental Test Pilot, PRESTWICK Laker Lecture. Southend Wissenschaften Hamburg, USAF retired. Doctor of Psychology and The Aviator Suite, 1st Floor, Airport through time. Peter C Berliner Tor 5 (Neubau), 4 November — UK Apache Ergonomics, former Head of Terminal Building, Prestwick Brown, Writer and Historian. Hörsaal 01.12. 6 pm. Richard operations in Libya 2011. John Aeroformation/Airbus Training. Airport. 7.30 pm. John Wragg, 14 October — RNAS sanderson, T +49 (0)4167 Blackwell, Defence Helicopter Technical University Munich, T +44 (0)1655 750270. operations in World War 1. Cdr 92012. Flying School. Garching — Ernst Schmidt- 8 September — Museum of Simon Askins, RN. 16 October — Aircraft fi re 18 November — A history of Hörsaal. Flight — East Fortune. David and evacuation simulation. Prof the Merlin Engine (1929- Bonar, Museum Guide. SYDNEY Edwin Galea, Director, Fire 1945). Peter Maynard, OXFORD 13 October — Strathaven Club Burwood, 96 Shaftesbury Safety Engineering Group, Aeronautical Historian. Joint The Magdalen Centre, Oxford Airfi eld. Colin McKinnon, Road, Burwood. 6 pm. E University of Greenwich. lecture with Loughborough Science Park, Oxford. 7 pm. Chairman, Scottish Flying [email protected] 25 November — Annual (University) Alumni. Nigel Randell, E Club LP. 1 October — Sir Charles Christmas Dinner and [email protected] 10 November — Joint lecture Kingsford Smith Lecture. Lecture. Anglo-German Club, MANCHESTER 16 September — A new with IMechE. Airservices transformation to Harvestehuder Weg 44, Deanwater Hotel, Wilmslow light aircraft design and meet the aviation demands 20149 Hamburg. Hotel, Wilmslow Road, development project. Andrew QUEENSLAND of the future. AVM Margaret Woodford. 7 pm. Bryan Cowin, Barber. Engineering House, 447 Staib, CEO, Airservices. HEATHROW T +44 (0)161 799 8979. 18 November — Jet Upper Edward Street, Community Learning Centre, 17 September — Preserving engine research at Oxford Brisbane. 5.30 pm. E WASHINGTON DC Waterside, Harmondsworth. our aviation heritage — the University. Prof Peter Ireland, [email protected] British Embassy, 3100 6.15 pm. For security Dornier 17. Darren Priday, RAF Donald Schultz Professor of 1 September — Massachusettes Avenue, NW, purposes please contact David Museum Cosford. Turbomachinery and Fellow of Queensland’s Advanced Washington, DC. 6 pm. Beaumont, T +44 (0)7936 15 October — Apache St Catherine’s College. Biofuels Research Program. 18 September — Unmanned 392799. helicopter operations. Staff Sgt Prof Robert Henry, Professor aerial vehicles. 11 September — NATS Chris Phipps, RAF Shawbury. PRESTON of Innovation in Agriculture, 6 November — Destination Swanwick Centre. Andy Newton Building, Salford Personnel and Conference Director of the Queensland asteroid. Rankine, NATS. University. Centre, BAE Systems, Warton. Alliance for Agriculture and 9 October — A history of 18 November — 3D printing 7.30 pm. Alan Matthews, Food Innovation (QAAFI), YEOVIL Farnborough’s Royal Aircraft in aerospace. Phil Beard, BAE T +44 (0)1995 61470. University of Queensland. Dallas Conference Room 1A, Establishment. Dr Graham Systems. Joint lecture with 17 September — Hawker AgustaWestland, Yeovil. 6 pm. Rood, FAST. IMechE. Venue TBA. Siddeley P1154. Michael Price, SHEFFIELD David McCallum, E david. 13 November — Lecturer, Centre for Defence Knowledge Transfer Centre, Mccallum@. Developments in aviation MUNICH Acquisition, Defence Academy Advanced Manufacturing com medicine over the last 25 Ehrensaal, Deutsche Museum, for the UK, Shrivenham. Park, Brunel Way, Catcliffe, 18 September — The world’s Years. Prof Mike Bagshaw, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 8 October — Additive layer Rotherham. 7 pm. largest aircraft: engineering Professor of Aviation München. 7 pm. manufacturing. Mike Murray, 30 September — UK the hybrid vehicle. David Medicine. 29 October — Willy Head of Airframe integration, Apaches, at home and abroad. Stewart, Head of Flight Messerschmitt Lecture. Air Platform, MAI, BAE Neale Moss, Boeing. Sciences, Hybrid Air Vehicles. LOUGHBOROUGH Flugsimulation — eine Säule Systems. Canberra Club, BAE 28 October — Airfi x — 20 October — Space debris. Room U020, Brockington der Sicherheit. Dr-Ing Holger Systems, Samlesbury. Scaling down reality. Simon Prof Richard Crowther, UK Building, Loughborough Duda, Leiter Flight Dynamics 22 October — Wind power. Owen, Airfi x. Space Agency.

