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www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale Indian J. DrylandAgric.Res.&Dev. 201328(1):89-94 no additional costs to the consumer in the arid-tropics as the intake of micronutrients is onacontinuing basis with deficiencies micronutrient the tackling for solution possible, isthemostcost effective andsustainable where Biofortification society. the of groups vulnerable the to foods fortified provide and to made 2004) being are efforts Graham, and Welch 2003; Sharma, 2000; in morethanhalfoftheworld’s population(Underwood, and minerals, causes blindness and anaemia (even death) primarily theresultofdietspoorinbio-available vitamins needs tobefurthervalidated. Micronutrient malnutrition, in cooked grain (Kayode concentrations and bioavailability are limited 2011).Ashok Kumaret al., indicate that Limited studies nutrient requirement (Parthasarathy Rao depend onsorghum fortheir dietary energy andmicro- majority of the population in and central energy and micronutrients (after pearl ); and a vast of source cheapest second the is Sorghum 2009). et al., regions of Africa and (Kresovichetal., 2005; Reddy consumed staple insub-tropical and semi-arid DownloadedSorghum, aheatanddroughttolerant C From IP - 220.225.236.59Key words:Sorghum, biofortification,iron,zinc,hybrids,post-rainysorghum, AAS,XRF to 50%higherFeandZnconcentrations. on datedsorghums predominantlygrownforfooduseinIndia,the rainy seasongrowncommercialhybridspossessedup correlation wasfoundbetweenthegrainFeandZnconcentration(r=0.853;P 20-Feb-2014 positivesignificant sorghum.Highly in concentrations /kg) mg (20 Zn and /kg) mg (30 Fe grain of levels base the considering significant was variability This /kg. mg 33 to 15 from concentrations Zn grain and /kg mg 44 to 22 from ranged genotypes in concentration Fe grain mean The (XRF). spectrometer fluorescence X-ray the concentrations weredeterminedinthegrainsamplesbyusing Atomic Absorption Spectrometer(AAS)and sorghum cultivarsthatarecurrentlybeingcultivatedby sorghum farmersinIndia. The grainFeandZn of 63commercialsorghum cultivarsdevelopedinIndiawereusedtoassessthevariabilitycommercial to developmicronutrient-dense(FeandZn)sorghum cultivarswithincreasednutrientbioavailability. A total , Fe and Zn and contributes to >50% of the Fe and Zn. ICRISAT is working on sorghum biofortification Per capitaconsumptionis75kg/yearinmajorsorghum areasinIndia.Itisoneofthecheapestsourcesenergy, ABSTRACT: International Research InstitutefortheSemi-AridTropics, Patancheru-502324, ,India Biofortification for CombatingMicronutrient Malnutrition: Identification ofCommercial SorghumCultivarswithhigh Sorghum isthedietarystapleofmorethan500millionpeopleover30countriesin Africa and Asia. A. Ashok Kumar, Belum V. S.ReddyandB.Ramaiah Grain Iron andZincConcentrations Biofortification inSorghumforCombatingMicronutrientMalnutrition ., 2006); but this but 2006); et al., 4 plant is awidely Email: , 2006; et al., [email protected] 89 I included a total of 20 commercial sorghum cultivars sorghum commercial 20 of total a included Set The I II. Set start by followed to first I sets Set two of evaluation into the material the divided we time, in in India for this study. As all the material was not received We collected 63 commercial sorghum cultivars developed Materials andMethods combating the micronutrient malnutrition. combating themicronutrientmalnutrition. of thecultivarstocomplementon-goingefforts for grain FeandZnwouldhelpinexpandeddissemination high with