J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem (2013) 56, 483−495 DOI 10.1007/s13765-013-3182-x REVIEW ARTICLE

Review of Codex Alimentarius and Comparison between the US and Korean Food Classifications for Pesticide Residues of the US and Korea

Moo-Hyeog Im

Received: 27 July 2013 / Accepted: 13 August 2013 / Published Online: 31 October 2013 © The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry and Springer 2013

Abstract All countries worldwide are experiencing difficulties of great help in setting the group MRLs for the minor crops of in setting maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticide residues Korea. in food commodities due to prohibitive costs, labor, and other expenses. The Codex Alimentarius (Codex) is actively engaged in Keywords Codex Alimentarius · food classification · maximum revising the classification of food commodities that are grown in residue limits · pesticide residues small areas; however, setting MRLs for all agricultural commodities has not been effective. Modified food classifications for groups of agricultural commodities were established for setting MRLs of pesticides for each food commodity. Codex accepted various Introduction countries’ opinions that the old food classification of commodities can no longer be applied to the present food classifications; therefore, The Codex Alimentarius (Codex) classification was elaborated to from 2009, Codex started to revise their food classifications. To ensure the use of uniform nomenclature and classify foods into set pesticide MRLs for agricultural products grown in small fields, groups and subgroups to clearly identify commodities for which groups of agricultural commodities were subdivided, and new MRLs might be established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission food classifications were used. The food classification revised by (CAC) on Foods and Animal Feeds in 1989 (CAC, 1989). The Codex made it easy to set up group MRLs. After the Codex food Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR), which is one of classification was revised, jujube and persimmon, which were the CAC groups, manages this classification. CAC and CCPR previously classified as tropical fruits, were grouped as pome attempted to compile an entire list of agricultural products for fruits and stone fruits based on the opinion of the Korea Food & food trades, and they classified the commodities by considering Drug Administration (KFDA). In addition, KFDA submitted more the similar pattern of pesticide residue. comments on the classification of various vegetables. As a result, In 1992, the codes for the food categories were computerized Korean vegetables were included in the food classification by and listed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Codex. The current Codex food classifications in Korea still have Nations World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) Codex Classification not adopted a group-specific subdivision system that is already of Foods and Animal Feeds (CAC, 1993). The CCPR discussed used in Codex and the US internationally harmonized food the necessity for updates on food categories listed in the Codex classification revisions by Codex might resolve the difficulty of since 2000 (CAC, 2001). As part of the acceptance criteria, in setting up pesticide MRLs for agricultural commodities such as 2004, scientific names of unlisted fruits and vegetables were vegetables in Korea. Consequently, food classifications in Korea, added to amend the food classifications under consideration of which are in harmony with the Codex food classification, will be pesticide residue acceptance criteria. The CCPR decided to update the list on a limited basis and added only new items important to M. -H. Im () international trade with a focus on -derived foods to the Food Standard Division, Food Standard Department, Food Standard categories (CAC, 2004). Planning Department, Food Safety Bureau, Ministry of Food and Drug It was suggested in 2004 that if various countries were to Safety, 187 Osongsaengmyeong2(i)-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungcheongbukdo 363-700, Republic of Korea submit the classifications that they required in terms of the name E-mail: [email protected] of the crop/product and the scientific name to build a new and 484 J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem (2013) 56, 483−495

Table 1 Commodity Groups Year Commodity Groups 2007 Vegetables; Fruiting Vegetables other than Cucurbits 2008 Berries and Small Fruits; Edible Fungi; Herbs; Spices; Tree nuts; Oil Seeds; Citrus Fruits; Pome Fruits; Stone Fruits; Leafy Vegetables Assorted tropical/subtropical fruits, edible peel; Assorted tropical/subtropical fruits, inedible peel; Fruiting Vegetables, Cucurbits; Root and 2009 Tuber Vegetables; Brassica Vegetables Pulses; Legume Vegetables; Stalk and Stem Vegetables; Cereal Grains; Forage, Fodder, and Grasses; Grasses for sugar or syrup 2010 production; Seeds for beverages and sweets 2011 Processed foods; animal feed commodities, commodities of animal origin 2012 To be decided proposed classification system, the delegation of the Netherlands Background would collect this information and prepare a draft amendment (CAC, 2004). In 2005, CAC circulated a letter for comment and In Korea, food varieties were classified as grains, beans, potatoes, information on a proposed draft revision of the Codex vegetables, fruits, nuts, and peanuts as well as lipid food , Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds. Seven governments spice plants, mushrooms, sweet plants, symbolic plant species, submitted comments (CAC, 2005), namely, Australia, US, Japan, and algae among others in 1989. This food classification has been New Zealand, Thailand, Poland, and Canada. used to list the names of raw materials and food ingredients, In 2006, it was concluded that the proposed draft for the limited which are described in the definition for each type of food (Health revision was insufficient after considering the comments filed and Social Affairs, 1989). There are several difficulties in the over several years. CCPR considered adding new commodities application of the pesticide residue acceptance criteria within and new crop groups or subgroups, updating scientific names and these food classifications. Therefore, in 2002, a new classification common names, checking portions of the commodity to which the of agricultural products was established separately for applying MRL applies, making references to new Codex standards, the principles and criteria of pesticide residues in agricultural extrapolating residue aspects in an integrated and advanced crop products, and new principles for application of MRLs were also classification system, and when appropriate, revising the coding established. The establishment of new classification and principles system, evaluating impacts, and revising the presentation in the was a strategy to solve temporarily problems, which have been Codex database; and integrating data with the FAO food balance arising at the time of the inspection for pesticide residue sheets. After careful consideration, CCPR decided to proceed with management in Korea. At present, only few MRL are available an extensive revision (CAC, 2006). for some agricultural products such as vegetables cultivated in The USA and Netherlands worked together to prepare an small areas (minor crop). In the majority of cases, there are many extended draft amendment, in which the food categories depended problems caused by frequent detection of pesticide residues in on revisions of the U.S. crop groups conducted by the International these minor crops (Lee et al., 2001). Crop Grouping Consulting Committee. They decided to promote The principles for the application of MRLs is that, if MRLs in the revision of the international food classification by establishing agricultural products are not established in Korea food code, the a 5–6 year-work plan for specific revision of each food groups Codex standard shall apply, and if the Codex MRLs also are not (Table 1). By 2012, ICGCC had summarized the opinions of established, the lowest of the MRL of pesticide in question various countries and selected the following classifications: bulb specified for similar agricultural products shall apply to the vegetables, fruiting vegetables other than cucurbits; berries and agricultural products in which the pesticides detected. When no small fruits, edible fungi; herbs and spices, tree nuts, oil seeds, MRLs are set for the similar agricultural products, the lowest of citrus fruits, pome fruits, stone fruits, assorted tropical/subtropical the pesticide MRLs shall be applied to the detected pesticide fruits, with edible peel, and assorted tropical/subtropical fruits, (KFDA, 2002). with inedible peel (CAC, 2010; 2011; 2012). The Global Minor The U.S. food classification is properly configured to set the Use Summit (GMUS) selected representative agricultural commodities MRLs for each different group or subgroup of agricultural based on the updated food classifications to provide a concrete products by selecting major commodities as representative crops. plan of action to resolve the issue of the pesticide residue Because the group MRL reflects the maximum pesticide residues acceptance criteria in agricultural products cultivated in a small in a group of agricultural products based on a specific pattern of area. GMUS meetings were held in 2008 and 2012 to obtain a pesticide used before the group MRL was set, the pattern of the resolution for pesticide residue acceptance criteria in agricultural pesticide use, which includes the amount of pesticide applied, the products cultivated in a small area. They are still working to number of times applied, the timing of the first application, the achieve a closure on this matter. interval between applications, and the interval between the last J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem (2013) 56, 483−495 485 application and harvest, are set similarly for the commodities, roots, berries or other fruits from a variety of plants. which are included in same group or subgroup (NARA, 2012a). Codex food classifications based on U.S. food classifications have been revised according to the comments received from countries Korean Classification of Foods throughout the world. In the present study, the food classifications of Codex, Korea In Korea, the classification of agricultural commodities was and US were compared to investigate the relationship between published by Health and Social Affairs in 1989. However, the their criteria and pesticide application (MRLs for pesticides), classification of agricultural commodities was not suitable for extrapolate representative trends, run a comparative analysis on application of the pesticide MRLs. Therefore, new classification Codex classifications, and provide basic data for the global of agricultural products which fit the reality of Korea was harmonization of Korean food classifications in the future. established separately in 2002. The new classification considered the shape of agricultural products and pesticide residues characteristic (Lee, 2000; KFDA, 2002,). To harmonize the 2 Codex Classification of Foods Korean food classifications with Codex classifications, new classifications were established in 2010 by KFDA (Table 3). At The Codex food classification shown in Table 2 was published in that time, the revision of the food classification was made to 1993 (CAC, 1993; Ireland and Moller, 2000; Boon et al., 2009). reflect a part of the Codex food classification system. When Five fruit types are included as follows. Tree or shrub citrus plants considering the amended, the nuts and seeds group of the nuts and were classified as belonging to the Rutaceae family. Pome fruits seeds type were subdivided into groups of peanut or nuts, oilseed, were classified as belonging to Rosaceae (especially the genera and seed for beverage and sweets to be harmonized with Codex. Malus and Pyrus). Stone fruits were classified as belonging to the Leafy vegetables were subdivided into flowerhead brassicas and genus Prunus. Berries and other small fruits were grouped as a leafy vegetables. In Korea, Chinese cabbage and Cabbgge variety of perennial plants and shrubs having fruit characterized (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt) were grouped as by a high surface-to-weight ratio. Assorted tropical and subtropical a leafy vegetable and provide different aspects of pesticide residues. fruits were divided into edible peel and inedible peel, which were Kimchi cabbage is classified into leafy vegetables, because it has produced throughout the year. round-shaped leaves; thus there are difficulties in the application Seven kinds of vegetables were included as follows: bulb of pesticides MRL Therefore, the commodity was moved into the vegetables belonging to the genus (Liliaceae). Vegetables flowerhead brassicas, which is different from the Codex classification. such as head cabbage were plants with immature inflorescences, Fruiting vegetables are separated into fruiting vegetables, cucurbits, stems, and leafy heads were classified as Brassica (Cruciferae). and fruiting vegetables other than cucurbits; these categories Fruiting vegetables were immature or mature fruits of flowerhead harmonized with the Codex system. In addition, two new brassicas and Cucurbitaceae (usually these are annual vines or categories, namely, herbs and spices, and algae were established to bushes). Fruiting vegetables included immature and mature fruits reflect the existing classification, because the food categories in of cucurbits and Solanaceae. Leafy vegetables were mainly annual Korea Food code is also used to decide the type of food and plants. Legume vegetables included the succulent seed and whether a plant is edible or non-edible. immature pods of beans and peas of leguminous plants. Root and tuber vegetables were the starchy, enlarged solid roots, tubers, corms or rhizomes of subterranean and other species. Pulses Differences between Codex and the food categories of the (beans and peas) included beans and peas of leguminous plant Republic of Korea produced by artificial drying. Edible stalk and stem vegetables were leaf stems or immature shoots of annual and perennial Potatoes, mushrooms, tealeaves, and hops are listed separately in plants. Grasses included cereals and those from which sugar or the Republic of Korea food classifications. In addition, some syrup having high sugar content