The NATS Swanwick Centre. Andy Rankine will describe the operations at the Centre at Heathrow on 11 September. NATS.

Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 53 Afterburner Corporate Partners NEW PARTNERS EVENTS

Please note: attendance at Corporate Partner Briefi ngs is strictly The Royal Aeronautical Society would like to exclusive to staff of RAeS Corporate Partners. Unless otherwise welcome the following as Corporate Partners. advised, registration for Corporate Partner Briefi ngs is at 16.30 hrs.

Tuesday 23 September 2014 / London The Military Aviation Authority — Military Air Safety and Regulation in the Post-Nimrod World Corporate Partner Briefi ng by AM Richard Garwood, Director-General, AEROBILITY Military Aviation Authority Blackbushe Airport, , Sponsored by Christy Aerospace & Technology GU17 9LQ, UK T +44 (0)303 303 1230 Monday 20 October 2014 / London E [email protected] Industry and SDSR 2015 W www.aerobility.com Corporate Partner Briefi ng by Sir Peter Luff MP Contact Sponsored by UTC Aerospace Systems Mike Miller-Smith MBE, Chief Executive Wednesday 26 November 2014 / London Aerobility is a registered charity that aims to use The Outlook for the British Economy the challenges of fl ight and exposure to aviation Corporate Partner Briefi ng by Dame DeAnne Julius, Non-Executive Director, as a tool for improving the lives of those with Deloitte UK, Roche and Jones Lang LaSalle a disability. Whatever the age or whatever the www.aerosociety.com/events disability, be it physical, learning or mental, or For further information, please contact Gail Ward an injury acquired in confl ict — Aerobility gives E [email protected] or T +44 (0)1491 629912 everyone the chance to fl y and participate in aviation-orientated activities. Aerobility operates adapted aircraft, supporting equipment and specialist instruction to ensure access for all. The charity also acts as a representative body for disabled aviators working with regulators and the aerospace industry to promote access and awareness. THE AIM OF THE CORPORATE PARTNER SCHEME IS

LONDON BIGGIN HILL AIRPORT TO BRING Passenger Terminal, Main Road, Biggin Hill, TOGETHER London Bromley, Kent TN16 3BH, UK ORGANISATIONS T +44 (0)1959 578 500 W www.bigginhillairport.com TO PROMOTE Contact BEST PRACTICE Will Curtis, Managing Director WITHIN THE London Biggin Hill Airport is one of only three INTERNATIONAL commercial airports within the boundary of Greater AEROSPACE London. While providing private business jets and SECTOR LONDON CITY AIRPORT owners with a home base as well as offering a key City Aviation House, Royal Docks, London London gateway to overseas visitors, Biggin Hill E16 2PB, UK continues to honour its heritage as arguably the T +44 (0)20 7646 0000 best known RAF fi ghter station of WW2. London W www.londoncityairport.com Biggin Hill Airport plans to strategically expand its Contact activities within the business and general aviation Declan Collier, Chief Executive sector to provide high-value local jobs and further Contact: support for the London and wider UK economy. Simon Levy London City Airport, the only London Airport Corporate Partner Manager actually in London provides an unrivalled E [email protected] passenger experience in terms of convenience, T +44 (0)20 7670 4346 speed, location and customer service. Get closer.