cultivars commercial of Identification India. in cultivars thatarecurrentlybeingcultivatedbythefarmers attempt toassessthevariabilityincommercialsorghum and Kumar 2005 Ashok al., for biofortification sorghum enhancing thegrainFeandZnconcentrations(Reddyet on working is ICRISAT 2008; Ashok Kumaretal Zhao, 2007; McClafferty, and (Pfeiffer interest widespread of is grains the in zinc) and iron (especially of sorghum by increasing mineral micronutrients Biofortification countries. developing of sub-tropics and ., 2012). <0.01). Comparedtopost-rainy ., 2013). This work is an an is work This 2013). et al., provided byICRISATOpenAccessRepository brought toyouby CORE www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale the grainFe(r between was observed association positive Significant SetII. for (XRF) spectrometer fluorescence X-ray the I usingthe Atomic Absorption Spectrometer and (AAS) Set for 2002) triacid digestion method(Sahrawatetal., determined in thegroundgrainsamplesbyusing analysis. The grain FeandZnconcentrations were were collected into clothbagsandusedformicronutrient containers to avoidcontamination. The cleaned was threshedcarefully without anycontact with metal At maturity, the panicles were harvested and the grain pure seedforgrainFeandZnanalysis. harvest to and contamination pollen avoid to replication each in flowering to prior bags paper Kraft with bagged following the standard procedure. The panicles (4-5) were /100) (g size grain and (t/ha) yield grain (m), height plant recorded for the agronomic traits - days to 50% flowering, analysis for grain Fe and Zn concentrations. The data were lab for grain clean get to and healthy a raise to taken was care Utmost season. cropping the during required as applied were (4-5) Irrigations rows. the between spacing cm 75 with length m two of plots four-row in grown was Each problem. salt no indicating conductivity, electrical low very a had potassium soils site experimental The extractable (K). in high were they (Zn) (Fe); zinc iron and (P), phosphorus extractable in adequate and from 6.8 to 7.9. The soils were moderate in organic carbon (C), ranging pH had site experimental the at soils The sea level, latitude of 17.53 of latitude level, sea mean above m 545 of altitude an at located Patancheru, in farm ICRISAT at Vertisols on P) 40 N: (80 conditions fertility high under replications three with (RBD) design along with controls were evaluated in a randomized block cultivars the trials, the seasons both In post-rainy ICRISAT-Patancheru. 2010 at and 2009 the during II Set were as se per NARS or evaluated along with two controls (CSH 16 and PVK ICRISAT 801) either with NARS partnership Indian in by India in developed landraces four varieties), 19 and hybrids (24 cultivars commercial 43 Similarly, Patancheru. farm, ICRISAT the at seasons post-rainy 2009 and 2008 the during 801) PVK and 16 (CSH controls two with 20 along evaluated These were cultivars Palem). University, Acharya Agricultural Station, Ranga NG Research Agricultural Regional by the varieties two and Parbhani University, Marathwada Agricultural the by hybrid one companies, sector or private seven by contributed hybrids (17 alone NARS the ICRISAT the with partnership in System) Research Agricultural (National Indian the by India in developed estimated using the and XRFmethods. AAS The data Downloaded From IP - 220.225.236.59 on dated 20-Feb-2014 2 =0.6) andZnconcentrations (r 0 N and longitude of 78.27 of longitude and N 2 Ashok Kumar etal. =0.9) 0 E. E. 90 showed higher grain