is produced. Cereal grains plants, which are hard to classify due to different morphological or included the ears (heads) of starchy seeds of Gramineae. Plants pesticide residues, are placed in a different plant category. Pulses providing nuts and seeds were grouped as a variety of trees and are classified as beans separately in the Korean system; however, shrubs that have fruits with a hard inedible shell enclosing an oily they are classified as vegetables in the Codex separately. Furthermore, seed (tree nuts). Oilseeds included edible vegetable oils, seed Codex classifies potatoes as the root and tuber vegetable group, meals, and cakes used as animal feed. Beverages and sweets were but potatoes are separated from vegetables in the Korean system produced from the seeds of tropical and subtropical trees and (Lee, 2000). shrubs. Finally, herbs and spices were divided into two parts. The classification system on foods and animal feeds in Korea Herbs included leaves, flowers, stems, and roots of a variety of is different from the Codex classification of foods and animal herbaceous plants used in relatively small amounts as condiments feeds, because there are many differences in the criteria of to flavor foods or beverages. Spices included aromatic seeds, application of pesticide MRLs. Bulb vegetables and the root and 486 J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem (2013) 56, 483−495

Table 2 Codex classification of foods (CAC, 1993) Type Group Commodity Citrus fruits 37 kinds: Grapefruit, Lemon, Limes, Mandarins, Oranges, etc. Pome fruits 10 kinds: Apple, Loquat, Medlar, Pear, Quince, etc. Stone fruits 23 kinds: Cherries, Plums, Apricot, Bullace, Cherry plum, Nectarine, Morello, Peach, etc. 36 kinds: Blueberries, Blackberries, Cranberry, Currants, Grapes, Raspberries, Strawberry, Berries & other small fruits Fruits etc. Assorted tropical & sub-tropical fruit- 44 kinds: Date, Fig, Jujube (Chinese), Kumquats, Olives, Persimmon (Japanese), Pomerac, edible peel Tree tomato, etc. Assorted tropical & sub-tropical fruit- 67 kinds: Avocado, Banana, Durian, Guava, Kiwifruit, Litchi, Mango, Papaya, Passion inedible peel fruit, Pineapple, Pomegranate, etc. 22 kinds: Fenell(bulb), , Kurrat, , (Bulb), Onion, Chinese, Onion(Welsh), Bulb vegetables Tree onion, etc. Brassica vegetables, head cabbage, 16 kinds: Cabbages, Broccoli, Kohlrabi, etc. flowerhead brassicas Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits 50 kinds: Melons, Cucumber, Pumpkins, Squash, etc. 36 kinds: Eggplant, Fungi (edible), Mushrooms, Okra, Peppers (Chili), Peppers (Sweet), Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits Tomato, etc. A100 kinds: Amaranth, Chard, Chicory leaves, Chinese cabbage (type Pe-tsai), Kale, Leafy vegetables Lettuce (Head), Lettuce (Leaf), Mustard greens, Pepper leaves, Radish leaves, Spinach, Vegetables etc. 64 kinds: Broad bean (green pods and immature seeds), Common bean (pods and /or Legume vegetables immature seeds), Lentil (young pods), Soya bean (immature seeds), etc. 52 kinds: Adzuki bean (dry), Black gram (dry), Broad bean (dry), Chick-pea(dry), Pulses (beans and peas) Common bean (dry), Mung bean (dry), Pigeon pea (dry), Soya bean (dry), etc. 77 kinds: Arrowroot, Burdock (greater or edible), Carrot, Radish, Sweet potato, Taro, Root & tuber vegetables Yams, Yam bean, etc. 10 kinds: Asparagus, Bamboo shoots, Cardoon, Celery, Celtuce, Rhubarb, Witloof chicory Stalk & stem vegetables (sprouts), etc. 57 kinds: Barley, Buckwheat, Corn, Job’'s tears, Maize, Millet, Oats, Popcorn, Quinoa, Cereal grains Grasses Rice, Rye, Sorghum, Teff, etc. Grasses for sugar or syrup production 2 kinds: Sorgo or Sorghum (Sweet), Sugar cane 30 kinds: Almonds, Cashew nut, Chestnuts, Coconut, Hazelnuts, Pecan, Pine nuts, Tree nuts Pistachio nut, Walnuts, etc. Nuts & 29 kinds: Mustard seeds, Cotton seed, Linseed, Peanut, Rape seed, Safflower seed, Sesame seeds Oilseed seed, etc. Seed for beverages & sweets 4 kinds: Cacao beans, Coffee beans, Cola nuts, Kola Herbs 55 kinds: Basil, Catmint, Celery leaves, , Curry leaves, Marigold flowers, (Leaves, flowers, stems and roots from a Marjoram, Mints, Parsley, Rosemary, Rue, Sage and related Salvia species, Sassafras variety of herbaceous plants. Fresh or leaves, Tarragon, Thyme, Wintergreen leaves, Woodruff, Wormwoods, etc Herbs & naturally dried form.) spices Spices 40 kinds: ed, Calamus, root, Caper buds, Celery seed, Cinnamon bark, Coriander seed, (The aromatic seeds, roots, berries or other Cumin seed, Galangal rhizomes, Ginger root, Pepper (black and white), Pepper (long), fruits from a variety of plants. Dried form) Pimento (fruit), Turmeric root, Vanilla beans, etc. tuber vegetable groups are separately classified in Codex; Korea, they have been integrated into a group to apply the existing however, those two groups are combined into the tuber vegetables MRLs to minor crop easily (KFDA, 2010). group in the Korean classification system. Assorted tropical and In Codex, mushrooms are classified as fruiting vegetables other subtropical fruits are divided into edible peel and inedible peel in than the cucurbits group. In Korea, mushrooms are a separate Codex, but the Korean classification maintains them as one group. classification (CAC, 1993). In addition, Korea produces various The succulent seed and immature pods of leguminous plants are kinds of mushrooms that are different from those produced in the classified separately as legume vegetables in Codex; however, in U.S., such as oyster mushrooms, pine mushrooms, oak mushrooms, J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem (2013) 56, 483−495 487

Table 3 Korean classification of foods (2012) Type Group Commodity 15 kinds: Rice, Barley, Wheat, Buckwheat, Sorghum, Corn, Oats, Rye, Great millet, Job's tear, Cereal grains - Barnyard millet, Quinoa, Triticale, etc. Potatoes - 6 kinds: Potato, Sweet potato, Taro, Yam, Cassava(tapioca), Konjac 13 kinds: Soybean, Mungbean, Pea, Kidney bean, Cowpea, Adzuki bean, Broad bean, Pigean pea, Beans - Lima bean, Chick-pea, Green bean, Lentils, Sword bean. 11 kinds: Chestnut, Walnut, Gingko nut, Pine nut, Peanut, Almond, Pecan, Cashew nut, Hazelnut, Peanut or nuts Macadamia nut, Pistachio nut, Acorn. Nuts and 11 kinds: Sesam seed, Cotten seed, Sunflower seed, Pumpkin seed, Perilla seed, Olive, Evening Seeds Oilseed primrose Seed, Cotten seed, Rape seed, Palm seed, Safflower seed. Seed for beverage and sweets 4 kinds: Coffee bean, Cacao bean, Cola nuts, Guarana Pome fruits 5 kinds: Apple, Pear, Quince, Persimmon, Pomegranate Citrus fruits 8 kinds: Mandarin, Orange, Grapefruit, Lemon, Yuja, Lime, Kumquat, Citron. 10 kinds: Peach, Jujube, Apricot, Plum, Korean Plum, Cherry, Nectarine, Korean cherry, Sansuyu, Stone fruits Five flavor berry. Fruits 9 kinds: Grapes, Strawberry, Fig, Mulberry, Red Bilberry, Currant, Berry, Box thorn, Wild Grape, Berries and other small fruits Rubi Fructus(Wild Berry, Raspberry). Assorted tropical and sub-tropical 13 kinds: Banana, Pineapple, Kiwifruit, Avocado, Papaya, Date, Mango, Guava, Coconut, Litchi, fruits Passion fruit, Durian, Mangostan. Flowerhead brassicas 3 kinds: Kimchi Cabbage, Head Cabbage, Broccoli 32 kinds: Ssam cabbage, Lettuce(Leaf), Lettuce(Head), Spinach, Perilla leaves, Radish leaves, Chwinamul, Chili pepper leaves, Chamnamul, Kale, Mustard greens, Endive, Pumpkin leaves, Leafy vegetables Shinsuncho, Wasabi leaves, Bireumnamul, seumbagwi, Dachungchae, Danggwi leaves, Chamssuk, etc. 17 kinds: Welsh onion, Leek, Sweet potato stem, Taro stem, Asparagus, Celery, Kohlrabi, Wonchuri Stalk and stem vegetables Vegetables leaves, Dureup young shoot, Dolnamul, Chinese Onion, etc. 16 kinds: Radish(root), Bulb Onion, Garlic, Carrot, Ginger root, Lotus root, Burdock, Doraji, Root and tuber vegetables Deodeok, Yacon, Chicory (root), Ginseng, Polygonatum root, etc. Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits 16 kinds: Cucumber, Pumpkin, Korean melon, Watermelon, Melon, Winter squash Fruiting vegetables other than 7 kinds: Tomato, Cherry tomato, Chilli pepper (Fresh), Sweet pepper, Eggplant, Okra, Unripe bean Cucurbits 14 kinds: Oyster mushroom, Pine mushroom, Oak mushroom, Winter mushroom, Tree ear, Mushrooms - Sanghwang mushroom, Craterellus Aureus, Agaricus, Iwatake, etc. Herbs and 21 kinds: Mustard, Cinnamon bark, Coriander, Wasabi, Rosemary, Basil, Peppermint, Pepper(Black - spices & White), Cumin seed, Caper buds, Turmeric root, Cardamom seed, etc. Tea leaves - Tea Hops - Hop Algae - 20 kinds: Seaweed, Sea lattuce, , Laver, Sea string, Kelp (Sea angle), etc. Other plants - 10 kinds: Sugar cane, Sweet sorghum, JasmineMatari, Mulbangki, etc. button mushroom, red-tipped ciavaria, winter mushrooms, Juda’s Korea classifies jujube (Chinese) as stone fruits. The scientific ear, Ganoderma lucidum Karst, and new matsutake fungus. In name of persimmon (Japanese) is Diospyros kaki var. kaki. It is Codex, jujube (Chinese) and persimmon (Japanese) belong to the similar to berries botanically. However, persimmon (Japanese) assorted tropical and subtropical fruits-edible peel group of fruit was classified as pome fruits, because the commodity was types, and pomegranate belongs to the assorted tropical and improved in Korea and the pesticide residues become similar to subtropical fruits-inedible peel group of fruit type (CAC, 1993); that in apples and pears (KFDA, 2010). Pomegranate is also however, in the Korean classification system, the scientific name classified as a pome fruit for the same reason as persimmon of jujube (Chinese) is Ziziphus jujuba Mill and has a pit inside the (Japanese) (KFDA, 2010). Yuja belongs to the citrus fruit group in fruits similar to plums, apricots, plums, cherries, and peaches, thus the Korean classification; however, it has not been included in the 488 J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem (2013) 56, 483−495

Table 4 US classification of foods (2012) Representative Group Subgroup Individual commodities commodities Carrot, Radish, 17 kinds: Beet (garden), Burdock (edible), Carrot, Celeriac,, Chicory, 1-A Root vegetables Sugar beet Ginseng, Radish, Rutabaga, Salsify, Skirret, etc Root vegetables 16 kinds: Beet (garden), Burdock (edible), Carrot, Celeriac, Chicory, 1-B Carrot, Radish 1. Root & (except sugar beet) Ginseng, Radish, Rutabaga, Salsify, etc tuber Tuberous and corm 17 kinds: Arracacha, Chufa, Dasheen, Ginger, Potato, Sweet Potato, 1-C Potato vegetables vegetables Yam bean, Yam, etc Tuberous and corm 16 kinds: Arracacha, Chufa, Ginger, Sweet Potato, Ttanier, Turmeric, 1-D vegetables Sweet Potato Yam bean, Yam, etc (except potato) 2. Leaves of Turnip and 17 kinds: Beet (garden), Carrot, Chicory, Parsnip, Radish, Sweet Potato, root & tuber Garden Beet or etc. vegetables Sugar Beet 13 kinds: daylily (bulb), garlic (serpent, bulb), lily (bulb), onion (bulb), 3-07A Onion, bulb Onion, bulb. (bulb), etc., cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of these 3. Bulb vegetables 14 kinds: Chive (fresh leaves), Elegans Hosta, Fritillaria (leaves), Leek, 3-07B Onion, green Onion, green. Onion (fresh), Shallot (fresh leaves), etc., cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of these Head Lettuce 4. Leafy 19 kinds: Amaranth, Arugula, Chervil, Cress (upland), Dandelion, 4-A Leafy greens and Leaf Lettuce vegetables Dock, Endive, Lettuce, Orach, Parsley, Spinach, etc (except Brassica and Spinach. vegetables) 4-B Leaf petioles Celery 6 kinds: Cardoon, Celery, Rhubarb, etc. Broccoli or 7 kinds: Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Kohlrabi, 5. Brassica 5-A Head and stem Brassica Cauliflower; and etc. (Cole) Cabbage leafy 8 kinds: Collards, Kale, Mizuna, Mustard greens, Mustard spinach, vegetables 5-B Leafy Brassica greens Mustard greens Rape greens, etc. Any one succulent Bean (includes Runner bean, Snap bean, Wax bean, Asparagus bean, cultivar of edible- podded Edible-podded Chinese longbean, Moth bean, Yardlong bean), Jackbean, pea (includes 6-A bean and any one legume vegetables Dwarf pea, edible-pod pea, Snow pea, Sugar snap pea), Pigeon pea, succulent cultivar of Soybean (immature seed), Sword bean edible- podded Pea 6. Legume vegetables Any succulent shelled Bean (includes Lima bean (green)), Broad bean (succulent), Bean Succulent shelled pea (succulent or 6-B cultivar of bean and (includes Blackeyed pea, Cowpea, Southern pea), Pea (includes English and bean dried) Garden Pea pea, Garden pea, Green pea), Pigeon pea dried cultivars of bean (includes grain lupin, sweet lupin, white lupin, Dried shelled pea Any one dried cultivar of and white sweet lupin), bean (includes adzuki bean, blackeyed pea, 6-C and bean bean ; and any one dried catjang, cowpea, Crowder pea, moth bean, mung bean, rice bean, (except soybean) cultivar of Pea southern pea, urd bean) 7. Foliage of Any cultivar of bean (Phaseolusspp.), and field pea (Pisumspp.) Plant Any cultivar of bean and legume parts of any legume vegetable (except soybeans) included in the legume field pea, and Soybean vegetables vegetables group that will be used as animal feed 12 kinds: Cocona, Currant Tomato, Goji Berry, Tomatillo, Tomato, etc., 8-10A Tomato Tomato cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of these 8. Fruiting Bell Pepper and one 10 kinds: Bell pepper, Eggplant, nonbell Pepper, Okra, Pepino, Roselle, vegetables 8-10B Pepper/Eggplant cultivar of small nonbell etc., cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of these (except Pepper Cucurbits) One cultivar of small Nonbell pepper/ 9 kinds Eggplant, martynia, nonbell Pepper, Okra, Pepino, Roselle, etc., 8-10C nonbell Pepper or one Eggplant cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of these cultivar of small Eggplant 9-A Melon Cantaloupes 3 kinds: Citron melon, Muskmelon, Watermelon 9. Cucurbits One cultivar of summer vegetables 9-B Squash/cucumber 9 kinds: chayote (fruit), cucumber, gherkin, pumpkin, squash, etc. Squash and Cucumber J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem (2013) 56, 483−495 489