54 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 Society News INAUGURAL ERIC BROWN LECTURE

The Fleet Air Arm’s most decorated pilot delivered a lecture to the RAeS Fleet Air Arm Branch on ‘Highlights of a life in Aviation’ at the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) Museum at Royal Naval Air Station (RNAS) Yeovilton. Captain Eric Melrose ‘Winkle’ Brown CBE DSC AFC KCVSA PhD HonFRAeS RN at the age of 94 is a former test pilot who has fl own in 487 different types of aircraft, more than anyone else in history and a record unlikely ever to be broken. Winkle Brown’s second world record is for the most aircraft carrier landings performed, 2,407 in total! On the night of 29 July over 400 people gathered beneath the Wings of Concorde in the Museum to listen to whom can only be described as a living legend in the world of aviation. Silence fell as Winkle Brown took to the podium next to a commissioned portrait of himself on loan to be displayed at RNAS Yeovilton. ‘Winkle’ Brown said: “It is my pleasure to be Above: 400 guests gathered here, thank you for inviting me. It’s a wonderful in the Concorde Hall at the setting.” Fleet Air Arm Museum for the Commander Mark Langrill Head of Air inaugural Eric Brown Lecture. Left: Cdre Jock Alexander, Engineering on the Air Station and Chairman of the RN, Commanding Offi cer RAeS FAA Branch said: “RNAS Yeovilton is home to of RNAS Yeovilton and the Fleet Air Arm Branch of the Royal Aeronautical President of the FAA Yeovilton Society. As well as being an icon of Naval Branch (left) and Capt Brown aviation, Captain Eric ‘Winkle’ Brown has long been fl ank the portrait of Eric by Lucasta Partridge-Brown. a staunch supporter of the Royal Aeronautical Bottom: Among Capt Brown’s Society, and we are privileged that he has allowed many achievements was to us to name our new fl agship annual lecture in his make the first twin-engined honour.” carrier-borne landing (on to HMS Indefatigable) on 25 The Lucasta Partidge-Brown portrait of Captain March 1944 in a modified Brown on display throughout the evening, was Mosquito FBVI, accepted into the RAeS permanent collection in LR359. RAeS (NAL). 2013. It is now deemed most appropriate that the Tyack added: “‘Winkle’ is quite simply one of the portrait resides on long-term loan with the FAA in most distinguished aviators the world has seen. I am RNAS Yeovilton. proud and humble to be standing here as President President of the RAeS, Bill of the RAeS as we honour the man who was my Tyack, said: “It is the epitome of fame to be known predecessor as President 32 years ago. I thank and by a single name, tonight we are here to celebrate congratulate the Yeovilton Branch — particularly the the life and achievements of someone who is known Chairman Cdr Mark Langrill and the Secretary Lt around the world by a single name ‘Winkle’.” Air Cdre Mark Davis for conceiving of the named lecture.”