Fe and one cultivar showed higher (Tablemg/kg cultivars22 Four of 2). concentration Zn ranging from 29 to 33 mg /kg mg 33 to 29 from ranging concentration Zn grain had genotypes six while /kg, mg 44 to 43 from ranged that concentration Fe grain for 16 CSH hybrid, control the to superior were 702) NSH and 703 Mahabeej 4035, GK 703, (NSH hybrids Four grain. /kg mg I 33 to Zn 22 from grain Set concentration and /kg the mg 44 to among 30 from concentration ranged genotypes Fe grain mean The Results andDiscussion kg / Zn mg 20 and /kg Fe mg 30 average an (on postrainy in observed concentration Zn and Fe grain the to compared However (r=0.85). concentrations Zn and Significant Fe grain the between interaction. observed was association positive value GxE limited significant have may considering comparison this but 2005); (Reddy earlier assessed lines breeding advanced or parents seed hybrid was of that study than higher present numerically the in cultivars commercial the in concentrations Zn Zn and Fe for range and The concentrations. Fe grain high possessed also variety resistant that PVK 801, a white grained high yielding, grain mold note to interesting is It varieties. other the than /kg) mg (30 concentrations Zn and showed /kg) mg 801 (43 Fe grain PVK higher varieties, the Among trait. this for stability their indicating years the both in concentrations Fe higher showed 703 Mahabeej and 4035 GK hybrids The /kg). mg 28 concentration Zn with 16 (CSH control kg mg/ 41 to 25 from ranging concentrations Fe showed Evaluation of46commercial cultivarsinSetII to contribute forreducingthemicronutrientmalnutrition. food in hybrids these promote to important is it that implies This concentrations. Zn and Fe higher 50% to up possessed hybrids commercial grown season showed 43 and 41 mg Fe /kg 16 CSH and 801 PVK - controls The concentrations. Zn and Fe grain for means trial the above well Zn grain kg Zn/ mg 27 > showed hybrids six and grain, /kg Fe mg 39 > showed hybrids six I, Set in tested hybrids 20 the an averageFeconcentration of33mg/kg concentrations andagronomictraits. the cultivars for mean performance for grain Fe and Zn among differences significant the assess to package 9.1 (mg /kg) were statistically analyzed using the GENSTAT on agronomictraitsalongwithgrainFe(mg/kg)andZn )

which are predominantly grown for food, the rainy the food, for grown predominantly are which n Z cnetain fo 1 t 2 m /kg mg 28 to 17 from concentrations Zn and

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www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale mechanisms were interconnected for Feand Zn uptake/ for Feand Zn concentrations are linked, or physiological observed (Table 3),indicating thateither genetic factors the between correlation grain FeandZnconcentration (r=0.853; P positive significant Highly higher grainFeandZnconcentrations. Vasudha, PhuleChitraor Anuradha showed Phule Jyoti, Parbhani Moti, Parbhani Maldandi, Gidda for fooduseinIndialikeM35-1,DagdiSolapur, popular post-rainy seasonsorghum the cultivarswhicharepreferred of None controls. than mg/kg) 27 to (23 superior forFe(40to41mg/kg)andZnconcentrations were 706) Mahabeej and 6290 HTJH 707, Mahabeej Table 1: 37 and34mg/kg concentration Fe grain showed 16 CSH and 801 PVK Zn concentrationsthanthetrialmean. The controls kg Downloaded From IP - 220.225.236.59 on dated 20-Feb-2014 Mean CSH 16(hybrid) PVK 801(variety) Controls 8568 GK 4044 BSH 47 PSV 1(variety) KDSH 209 8340 CSH 25 PSV 2(variety) Hi-jowar 52 GK 4009 Mahabeej 7 Madhura -SShybrid BSH 45 KDSH 1179 Mahabeej 704 8562 NSH 702 Mahabeej 703 GK 4035 NSH 703 CD (P=0.05) SE + Hybrid/variety , epciey Fu cmeca hbis BH 53, (BSH hybrids commercial Four respectively. 2008 and2009post-rainyseasons Mean performanceofthecommercial sorghumcultivars(SetI)for grainFeandZnconcentrationduring