Table 4 Continued Representative Group Subgroup Individual commodities commodities Orange or 13 kinds: Calamondin, Citron, Citrus hybrids, Mandarin, Orange, 10-10A Orange Tangerine/Mandarin Tangelo, etc., cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of these 10. Citrus 11 kinds: Kumquat, Lemon, Lime, etc., cultivars , varieties, and/or 10-10B Lemon/Lime Lemon/Lime fruits hybrids of these 5 kinds: Grapefruit, Pummelo, Tangelo, etc., cultivars, varieties, and/or 10-10C Grapefruit Grapefruit hybrids of these 11. Pome Apple and Pear 7 kinds: apple, crabapple, loquat, mayhaw, pear, pear (oriental), quince fruits Cherry (sweet) or Cherry 5 kinds: Cherry (sweet), Cherry (tart), etc., cultivars, varieties, and/or 12-12A Cherry (tart) hybrids of these 12. Stone 12-12B Peach Peach 2 kinds: Peach, Nectarine, cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of these fruits 13 kinds: Apricot, Jujube (Chinese), Plum, Sloe, etc., cultivars, 12-12C Plum Plum or Prune Plum varieties, and/or hybrids of these Any one 4 kinds: blackberry, loganberry, raspberry (red and black), wild 13-07A Caneberry Blackberry or any raspberry, cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of these one Raspberry Blueberry 19 kinds: Blueberry (highbush), Cranberry (highbush), Huckleberry, 13-07B Bushberry (highbush) Salal, etc., cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of these Large Shrub Elderberry or 13 kinds: Elderberry, Mulberry, Riberry, Salal, etc., cultivars, varieties, 13-07C /tree berry Mulberry and/or hybrids of these Grape and Kiwifruit 7 kinds: Grape, Kiwifruit(fuzzy), etc., cultivars, varieties, and /or 13-07D Small fruit vine climbing 13. Berries (fuzzy) hybrids of these Small fruit vine climbing 6 kinds: Gooseberry, Kiwifruit (fuzzy), etc., cultivars, varieties, and/or 13-07E Kiwifruit (fuzzy) (except grape) hybrids of these Small fruit vine climbing 5 kinds: Gooseberry, Grape, Kiwifruit (hardy), Maypop, Schisandra 13-07F Grape (except fuzzy kiwifruit) Berry, etc., cultivars varieties, and/or hybrids of these 9 kinds: Bilberry, Blueberry (lowbush), Cranberry, Strawberry, etc., 13-07G Low growing berry Strawberry cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of these Low growing berry 8 kinds: Cranberry, Lingonberry, etc., cultivars, varieties, and/or 13-07H Cranberry (except strawberry) cultivars of these 12 kinds: Almond, Cashew, Chestnut, Macadamia nut, Pecan, walnut 14. Tree nuts Almond and Pecan etc. 15. Cereal Corn (fresh & dried), 14 kinds: Barley, Buckwheat, Corn, Millet, Oats, Popcorn, Rice, Rye, grains Rice, Sorghum, Wheat Sorghum, Teosinte, Triticale, Wheat, etc. 16. Forage, Corn, Wheat, and any Forage, fodder, and straw of all commodities included in the group fodder & straw other cereal grain crop cereal grains group of cereal grains Any grass, Gramineae family (either green or cured) except sugarcane Bermuda grass; 17. Grassforage, and those included in the cereal grains group, that will be fed to or bluegrass; and fodder & hay grazed by livestock, all pasture and range grasses and grasses grown for bromegrass or fescue hay or silage 18. Nongrass Alfalfa and 11 kinds: Alfalfa, Bean (velvet), Clover, Lupin, Sainfoin, etc animal Clover Basil (fresh and dried) 36 kinds: Angelica, Basil, Burnet, Chive, Coriander (leaf), Costmary, 19-A Herb and Chive Parsley (dried), Rosemary, Tansy, Wormwood, etc. 19. Herbs and Pepper (black) and spices 28 kinds: Caper (buds), Celery (seed), cinnamon, Dill (seed), Mace, 19-B Spice Celery (seed) or Mustard (seed), Nutmeg, pepper (black), Vanilla, etc. Dill (seed) 490 J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem (2013) 56, 483−495

Table 4 Continued Representative Group Subgroup Individual commodities commodities Rapeseed, Canola 17 kinds: Mustard seed, Oil Radish, Rapeseed, Sesame, etc., cultivars, 20-A Rapeseed varieties only varieties, and/or hybrids of these 20. Oilseed 13 kinds:Safflower, Sunflower, etc., cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids 20-B Sunflower Sunflower (seed) of these 20-C Cottonseed Cottonseed Cottonseed, cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids of these White button mushroom 21 kinds: Blewitt, Bunashimeji, Oyster mushroom, Rodman's Agaricus 21. Edible and any one Oyster Saccardo, Shiitake mushroom, Truffle, White button mushroom, White fungi mushroom or any Jelly Fungi, etc. Shiitake mushroom citrus fruit group in the Codex. 1995). When the US food classification has been established, the Chinese cabbage (type pe-tsai) belongs to the leafy vegetables principle for application of the tolerance was set up and if group in Codex, but in the Korean classification system, they are necessary, some groups subdivided each group into subgroups. divided into two types and included in other groups: Kimchi Scientific names are also shown together with the common name cabbage for making Kimchi and Brassica campestris for Ssam. for reference. In 2007, the US classification system was revised to For example, Kimchi cabbage with a head is classified as a fully harmonize with the Codex since US was the chair country of flowered brassica, while winter-grown Ssam cabbage is classified the working group of the Codex food classification. As results, into leafy vegetables according to the aspect of pesticide residues food varieties of the bulb vegetable groups were expended, and in the cabbage group. In addition, Perilla leaves, Chwinamul, chili the berry group was subdivided into eight groups (NARA, 2007). pepper leaves, chamnamul, young pumpkin leaves, and Shinsuncho In 2008, the edible fungi group was established (NARA, 2008). In belong to leafy vegetables; the flowering stalk of garlic, young 2010, categories of fruiting vegetables, citrus fruits, and pome dureup shoots, and sweet potato stems belong to stalk and stem fruits were amended, and the oil seed group was established vegetables; and lotus root, ginseng, balloon flower root, and (NARA, 2010). In 2012, the stone fruits and tree nut groups were bonnet bellflower root belong to the root and tuber vegetable amended (NARA, 2012). Root and tuber vegetables included four group in the Korean classification but they are not in the Codex subgroups; bulb vegetables, two subgroups; leafy vegetables classification (CAC, 1993; KFDA, 2010). (except Brassica vegetables), two subgroups; Brassica (Cole) The Codex classification mainly focuses on western food. leafy vegetables, two subgroups; legume vegetables (succulent or Several foods which are produced in the Republic of Korea are dried), four subgroups; legume vegetables (succulent of dried), not found in the Codex classification. The occurrence of trade three subgroups; cucurbit vegetables, two subgroups; citrus fruits, restrictions is possible because of the application of pesticide three subgroups; stone fruits, three subgroups; berries, eight MRLs on foods which is exported to foreign or domestic markets subgroups; and oilseed, three subgroups. (Table 4) The US food as well as foreign food imported into the country. In the Codex classification is subdivided with consideration of the characteristics classification, there are common names, synonyms, and scientific of the pesticide residues to appropriately set group MRLs. US names for the agricultural products, but in the Korean classification, regulation (180.40 tolerance for crop groups) sets the rules that there are common names and synonyms but no scientific names. groups or subgroups of tolerance for crop groups of MRLs are The related pictures, characteristics, ingredients, and scientific under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. names are provided in the foods and raw materials database The tolerance can be set by the register’s application, administrator’s website. In 2010, amendments to the Korean classification of food proposals or request of others interested in the