WE ARE PRIVILEGED THAT HE HAS ALLOWED US TO NAME OUR NEW FLAGSHIP ANNUAL LECTURE IN HIS HONOUR

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FELLOWS Simon Dewsbury Timothy Davies Robin Fletcher David Dean SOCIETY OFFICERS Athar Ansari Gordon Fraser Nigel Emsley President: Air Cdre Bill Tyack Nicholas Bardell Mark Goulding Michaela Frizen President-Elect: Martin Broadhurst Robert Boyle Stephen Hancock Grant Gibson Tahir Butt Tom Hargreave Simon Hedderman BOARD CHAIRMEN Michael Chan Stuart Hawkins Glenn Hodgkiss Edward Currie John Holden Nicholas Hood Audit and Compliance Chairman: Robert Davison Carl Hunter Thomas Pitts Prof David Allerton Michael Dean Paul James Sugandha Sharma Learned Society Chairman: Prof Graham Roe Paul Dempsey Steven Katzeff Apoorva Sondhi Membership Services Chairman: Stephen Denty Mark Lennards Ana Teixeira Pinto Dr Alisdair Wood Patrick Dewar Katie Litherland Raposo Professional Standards Chairman: Douglas Diss Sanaullah Malik Prof Chris Atkin Simon Donoghue Mohsein Ma’som E-ASSOCIATES Christopher Huckstep Liam McCann DIVISION PRESIDENTS Paul Hughes Ellen Meehan Adeel Ahmed David Lindsay David Mirfi n Arreyhon Alemi Australia: Air Cdre Noel G Schmidt John Maris Sean Morson Jacob Chong New Zealand: Gp Capt Frank Sharp Angus Paterson Olatokunbo Ogunkolati James Cullingham Pakistan: AM Salim Arshad David Pepitone Ademola Ologunro Ben Higgs South African: Prof Laurent Dala James Press Anthony Palmer Erick Matamisa John Ransom Alan Parkinson Abhishek Morey Gundra Satheesh- Simon Peck Bernard Munaiwa Reddy Rachel Picken Giovanni Volino Alison Starr Adam Pike Christopher Turner Mark Pollard ASSOCIATES Graham Warwick Kiran Ramsaroop WITH REGRET Patrick Williams Anthony Rees Ali Hadi James Wilson John Ritchie Christopher Hockley The RAeS announces with regret the deaths of the Daniel Tet Min Wong Sybrand Van der Spuy Stephen O’Brien following members: Muhammad Wajid John Michael Bloodworth MRAeS 88 MEMBERS Ian Warner AFFILIATES Rosa Wells David Alan Drane CEng MRAeS 86 Lance Bagster Jenni Doonan Vernon Lyle Gittins IEng AMRAeS 87 Mazen Bekdash Gregory Duarte Calvo ASSOCIATE Alexander John Hay ARAeS 82 Maria Botha MEMBERS Simon Eddings Jonathan Chambers Patricia Patilla Sanchez Vernon Leslie Murphy Affi liate 69 Laura Creek Gianfranco Costa David Pilkington Walter John Paul CEng MRAeS 85 Gary Cripps Lewis Cromey Mark Dabrowski Jamie Daniels Andrew Brian Scott CEng MRAeS 77

Did you know?

‘Aeronautics’ defi ned as “The entire science and art of aerial navigation” ADVERTISING was the fi rst approved term accepted by the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain’s Technical Words To advertise in any of the Royal (later Technical Terms) Committee originally formed in December 1909 ‘Helmsman’ Lusteed in the Avro Type D outside its Aeronautical Society’s publications, “to ascertain the best words for ‘shed’. RAeS (NAL). general aeronautical use.” website or e-media please contact: The work of the committee culminated in 1919 with the publication of the Glossary of Aeronautical Terms, in which the preferred subject terms were arranged following the Universal System of Decimal Classifi cation normally associated with the arrangement of Emma Bossom libraries. T +44 (0)20 7670 4342 Over time the work of the committee was incorporated into the Nomenclature Committee of the Aircraft Section of the British Standards Institution who issued the fi rst E [email protected] British Standard Glossary of Aeronautical Terms in 1923.