and Zn concentration 22 and 21 mg/ 21 and 22 concentration Zn and Bayer BioSc.,Hyderabad Ganga KaveriSeeds,Hyderabad Biostadt MHseeds,, Aurangabad ARS, Palem Krishidhan Seeds,Jalna Bayer BioSc.,Hyd MAU, Parbhani ARS, Palem Biostadt MHseeds, Aurangabad Ganga KaveriSeeds,Hyderabad MSSCL, Akola Nimbkar Seeds,Paltan Biostadt MHseeds,, Aurangabad Krishidhan Seeds,Jalna MSSCL, Akola Bayer BioSc.,Hyderabad Nuziveedu Seeds,Hyderabad MSSCL, Akola Ganga KaveriSeeds,Hyderabad Nuziveedu Seeds,Hyderabad Seed source Biofortification inSorghumforCombatingMicronutrientMalnutrition <0.01) was 91 akrud. s xetd te ri sz showed size grain the significant positive correlation with grain yield (r= 0.45). expected, As backgrounds. traits such as grain size and grain yield in varied maturity concentrations in sorghum along with other agronomic that indicates size there isnopenaltyforenhancingthegrainFeand Zn grain and yield grain height, plant flowering, 50% to days - studied traits other the with Zn the micronutrients. The weak association of grainFeand potential of simultaneous genetic improvement for both translocation in the grains. These results point to the commercial sorghum cultivars grown inIndiaforfood variability for grain Fe and Zn concentrations in the elite effective the micronutrient malnutrition. There isconsiderable iscost and complements the on-goingefforts incombating feasible wherever Biofortification Conclusion Fe (mg/kg) 7.84 2.76 39 41 43 30 33 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 40 41 43 43 44 44 Zn (mg/kg) 5.68 27 28 30 23 22 23 24 26 25 25 26 25 27 26 32 27 27 26 30 32 29 33 32 2 www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

Downloaded From IP - 220.225.236.59 on dated 20-Feb-2014 Table 2: CSH 25 DSV 4 8340 Mahabeej 7 TNS 598 HTJH 6143 PVK 801 BSH 51 CO (S)28 Hi Jowar52 TNSH 482 KSH 950 JKSH 22 DSH 4 JKSH 592 GK 4009 JK Jyoti NTJ 3 XSM 1556 KH 701 KSH 6363 706 Mahabeej HTJH 6290 707 Mahabeej BSH 53 Cultivar 2009 and2010postrainyseasons Mean performanceofthecommercial sorghumcultivars(SetII)for grainFeandZnconcentrationsduring University, Parbhani Marathwada Agril UAS, Dharwad Ltd, Hyderabad Bayer BiosciencesPvt Seeds CorporationLtd State TNAU, Coimbatore Ltd Hytech SeedIndiaPvt University, Parbhani Marathwada Agril Ltd, Aurangabad Biostadt MHseeds TNAU, Coimbatore Ltd, Aurangabad Biostadt MHseeds TNAU, Coimbatore Hyderabad Kaveri SeedcoLtd, JK Seeds,Hyderabad UAS, Dharwad JK Seeds,Hyderabad Pvt Ltd,Hyderabad Ganga KaveriSeeds JK Seeds,Hyderabad ARS, Nandyal Ltd, Hyderabad Bayer BiosciencesPvt Co PvtLtd,Hyd Kanchan GangaSeed Hyderabad Kaveri SeedcoLtd, Seeds CorporationLtd Maharashtra State Ltd Hytech SeedIndiaPvt Seeds CorporationLtd Maharashtra State Ltd, Aurangabad Biostadt MHseeds Source (mg/kg) Iron 33 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 38 39 39 39 40 40 41 41 (mg/kg) Zinc Ashok Kumar etal. 20 21 21 21 18 21 22 24 17 23 23 22 23 24 21 28 26 21 21 26 27 27 27 26 23 92 flowering to 50% Days 78 81 72 69 74 70 77 73 73 74 72 72 72 75 74 76 75 71 73 71 75 69 70 71 73 height Plant (m) 1.6 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.6 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 Grain (t/ha) yield 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.5 