tolerance under this were an attempt to harmonize it with the Codex food classification; act. however, it is still needed to harmonize the types and groups of Note that in the revision of the US food classification in 2012, commodities and state the synonyms and the scientific names in Korea submitted an opinion that jujube must be classified as stone the Korea classification system like the Codex food classification fruits and submitted the appropriate scientific data to back up this system (KFDA, 2010). In addition, it is necessary to submit the opinion. The US government accepted the opinion. Before this opinion to include the commodities of Korea in the Codex revision, jujube was not included in the US food classification, classification by careful preparation. and no pesticide MRLs were available for this commodity. Therefore, this agricultural product, which Korean farmers tried to export, was rejected due to difficulty in meeting zero tolerance. US Classification of Foods Myclobutanil, for which there is no MRL for jujube in US, is a pesticide used while cultivating jujube in Korea. USA has rejected The US food classification was established in 1995 (NARA, import of jujube from Korea, because the exported product could J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem (2013) 56, 483−495 491

Table 5 Revision situation of Codex food classification (CAC, 2012) Type Group Commodity Subgroup 001A 19 kinds: Lemon, Lime, Kumquats, Yuzu (Yuja) etc. Lemons and Limes Subgroup 001B 14 kinds: Calamondin, Clementine, Mandarin, Tangelo, Tangerine, Tangors, Group 001 Mandarins Unshu orangeetc. Citrus fruits Subgroup 001C 13 kinds: Bergamot, Bigarade, Orange (Sour), Orange (Sweet), Seville Orange, Oranges(Sweet, Sour) Tachibana orange, Trifoliate orange, etc. Subgroup 001D 8 kinds: Grapefruit, Natsudaidai, Pummelo, Shaddock, etc. Pummelo Group 002 16 kinds: Apple, Pear, Persimmon (Japanese), Quince, etc. Pome fruits Subgroup 003A 8 kinds: Cherry (Sour), Cherry (Sweet), Morello, etc. Cherries Group 003 Subgroup 003B 20 kinds: Bullace, Cherry plum, Jujube (Chinese), Klamath plum, Mirabelle, Stone fruits Plums Mirabelle, Plumcot, Prunes, Sloe, etc Subgroup 003C 4 kinds: Apricot, Japanese apricot, Nectarine, Peach Peaches Subgroup 004A 10 kinds: Cane berries, Blackberries, Korean Black Raspberry, Korean Raspberry, Cane berries Loganberry, Aaspberries (Red, Black), etc. Subgroup 004B 27 kinds: Bush berries, Blueberries, Bilberry, Blueberry, Cowberry, Currants Bush berries (Black, Red, White), etc. Group 004 Subgroup 004C 11 kinds: Large shrub/tree berries, Bayberries, Guelder rose, Mulberries, Phalsa, Berries & other small Large shrub /tree berries Rowan, Service berries, etc. fruits Subgroup 004D 8 kinds: Small fruit vine climbing, Arguta kiwifruit, Amur river grape, Grapes, Small fruit vine climbing Schisandraberry, Table-grapes, Wine-grapes, etc. Fruits Subgroup 004E 10 kinds: Low growing berries, Bakeapple, Cranberry, Cloudberry, Muntries, Low growing berries Partridge berry, Squaw vine, Strawberry, etc. Subgroup 005A 63 kinds: African plum, Almondette, Brazilian cherry, Desert date, Gooseberry Assorted tropical and sub- (Abyssinian), Kakadu plum, Olives (table), Olives for oil production, Persimmon tropical fruits-edible peel- (Black), Water pear, Wax jambu, Yumberry, etc small Group 005 Subgroup 005B 49 kinds: Ambarella, Aonla, Carob, Cashwe apple, Ciruela verde, Davidson plum, Assorted tropical and Assorted tropical and sub- Fig, Guava, Indian mulberry, Jujube(Indian), Kwai muk, Natal plum, Noni, sub-tropical fruits - tropical fruits-edible peel- Papaya(Mountain), Pomerca, Uvalha edible peel ) medium to large Subgroup 005C Assorted tropical and sub- 10 kinds: Acai, Apak palm, Assai palm, Bacaba palm, Babaca-de-leque, Date, tropical fruits-edible peel- Doum or Dum palm, Jelly palm, Patauá, Peach palm, etc. palms Subgroup 006A 20 kinds: Asien, Bael fruit, Burmese grape, Longan, Madras-thron, Manduro, Assorted tropical and sub- Matisia, Mesquite, Mongongo, Spanish lime, Tamarind, Wampi, White star apple, tropical fruits-inedible peel- etc. small Group 006 Subgroup 006B Assorted tropical and Assorted tropical and sub- 44 kinds: Abiu, Avocado, Banana, Egg fruit, Mango, Mangosteen, Papaya, sub-tropical fruits - tropical fruits-inedible smooth Persimmon(American), Pomegranate, Tamarillo, Tree tomato, Wild loquat, etc. inedible peel peel-large Subgroup 006C 29 kinds: Atemoya, Breadfruit, Custard apple, Durian, Guanabana, Ilama, Assorted tropical and sub- Jackfruit, Pinapple, Poshte, Pulasan, Rambutan, Screwpine, Soncoya, Soursop, tropical fruits-inedible rough Sugar apple, Sun sapote, Sweetsop, etc. or hairy peel-large 492 J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem (2013) 56, 483−495

Table 5 Continued Type Group Commodity Subgroup 006D Assorted tropical and sub- 5 kinds: Dragon fruit, Indian fig, Pitaya, Prickly pear, Saguaro tropical fruits - inedible peel – cactus Group 006 Subgroup 006E Assorted tropical and Assorted tropical and sub- 7 kinds: Chinese gooseberry, Granadilla(Giant), Kiwifruit, Monstera, Fruits sub-tropical fruits - tropical fruits-inedible peel- Passionflower(Winged-stem), Passion fruit(Banana), Passion fruit inedible peel vines Subgroup 006E Assorted tropical and sub- 6 kinds: Coconut(Young), Guriri, Moriche palm fruit, Muriti, Palmyra palm fruit, tropical fruits-inedible peel- Salak palms Group 009A 11 kinds: Bulb , Daylily, Garlic, Lily, Onion (Bulb), Onion (Chinese), Group 009 Bulb onions Shallot, Silverskin onion, etc. Bulb vegetables Group 009B 18 kinds: Green Onions, Chives, Kurrat, Leek, Onion (fresh), Onion (Welsh), Tree Green onions onion, Wild leek, etc. Group 12A Tomatoes 13 kinds: Currant tomato, Goji berry, Tomato, etc. Vegetables Group 12B Group 12 6 kinds: Peppers, Martynia, Okra, Peppers (Chili), Peppers (Sweet), Roselle Pepper and pepper-like Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits Group 12C 8 kinds: Egg plants, Eggplant, Egg plant, Pea Eggplant, Pepino, Scarlet Eggplant, Eggplant and eggplant-like Thai eggplant, Tree melon commodities 35 kinds: Fungi, Bearded tooth, Beech mushroom, Ink mushroom, Oyster Group 18 mushroom, Pine mushroom, Shiitake mushroom, Stropharia, Truffle, Wangsongi, Edible Fungi etc. Group 022 52 kinds: African nut, Almonds, Cashew nut, Chestnuts, Coconut, Ginkgo, Tree nuts Heartnut, Macadamia nuts, Oak nut, Pecan, Pine nuts, Pistachio nut, Walnuts, etc. Subgroup 023A 17 kinds: Mustard seeds, Linseed, Mustard seed, Perilla seed, Poppy seed, Rape Small seed oilseeds seed, Sesame seed, etc. Subgroup 023B 6 kinds: Jojoba seed, Niger seed, Safflower seed, Sunflower seed, Tallowwood Sunflower seeds nut, Tea oil plant. Nuts & seeds Group 023 Subgroup 023C 1 kind: Cotton seed Oilseeds Cotton seed Subgroup 023D 19 kinds: Grape seed, Maize, Melon seed, Palm kernel, Peanut, Pumpkin seed, Other oilseeds Soybean (dry) , etc. Subgroup 23E 8 kinds: Desert date, Maripa palm fruit, Palm fruit (African oil palm), Peach palm, Oilfruits Tucum fruit, etc. 83 kinds: Angelica, Anise, Basil, Borage, Burnet, Celery leaves, Chives, Group 027A Coriander leaves, Daylily, Fennel leaves, Hyssop, Mints, Oregano, Parsley, Herbs (herbaceous plants) Group 027 Herbs Peppermint, Perilla, Stevia, Thyme, Wasabi root, Yomogi, etc. Group 027B 14 kinds: Aniseed myrtle, Bay leaves, Lemon myrtle, Native mint, Pepper Leaves of woody plants (leaves), Tejpat leaves, etc. Group 028A 23 kinds: Basil seed, Coriander (seed), Cumin seed, Dill seed, Lovage (seed), Seeds Parsley seed, Sesame seed, etc. Herbs and spices Group 028B 22 kinds: Cardamom (pods and seeds), Cumin (black), Pepper, Peperbush berry, Fruit or berry Pimento, Vanilla (beans) , etc. Group 028 Spices 6 kinds: Cassia bark, Cinnamon bark (including Cinnamon, Chinese bark), Group 028C Bark Eucalyptus bark, Mastic, Quinine, Red cinchona Group 028D 14 kinds: Coriander (root), Ginger (rhizomes), Lovage (roots), Turmeric (root), Root or rhizome Zedoary, etc. Group 028E Buds 3 kinds: Caper buds, Cassia buds, Cloves (buds) J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem (2013) 56, 483−495 493