56 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 Society News eats2014 BERLIN ROYAL AERONAUTICAL SOCIETY No.4 Hamilton Place Optimising Simulation and LONDON W1

Training for the Flight Crew The Proprietors again beg to inform the Nobility, Gentry and Public of the

European Airline Training Symposium Estrel Hotel, Berlin, Germany Aerospace & 28-29 October 2014 Aviation Book Fair

BOOK YOUR Monday, 17 November 2014 11.00-18.00 PLACE TODAY SAVE A great opportunity to browse and buy from a range of UP TO aviation booksellers and publishers. €200 Visit the National Aerospace Library stand selling a large range of new/secondhand books and journals. NowNow wiwithth ttwowo conferenceconference sstreamstreams Partake from the RAeS merchandise range. PilotPilot Training & CaCabinbin CrCrewew TTrainingraining FREE ADMISSION Please contact the Conference and Events Department to RSVP: halldale.com/eatshalldale.com/eats T +44 (0)20 7670 4345 E [email protected]

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Find us on Twitter i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com SEPTEMBER 2014 57 The Last Word

COMMENTARY FROM Professor Keith Hayward RAeS Head of Research

Too little, too late

In June, the European Commission published a road civil market. However, this could cut across map promoting a ‘New Deal for European Defence’. existing Anglo-French and a French-led European This was a follow up to a Communication published consortium effort to develop an advanced armed last year that launched a three-year programme of RPAS, which was underlined by the memorandum work promoting a more competitive and effi cient signed at Farnborough in July. defence and security sector. This was backed by a clear and depressing analysis of the defi ciencies of The US market is still the place to be the EU defence market. So, while the US market has shrunk and the future The Roadmap provides the basis for the direction of its defence budget remains uncertain, Commission’s continuing work programme it is still the best place to be if you are a defence developing measures designed to strengthen the contractor and a government looking to leverage Single Market for defence, to promote a more its R&D investments. The importance of the US competitive defence industry and to foster synergies link with the UK was underlined by the agreement between civil and military research. In particular, it earlier this year to collaborate on defence R&D in underlines the importance of maximising returns areas such as space, cybersecurity and chemical from all EU research activities as defence-specifi c and biological warfare protection. This builds on R&D has fallen, and continues to fall. There are decades of joint work in several sensitive defence several practical steps outlined to encourage technologies, including a lead UK position on the implementation over the next couple of years and F-35. However, while a programme like the F-35 progress will be reviewed by the EU Council next will undoubtedly be good for some companies, it year. does not ensure that the UK will maintain an overall capacity or have ready access to the really clever Seen it all before, many times bits of defence production. However, the signs are that this programme is too Happily Farnborough also saw some positive little and too late to arrest the long-term decline returns from the Defence Growth Partnership of the European defence industrial base. Indeed, (DGP) promising government-industry investment the diagnostic path has been so well travelled, I in centres of excellence that will benefi t the UK could recite it, and the prescription, in my sleep. The defence aerospace sector. If the DGP eventually EUROPEAN fundamental truth is that Europe rarely gets its act produces the kind of results seen in the equivalent COLLABORATION together early enough to build a momentum in the Aerospace Growth Partnership, the UK may be HAS ITS market place. better placed to maintain capabilities than Europe TRIALS AND This failing is all too evident in the continuing at large. TRIBULATIONS struggle to build an effective remotely piloted air Yet, without an adequate collective approach, BUT, IF WELL systems (RPAS) programme. The latest venture progress on this side of the Channel will suffer is an industrial memorandum of understanding in the long term. There is always the prospect MANAGED, IT between Airbus, France’s Dassault and the Italian of more work with the US but this inevitably DOES OFFER Finmeccanica, to develop a medium altitude long contains the risk of all junior partners — doing THE BETTER endurance (MALE) RPAS. They are now urging the the less clever and lower value work. European SET OF OPTIONS three governments to back the proposal with a fi rm collaboration has its trials and tribulations but, FOR UK-BASED commitment to develop and produce a contender if well managed, it does offer the better set of INDUSTRY for both military and, more important, the emerging options for UK-based industry.

58 AEROSPACE / SEPTEMBER 2014 Conference Proceedings International Flight Crew Training Conference

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