4.4 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.4 4.2 3.1 3.2 4.9 2.9 3.2 3.6 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.3 3.2 2.9 3.5 weight (g) 100-grain 2.97 3.68 3.57 3.31 3.44 3.27 4.04 3.91 3.15 3.51 3.22 3.12 3.85 3.81 3.34 3.86 3.96 2.96 2.92 3.08 3.97 3.62 3.56 3.56 3.48 Agronomic score 1.7 2.5 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.2 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.3 1.5 1.8 2.5 1.2 2.0 1.8 2.7 1.8 2.5 1.8 1.7 2.4 2.2 1.7 1 www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale

1 Downloaded From IP - 220.225.236.59 on dated 20-Feb-2014 CD (P=0.05) SE ± Mean PVK 801 CSH 16 Controls GK 4013 CSV 216R N 14 Kranthi PKV Vasudha Phule CSV 20 Barsizoot SPV 1411 PVK 809 Solapur Dagdi M 35-1 NTJ 2 Maldandi Giddi 8568 Jyoti Parbhani Anuradha Phule N 13 Phule Chitra NTJ 1 NTJ 4 GK 4044 HTJH 3201 Cultivar Agronomic scoretakenonascale 1to5where1=moredesirable and5=leastdesirable Pvt Ltd,Hyderabad Ganga KaveriSeeds DSR, Hyderabad ARS, Nandyal PDKV, Akola MPKV, Rahuri DSR, Hyderabad University, Parbhani Marathwada Agril University, Parbhani Marathwada Agril MPKV, Rahuri ARS, Nandyal Ltd, Hyderabad Bayer BiosciencesPvt University, Parbhani Marathwada Agril Vidyapeeth, Rahuri Mahatma PhuleKrishi ARS, Nandyal Vidyapeeth, Rahuri Mahatma PhuleKrishi ARS, Nandyal ARS, Nandyal Pvt Ltd,Hyderabad Ganga KaveriSeeds Ltd Hytech SeedIndiaPvt Source – – – Biofortification inSorghumforCombatingMicronutrientMalnutrition (mg/kg) 33.58 Iron 5.86 2.09 37 34 25 26 28 28 28 28 28 28 29 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 32 33 33 33 33 (mg/kg) 21.97 Zinc 3.92 1.40 22 21 21 19 23 19 20 19 21 22 17 21 21 22 21 21 25 20 23 22 23 22 20 22 93 flowering to 50% Days 2.92 1.05 74.4 76 73 75 75 75 77 83 73 80 76 76 79 75 72 86 70 80 75 72 80 73 71 73 70 height Plant 0.18 0.07 (m) 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.4 2.3 1.6 2.3 2.4 1.8 1.9 2.1 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.4 2.3 1.8 1.7 2.1 1.3 1.7 1.4 1.5 Grain (t/ha) yield 3.34 1.11 0.4 3.3 2.6 3.3 4.0 3.8 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.6 3.0 2.4 3.1 3.6 3.2 2.2 3.7 2.8 4.0 weight (g) 100-grain 0.47 0.17 3.51 3.68 4.46 3.52 3.72 3.45 3.73 3.73 2.96 3.55 4.23 2.74 3.50 3.66 3.69 3.06 3.22 3.75 4.00 3.15 3.65 3.25 3.85 2.63 3.90 Agronomic score 0.89 0.32 2.08 2.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 3.0 1.7 1.8 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.5 2.2 3.2 3.2 2.2 2.7 2.3 1.5 1.5 1 www.IndianJournals.com Members Copy, Not for Commercial Sale df (n-2)=20and*significantat5%**significant1% their cultivarsforthisstudy. contributed who India in partners NARS and sector private public the to due also duly are is Thanks India’ acknowledged. central and (WCA) Africa Central Western and in health better for sorghum dense carotene) (ß precursor A Vitamin and Zn) and (Fe micronutrients of `Identification project HarvestPlus the under from Program Challenge study this for support funding The Acknowledgment and boldgrain. preferred traitssuchasearlymaturity, highyieldpotential high Fe and Zn concentrations in cultivars with farmers’ Fe andZnconcentrations.Itisalsopossibletodeliver penalty intheagronomictraitswhencombinedwithhigh grain FeandZnconcentrationsinsorghum andthereisno Further, itispossibleforsimultaneousimprovementof to contributeforreducingthemicronutrientmalnutrition. it isimportanttopromotethesehybridsinfoodbasket up to50%higherFeandZnconcentrations. Therefore India