Table 5 Continued Type Group Commodity Group 028F 2 kinds: flower or stigma (includes all commodities in this subgroup), Saffron Flower or stigma Group 028 Spices Group 028G Aril 2 kinds aril (includes all commodities in this subgroup), Mace Herbs and Group 028H 4 kinds: Citrus peel (includes all commodities in this subgroup), Kaffir lime peel, spices Citrus Peel Satsuma mandarin peel, Yuja (Yuzu) peel not meet the US zero tolerance. In this revision of US food on yuzu (CAC, 2009) and Codex accepted their opinion; yuzu classifications, the plum subgroup was established, which belongs was classified into the lemons and limes subgroup. Group 002 to the stone fruits group, and 69 MRLs, which have established pome fruits were expanded to include many kinds of agricultural for this subgroup, can be applied to jujube so that this case could commodities and group 003 stone fruits were divided into 3 groups: serve as an opportunity to solve the trade barriers on the export of subgroup 003A cherries, subgroup 003B plums, and subgroup the jujube to the USA. To harmonize with Codex, the US will 003C peaches. Korea submitted an opinion that persimmon revise the food classification each time the revision of commodity (Chinese) and jujube (Japanese) which are included in assorted groups in the Codex classification are completed in future. tropical and subtropical fruits-edible peel should classified as pome fruits and stone fruits (CCPR, 2011; 2012). The submitted materials are included scientific data on the plant morphology, Revision Situation of Codex Food Classification growth conditions, main producers, and pesticide residues. Codex accepted Korea’s opinion and “Pome-like fruits from temperate The Codex food classification intended to be finalized by 2007 climates are included” was added into the definition of “Pome was delayed due to huge amount of data collected from different fruits are produced on trees and shrubs belonging to certain genera countries, and various opinions have been collected. Codex has of the rose family (Rosaceae), especially the genera Malus and attempted to include a variety of foods in each groups in the Pyrus.” to include the persimmon (Chinese). Furthermore, “stone- Codex food classification, along with data on the characteristics of like fruits from temperate climates are included...” was added to residues and botanical aspects to expand the group MRLs, which the definition of “Stone fruits produced on trees belonging to the were revised to subdivide each group. According to the 2007 plan, genus Prunus of the rose family (Rosaceae)” when the classification revisions on bulb vegetables, fruiting vegetables other than cucurbits, system on stone fruits group was revised (CAC, 2012). Group 004 citrus fruits, pome fruits, stone fruits, berries and other small berries and other small fruits were split into five subgroups: fruits, edible fungi, and oilseeds were completed in 2010. In 2012, subgroup 004A, cane berries; subgroup 004B, bush berries; at the time of the classification revision, assorted tropical and subgroup 004C, large shrub/tree berries; subgroup 004D, small subtropical fruits were reclassified, and some were moved from fruit vine climbing, and subgroup 004E, low-growing berries. citrus fruits and pome fruits to the stone fruits group (Table 5) Korea submitted opinion on the classification of the Korean black (CAC, 2009; CAC, 2010; CAC, 2011; CAC, 2012). raspberry and Korean raspberry. Subsequently, they were classified For , group 009 bulb vegetables were separated into 009A as subgroup 004A cane barriers (CAC, 2009; CCPR, 2009). bulb onions and 009B green onions; the 009A mature bulb onions Edible fungi, which were included in fruiting vegetables other are consumed, and in group 009B, immature leaves and stems of than cucurbit, was classified into 18 groups including cauliflower green onions are consumed. Korea submitted the opinion that the mushroom, ink mushroom, pine mushroom, and Wangsongi, tree onion be included in the green onion group (CAC, 2009; which reflected Korea’s opinion about this classification (CAC, CCPR, 2009); this opinion was adopted. Group 12 fruiting 2009; CCPR, 2009). The nuts and seed types of group 023 vegetables other than cucurbit was subdivided into group 12A oilseeds was classified into 4 subgroups: subgroup 023A small tomatoes, group 12B pepper and pepper-like, and group 12C seed oilseeds, subgroup 023B sunflower seeds, subgroup 023C eggplant and eggplant-like commodities according to their botanical cotton seed, subgroup 023D other oilseeds, and subgroup 023E oil origin and shapes. Okra and roselle, which were not included in fruits. the pepper group, are minor agricultural products. It is hard to Group 005 assorted tropical and subtropical fruits-edible peel produce GAP data; therefore, it is also hard to establish the was divided into 3 subgroups: subgroup 005A small, subgroup pesticide MRLs. Because of this reason, name of “pepper group” 005B medium to large, and subgroup 005C palms. Group 006 was changed to “pepper and pepper-like group” based on the assorted tropical and subtropical fruits-inedible peel was divided opinions from countries in Africa. into subgroup 006A small, subgroup 006B smooth peel-large, Group 001 citrus was divided into 3 subgroups: subgroup 001A subgroup 006C rough or hairy peel-large, subgroup 006D cactus, lemons and limes, subgroup 001B mandarins, and subgroup 001C subgroup 006E vines, and subgroup 006E palms. oranges, sweet and sour. In addition, Korea submitted an opinion Korea submitted many opinions on the vegetables which are 494 J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem (2013) 56, 483−495 consumed in Korea such as Kimchi cabbage, chamchwi, chamssuk, classification efficiently. Food classifications in Korea, which are danggwi, dolnammul, gomchwi, perilla leaves, sanmaneul leaves, in harmony with the Codex food classification, will be of great sunchae, flowering stalk of garlic, giant butterbur, and water help in setting the group MRLs for the minor crops of Korea. celery, and they are being added to the new Codex classification (CCPR, 2012). Upon the request from Codex to Korea to collect and analyze References scientific data that reflect the classification of domestic food in 2009, and the people in charge actively submitted comments and Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) (1989) Joint FAO/WHO Food gathered opinions of national experts. Through submission of the Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission (Report of the Twentieth Session of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues), scientific data on specific food commodity of Korea, the native Switzerland. commodities were classified in the Codex draft food classification Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) (1993) Joint FAO/WHO Food (CAC, 2012). Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission, Pesticides Residues in Food (Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds), Italy. Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) (2001) Joint FAO/WHO Food Conclusion Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission (Report of the Thirty-second Session of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues), The establishment of MRLs for pesticides in foods by Codex Switzerland. Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) (2004) Joint FAO/WHO Food gives important meaning to the international food trade in many Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission (Report of the countries. Most of the countries strictly restrict imports of the food Thirty-sixth Session of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues), containing pesticide residues for which the MRLs are not Switzerland. established through risk assessment. Although CCPR established Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) (2005) Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission (Report of the and Codex enacted the classification of food to solve these Thirty-seventh Session of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues), problems in 1993, new problems are arising in the international Italy. food trade. The classification was not broad enough to list various Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) (2006) Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission (Report of the food items from all over the world; therefore, the Codex decided Thirty-eighth Session of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues), to revise the classification. In general, as pesticide companies Switzerland. spend time and costs to establish MRLs for a food item, the MRLs Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) (2009) Joint FAO/WHO Food for foods which bring benefits is hard to be set. Therefore, several Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission (Report of the Forty-first Session of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues), Italy. problems can exist with respect to the international supply and Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) (2010) Joint FAO/WHO Food demand for food. This situation needs to be changed by establishing Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission (Report of the group MRLs. The group MRLs can be established by setting up Forty-second Session of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues), the MRLs for the representative crop with consideration of the Switzerland. Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) (2011) Joint FAO/WHO Food residue data. The US has revised the food grouping for setting the Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission (Report of the group MRLs from 1995. In addition, the US is in charge of Forty-third Session of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues), revising the international classification of foods in Codex. Switzerland. Presently, Codex establishes subgroups of food, which makes it Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) (2012) Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission (Report of the easy to determine group MRLs. Codex also conducts the selection Forty-fourth Session of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues), of the representative crops for each subgroup. Korea has to submit Switzerland. opinions on the revision of the Codex classification. The food Codex (2009) Committee on Pesticide Residues 41th session, China. classification in Korea is similar to that of Codex after the Codex (2010) Committee on Pesticide Residues 42nd session, China. Codex (2011) Committee on Pesticide Residues 43rd session, China. amendments in 2010; however, a significant portion of food items Codex (2012) Committee on Pesticide Residues 44th session, China. still do not match the Codex classification. Korea is one of the Health and Social Affairs (1989) Food Code, Korea. countries with the highest consumption of vegetables. Most of Jayne DI and Anders M (2000) Review of International Food Classification and Description, J Food Composition and Anaysis 13, 529–38. these vegetables are minor food. Therefore, no international Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) (2002) Food Code, Korea. MRLs are available such that it became an issue based on Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) (2010) Food Code, Korea. concerns in the distribution of the products, which do not meet the Lee SR (2000) Classification and Nomenclature of Raw Food Material for MRLs, thus urgent measures are required to ensure the safety Tolerance Settion of Chemical Residues and Contaminants, Korean J Environl Agric, 19(3), 259–69. managements of pesticide residues in vegetables. In future, the Lee SR and Lee M-G (2001) Present Status and Remedical Actions with opinion and data, which express why Korean vegetables should be Regard to Legal Limits of Pesticode Residues in Korea. Korean J included in the Codex food classification; for this, they have to be Environl Agric, 20(1), 34–43. submitted and attempt should be made to adopt to the new National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) (1995) Federal Register, Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticide Tolerances, classification. Furthermore, it is necessary that Korea food Revision of Crop Groups, 60(90) 26626–39, USA. classification harmonized with the revised Codex food National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) (2007) Federal J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem (2013) 56, 483−495 495

Register, Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticide Tolerances Crop Federal Regulation, Title 40, Protection of Environment, 150–89, USA. Grouping Program, 72(235), 69150–8 USA. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) (2012b) Federal National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) (2008) Federal Register, Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticide Tolerances crop Register, Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticide Tolerances Crop Grouping Program III, Revisions to General Tolerance Regulations, Grouping Program, 73(1), 52–7, USA. 77(163), 50617–22, USA. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) (2010) Federal Polly EB, Jiri R, Annette P, Shahnaz M, Francesca D, and Jacob DVK (2009) Register, Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticide Tolerances Crop Harmonisation of food consumption data format for dietary exposure Grouping Program II, Revisions to General Tolerance Regulations, assessments of chemicals analysed in raw agricultural commodities, 75(235), 76284–92, USA. Food and Chemical Toxicology 47, 2883–9. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) (2012a) Code of