therainyseasongrowncommercialhybridspossess sorghums whicharepredominantlygrownforfoodin grain FeandZnconcentrationobservedinpost-rainy through theirlarge scalepromotion.Comparedtothe on-going efforts forcombatingmicronutrientmalnutrition and HTJH 6290 identified in the study can form part of the 4035, GK Mahabeej 703, 703, NSH 702, NSH Mahabeej 706 and 707, hybrids BSH 53 seven the and purposes, Table 3: Ashok Kumar Ashok Reddy,Belum VS A, CT,Hash HC, Sharma Srinivasa Ashok Kumar A, Belum VS Reddy, Ramaiah B, Sahrawat KL and Pfeiffer References Downloaded From IP - 220.225.236.59 on dated 20-Feb-2014 Grain size Grain yield Plant height Days to50%flowering Zn Trait Rao P, Ramaiah B and Sanjana Reddy P 2011. Recent advances Recent 2011.P Reddy Sanjana and B P,Ramaiah Rao and Biotechnology, 6(SpecialIssue1):66-70. and commercialcultivars. The EuropeanJournalofPlantScience grain Iron and Zinc concentrations in sorghum germplasm accessions for association character and variability Genetic Wolfgang2012. H. Correlation coefficientsofthecommercial sorghumcultivarsgrown during2008and2009post-rainyseasons 0.853** -0.039 0.279 0.087 0.02 Fe Received :January 2013; Accepted :May2013 -0.045 0.221 0.224 0.158 Ashok Kumar etal. Zn 1 94 Zhao Z. in micronutrients for Breeding 2004. RD. Graham and RM Welch in deficiencies micronutrient Overcoming 2000. RA. Underwood Sharma AN. 2003. Food security in India. New Delhi, India: Mimeo. Sahrawat KL, Ravi Kumar G and Rao JK. 2002. Evaluation of triacid Reddy BVS, Ramesh S, Sanjana Reddy P and Ashok Kumar A. 2009. breeding of T.Longvah Prospects and 2005. S Ramesh BVS, Reddy crops Breeding HarvestPlus: 2007. B. McClafferty and WH Pfeiffer and KN Rai VS, Belum Reddy BS, Birthal P, Rao Parthasarathy sequencing Toward2005. JA. Bedell and B Barbazuk S, Kresovich Genetic 2006. JD. Hounhouigan and AR Linnemann APP,Kayode KL, Sahrawat B, Ramaiah Reddy, VS Belum A, Kumar Ashok Beyond Africa. In:Biotechnology andSustainable Agriculture 2006and for Sorghum Improved Nutritionally Develop to Biotechnology Experimental Botany, 55:353-364. cropsfromahumannutrition perspective. Journal of Nutrition Bulletin,21(4):356-360. developing countries: Is there a roleforagriculture? Food and Institute forHumanDevelopment.27p. Communications in materials. plant in copper and manganese zinc, iron, magnesium, and dryashingproceduresfordetermining potassium, calcium, Plant Breeding Reviews,31:189-222. sorghum. in tolerance drought for enhancement Genetic Sorghum andMillets Newsletter, 46:10-14. for micronutrients andcarotene-dense sorghums. International for betternutrition.CropScience,47:S88-S105. Newsletter, 47:93-96. based nutritioninIndia.International Sorghum andMillets Ramesh S. 2006. Diagnostics of sorghum and grains- Foundation- Science National US Sponsored Workshop A Report.PlantPhysiology, 138:1898-1902. genome. sorghum the Chemistry, 54:256-262. food in phytate and sorghum grownin Benin. Journal of Agricultural and Food zinc, iron, on impact environmental and (L.) Moench].FieldCropsResearch,146;86-95. [ sorghum in concentration zinc and iron grain for heterosis and effects Gene 2013. Pfeiffer. and H Wolfgang Journal ofPlantSciences,2;589-600. in sorghum genetic enhancement research atICRISAT. American Days to50% flowering 2008. The Africa Biofortified Sorghum Project– Applying Project– Sorghum Biofortified Africa The 2008. -0.464 -0.223 -0.017 (ZXuetal, 1 Eds.),pp273-277. Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 33: 95–102. height -0.133 Plant 0.023 1 0.456* Grain yield 1